CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010090-6

Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010090-6
U've of Energy
, Chicago, 1971);
The Future of Industrial
Gas Technology, Chicago,
Nowont Improving the Utilization of
. Cas in Major Steel Mill Applications
.. .. Gas Technology, Chicago, 1972).
intended to imply here that quality
; . .. rance is not considered in acquisi-
i. a oi n.Justrial equipment, but rather that
of this devices which yield the same product,
he s. taper will tend to be preferred, irrespec-
tive of energy consumption. Those industrial
accounting systems in which energy require-
ments are carried as overhead appear to
reistores this tendency.
14. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban De-
velopment, International Brief, January 1971.
15. National Mineral World Insulation Associa-
tion, Impact of Improved Thermal Perform-
ance in Conserving Energy (National Bureau
of Standards, Washington, D.C., April 1972),
p. 35.
16. A topping cycle is an additional power gen-
cration plant which receives heat at the
temperature of combustion, and rejects heat .
at the maximum temperature required by the
main power plant. The topping cycle utilizes
the .apoerature drop between the combustion
win . and the boner of the plant, to gen-
erate power.
17. In nighttime power generation, it would be
possible to reject heat at subatmospheric
temperatures, through radiative techniques,
and diety avert local thermal overloading of
la. P. R. Acnenoaen, J. B. Coble, B. C. Cadoff,
T. Kasuda. A Feasibility Study of Total
Sites (National Bureau of Standards Report
10 402. Washington, D.C., August 1971).
...
. 19. K. 6006, Institute for Energy Conversion,
University of Delaware, personal communica-
tion
20. Few amail units can justify spending more
thon 3 cents per kilowatt hour for mainte-
nance; few can be maintained for less.
21. I. Bu Therg. O. A. Salude. D. K. Edwards,
Soha Inergy J. Solar Energy Sci. Eng. 13,
193 (.972).
22. 11. C. hottel and A. Whillier, "Evaluation of
peror mance."
in
International Conference on the Uses of Solar
Energy Proceedings (University of Arizona
Press, Tucson, 1958); HI. Tabor, Bull. Res.
Counc. Israel 5C, No. 1 (1955).
23. Committee report, Solar Cells, Outlook for
Improved Efficiency (National Academy of
Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1972), p. 3.
24. A. Whillier, "Solar house heating-a pasel."
in International Conference on Uses of Solar
Energy (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson,
1958).
25. R. A. Tybout and G. O. G. Lof, Nat.
Resourc. J. 10, 268 (1970).
26. In this comparison it is assumed that the
consumer will own and maintain the solar
device, but such an arrangement may be
neither necessary nor desirable.
27. H. C. Hottel, "Residential uses of solar
energy," in International Conference on Uses
of Solar Energy (Univ. of Arizona Press,
Tucson, 1958); G. Pheijel and B. Lindström,
New Sources of Energy, United Nations
Conference, Rome, 21 to 31 August 1961,
p. 207-223.
28. D. N. W. Chinnery, CSIR (S. Afr. Counc.
Sci. Ind. Res.) Res. Rep. No. 243, pp. 1-79
(1967).
29. S. J. Richards and D. N. W. Chinnery, ibid.,
No. 237, pp. 1-26 (1967).
30. The average cited here was obtained over
a period during which cloudy and sunny
weather obtained.
31. For example, in certain industrial areas local
efforts to decrease air pollution started with
conversion of both industrial domestic com-
bustion equipment from coal and oil to gas.
=
at this point. The same argument applies
to domestic beating equipment:
32. Such a piant will also be able to supply
a large quantity of residual fuel oil to those
installations capable of using it. However,
for the purposes of estimating the costs of
supplying energy ' for domestic consumption,
I compare the cost of the plant to its ca-
pacity to supply gas, which is its principal
function.
33. The thermodynamic notion of quality (or
more precisely, availability) is a measure
of the extent to which the form of energy
can be converted to work.
34. "Refuse-fueled power station," Technol. Rev.
May 1972, p. 62.
--
Psychical Research: The Incredible
in Search of Credibility
Bit Delmore is a dropout from the
Yale law school, but he las a grant
from Harvard to explore the nature of
Nis psychic abilities. From an early age,
ho say,, he has had a facility for guess-
ing cards. Fricads arranged for him
to give a demanstration of card-guess-
ing before the Harvard psychology
faculty, which controls a small fund
carmarked for research on psychic
phenomena. At the Foundation for
Research on the Nature of Man, in
Durham, North Carolina, Delmore's
card-guessing powers are being ana-
lyzed . . ... Kel, who switched to
psyche. t research list year after get-
ung a ja.D. frem Harvard in psycho-
linguistics. An assistant holds up play-
ing cards enclosed in black envelopes,
while De'more guesses at them, some-
imes one by one, sometimes for several
cards in advance. With certain guesses
he is particularly confident of being
correct, and says so before the card
is taken from its envelope. In an cx-
periment recently reported by Kelly to
the Harvard psychology faculty, Del-
more made 20 such "confidence calis,"
14 of which were correct. Asked how
he makes the guesses, Delmore says by
luck. How does one make a lucky
guess? "By forming a visual image and
then rationalizing it. Like having an
image of seeing a butterfly, and then
seeing the butterfly."
Parapsychology-the scientific study
of telepathy, clairvoyance, and other
manifestations of the inexplicable-is
undergoing a minirenaissance, although
without any assurance that the rebirth
will be recognized as legitimate by the
arbiters of scientific orthodoxy. The
card-guessing experiments at Durham
illustrate both the hope and despair of
the parapsychologists' predicament.
Young scientists are still prepared to
risk their good name and fortune to
work in the field, yet even when results
are produced by experimental designs
that would be accepted without demur
in an ordinary science, the mainstream
scientific community refuses to be im-
pressed or even very interested. Rigor-
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010090-6 :
::
(Menlo Park. Callt. November
pared for the Ofthe of Science and fed -
nology, Washington, D.C., Januar, 1972), p.
6.
2. American Society of Heating, Refrigerant ..
3. Quantities expressed as British thermal mits
per thousand cubic feet-degree das repre ient
the heating requirements of a building rela-
tive to its size and the severity of the climate
in which it serves. Conversion factors are:
from British thermal units to jorles, 1055;
cubic feet to cubic meters, 2.83 ;X 10-2.
4. J. C. Moyers, The Value of Thermal Insida-
tion in Residential Construction: Economics
and Conservation of Energy (Oak Ridge Na-
tional Laboratory, Report ORNL-NSF-EP-9,
Oak Ridge, Tenn., December 1971), p. 28.
S. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration,
and Air-Conditioning, Engineers Handbook
of Fundamentals (New York, 1,72), pp. 381-
3S3.
6. ---- , ibid., p. 421; National Association
of Home Builders Research Foundation, In-
sudation Manual (Rockville, Md., :971).
7. H. C. Hottel and T. B. Howard, New Energy
Technology -- Some Facts and Assessments
(N.I.I. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1971).
S. Even ia large power plants much heat is
lost. In a typical modern power plant ap-
proximately two-thirds of the heating value
of the fuel copsmined must be rejected to
Thy rareet heat is not
by the second law of
A .ctuner, much of this heat could be put
" , die in waste processing, water purification,
condidowins for ex-
.. J.S. Deptit vent of Commerce, The Energy
Grith: An atalyw's ( Washington, D.C., April
?. K. Shufflek and L. J. Lazaridis, Nat. Gas
Pe :. Techoni, i press.
1. C. A. Mvier, "Practical Means of Conserv-
:; Enargy Today in the Residential, Com-
marcial and Industrial Market" ( University
cf Pittsburgh School of Engineering Library,
Pittsburgh, 1971); D. P. Gregory, A Techno-
NAVS AND COMMENT

Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010090-6
·
cas proof is one thing, proof of the
apparently absurd another.
-
Despite unrelenting discouragement
from their more orthodox colleagues,
and a lack of any very remarkable
breakthrough in their own field, the
parapsychologists have nonetheless per-
severed. There are about a score of
full-time researchers in the country,
and many others who are involved
part time or intermittently. The Para-
psychological Association boasts more
than 100 full members in this country
and abroad, almost all of whom hold
a Ph.D. or master's degree in a scien-
tific subject. To talk with, parapsychol-
ogists are serious and sober men, not
obviously different from other scien-
tists except that their belief in extrasen-
sory perception (ESP) places them be-
yond the pale of ordinary scientific
discourse.
Maybe a little too hopefully, para-
psychologists believe that cracks are
iUnnice to appear in the scientific
a manray's monumental indifference.
. "tsysology itself has taken a new
!!!. [1 . scent years, breaking out of
the traditional card-guessing, statistic-
watering exercise into more adventur-
cas and provocative fields, such as the
Maty of ESP in animals and during
altered states of consciousness. In the
oii'de world, the zeitgeist, as parapsy-
"lalogists like to refer to it, has noved
in their favor. The values of the
interculture have rendered outright
Loutility to parapsychology less fashion-
Me. After many rebuffs, the parapsy-
Delay association was recently ad-
: ited into the ranks of the AAAS.
Health has recently awarded two
grants for parapsychological research.
Some 75 educational
institutions
throughout the country offer courses on
parapsychology, many of which are for
credit. And a larger public became
aware of the scientific pursuit of ESP
when lunar module pilot Captain Edgar
D>. Mitchell performed a card-guessing
c. perimient during the voyage of Apolio
14.
There is a wide variety of approaches
among the several parapsychological
research groups. Since leaving NASA,
Mitchell, for example, has set up the
Institute of Noetic Sciences, to further
studies of human consciousness, in-
cluding the faesty for ESP. Mitchell
started reading the parapsychological
journals and the works of people such
as J. B. Rhine, one of the founders
of modern parapsychology, and, he
says, " found much to my surprise that
the what a read, the more my skepti-
cista : cked away. Experiments of my
own, culminating in the one on Apollo
14, so fascinated me that I launched
into it as a full-time study."
With a staff of nine, Mitchell's insti-
tute is engaged in educational activities
and in raising funds from public and
private sources for research in ESP.
Some 25 deserving projects have been
lined up. Mitchell himself is editing a
book, Psychical Rsearch-A Challenge
to Science. Younger physicists, he he-
lieves, are becoming interested in ESP
because of a prevailing disillusionment
with establishment paradigms. Study of
psychic phenomena is now moving into
a new phase of investigation, which,
Mitchell opines, "has probably brought
us to the verge of expanding our
knowledge of science as dramatically
as Einstein did."
Mitchell's institute, founded this
March, is the newest venture in para-
psychology. The best known, to which
the Post Office delivers mail addressed
"ESP, USA," is the Foundation for
'Research on the Nature of Man
(FRNM). J. B. Rhine, the grand old
man of parapsychology, set up the foun-
dation a few years before retiring from
the parapsychology laboratory at Duke
University, Durham, in 1962. While at
Duke, Rhine and his associates initiated
the card-guessing experiments which
have formed the dominant trend in
psychical research until the last few
years. The heyday of Rhine's career
was in the 1930's when he established,.
by methodology his critics eventually
ceased to dispute, statistical evidence
Clairvoyance (the extrasensory per-
ception of events, for example, mind-
reading), precognition (awareness of
events before their actual occurrence),
and psychokinesis (the influence of
physical events by mental powers, such
as determining the fall of a dice) are
all phenomena that Rhine believes to
be experive itally established.
av it Not Expected
Though said to have been a fighter
in his younger days, he is now philo-
sophical about what he considers the
short shrift his subject has received
at the hands of the orthodox scientific
community. "Our ideas have not re-
ceived fair treatment. but I never ex-
pected them to, so I am not upset,"
Rhine remarks. "We have kept busy,
we've been treated better than we
thought we would be."
Rhine is no longer active in research.
his foundation supports three full-
time scientists. Helmut Schmidt, a
quantum physicist who used to work
for Boeing, is interested in the ability
of psychic subjects to predict for in-
fluence) the behavior of a random
number generator. Walter J. Levy, a
psychologist, has studied ESP in ani-
mals, and B. K. Kanthamani, also a
psychologist, has worked on the per-
sonality characteristics of gifted ESP
subjects. Rhine, although his work re-
mains mostly unacknowledged except
by the converted, is beginning to re-
ceive recognition at least as an impor-
tant figure in the history and social
relations of 20th-century science. A
historian of science, Seymour Maus-
kopf, and a sociologist, Barry Poss,
both of Duke University, are studying,
respectively, the early history of Rhine's
investigations and the effect on his
group of being regarded as outsiders
by the scientific community ..
Rhine's is not the only group of ESP
researchers boasted by the otherwise
unremarkable town of Durham. The
Psychical Research Foundation (PRF)
split off from the Rhine fold in 1960
in order to pursue the question of
survival after death-an issue Rhine
does not consider amenable to scien-
tific study. The PRF supports a single
full-time researcher, W. G. Roil, who
has carried out several investigations
of poltergeists. Robert L. Morris, a
psychologist who works part time at
the foundation, has cartied out studies
of psychical faculties in animals.
The South is also home to the larg-
ist group of psychical researchers il
this comment the Division of Parma
chology at the University of Virginia,
Charlottesville. Head of the division is
Ian Stevenson, a psychiatrist who has
traveled around the world gathering
case histories suggestive of reincarna-
tion. Other members of the division
include J. Gaither Pratt. a long-time
colleague of Rhine's at Duke, and Rex
Stanford, a psychologist who studies
ESP in altered states of consciousness,
such as when the brain is in the re-
laxed state associated with production
of alpha waves. Also at Virginia is
Robert L. Van de Castle, director of
the dream laboratory, who has investi-
gated ESP among primitive peoples
such as the Cuna Indians of Panama.
The oldest psychien! research estab-
lishment in the country is the American
Society for Psychical Research (ASPR)
in New York City. Quartered in an
elegant townhouse next to Central
Park. the ASPR's mandate is the sci-
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010090-6 139
13 JUL

Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010090-6 poreal cx-
by bien, is the society's a.red or de A.
search. Recently he sent two subjects
on a round-the-world air trip in order
to explore the effect of distance on
ESP. Another project is the investiga-
of activity independent
is bouy.
Old school parapsychologists like
Rhine doubt the value of studying the
more esoteric aspects of the occult,
will. ... poltergeists, reincar-
periences. A new kind of psychical
experiment that is somewhat more
amenable to scientific study is the in-
vestigation of ESP during sleep, partic-
ularly the periods of dreaming marked
Briefing
Energy Policy, Phase II
In an encore to his April energy
message, President Nixon, on 29 June,
let out the long-awaited details of his
proposal to reshuffle the federal energy
establishment.
For good measure, he also suggested
some ways the public and the govern-
ment could reduce energy consumption
(turn down thermostats 4 degrees,
travel less, and slower) and he went
half-way toward meeting Democratic
peter Henry Jackson's call for a
carevaganza of energy
to the rest 10 years. Nixon is
find a sig billion, 5-yeor effort;
pronged in budget
in oxta $100 million, bringing the
t'il proposed for the year to about
$ 60 million.
The proposed reorganization, do-
asked by the White House as a re-
So d and improved version of one that
wood in the last session of Congress,
ally follows predicted lines (Sci-
et02, 29 June). But in one novel twist,
:: : White House appears to have re-
It inted in form, if not in substance,
: recently dismantled Office of Science
" J Technology and the President's
Orice Advisory Committee. The names
Have changed, and their missions are
Honower; but the functions of a new
presidential Energy Policy Office and
its R & D advisory committee (whose
members are yet to be appointed) seem
much the same.
Four now entities amarged from the
Message, the latter three of which must
Be created by Congress and are cer-
:: : to provoke come jurisdictional
The Energy Policy Office and its
odbory cover hes replace a 6-month-
old policy triumvirate of Henry Kissin-
ger, George Shultz, and the Water-
gated John Curteaman. A small staff
assembled reader White House energy
counselor Chor'es DiBona will be ex-
pan Jed. The President named John
Lore, fl :: Republican governor of Colo-
rado, as director of the new office.
O A Department of Energy and Nat-
ural Resources (DENR) combines the
existing Interior Department (minus its
coal and other energy R & D programs)
with the Forest Service and parts of
the Soil Conservation Service (both now
in the Agriculture Department), with
"planning and funding" elements of
the Army Corps of Engineers, and with
the interagency Water Resources Coun-
cil. The National Oceanic and Atmo-
spheric Administration would be re-
moved from the Commerce Department
and linked with the Geological Survey
in the DENR.
> An energy Research and Develop-
ment Administration would be com-
posed of the R & D side of the Atomic
Enargy Commission staff, minus Ne
AEC's regulatory functions, plus $100
million worth of R & D from the Interior
Department.
O A Nuclear Energy Commission
would be made up of the licensing and
regulatory side of the Atomic Energy
Commission (which would, on paper,
cease to exist! and would be headed
by a five-member .commission. .
Dixy Lee Ray is rumored to be a
leading contender to head the new
R & D agency and Interior Secretary
Rogers C. B. Morton is widely men-
tioned as a candidate for Secretary of
the DENR .-- R.G.
OST Is Dead
Long Live STPO
The fall and decline of the Office
of Science : !!!! Technology (OST) ended
officially on 30 June with the transfer
of many of OSI's functions to the Na-
tional Science Foundation (NSF). The
surprise announcement of the Admin-
istration's decision to abolish OST came
early this year (Science, 2 February),
but the office has continued to operate
during a transition period. In recent
months, however, OST has been per-
ceptibly fading away, with a few staff
members taking up duties in the suc-
cessor unit in NSF and others retiring
:
:
.
Russell C. Drew
from federal service of taking other
jobs inside or outside government.
Information on what was to replace
OST has been lacking, but on 2 July
NSF Director H. Guyford Stever, who
is responsible under the reorganization
for advising the President on science
and technology questions, unveiled his
basic plan. Stever announced forma-
tion of a Science and Technology Pol-
icy Office (STPO) in NSF and the ap-
pointment of Russell C. Drew, a physi-
cist with government experience, to
head the new office.
Drew served on the OST staff from
1966 to 1972 and currently heads the
Office of Naval Research branch office
in London. At OST Crew dealt with a
range of problems including air traffic
control, space science and technology,
biomedical R & D related to aerospace
activities, and telecommunications.
Drew did his undergraduate work at
the University of Colorado and carned
his Ph.D. in physics from Duke in 1961.
The news release accompanying his
appointment to the STPO post notes
that he had "experience in re-entry
systems technology and nuclear weap-
ons in connection with the Polaris pro-
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010090-6 VOL .. 121

Health
special Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010090-6
tor of the commumy meida;
center at Naimonides Hospital in
Brooklyn and professor of psychiatry
at the State University of New York.
With colleagues at the Maimonides
Ciepaimeany to areanning
Subjects. HEis results are statistically sig-
nificant, although they do not yet ap-
pear to have been definitely corrobo-
rated by other investigators. Last year
The NIMH seems to have given only
one previous grant for psychical re-
search, an award made in 1971 to
Peter Phillips, a theoretical physicist at
Briefing
gram" and was involved over a period in the White House science advisory
of years with the civilian spoce pro-
gram.
Stever is quoted as saying, "I am
especially ha ...
tabli
. : "Le this means that
'of flow move forward rapidly to
haip advance national goals in science
and technology through these new
functions assigned by the President. Dr.
Drew's expertise and experience will
be most helpful in this regard."
At this point the new office has a
nadque of three OST alumni as staff
rabais, and other appointments are
student in the near future. The NSF
"wiry valt, however, is to be consider-
ably smaller. in size than was OST
when the ax fall. Last December OST
.da total stall of about 60 people,
wolf of them professionals.
Ninady on board and expected to
c' linus to be active in the general
stas they tended at OST are F. Gil-
i'm Blake, who dealt with natural re-
Pourres problems, particularly with min-
fral. resources; Edward J. Burger, Jr.,
a physician and biological scientist who
encinlized in health and environmental
:25; and Payment De Lyon, Jr., WHO was
ct OST on loon from the Defense De-
partement. At OST Lyon handled aero-
puce matters and was increasingly
concerned with advanced technology.
Lyon has also been serving as a special
assistant to Stever on administrative
issues pertaining to the new office. Be-
cause of a squeeze on office space at
NSF headquarters, the STPO will, for
the time being, occupy offices in the
sime Executive Office Building near the
White House in which OST has been
situated.
The pattern at OST over the years
has been of a staff composed of a
small core of career government types
with a larger number of specialists in
various areas recruited from govern-
ment agencies, ariversities, and industry
who stayed for periods of a year to
several years. The dean of the OST
staff, David Z. Beckler, whose service
apparatus antedated the creation of
OST a decade ago, has retired from
federa! service. Frank R. Pagnotta, who
was OST's administrative officer for
7 years, moved to the Central Intelli-
space Agency as an executive assistant
in the office of the director, James R.
Schlesinger.
The OST staff member most directly
involved in biomedical research ques-
tions, Leonard Laster, has retired from
federal service to become executive
director of the National Academy of
Sciences' new Assembly of Life Sci-
ences.
The job market value of CST experi-
ence seems to have held up and, in
addition to a few OST people who
returned to their own businesses or set
up shop on their own, "everybody got
good jobs," says Fagnulla. This up-
parently also applies to OST secre-
taries, most of whom will be working
in other federal agencies.
Everyone connected to the new NSF
policy office stresses that a lot of de-
tails remain to be worked out. On such
issues as what use will be made of
outside advisers to replace me frost-
dent's Science Advisory Committee, as
one oncor pot h, there's sine a joi
of thinking to do."-J.W.
Restored HEW Funds May
Be Buried by Regulation
Congress is trying valiantly to re-
store funds for some of the health
programs that President Nixon wants
to eliminare, either because they are
not working or because, as demon-
stration projects, they have proved
their worth and should be taken over
by local or state governments. In a
move to thrwart the Administration's
intent to abolish the regional medical
programs, the family planning and
population research program, the Hill-
Burton program for hospital construc-
tion, community health center pro-
grams, and others, the House and
Senate have passed legislation that
would extend these activities for 1 year.
Subsequently, Nixon obligingly signed
the bill into law, even though the
$2.2 billion it would give the Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare (HEW) for these activities was
almost twice the amount the Adminis-
tration had said it was willing to
spend. In signing the law, Nixon is-
sued a statement saying, "While the
authorization levels are higher than 1
believe desirable, they will not damage
our overall fiscal position if the Con-
gress now follows my budget recom-
mondations in the appropriations pro-
cess."
Another reason that these authori-
· zations will not damage "our overall
fiscal position" is that much of the
money will probably never be spent.
Congress tries, but apparently the Ad-
ministration tries harder. It promulgated
a regulation in the 21 May Federal
Register that has received Title arten-
tion but that could do much to keep the .
money Congress wants spent on these
social programs right in the federal
treasury . The man regulation requires
that, in order to qualify to receive
ech" must show that they can become
financially self-sufficient, community-
based operations.
Unhappy with this turn of events,
Representative Pau! G. Rogers (D-Fla.)
points out that, because these programs
are for the poor, it is unreasonable to
assume that they might become self-
sufficient. He maintains that the regula-
tion will "doom all migrant health pro-
grams, all neighborhood health centers,
all family health centers, and about
half of the community mental health
centers." Rogers has written to HEW
Secretary Caspar Weinberger suggest-
ing that the department's action may
be illegal unless it can show that Con-
gress, in passing the legislation in the
first place, intended that potential
economic self-sufficiency be a criterion
for funding the programs. He has not
yet received a reply .- B.J.C.
13 JULY 1973
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010090-6
141
.
.
1
(

Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010090-6
.
the Washington University St. Louis.
Phillips, who works part time ca
psychical research, used the NIMH
grant in work with an ESP teaching
machine, but got null results which
he did not publish. He is now investi-
getting a phenomenon known as psy-
chic photography (an apparent ability
to influence photographic film by the
power of the mind). By borrowing a
mailing list from a man who runs a
witchcraft school, Phillips has been able
to locate six individuals who claim
or appear to be able to imprint mental
impressions on film.
Another group of physicists inter-
ested in psychic phenomena are Russell
Targ and Harold Puthoff of the Stan-
ford Research Institute. Both worked
in plasma and laser physics before bc-
coming interested in psychic phenome-
`na. Like many of the younger school
of parapsychologists, they are uninter-
ested in amassing more statistical evi-
: For ... Prezes believe that is
wish to learn more about the process
itself. At present they are studying an
israel "senviens" and his ai
Huense mentdly sach physical instru-
ments as a magnetometer.
Not all parapsychology is done by
pas; . chologists. The Hodgson fund
at Harvard, for example, endowed for
research on psychic phenomena, has
been used periodically by members of
the Harvard faculty to investigate mat-
iers such as water divining and ESP.
Before going to Deimore, the fund was
most recently employed by an under-
graduate physics major to construct a
long-period, ultrasensitve pendulum,
which he attempted to move by psy-
chokinesis. He would look at the pen-
Julum through a window, mentally
pushing it one way for 30 seconds and
then the other, for an hour at a time.
For weeks the pendulum showed not
a shadow of movement before giving
what appeared to be the first positive
results. "Ten days later," says Edwin
B. Newman, a member of the Har-
vard psychology faculty, "the student
graduated and went off to theological
school and we never saw him again."
Like other academic psychologists,
Newpet is stopped! of the parapsy-
sufficiently interested in the possibili-
tire ts have exercised an experiment
the moth of Winch was a
"perfect textbook demonstration of the
laws of chance"). The history of the
feld. he believes, is characterized by
Radio Telescope Funds at Issue
The Hotone Appropriations Committee created distress in the astronomy
community last month when it voted to eliminate $10 million that the
Admin tation had requested to begin construction of the Very Large
Array :(VL. \)' telescope in Sseal 1974. The Senate Appropriations Com -.
mittee, however, has recommended that construction begin. So the
inmedi te prospects of the new radio telescope will not be known until
a fleurs senate conference resolve, the difference.
A Hore stoff rember said that the House has no intention of kill-
ing the $76 million project. Tr commitise report explains that "in
view of general budget constraints and with earthbound National Sci-
oddle. the V. A co 's dererent at this time."
: 3000 were devert site in
sapraxi about the
planning stages for
or studie; since 1964 on
Ettivent Academy of Sciences
Big Jeve Greenstein of the California Institute of Tech-
!!
correction of the VIA as the top priority. This emphasis
reflects the unusual unanimby in the fell on the need for the new
"ein brak through existing observational barriers on
: rai raved important new lines of enquiry."
Money for the VIA constitutes the largest new equipment item in
the Type Not budget. The Administration requested $579 million in
Bew appropriatees for NSF in 19744; the Senate committee settled on
$571.6 billion. the House committee on $10 million less .- C.H.
the elusive nature of the evidence:
"Every time we get our hands on some-
thing, it slips through our fingers like
quicksilver."
If academic psychologists used to
be atheists in the matter of ESP, there
are signs that more are taking an
agnostic view. But it is more their
hostility than their skepticism that has
diminished. Although the parapsychol-
ogists have now amassed an impressive
volume of apparently careful experi-
mental literature-chiefly in the Jour-
nal of Parapsychology and the Journal
of the ASPR-critics charge that the
published work represents an artifact,
in as far as it tends to be only the
successful experiments that get re-
ported, while the presumably more nu-
merous null results go unremarked.
Parapsychologists also suffer from the
disadvantage of being enthusiasts; they
are not neutral scientific observers in
the sense that they are already per-
saaded that ESP exists.
Paga Invirgins are still unable to
satisfy the demand for a repeatable
. That answer i, that ESP
is an intermittent and uncertain phe-
nomenon that, by its very nature,
cannot be produced on demand. "You
. have to prepare yourself for work in
this field," admonishes Rhine. "You
can't expect results like setting out a
rain gauge." This being the case, the
road to belief in ESP is arduous. Helmut
Schmidt of the FRNM, for example,
says it would take 2 months in his lab-
oratory for him to convince someone
of the existence of ESP.
The fact that psychologists are some-
what more prepared to give the para-
psychologists a hearing says much .
about the ever-delicate relationship be-
tween the two communities. By and
large, psychologists do not read the
parapsychologieal literature, and their
impressions are mostly derived from
the mass media. ( One of the more
common complaints of psychical re-
searchers is that mainstream scientific
journals -- Science included -will either
not give them space or demand un-
reasonably high standards of proof.)
Ovis, research director of the ASPR,
finds it "distressing that the changed
attitude of the scientific community
seems to be more related to change in
popular interests than to reading our
research reports."
But one way or another, the para-
psychologists
arc
breaking
some
ground. "The parapsychology group
has not faded away, and I think they
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010090-6 pectability

:: The Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010090-6
oceived
jathan Lasky, executive secretary fuk
the last 9 years of the NIMH saidy
section that awarded Ullman his re-
search grant. "They are perfectly well
trained, respectable scientific investiga-
tors. They are sincere and serious and
they deserve a chance." (Asked if
there had been much debate in the
NIMI council about the Ullman grant,
Lasky says there had not, because the
council had other, more controversial
matters to deal with.)
je tuian rvv cianno vut awarded the
legacy to a local neurological institute.
The decision was contested by the
ASPR, which won its case last year
after 6 years of litigation. The Kidd
legacy was not only a windfall but
proved the parapsychologists could at
least convince .a court of the serious-
ness of their intentions. And dead
donors, be it said, do not give the
same trouble as the living. One para-
psychologist who has relied on private
patrons for support describes his ex-
. perience as "rather like working with
Renaissance Popes-the level of in-
telligence and corruption is about the
same.
Survey's among the scientific com-
munity hint at some of the complexity
in the change of attitude toward psy-
chic phenomena.
Polls
conducted
among members of the American Psy-
chological Association in 1938 and
1952 indicated that the attitude toward
the study of ESP had become signifi-
cantly more favorable between the two
dates. The same questionnaire was re-
cently sent out to its readers by New
Stentist, an English scientific maga-
vite. The returns-from 1500 readers.
most of them scientists, and 29 percent
i'th higher degrees-showed that a
master of the respondents believed
'esp to be an established fact and
another 42 percent considered it a
Tely possibility. Not so heartening for
prepsychologists is that less than a
third of the sample thought that they
wwe telling their problem in the
right way. More than half considered
tint parapsychology was making
"little if any progress": as against
which only 4 percent view it as a
"pseudoscience" (New Scientist, 25
January 1973).
Although some progress is being
.cebologits sim lace inc
Same set an internal problems. Maybe
because of the lack of any unifying
theory about psychic phenomena, there
seems to be little debate or even doc-
trinal differences between the various
centers. "You hesitate to say some-
one's ideas are nonsense in this field,"
remarks one psychical researcher. An-
other problem is money. There are
numerous rich widows prepared to
support attempts to put them in touch
with their late husbands, but parapsy-
chologists cannot risk their credibility
with the scientific community by ac-
cepting this kind of money. In fact,
they would have had trouble keeping
their heads above water were it not
for the success of the Xerox Corpora-
tion. Chester F. Carlson, the inventor
of xcrography, left some 2 percent of
his estate for psychical rescarch. The
FRNM, the ASPR, and the University
of Virginia are said to have received
about $1 million cach from the Carl-
son bequest.
Another important patron is the
Chicago publisher and Nixon crony
W. Clement Stone, who has settled
some $200,000 on the FRNM and at
one time was a regular visitor at the
foundation's meetings. A less well-
known benefactor of psychical research
is James Kidd, an Arizona gold miner
who disappeared from the world with-
out a trace in 1946 but left a will
(discovered 18 years later) which re-
vealed an estate of $270,000 and in-
structions that the sum be spent on
"research or some scientific proor of a
soul of the human body which leaves
"Among the scientific professions of
the Western world," Rhine remarked
in à lecture given in London in 1965,
"there has grown up a conviction that
the universe is physical, and that any-
thing that does not fit the physical
picture is unreal and should be ignored
if it cannot be disproved. . . . The
natural result is a silent boycott of
any unassimilable claim that arises,
and this is the real opposition para-
psychology has now to encounter."
Even a profession, however, can
change its mind, sometimes overnight
-as witnessed by the medical profes-
sion's sudden acceptance of acupunc-
ture. The climate is probably now more
favorable than ever for parapsycholo-
.
gists to break the boycott and secure
a fairer hearing for their claims. But
there is probaoty some little way yet
to go before parapsychology becomes
assimilable into the role of natural
science .-- NICHOLAS WADE
Pesticides: Environmentalists Seek
New Victory in a Frustrating War
The effort by environmentalists to
eliminate the use of the chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides seems to have
settled into a i ag war of attrition in
which clear-cut victories are few and
the frustrations many. The clearest vic-
tory to date was the nearly total ban
last year by the administrator of the
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(EPA) against use of DDT. Yet, al-
though DDT has been the most widely
and heavily used of the chlorinated
hydrocarbons, several others remaining
on the market all share, in varying
degree, the same characteristics re-
garded as undesirable and dangerous in
DDT-persistence and mobility in the
environment, a tendency toward "bio-
magnification" at higher levels of the
food chain, and a broad. nonspecific
biocidal effect. The persistent pesticides
still available for various specified uses
include mirex, chlordane and hepta-
chlor, and aldrin and dieldrin, these last
two deemed by some to be an especial-
ly serious threat because of their high
toxicity and pronounced tumorigenic
effect on test animals.
A current priority of the Environ-
mental Defense Fund (EDF), the en-
vironmental law group that has led the
fight against persistent pesticides. is to
bring about a ban of aldrin and diel-
drin, which must be thought of together
because aldrin converts to dieldrin in
13 JULY 1973
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010090-6
143
.
.