CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010006-9

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Information transmission under
conditions of sensory shielding
WE present results of experiments suggesting the existence of
one or more perceptual modalities through which individuals
obtain information about their environment, although this
information is not presented to any known sense. The litera-
ture1-3 and our observations lead us to conclude that such
abilities can be studied under laboratory conditions.
We have investigated the ability of certain people to describe
graphical material or remote scenes shielded against ordinary
perception. In addition, we performed pilot studies to determine
if electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings might indicate
perception of remote happenings even in the absence of correct
overt responses.
We concentrated on what we consider to be our primary
responsibility-to resolve under conditions as unambiguous
as possible the basic issue of whether a certain class of para-
normal perception phenomena exists. So we conducted our
experiments with sufficient control, utilising visual, acoustic
and electrical shielding, to ensure that all conventional paths of
sensory input were blocked. At all times we took measures to
prevent sensory leakage and to prevent deception, whether.
intentional or unintentional:
Our goal is not just to catalogue interesting events, but to.
uncover patterns of cause-effect relationships that lend them-
selves to analysis and hypothesis in the forms with which
we are familiar in scientific study. The results presented here
constitute a first step towards that goal; we have established
under known conditions a data base from which departures as a
function of physical and psychological variables can be studied
in future work.
REMOTE PERCEPTION OF GRAPHIC MATERIAL
First, we conducted experiments with Mr Uri Geller in
which we examined his ability, while located in an electrically
shielded room, to reproduce target pictures drawn by experi-
menters located at remote locations. Second, we conducted
double-blind 'experiments 'with Mr Pat Price, in which we
measured his ability to describe remote outdoor scenes many
miles from his physical location. Finally, we conducted pre-
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Nature Vol. 251 October 18 1974
603
liminary tests using EEGs, in which subjects were asked to
perceive whether a remote light was flashing, and to determine
whether a subject could perceive the presence of the light,
even if only at a noncognitive level of awareness.
In preliminary testing Geller apparently demonstrated an
ability to reproduce simple pictures (line drawings) which had
been drawn and placed in opaque sealed envelopes which he
was not permitted to handle. But since each of the targets was
known to at least one experimenter in the room with Geller,
it was not possible on the basis of the preliminary testing to
discriminate between Geller's direct perception of envelope
contents and perception through some mechanism involving
the experimenters, whether paranormal or subliminal.
So we examined the phenomenon under conditions designed
to eliminate all conventional information channels, overt or
subliminal. Geller was separated from both the target material
and anyone knowledgeable of the material, as in the experiments
of ref. 4.
In the first part of the study a series of 13 separate drawing
experiments were carried out over 7 days .- No-experiments
are deleted from the results presented here.
At the beginning of the experiment either Geller or the
experimenters entered a shielded room so that from that time
forward Geller was at all times visually, acoustically and
electrically shielded from personnel and material at the target
location. Only following Geller's isolation from the experi-
menters was a target chosen and drawn, a procedure designed
to eliminate pre-experiment cueing. Furthermore, to eliminate
the possibility of pre-experiment target forcing, Geller was kept
ignorant as to the identity of the person selecting the target
and as to the method of target selection. This was accomplished
by the use of three different techniques: (1) pseudo-random
technique of opening a dictionary arbitrarily and choosing the
first word that could be drawn (Experiments 1-4); (2) targets,
blind to experimenters and subject, prepared independently by
SRI scientists outside the experimental group (following
Geller's isolation) and provided to the experimenters during
the course of the experiment (Experiments 5-7, 11-13); and (3)
arbitrary selection from a target pool decided upon in advance
of daily experimentation and designed to provide data concern-
ing information content for use in testing specific hypotheses
(Experiments 8-10). Geller's task was to reproduce with pen
on paper the line drawing generated at the target location.
Following a period of effort ranging from a few minutes to
half an hour, Geller either passed (when he did not feel con-
fident) or indicated he was ready to submit a drawing to the
experimenters, in which case the drawing was collected before
Geller was permitted to see the target.
To prevent sensory cueing of the target information, Experiments
1 through 10 were carried out using a shielded room in SRI's facility
for EEG research. The acoustic and visual isolation is provided
by a double-walled steel room, locked by means of an inner and
.outer door, each of which is secured with a refrigerator-type locking
mechanism. Following target selection when Geller was inside
the room, a one-way audio monitor, operating only from the inside
to the outside, was activated to monitor Geller during his efforts.
The target picture was never discussed by the experimenters after the
picture was drawn and brought near the shielded room. In our
detailed examination of the shielded room and the protocol used in
these experiments, no sensory leakage has been found.
The conditions and results for the 10 experiments carried out in the
shielded room are displayed in Table 1 and Fig. 1. All experiments
except 4 and 5, were conducted with Geller inside the shielded room.
In Experiments 4 and 5, the procedure was reversed. For those
experiments in which Geller was inside the shielded room, the target
location was in an adjacent room at a distance of about 4 m, except
for Experiments 3 and 8, in which the target locations were, respec-
tively, an office at a distance of 475 m and a room at a distance of
about 7 m.
A response was obtained in all experiments except Numbers
5-7. In Experiment 5, the person-to-person link was eliminated
by arranging for a scientist outside the usual experimental
group to draw a picture, lock it in the shielded room before
Geller's arrival at SRI, and leave the area. Geller was then led
C
DEVIL
TARGET
RESPONSE 1
10
RESPONSE 2
TARGET
RESPONSE
TARGET
RESPONSE 1
RESPONSE 2
RESPONSE 3
a
b
1
Solar System
TARGET
1
TARGET
BRIDGE
TARGET
URI GELLER: 88
702-216
RESPONSE
RESPONSE
RESPONSE
TARGET
RESPONSE
d
e
f
g
-
Fin 1 Taraat nist ..
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Table 1 Remote perception of graphic material
Experiment
Date
Geller Location
Target Location
Target
Figure
(month, day, year)
8/4/73
Shielded room 1*
Adjacent room (4.1 m)t
Firecracker
la
2
8/4/73
Shielded room 1
Grapes
1b
3
8/5/73
Shielded room 1
Adjacent room (4.1 m)
Office (475 m)
Devil
1c
4
8/5/73
Room adjacent to
Shielded room 1
Solar system
1d
5
8/6/73
Room adjacent to
Rabbit
No drawing
6
8/7/73
Shielded room 1
Adjacent room (4.1 m)
Tree
No drawing
No drawing
8
8/8/73
Shielded room 1
Remote room (6.75 m)
Camel
le
9
8/8/73
Shielded room 1
Adjacent room (4.1 m)
Bridge
1f
10
8/8/73
Shielded room 1
Adjacent room (4.1 m)
Seagull
1g
11
8/9/73
Shielded room 2
Computer (54 m)
Kite (computer CRT)
2a
12
8/10/73
Shielded room 2
Computer (54 m).
Church (computer memory)
2b
13
8/10/73
Shielded room 2
Computer (54 m)
Arrow through heart
2c
(computer CRT, zero
intensity)
*EEG Facility shielded room (see text).
+Perceiver-target distances measured in metres.
#SRI Radio Systems Laboratory shielded room (see text).
by the experimenters to the shielded room and asked to draw
the picture located inside the room. He said that he got no clear
impression and therefore did not submit a drawing. The elimina-
tion of the person-to-person link was examined further in the
second series of experiments with this subject.
Experiments 6 and 7 were carried out while we attempted to
record Geller's EEG during his efforts to perceive the target
pictures. The target pictures were, respectively, a tree and an
envelope. He found it difficult to hold adequately still for good
EEG records, said that he experienced difficulty in getting
impressions of the targets and again submitted no drawings.
Experiments 11 through 13 were carried out in SRI's Engin-
eering Building, to make use of the computer facilities available
there. For these experimenters, Geller was secured in a double-
walled, copper-screen Faraday cage 54 m down the hall and
around the corner from the computer room. The Faraday cage
provides 120 dB attenuation for plane wave radio frequency
radiation over a range of 15 kHz to 1 GHz. For magnetic fields
the attenuation is 68 dB at 15 kHz and decreases to 3 dB at
60 Hz. Following Geller's isolation, the targets for these
experiments were chosen by computer laboratory personnel
not otherwise associated with either the experiment or Geller,
and the experimenters and subject were kept blind as to the
contents of the target pool.
For Experiment 11, a picture of a kite was drawn on the face
of a cathode ray tube display screen, driven by the computer's
graphics program. For Experiment 12, a picture of a church
was drawn and stored in the memory of the computer. In
Experiment 13, the target drawing, an arrow through a heart
(Fig. 2c), was drawn on the face of the cathode ray tube and
then the display intensity was turned off so that no picture
was visible.
To obtain an independent evaluation of the correlation be-
tween target and response data, the experimenters submitted
the data for judging on a 'blind' basis by two SRI scientists
who were not otherwise associated with the research. For the
10 cases in which Geller provided a response, the judges were
asked to match the response data with the corresponding
target data (without replacement). In those cases in which
Geller made more than one drawing as his response to the
target, all the drawings were combined as a set for judging.
The two judges each matched the target data to the response
data with no error. For either judge such a correspondence has
an a priori probability, under the null hypothesis of no in-
formation channel, of P = (10!)-1 = 3x 10-7.
A second series of experiments was carried out to determine
whether direct perception of envelope contents was possible
without some person knowing of the target picture.
One hundred target pictures of everyday objects were drawn
by an SRI artist and sealed by other SRI personnel in double
envelopes containing black cardboard. The hundred targets
were divided randomly into groups of 20 for use in each of the
three days' experiments.
On each of the three days of these experiments, Geller passed.
That is, he declined to associate any envelope with a drawing
that he made, expressing dissatisfaction with the existence of
such a large target pool. On each day he made approximately 12
recognisable drawings, which he felt were associated with the
entire target pool of 100. On each of the three days, two of his
drawings could reasonably be associated with two of the 20
daily targets. On the third day, two of his drawings were very
close replications of two of that day's target pictures. The
drawings resulting from this experiment do not depart signific-
antly from what would be expected by chance.
In a simpler experiment Geller was successful in obtaining
information under conditions in which no persons were know-
ledgeable of the target. A double-blind experiment was per-
formed in which a single 3/4 inch die was placed in a 3 x 4 x 5
inch steel box. The box was then vigorously shaken by one of the
experimenters and placed on the table, a technique found in
control runs to produce a distribution of die faces differing non-
significantly from chance. The orientation of the die within the
box was unknown to the experimenters at that time. Geller
would then write down which die face was uppermost. The
target pool was known, but the targets were individually pre-
pared in a manner blind to all persons involved in the experi-
ment. This experiment was performed ten times, with Geller
passing twice and giving a response eight times. In the eight
times in which he gave a response, he was correct each time.
The distribution of responses consisted of three 2s, one 4, two
5s, and two 6s. The probability of this occurring by chance is
approximately one in 106.
In certain situations significant information transmission can
take place under shielded conditions. Factors which appear to
be important and therefore candidates for future investigation
include whether the subject knows the set of targets in the target
pool, the actual number of targets in the target pool at any
given time, and whether the target is known by any of the
experimenters.
It has been widely reported that Geller has demonstrated the
ability to bend metal by paranormal means. Although metal
bending by Geller has been observed in our laboratory, we have
not been able to combine such observations with adequately
controlled experiments to obtain data sufficient to support the
paranormal hypothesis.
REMOTE VIEWING OF NATURAL TARGETS
A study by Osis5 led us to determine whether a subject could
describe randomly chosen geographical sites located several
miles from the subject's position and demarcated by some
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8/7/73
Shielded room 1
Adjacent room (4.1 m)
Envelope
shielded room 1
Shielded room 1
(3.2 m)
shielded room 1
(3.2 m)

1
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Nature Vol. 251 October 18 1974
605
appropriate means (remote viewing). This experiment carried
out with Price, a former California police commissioner and
city councilman, consisted of a series of double-blind, demon-
stration-of-ability tests involving local targets in the San
Francisco Bay area which could be documented by several inde-
pendent judges. We planned the experiment considering that
natural geographical places or man-made sites that have
existed for a long time are more potent targets for paranormal
perception experiments than are artificial targets prepared in the
laboratory. This is based on subject opinions that the use of
artificial targets involves a 'trivialisation of the ability' as com-
pared with natural pre-existing targets.
In each of nine experiments involving Price as subject and
SRI experimenters as a target demarcation team, a remote
location was chosen in a double-blind protocol. Price, who
remained at SRI, was asked to describe this remote location, as
well as whatever activities might be going on there.
Several descriptions yielded significantly correct data per-
taining to and descriptive of the target location.
"In the experiments a set of twelve target locations clearly
differentiated from each other and within 30 min driving time
from SRI had been chosen from a target-rich environment (more
than 100 targets of the type used in the experimental series)
prior to the experimental series by an individual in SRI manage-
ment, the director of the Information Science and Engineering
Division, not otherwise associated with the experiment. Both
the experimenters and the subject were kept blind as to the
contents of the target pool, which were used without replace-
ment.
An experimenter was closeted with Price at SRI to wait 30 min to
begin the narrative description of the remote location. The SRI
locations from which the subject viewed the remote locations con-
sisted of an outdoor park (Experiments 1, 2), the double-walled
copper-screen Faraday cage discussed earlier (Experiments 3, 4, and
6-9), and an office (Experiment 5). A second experimenter would then
obtain a target location from the Division Director from a set of
travelling orders previously prepared and randomised by the Director
and kept under his control. The target demarcation team (two to
four SRI experimenters) then proceeded directly to the target by
automobile without communicating with the subject or experimenter
remaining behind. Since the experimenter remaining with the subject
at SRI was in ignorance both as to the particular target and as to
the target pool, he was free to question Price to clarify his descrip-
tions. The demarcation team then remained at the target site for
30 min after the 30 min allotted for travel. During the observation
period, the remote-viewing subject would describe his impressions of
the target site-into a tape recorder. A comparison was then made
when the demarcation team returned.
Price's ability to describe correctly buildings, docks, roads,
gardens and so on, including structural materials, colour,
ambience and activity, sometimes in great detail, indicated the
functioning of a remote perceptual ability. But the descriptions
contained inaccuracies as well as correct statements. To obtain
a numerical evaluation of the accuracy of the remote viewing
experiment, the experimental results were subjected to inde-
pendent judging on a blind basis by five SRI scientists who were
TARGET
TARGET
TARGET
RESPONSE 1
RESPONSE 1
V
RESPONSE
a
RESPONSE 2
b
RESPONSE 2
C
Fig. 2 Computer drawings and responses drawn by Uri Geller. a, Computer drawing stored on video display; b, computer drawing stored in
computer memory only: c. computer drawing stored on viden dienlov with sera intercity
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:
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Table 2 Distribution of correct selections by judges A, B, C, D, and E in remote viewing experiments
Descriptions chosen by judges
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Hoover Tower
1
ABCDE
Baylands Nature Preserve
2
ABC
E
Radio Telescope
3
ACD
BE
Redwood City Marina
4
CD
ABDE
E
ABD
DCĘ
Bridge Toll Plaza
Drive-In Theatre
6
B
A
C
ABCE
AB -
Rinconada Park
9
CE
Of the 45 selections (5 judges, 9 choices), 24 were correct. Bold type indicates the description chosen most often for each place visited. Correct
choices lie on the main diagonal. The number of correct matches by Judges A through E is 7, 6, 5, 3, and 3, respectively. The expected number
of correct matches from the five judges was five; in the experiment 24 such matches were obtained. The a priori probability of such an occurrence
by chance, conservatively assuming assignment without replacement on the part of the judges, is P = 8.10-10.
not otherwise associated with the research. The judges were
asked to match the nine locations, which they independently
visited, against the typed manuscripts of the tape-recorded nar-
ratives of the remote viewer. The transcripts were unlabelled
and presented in random order. The judges were asked to find a
narrative which they would consider the best match for each
of the places they visited. A given narrative could be assigned
to more than one target location. A correct match requires that
the transcript of a given date be associated with the target of
that date. Table 2 shows the distribution of the judges' choices.
Among all possible analyses, the most conservative is a per-
mutation analysis of the plurality vote of the judges' selections
assuming assignment without replacement, an approach inde-
pendent of the number of judges. By plurality vote, six of the
nine descriptions and locations were correctly matched. Under
the null hypothesis (no remote viewing and a random selection
of descriptions without replacement), this outcome has an a
priori probability of P = 5.6 x 10-4, since, among all possible
permutations of the integers one through nine, the probability
of six or more being in their natural position in the list has that
value. Therefore, although Price's descriptions contain in-
accuracies, the descriptions are sufficiently accurate to permit
the judges to differentiate among the various targets to the
degree indicated.
EEG EXPERIMENTS
An experiment was undertaken to determine whether a
physiological measure such as EEG activity could be used as an
indicator of information transmission between an isolated
subject and a remote stimulus. We hypothesised that perception
could be indicated by such a measure even in the absence of
verbal or other overt indicators.6,7.
It was assumed that the application of remote stimuli would.
result in responses similar to those obtained under conditions
of direct stimulation. For example, when normal subjects are
stimulated with a flashing light, their EEG typically shows a
decrease in the amplitude of the resting rhythm and a driving
of the brain waves at the frequency of the flashes8. We hypothe-
sised that if we stimulated one subject in this manner (a sender),
the EEG of another subject in a remote room with no flash
present (a receiver), might show changes in alpha (9-11 Hz)
activity, and possibly EEG driving similar to that of the sender.
We informed our subject that at certain times a light was to
be flashed in a sender's eyes in a distant room, and if the subject
perceived that event, consciously or unconsciously, it might be
evident from changes in his EEG output. The receiver was
seated in the visually opaque, acoustically and electrically
shielded double-walled steel room previously described. The
sender was seated in a room about 7 m from the receiver.
To find subjects who were responsive to such a remote
stimulus, we initially worked with four female and two male
volunteer subjects, all of whom believed that success in the
experimental situation might be possible. These were designated
'receivers'. The senders were either other subjects or the
experimenters. We decided beforehand to run one or two
sessions of 36 trials each with each subject in this selection
procedure, and to do a more extensive study with any subject
whose results were positive.
A Grass PS-2 photostimulator placed about 1 m in front of the
sender was used to present flash trains of 10 s duration. The receiver's
EEG activity from the occipital region (Oz), referenced to linked
mastoids, was amplified with a Grass 5P-1 preamplifier and associated
driver amplifier with a bandpass of 1-120 Hz. The EEG data were
recorded on magnetic tape with an Ampex SP 300 recorder.
On each trial, a tone burst of fixed frequency was presented to both
sender and receiver and was followed in one second by either a 10 s
train of flashes or a null flash interval presented to the sender. Thirty-
six such trials were given in an experimental session, consisting of 12
null trials-no flashes following the tone-12 trials of flashes at 6 f.p.s.
and 12 trials of flashes at 16 f.p.s., all randomly intermixed, deter-
mined by entries from a table of random numbers. Each of the trials
generated an 11-s EEG epoch. The last 4 s of the epoch was selected
for analysis to minimise the desynchronising action of the warning
cue. This 4-s segment was subjected to Fourier analysis on a LINC 8
computer.
Spectrum analyses gave no evidence of EEG driving in any receiver,
although in control runs the receivers did exhibit driving when
physically stimulated with the flashes. But of the six subjects studied
initially, one subject (H. H.) showed a consistent alpha blocking effect.
We therefore undertook further study with this subject.
.
Data from seven sets of 36 trials each were collected from this
, subject on three separate days. This comprises all the data collected
to date with this subject under the test conditions described above.
The alpha band was identified from average spectra, then scores of
average power and peak power were obtained from individual trials
and subjected to statistical analysis.
Of our six subjects, H. H. had by far the most monochromatic
EEG spectrum. Figure 3 shows an overlay of the three averaged
spectra from one of this subject's 36-trial runs, displaying
changes in her alpha activity for the three stimulus conditions.
Mean values for the average power and peak power for each
Table 3 EEG data for H.H. showing average power and peak power
in the 9-11 Hz band, as a function of flash frequency and sender
Flash
Frequency
0
6
16
0
6
16
Sender
Average Power
Peak Power
J.L.
94.8 84.1 76.8
357.7 329.2 289.6
R.T.
41.3 45.5 37.0
160.7 161.0 125.0
No sender
(subject
informed)
25.1 35.7 28.2
87.5
95.7
81.7
J.L ..
54.2 55.3. 44.8
191.4 170.5 149.3
J.L.
56.8 50.9 32.8
240.6 178.0 104.6
R.T.
39.8 24.9 30.3
145.2
74.2 122.1
No sender
(subject
not
86.0 53.0 52.1
318.1 180.6 202.3
informed)
56.8 49.9 43.1
214.5 169.8 153.5
Averages
-12% -24%(P<0.04)
-21%-28%(P<0.03)
Each entry is an average over 12 trials
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1
E
Arts and Crafts Garden Plaza
Church
7
C
AB
Places visited by judges
D
D
D
5
. 4
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of the seven experimental sets are given in Table 3. The power
measures were less in the 16 f.p.s. case than in the 0 f.p.s. in all
seven peak power measures and in six out of seven average
power measures. Note also the reduced effect in the case in
which the subject was informed that no sender was present
(Run 3). It seems that overall alpha production was reduced
for this run in conjunction with the subject's expressed appre-
hension about conducting the experiment without a sender.
This is in contrast to the case (Run 7) in which the subject was
not informed.
Siegel's two-tailed t approximation to the nonparametric randomi-
sation testa was applied to the data from all sets, which included two
sessions in which the sender was removed. Average power on trials
associated with the occurrence of 16 f.p.s. was significantly less than
when there were no flashes (t = 2.09, d.f. = 118, P<0.04). The
second measure, peak power, was also significantly less in the 16 f.p.s.
conditions than in the null condition (t = 2.16, d.f. = 118, P<0.03).
The average response in the 6 f.p.s. condition was in the same direc-
tion as that associated with 16 f.p.s., but the effect was not statistically
significant.
Spectrum analyses of control recordings made from saline with a
12 ks2 resistance in place of the subject with and without the addi-
tion of a 10 Hz, 50 uV test signal applied to the saline solution,
revealed no indications of flash frequencies, nor perturbations of the
10 Hz signal. These controls suggest that the results were not due to
system artefacts. Further tests also gave no evidence of. radio fre-
quency energy associated with the stimulus.
Subjects were asked to indicate their conscious assessment for each
trial as to which stimulus was generated. They made their guesses
known to the experimenter via one-way telegraphic communication.
An analysis of these guesses has shown them to be at chance, in-
dicating the absence of any supraliminal cueing, so arousal as evid-
enced by significant alpha blocking occurred only at the noncognitive
level of awareness.
We hypothesise that the protocol described here may prove to be
useful as a screening procedure for latent remote perceptual ability
in the general population.
Potential (arbitrary units)
6
1
16
5 Hz
10 Hz
.15 Hz .
Fig. 3 Occipital EEG spectra, 0-20 Hz, for one subject (H. H.)
acting as receiver, showing amplitude changes in the 9-11 Hz
band as a function of strobe frequency. Three cases : 0, 6, and 16
f.p.s. (12 trial averages).
CONCLUSION
From these experiments we conclude that:
. A channel exists whereby information about a remote location
. can be obtained by means of an as yet unidentified perceptual
modality.
.As with all biological systems, the information channel
appears to be imperfect, containing noise along with the
signal.
. While a quantitative signal-to-noise ratio in the information-
theoretical sense cannot as yet be determined, the results of
our experiments indicate that the functioning is at the level
of useful information transfer.
It may be that remote perceptual ability is widely distributed
in the general population, but because the perception is generally
below an individual's level of awareness, it is repressed or not
noticed. For example, two of our subjects (H. H. and P. P.) had
not considered themselves to have unusual perceptual ability
before their participation in these experiments.
Our observation of the phenomena leads us to conclude that
experiments in the area of so-called paranormal phenomena can
be scientifically conducted, and it is our hope that other
laboratories will initiate additional research to attempt to
replicate these findings.
This research was sponsored by The Foundation for Parasen-
sory Investigation, New York City. We thank Mrs Judith
Skutch, Dr Edgar D. Mitchell of the Institute of Noetic
Sciences-as well as our SRI associates, Mr Bonnar Cox,
Mr Earle Jones and Dr Dean Brown-for support and
encouragement. Constructive suggestions by Mrs Jean Mayo,
Dr Charles Tart, University of California, and Dr Robert
Ornstein and Dr David Galin of the Langley Porter Neuro-
psychiatric Institute are acknowledged.
RUSSELL TARG
HAROLD PUTHOFF
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory,
Stanford Research Institute,
Menlo Park, California 94025
Received March 11; revised July 8, 1974.
1 Pratt, J., Rhine, J. B., Stuart, C., and Greenwood, J., Extra
Sensory Perception after Sixty Years (Henry Holt, New
York, 1940).
2 Soal, S., and Bateman, F., Modern Experiments in Telepathy
(Faber and Faber, London, 1954).
3 Vasilliev, L. L., Experiments in Mental Suggestion (ISMI Pub-
lications, Hampshire, England, 1963).
4 Musso, J. R., and Granero, M., J. Parapsychology, 37, 13-37
(1973).
5 Osis, K., ASPR Newsletter, No. 14 (1972).
6 Tart, C. T., Physiological Correlates of Psi Cognition, Int. J.
Parapsychology, V, No. 4 (1963).
7 Dean, E. D., Int. J. Neuropsychiatry, 2 (1966).
8 Hill, D., and Parr, G., Electroencephalography : A Symposium
on its Various Aspects (Macmillan, New York, 1963).
9 Siegel, S., Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral
Sciences, 152-156 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1956).
1
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010006-9
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