CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2

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1
₾
The New York Times Magazine/September 9,1973
1
Two astonishingly different persons
inhabit our heads
We are left-brained or right-brained
By Maya Pines
Two very different persons inhabit our heads,
residing in the left and right hemispheres of our
.brains, the twin shells that cover the central brain
stem. One of them is verbal, analytic, dominant.
The other is artistic' but mute, and still almost
totally mysterious.
This nonspeaking side of the human brain-the
right hemisphere-is now the focus of intensive
research by brain scientists. . This sudden surge of
interest is probably no accident at a time when
Yoga, Arica, Tibetan exercises and other nonverbal
disciplines are enjoying such a vogue. Some re-
searchers are eager to give the less intellectual
aspects of human personality equal weight with
the verbal ones. But beyond this somewhat parti-
san approach lies the startling hypothesis that
each of us is capable of two incompatible styles of
thought. two separate mechanisins for learning.
In normal people. the two half-brains are linked
together, like Siamese twins, by millions of nerve
fibers that form a thick cable called the corpus
callosum. if this cable is cut, as must be done
in certain cases of severe epilepsy, a curious set
of circumstances occurs. The left side of the brain
no longer knows what the right side is doing.
ye: the speaking half of the patient, controlled by
the left hemisphere, still insists on finding excuses
for whatever the nuite half has done, and still
operates under the illusion that they are one
person.
The findings of the past decade are extraordi-
nary in their implications. Because of them, brain
scientists have begun to wonder whether our nor-
mal feeling of being just one person is also an il.
lusion, even though our brains remain whole. A.c
the two halves of our trains integrated into a .
single soul? Is one hemisphere always dominant
over the other? Or do the two persons in our
brains take turns at directing our activities and
thoughts?
Theologians are watching this research with
'fascination-and some misgivings and they are
not alone. It has aroused the interest of many
others who are concerned with human identity.
As they soon realize, all roads lead to Dr. Roger
Sperry. u California Institute of Technology pro-
fessor of psychobiology who has the gift of mak-
ing-or provoking-important discoveries.
Sperry was already famous before he began
studying people and animals whose brains had
been split in two. In a series of elegant experi-
ments, 'he had shown that there exists a very
precise chemical coding system during brain
growth that allows specific nerve cells-for ex-
Maya Pines is author of "The Brain Changers;
Scientists and the New Mind Control." This article
is adapted from a chapter of that book, which will
be published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich late
next month.
ample, those concerned with vision-to find their
way through a tangle of other nerve fibers, even
when obstacles are placed in their path, and some-
how connect with the appropriate cells so as to
reach specific terminals in the visual cortex.
Next, he began to study visual perception and
memory. He wanted to find out what happened
when an animel learned certain discriminations
that involved the visual cortex-when it learned.
for instance, to push a panel marked with a circle
rather than a square. Where in its brain was
that knowledge stored?
He put the question to a young graduate stu-
dent, suggesting that he investigate how cats that
between a circle and a square, knowing that the
information they acquired would go to only one
hemisphere. When he switched their eye patches
to cover their trained eyes, however, the cats per-
formed just as well as before. Their memory of
this skill was intact. This meant either that the
knowledge was stored in the central brain stem,
well below the twin hemispheres, or that the
knowledge acquired by one hemisphere had some.
how been transmitted to the other.
"Obviously the corpus callosum was the next
thing to test." recalls Dr. Myers, "But from the
available evidence, cutting it would have no effect.
If the surgery is properly done, the animals are
Split-brain problem: A patient whose brain has been surgically divided feels the outline of the figure 3
with his left hand, perceiving it with his right half-brain. Knowledge of it is not transferred to his left
half.brain, which controls his right hand. Asked to indicate the number he has grasped, he does so incor-
rectly with his right hand.
have learned a new skill with only one eye and
one hemisphere transfer this information to the
other eye. The young student, Ronald Myers (now
chief of the Laboratory of Perinatal Physiology at
the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and
Stroke), worked with this idea for the next six
years. First he developed a method of cutting
through the cats' optic chiasm (the point at which
the optic nerves meet and cross) so as to sever
the nerve fibers that normally cross from left eye
to right hemisphere and vice versa, sparing only
those that connect with the same side of the brain.
Despite the surgery, the cats saw quite well.
Myers then placed a patch over one of their eyes
and trained the one-eyed creatures to distinguish
up the next day and you see nothing." By all
outward appearances, a split-brain cat or monkey
is perfectly normal; It can run, eat, mate, solve
problems as if nothing had happened to It. When
surgeons first split the brain of a human being in
the nineteen-thirties (to remove a tumor deep in
the brain). they did so with much trepidation, cx-
pecting a terrible change in their patient, a total
deterioration of his psyche. To their amazement.
they saw no change at all. The corpus callosum
seemed to serve no purpose, despite its large size
(it is about 316 inches long and a quarter of an
inch thick in humans). "What is the function of
the corpus callosum?" professors would ask their
students in the nineteen-forties; as no one knew.
32
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
--
they replied facetiously, "It transmits epileptic
seizures from one hemisphere to the other." As
recently as 1951, the famed neuropsychologist Karl
Lashley saw only one other use for it: "To keep
the hemispheres from sagging."
Nevertheless, Myers proceeded with the next
step in the research plan. After cutting through
the cats' optic chiasms, he split their corpora
callosa as well, separating their left and right
hemispheres. Then he trained them as before, with
one eye covered. When he removed the cover from
this eye and placed it over the other eye, however,
there was a dramatic change: The cats reacted
as if they had never seen the patterns before.
They took just as long to learn the difference be-
tween a circle and a square with the second eye
as they had with the first. Myers was elated, and
the question was finally settled: It was the corpus
callosum that transmitted memories and learning
from one hemisphere to the other. The thick band
of fibers stood revealed as the sole means of com-
munication between the two halves of the cerebral
cortex. Without it, cats could be trained quite
separately with each eye. When Myers tried teach-
ing some split-brain cats to select the circle with
their left eyes and the square with their right, he
found that they learned this without the slightest
evidence of conflict. They would act in opposite
ways, according to which eye was open-as if they
had two entirely separate brains.
In animals, a split brain may prove relatively
unimportant, for the left and right halves of their
brains do exactly the same job. But this is not the
case for human beings. Alone among the mam-
mals, man has developed different uses for each
half of his brain. This asymmetry, which we all
recognize when we say whether we're right- or
left-handed, is the glorious mechanism through
which man is able to speak. It is what separates
us from the apes. There are various theories about
how it developed and whether it is present right
from birth, but it is quite clear that by the time a
child reaches the age of 10, one hemisphere ---
usually the left-has taken over the task of
language.
------
For simpler operations, such as receiving sensa-
tions from one's hand or ordering movements to
one's foot, the human brain remains generally
symmetrical. The nerve impulses that carry mes-
sages from one side of the body travel up the
spinal column and cross over into the opposite
side of the brain, there to stimulate predetermined
cells to form a sort of map of the parts they
represent. The nerve connections involved are set
at birth in an incredibly precise fashion that allows
the brain to know instantly where certain sen-
sations come from and where to aim specific
instructions.
When tasks become more complex, however, this
fixed plan is abandoned. Then the association areas
of the brain come into play, and each one develops
in its own way, according to experience. Since we
have only one mouth (unlike the dolphin, which has
(Continued on Page 121)
Center of visual field
Right visual field
:
Left hemisphere
: Optic (
nerves :
Optic
nerves :
Artistic.
musical
ability;
spatial
perception
Language
and analytic
abilities
2.
Visual area
of cortex
Visual area
of cortex
Corpus callosum
Lazio Kubinyl
Two views of the world: Objects in the left visual field are perceived in the brain's right hemisphere
and objects in the right visual field are perceived in the left. Normally, the corpus callosum is intact
and perceptions transfer through it from one hemisphere to the other. When the corpus is cut, as above,
perception is divided. For example, one patient with such a split brain found he could read only words
that appeared in the right visual field, since literacy is a function of the left hemisphere.
THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE/SEPTEMBER 9, 1973
33
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
the
one
ches
per-
y of
the
tem,
the
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next
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ex-
otal
ent,
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.-
.-
Left visual field
Right hemisphere

1
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(Continued from Page 33)
separate phonation mechan-
isms on the right and left
sides of its body), there is no
need for right and left speech
mechanisms. In most adults,
therefore, the speech centers
are limited to one side of the
brain, usually the left, though
about 15 per cent of left-
handers and perhaps 2 per
cent of right-handers have
speech on both sides.
Being left-handed-an in-
herited trait-generally means
that the two sides of one's
brain have not become as
fully specialized as among
right-handers. The 10 per cent
of the population who are
left-handed in childhood tend
to be ambidextrous, and ac-
cording to some recent re-
search by the University of
Pennsylvania's Dr. Jerre Levy,
they often score much lower
on tests of perceptual or
motor ability. Furthermore,
there are two kinds of left-
handers: those whose lan-
guage is controlled by the
right hemisphere (less than
half of the total), and those
in whom the left hemisphere
controls speech, just as in
right-handers.
This makes the left side of
the brain largely dominant for
language in human beings-
a near-monopoly that was
recognized in the early 18th
century, when surgeons ex-
amined the brains of people
who had lost the power of
speech and found severe dam-
age on the left side. Why this
should be so preordained is
not clear. The left hemisphere
tends to become dominant in
other ways as well. For ex-
ample, it controls the right
hand, which does most of
man's skilled work with tools.
Around the age of 1, notes
psychologist Jerome Bruner,
babies suddenly master what
he calls "the two-handed ob-
stacle box," a simple puzzle
developed by Harvard's Cen-
ter for Cognitive Studies to
study how babies learn the
value of two-handedness. The
baby will learn to push and
hold a transparent cover with
one hand while the other hand
reaches inside the box for a
toy, even though nobody has
taught him this skill. To
Bruner this seems extraordi-
nary, for it shows that the
baby has learned to distin-
guish between two kinds of
grip-the power, or "hold-
ing," grip, which stabilizes an
object, usually with the left
hand, and the precision, or
"operating," grip, which does
the work, usually with the
right. Monkeys and apes also
develop a precision grip, says
Bruner, but only in man, with
his asymmetry, does the pow-
er grip migrate to the left
hand while the precision grip
migrates to the right. This
ability to specialize is the be-
ginning of a long road lead-
ing to the distinctively human
use of tools and toolmaking.
If the left hemisphere does
all this, why do we need a
right hemisphere? Experi-
ments with split-brain cats
and monkeys could not shed
much light on the differing
specialties of man's two hemi-
spheres. The study of the two
personalities in our brain did
not really begin until 1961,
when Sperry became inter-
ested in a 48-year-old veteran
whose head had been hit by
bomb fragments during World
War II.
FEW years after
his injury, W. J.
had
begun
to have epi-
leptic fits; these became so
frequent and so severe that
nothing could control them.
He would fall down, uncon-
scious and foaming at the
mouth, often hurting himself
as he fell. For more than five
years, doctors at the White
Memorial Medical Center in
Los Angeles tried every con-
ceivable remedy, without suc-
cess. Finally Drs. Philip Vo-
gel and Joseph Bogen cut
through his corpus callosum,
and the seizures stopped, as
if by magic. There was a
rocky period of recovery, dur-
ing which W. J., a man of
above-average
intelligence,
could not speak, but within a
month he announced that he
felt better than he had in
years. He appeared unchanged
in personality. He seemed per-
fectly normal.
Meanwhile, Sperry had in-
terested a graduate student,
Michael Gazzaniga, in per-
forming a series of tests on
W. J., together with him and
Dr. Bogen. Gazzaniga soon
discovered some extremely
odd things about his subject.
To begin with, W. J. could
carry out verbal commands
("raise your hand," or "bend
your knee") only with the
right side of his body. He
could not respond with his
left side. Evidently the right
hemisphere, which controls
the left limbs, did not under-
stand that kind of language.
When W. J. was blindfolded,
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"A WORLD OF KNITS"
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THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE/SEPTEMBER 9, 1973
121
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he couldn't even tell what
part of his body was touched,
if it happened to be on the
left side.
In fact, as the tests pro-
ceeded, it became increasingly
difficult to think of W. J. as
a single person. His left hand
kept doing things that his
right hand deplored, if it was
aware of them at all: Some-
times he would try to pull his
pants down with one hand,
while pulling them up with
the other. Once he threatened
his wife with his left hand
while his right hand tried to
come to his wife's rescue and
bring the belligerent hand un-
der control. Gazzaniga, now a
professor of psychology at the
State University of New York
at Stony Brook, recalls that
he was playing horseshoes
with W. J. in the patient's
back yard when W. J. picked
up an ax with his left hand.
Alarmed, Gazzaniga discreetly
left the scene. "It was entirely
likely that the more aggres-
sive right hemisphere might
be in control," he explains.
And since he couldn't com-
municate with it, he didn't
want to be the victim in a
test case of "which half-brain
does society punish or ex-
ecute."
Only the left half-brain
could speak. The right one
remained forever mute, un-
able to do any tasks that re-
quired judgment or interpre-
tation based on language. Of
course, it was also unable to
read. This meant that when-
ever he was faced with a page
of printed matter, W. J. could
read only the words in the
right half of his visual field,
which projected to his left
hemisphere. His right hemi-
sphere seemed blind. Reading
thus became very difficult and
tiring for him. He also found
it impossible to write any
words with his left hand, al-
though he had been able to
do so with a little effort be-
fore his operation. (He was
thoroughly right-handed.)
Indeed, from the early tests
on W. J. it appeared at first
that his right hemisphere was
nearly imbecilic. But then
came the day when W. J.,
with a pencil in his left hand,
was shown the outline of a
Greek cross. Swiftly and
surely, he copied it, drawing
the entire figure with one
continuous line. When he was
asked to copy the same cross
with his clever right hand,
however, he could not do it.
He drew a few lines in a dis-
connected way, as if he could
see only one small part of the
cross at a time, and was un-
able to finish the pattern.
With six separate strokes, he
had made only half of the
cross. Urged to do more, he
added a few lines but then
stopped before completing it
and said he was done. It was
clearly not a lack of motor
control, but a defect in con-
ception-in striking contrast
with the quick grasp of his
nonverbal half.
SINCE
then, - a
tantalizing pic-
ture of the brain's mute
hemisphere has begun to
emerge. Far from being stupid,
the right half-brain is merely
speechless and illiterate. It ac-
tually perceives, feels and
thinks in ways all its own,
which in some cases may
prove superior. The only prob-
lem is to communicate with it
nonverbally, as if it were an
exceedingly intelligent animal.
There are some revealing
movies of the first split-brain
patients to be studied in
Sperry's lab. (By now, 18 pa-
tients have been tested there.)
One sequence shows a 12-
year-old boy seated before a
screen with his eyes fixed on
a point in the center of it.
When pictures of various ob-
jects are flashed to the right
or left of this point, each
picture is seen only by the
opposite hemisphere. A pic-
ture is flashed in the boy's
left visual field, which is con-
trolled by his right half-brain,
and the boy says he saw
nothing. (That, of course, is
the left hemisphere speaking.)
But at the same time his left
hand (controlled by his right
hemisphere) searches behind
the screen, rejecting a wide
variety of objects, until it fi-
nally finds, by touch, what it
is looking for: a pair of scis-
sors, to match the scissors
that the right hemisphere saw
on the screen.
In other frames, W. J. is
seen trying to arrange some
colored blocks according to a
diagram. He has no trouble
at all doing this construction
test with his left hand. But
when his right hand tries, it
gets hopelessly mixed up. Im-
patiently, his left hand shoots
forward to help him, but the
experimenter pushes it back.
The right hand continues
turning the blocks this way
and that, achieving nothing.
Again the left hand tries to
come to the rescue, only to
be pushed back. Peeved, W. J.
sits on that hand to keep it
quiet. But he still can't do the
block design with his right
hand. When he is told he can
try it with both hands, how-
ever, the situation grows even
worse: the two hands seem to
fight for control, with the
right hand tearing down what-
ever the left hand has built.
In spatial abilities, the right
hemisphere is clearly tops. It
also recognizes faces better
than .the dominant left, as
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
----

Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
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was shown recently with the
aid of some very curious split
faces developed by Dr. Col-
wyn Trevarthen and Dr. Levy
in collaboration with Dr.
Sperry. They cut several pic-
tures of faces in two, then
stuck some unlikely combina-
tions together-the left side
of an old man with the right
side of a young woman, for
instance - and flashed each.
composite picture briefly on
a screen. The split-brain pa-
tients who were used as sub-
jects for this experiment kept
their eyes fixed on a red dot
in the center of the composite,
so that the half-face in their
left visual field could be pro-
jected only to their right hem-
isphere, and vice versa. After
each composite picture had
appeared on the screen, the
patients were shown a choice
of faces and asked to "point
to the face you saw." Whether
they used their right or left
hand, they always pointed to
the face matching the half
that had been flashed on the
left side of the screen, the
half that had projected to the
right side of their brain. This
indicates that recognizing
faces is a special ability for
which the right hemisphere is
dominant, the researchers be-
lieve. The left hemisphere
never had a chance to select
its candidate, since the right
hemisphere always made the
choice first. (Even in a split-
brain patient, the right hemi-
sphere can still control some
movements of the right, as
well as the left, hand.) When,
instead of pointing, the pa-
tients were asked to tell what
they had seen, however, they
made the opposite choice and
described the half-face on the
right, since that was the only
thing their verbal side had
seen.
But
they
strangely, as if in a dream,
explaining that they were
confused. Sometimes they
said, vaguely, that they didn't
quite remember. However,
they never once complained
that there had been anything
strange about the picture it-
self.
replied
In general, the right hemi-
sphere seems better at grasp-
ing the total picture, the
Gestalt, of a scene. And this
talent cannot be limited to
people whose . brains have
been split. It must be a form
of specialization in all pec-
ple, resulting from a division
of labor much like that which
gave language to the left hemi-
sphere.
TTOW many other
www& special skills or
talents are the province
of the right hemisphere?
Nobody knows. But many of
man's more poetic or imagi-
native aspects may stem from
there. A few years ago, the
Russian psychologist A. R.
Luria described a composer
who became speechless after
a stroke, yet went on to com-
pose better music than ever
before. He could no longer
write the notes, but he could
play and remember them.
Other people who lost the
use of their right hemisphere
remained able to speak, but
could no longer remember
melodies. So musical talent,
too, appears to be largely
located in the right hemi-
sphere.
Nor is the right hemisphere
totally wordless, after all.
With the exception of W. J.,
who had had more damage to
his brain before his operation,
the patients examined in
Sperry's lab have usually
proved able to understand a
few written or spoken words
-simple nouns and a few ele-
mental verbs - with their
right hemisphere: Some could
even add up to 10, as long as
this was expressed nonverb-
ally.
There is thus a lot of brain-
power in the mute, inarticu-
late hemisphere. Coupled with
this comes a full complement
of emotions. One part of the
movie made in Sperry's lab
shows a young woman begin-
ning to smile in an embar-
rassed way as the picture of
a nude is flashed in her left
visual field. When she is
asked what was on the screen,
however, the young woman
replies that she saw nothing.
Again the nude is flashed on
the left side of the screen.
This time the young woman
blushes. A slow grin spreads
across her face, and she even
hides her face in embarrass-
ment. But when asked what
she saw, she again insists
that there was nothing there.
Pressed to explain why she
was laughing. all she can say
is, "Oh, that funny machine!"
Just as the right hemisphere
can make the whole face
laugh (though the left hemi-
sphere does not know why),
it can make it express dis-
pleasure, even after the cor-
pus callosum has been cut.
"This is evidenced in frown-
ing, wincing, negative head-
shaking and the like, in test
situations where the minor
hemisphere hears the major
making stupid verbal mis-
takes-in other words, where
the correct answer is known
only to the minor hemisphere,"
notes Sperry. "The minor
hemisphere seems in such sit-
uations to be definitely an-
noyed by the erroneous vocal
response of its better half."
At such tines, though, the
verbal half-brain would be
unable to tell why the face
to which it is attached frowned
.....
124
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when Gold Label began the Tampa tradition
of fine cigars.
Because in some things, the old ways are
best. See for yourself. Spend an evening
with our tradition.
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Gold Label.
in
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
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boa
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sp
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or winced, or why the head
shook.
All these abilities point to
the presence, in the right
hemisphere, of "a second, sep-
arate, conscious system that
is definitely human in nature,"
as Sperry puls it. Neverthe-
less, the dominant hemisphere
clearly does not trust its twin,
at least in split-brain pa-
tients, and generally prefers
to ignore it, if not put it
down. The left hemisphere
will usually deny that the
left hand can do anything
like retrieving, out of a grab
bag, some object previously
felt by that hand. When asked
to do this for the first time,
Sperry's subjects generally
complain that they cannot
"work with that hand," that
the hand is "numb," or that
they "just can't feel anything"
or "can't do anything with
it." If the left hand then pro-
ceeds to do the job correctly,
and this is pointed out to the
patient, the speaking half will
reply, "Well, I was just guess-
ing," or, "Well, I must have
done it unconsciously." It
never even acknowledges the
existence of its twin.
Much mystery surrounds
the behavior of the two half-
brains in normal people. No-
body knows whether these
twin halves also ignore each
other, actively inhibit each
other, cooperate, compete or
take turns at the controls.
Sperry believes that they
mostly cooperate, because of
the 200 million fibers connect-
ing them. But there are other
opinions.
The best clues come from
children and adults who have
had terrible accidents. If a
child's left hemisphere is de-
stroyed by a head injury or
tumor before he is 5 or may-
be even 10 years old, he can
learn to speak again-some-
times after a year of silence.
His right half-brain will slowly
take over the job. Not so for
adults, who regain some
speech after a stroke only if
they have enough uninjured
tissue remaining near the in-
jury, on the left side. They
cannot use their right half-
brain for speaking. If a young
child is injured in the right
hemisphere, however, he will
also experience difficulty with
speech, though an adult would
not.
"The young child has speech
and language on both sides
of his head," Gazzaniga be-
lieves. "He is, to some extent,
a split brain, whose hemi-
spheres tend to develop in-
dependently and duplicate
each other." At birth, the
corpus callosum is only partly
developed. It isn't until a
child is about 2 years old that
the link between his two
hemispheres becomes really
functional, so that everything
experienced by one side is in-
stantly available to the other.
At that point, duplication of
learning becomes less fre-
quent, and true specialization
begins.
By the age of 10, domi-
nance for speech-and prob-
ably for other skills as well ---
is fixed. Tasks of synthesis,
spatial perception and music
apparently go to the right
side. The left side gets all
the sequential, verbal, ana-
lytical, computerlike activi-
ties. And, strangely, "excel-
lence in one tends to interfere
with top-level performance in
the other," Sperry notes. To
avoid bottlenecks, eventually
most of the traffic flows in
one direction, while few op-
portunities arise for the other
hemisphere to develop its own
skills. The "traffic cop" in
this case may well be the
corpus callosum. The speech
learned by the right hemi-
sphere in early childhood is
thus functionally suppressed.
In time, it may be lost or
perhaps erased.
N California recent-
ly, two young psy-
chologists have been study-
ing how normal people use
or
suppress
their hemi-
spheres. When you write
a letter, for instance, does the
left side of your brain show
more electrical activity than
the right? By pasting elec-
trodes on the scalp of voiun-
teers, Drs. Robert Ornstein
and David Galin of the Lang-
ley Porter Neuropsychiatric
Institute, in San Francisco,
have found that this is indeed
the case, at least in right-
handed people. The left side
of their brains produced the
characteristic fast waves of
attention or activity, while
the right side relaxed with
slow, high-amplitude waves,
including the alpha rhythm,
When the volunteers were
asked simply to think about
writing a letter, thus elimi-
nating the effect of muscle
movements, the pattern was
exactly the same. Their right
half-brain again relaxed, idle,
and their left half showed
fast waves. A similar pattern
appeared when they read a
column of print, did mental
arithmetic, made up a list of
verbs beginning with the let-
ter "R," and completed sen-
tences. But exactly the re-
verse happened when they
tried to reproduce designs
with four-colored blocks, re-
member musical tones or
draw with an Etch-a-Sketch:
This time, the left side of the
brain had more alpha rhythms,
as if it were turned off, while
the right side showed fast
waves.
"Our opinion is that in most
ordinary activities, we simply
alternate between cognitive
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THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE/SEPTEMBER 9. 1973
125
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
3
from
the
I. R.
poser
after
com-
ever
onger
could
them.
the
phere
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alent,
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phere
all.
W. J.,
age to
ation,
d in
sually
and a
words
w ele-
their
could
ong as
nverb-
brain-
articu-
d with
lement
of the
's lab
begin-
embar-
ure of
er left
she is
screen,
woman
othing.
hed on
screen.
woman
spreads
ie even
barrass-
d what
insists
g there.
hy she
can say
chine!"
isphere
le face
t hemi-
v why),
ess dis-
the cor-
en cut.
frown-
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in test
minor
e major
al mis-
s, where
;known
sphere,"
minor
such sit-
tely an-
us vocal
er half."
ugh, the
could be
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frowned
0
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modes, rather than integrat-
ing them," declare Ornstein
and Galin. "These modes com-
plement each other but do not
readily substitute for each
other." Thus, when people
are asked to describe a spiral
staircase, they may begin by
using words, but soon switch
to hand gestures.
Ideally we should be able
to turn on the appropriate
hemisphere and turn off the
other, whenever the task re-
quires it. But in fact we can-
not always do it. "Many per-
sons are dominated by one
mode or the other," observes
Dr. Ornstein. "They either
have difficulty in dealing with
crafts and body movements,
or difficulty with language."
Culture apparently has a lot
to do with this. Children from
poor black
neighborhoods
generally learn to use their
right hemisphere more than
the left-they outscore whites
on tests of pattern recogni-
tion from incomplete figures,
for instance, but tend to do
badly at verbal tasks. Other
children, who have learned to
verbalize everything, find this
approach a hindrance when
it comes to copying a tennis
serve or learning a dance step.
Analyzing these movements
verbally just slows them down
and interferes with direct
learning through the right
hemisphere.
"We don't have the flexi-
bility we could have." says
Ornstein. "We are under the
illusion of having more con-
trol than we really do." Early
in life, it seems, many of us
become shaped either as "left-
hemisphere types," who func-
tion in a largely verbal world,
or
as
"right-hemisphere
types," who rely more on non-
verbal means of expression.
These are two basically dif-
ferent approaches to the
world.
So fundamental are these
differences that they influ-
ence even the direction in
which our eyes turn when we
think. This was discovered by
Dr. Merle Day, of the V.A.
hospital in Downey, Ill., but
I learned it from Dr. Ernest
Hilgard, of Stanford Univer-
sity, while talking to him
about his work on hypnosis.
Dr. Hilgard suddenly stared
at me, leaning close to my
eyes, and said, "Count the
number of letters in Minne-
sota." I did so, avoiding his
gaze to concentrate better.
"You looked to the right,"
announced Dr. Hilgard when
I finished. This meant that
my left hemisphere was more
easily activated than my
right, he explained. Since
electrical stimulation in the
right side of the brain makes
both eyes veer to the left, and
vice versa, looking to the right
while thinking showed that
the left hemisphere was pre-
ferred. However, it also meant
that I was not very hypnotiz-
able, since various experi-
ments have shown the right
hemisphere to be more amen-
able to hypnosis. People who
look to the left tend to prefer
nonverbal tasks, to favor their
right hemisphere, and to be
easily hypnotized. An unusu-
ally large proportion of those
who look to the right, as I did,
turn out to be scientists, re-
searchers, writers or others
who spend much of their time
at analytic tasks.
When the habit of always
using the same side of the
brain
becomes too pro-
nounced, it can narrow one's
personality. Drs. Ornstein and
Galin. believe. The two re-
searchers are currently work-
ing on a test that may enable
them to tell which half-brain
a person chronically favors,
and whether this habit inter-
feres with the ability to shift
dominance to the other side
when necessary. They plan to
try it out on people who are
really specialized, like Ralph
Nader (a left-hemisphere type
who has no hobbies of any
kind) and right-hemisphere
potters, dancers and sculptors
("preferably people who have
trouble with language"). They
expect to find significant dif-
ferences between the two
groups. This should give them
a tool with which to guide
children or adults to new as-
pects of themselves, to open
them to a full range of ex-
periences.
VENTUALLY, they
hope people will
activate the left
or
right hemisphere vol-
untarily. This has already
been tried in their lab. With
learn
to
electrodes on their scalp to
record changes in their brains'
electrical activity, and ear-
phones to inform them in-
stantly of how they are do-
ing, half a dozen volunteers
have attempted to increase
the asymmetry between their
two half-brains. So far the re-
sults appear promising: Nearly
all of the volunteers have
managed
to activate one
hemisphere more than the
other, through feedback. They
have produced as much dif-
ference between their two
hemispheres in this way as
when actually concentrating
on mental arithmetic or draw-
ing. One subject produced
even more asymmetry through
biofeedback than through a
change of tasks.
Some training of this kind
may prove particularly useful
for children who suffer from
what is generally called dys-
126
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
If y
her
ha
Vir
Co
mo
her
you
tion
or
cura
and
even
they
right
other
ordin
have
At a
Scien
Dr. :
their
overl
perha
of tl
spher
that
an a
spatia
the
there
on bo
lexis
disa
tle
inter
or
cent
cann

Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
lexia, or specific learning
disabilities-a variety of sub-
tle perceptual difficulties that
interfere with reading, writing
or spelling. About 10 per
cent of the nation's children
cannot process the informa-
tion received from their eyes
or ears with sufficient ac-
curacy. Despite normal vision
and hearing, and normal or
even superior intelligence,
they may confuse left and
right or up and down, or give
other evidence of poor co-
ordination. Their symptoms
have baffled doctors for years.
At a National Academy of
Sciences conference in 1969,
Dr. Sperry suggested that
their problem may be "an
overly strong, or extensive,
perhaps bilateral, development
of the verbal, major-hemi-
sphere type of organization
that tends to interfere with
an adequate development of
spatial gnosis [knowledge] in
the minor hemisphere." If
there is verbal development
on both sides of the brain,
the right hemisphere's special
skills cannot fully emerge. At
the same time the dual ver-
bal systems may compete for
dominance in reading or writ-
ing, leading to what Gaz-
zaniga calls a problem in
decision-making --- "Like a hus-
band and wife trying to
decide what to have for break-
fast; one of them's got to
take the lead." If these chil-
dren don't have a well-estab-
lished decision system, and
then receive two different in-
terpretations of the world,
they may be confused or
slowed down. Through prac-
tice, they might learn to rely
on one hemisphere more than
the other, thus straightening
out their lines of command.
All these attempts at mak-
ing better use of the hemi-
spheres' specialties pale be-
fore the urgency of aiding
people who have lost one halt
of their brain through a
stroke. The most pathetic of
these patients are those who
(Continued on Page 132)
Split-brain pioneer
-
L
Dr. Roger Sperry observes a split-brain patient on videotape in his Cal Tech laboratory.
---
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Come back to a world of
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For free 36-page color vacation
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City .State/Zip
1
.
THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE/SEPTEMBER 9, 1973 127
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
-
ght
hat
re-
ant
tiz-
eri-
ght
en-
who
fer
heir
be
ssu-
tose
did,
. re-
hers
ime
-
-
ways
: the
pro-
ine's
· and
: re-
rork-
table
orain
vors,
nter-
shift
i side
àn to
o are
Ralph
: type
: any
phere
iptors
· have
They
it dif-
two
; them
guide
w as-
open
of ex-
.
!, they
c will
e left
: vol-
already
: With
alp to
brains'
d ear-
em in-
are do-
unteers
hcrease
in their
; the re-
; Nearly
$ have
'e one
an the
k. They
ich dif-
ir two
way as
ntrating
or draw-
roduced
through
rough a
his l:ind
ly useful
fer from
lied dys-
.
-
presence of the fathers
of your country at Gunston
Hall and Mount Vernon
and Monticello. Or follow
a winding road through
plantation country to the
days of America's first .
Thanksgiving at Berkeley
beside the James.
1
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-
-
- ---

Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
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bulge by cating as much as they can
hold while laughing all the way to
the clothing store for new outfits.
The author of their happy slim
state, M. de Ville, a fat-fighting fail-
ure of many years who admits to hav-
ing little will power, seems to have
stumbled onto a satisfying sure-fire
system. Desperately searching for an
effortless way to lose weight, he dedi-
cated himself to exploding the mys-
teries of nutrition and weight control
and finally substituted the complex
columns of vitamins, calories, fats,
proteins and carbohydrates for simple
ratio numbers covering most foods.
His adherents merely choose from 35
common foods which have ratio fac-
tor designations between 4 and 10
and they lose weight extremely fast.
No hunger hangups, no counting, no
measuring, no exercise. Just eat!
After 15 pounds have vanished they
graduate to a higher factor category
to include selections from 60 foods.
Only seven in a thousand reported
poor results.
Taking only a minute or two 10
learn, the method has recently been
printed in a limited booklet edition.
"This Digital Diet Method - A Super
Speed Slimming and Rejuvenating
System of Food Selection" can be ob-
tained by sending $2 to Hartford Pub-
lishing Corp., Dept. 165, 79 Savage
Road. Denville, NJ. 07834. If your
weight problem has seemed unbeat-
able, you owe it to yourself to clip
this article now and request a copy
right away. They pledge a refund if
you fail to lose 8-12 pounds the first
weck, so don't waste another second
suffering while ugly fat robs you of
attractive youthful vitality. (Copy-
right 1973, Hartford Pub. Corp.)
(Continued from Page 127)
strain to speak, write, ex-
press themselves, but cannot,
because the left side of their
brain has been damaged by a
blocked blood vessel. With
only their right hemisphere
available, they are speechless.
Yet there is some preliminary
evidence that they may be
trained to communicate again,
in a rudimentary way.
Surely the right hemisphere
of a human brain is cleverer
than the whole brain of a
chimpanzee, Gazzaniga rea-
soned. And if chimpanzees
can be taught to converse
through sign language or plas-
tic symbols, as they appear
to have been recently, why
couldn't stroke victims learn
to communicate as well?
Fired up with enthusiasm
after a visit to Santa Barbara,
where Dr. David Premack had
taught a chimp to communi-
cate by means of plastic sym-
bols, Gazzaniga suggested to
a graduate student, Andrea
Velletri Glass, that she start
reading up on aphasia (the
inability to speak) and pre-
pare for a great project. For
the next two years, Mrs. Glass
worked with a series of
speechless patients at N.Y.U.'s
Institute of Rehabilitation
Medicine, half an hour a day,
five days a week. Her first
patient was an 84-year-old
woman who could neither
speak nor understand speech,
but who could see that Mrs.
Glass was young and smiling
at her. She responded, smil-
ing feebly back. Mrs. Glass
then showed her some kitch-
en objects: two identical pots,
for instance, and a spoon.
She indicated that she want-
ed the woman to pick out
the two objects that were
alike, and she repeated the
procedure with two forks and
a knife, and two bananas and
an orange. Her patient under-
stood very rapidly. (With
chimpanzees, teaching the
concepts "same" and "differ-
ent" is a long and tedious
business.) Then came the first
"word"-a green, doughnut-
shaped cutout that Mrs. Glass
had made out of construc-
tion paper. Laying out the
two identical pots on a table,
she placed the cutout be-
tween them. With her mobile,
expressive face, she urged
her patient to do the same.
It did not take the old woman
long to figure out that she
should insert the cutout be-
tween all objects that were
the same. She did so, with
her good left hand. Her re-
ward: a big smile and expres-
sions of joy on Mrs. Glass's
face. Next she learned the
word "different" -- a hexagon
made of orange paper. With-
in two months, she had a
vocabulary of some 12 sym-
bols that she could pick out
and place in the appropriate
order to make simple state-
ments, such as "Andrea pours
water." She knew nouns, neg-
atives and a question mark,
but verbs were extremely dif-
ficult.
"We've had 12 patients so
far," says Gazzaniga, "and it
works! That is, it works if
they are still bright-eyed. If
they are emotionally flat, if
they don't want your smile,
why should they arrange
those shapes to please you?"
And the success of the pro-
cedure also depends on wheth-
er the patient's memory is
still good - some were ap-
proaching senility at the time
of their strokes.
Dr. Premack's chimpanzees
have learned much more lan-
guage than these patients,
but only after highly inten-
sive lessons (several hours a
day for two years) rather
than short lessons for two
months. This raises the pos-
sibility that the stroke victims,
too, could develop a working
(Continued on Page 136)
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
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1
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
SCHOOLS
DAY SCHOOLS
Oakdale School
QUEENS
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GRADES 6-12
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BAYSIDE, N.Y. 11354
TEL: (212) BA 4-4456
HASSAU: 94 FULTON AVENUE
HEMPSTEAD, L.I. 11350
TEL: (516) 538-1552
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· Box 589, 258 Willett Avenue, Port Chester, N. Y. 10513
THE
FOUNDED 1874
MALSTTIELD
SCHOOL
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229 N. BROADWAY, YONKERS, N.Y. 10701 (914) YO 3-5195
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A iberal creative educational dance-movement school
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For oppl., call Mr. Baker,
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Our Full-Time
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Outstanding College Acceptance Record
For Bochist or Free Consultation
PHONE UL 8-8825
81 Willoughby St., Bklyn, N.Y.
All subways & buses. Downtown Brooklyn.
One block frem Abraham & Straus
136
DAY SCHOOLS
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A college preparatory
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Now considering applica-
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Catalog upon request.
Registered by
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11 WEST 54 th ST., N. Y. 10019
(212) PL 7-7900
One Teacher to Every 15 Pupils
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COLLEGE PREP . CAREER
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For Cat./Rexstrn/Appt.
Phone: EX2-2679 or UL 0-2447 NOW!
45-09 Greenpoint Ave., L.J.C., N.Y. 11104
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Coburn
(Continued from Page 132)
vocabulary with which to ex-
press their basic needs and
feelings. Unfortunately, Mrs.
Glass had to stop her lessons
after a short time as each
patient was dismissed from
the hospital and sent to a
nursing home in another part
of the country. The 84-year-
. old woman, for instance,
went off to Florida, and Mrs.
Glass herself has moved to
Pittsburgh. But eventually she
hopes to expand this kind of
program to incorporate the
whole nursing staff in a hos-
pital, the family and, if neces-
sary, the nursing homes where
her patients will live. "Half
an hour a day is all right for
experimental purposes," she
says, "but to really help the
patients, they should be en-
couraged to use the system
12 hours a day." The symbols
could then be made of Velcro,
which sticks to a Velcro board
at any angle, and the word
each symbol represents could
be printed on it for the ben-
efit of all the literate people
who wish to communicate
with the patient.
We can experience many
things outside of the normal
language system, as do young
children before they learn to
speak. Gazzaniga recently
tested two patients at the
Cornell Medical School who
were being examined for
brain tumors. They were
about to undergo angiograms
- X-rays of their brains'
blood vessels, made visible
with a special dye. While a
needie was in place in their
left carotid artery, in the
neck, to prepare them for the
injection of dye, small doses
of Amytal (an anesthetic)
were injected into their left
hemisphere, putting it briefly
to sleep- a method used in
many studies of brain func-
tion. His purpose was to show
exactly which side their
speech center was on.
"It's a very dramatic pro-
cedure," reports Gazzaniga.
"The patient lies on a table,
with both hands held in the
air. Twenty seconds after the
drug goes in, his right hand
sinks down-he's completely
paralyzed on the right side,
though the other side of his
brain remains awake, for a
minute and a half. This is our
testing time. We put an ob-
ject, say a cigarette, in his
left hand. He feels it. His
right hemisphere, which con-
trois that hand, is wide-
awake. We remove the ciga-
rette. Then the effects of the
Amytal wear off and the left
hemisphere wakes up. We ask
the patient how he feels.
'Fine,' he replies. 'What did
I put in your hand? I ask.
'I don't know,' says the pa-
tient. 'Are you sure?' 'Yes,'
he says. Then we show him
a series of objects-a pencil,
a pad of paper, a comb, a cig-
arette-and ask him, 'Which
one was it?' In spite of every-
thing he has said, his left
hand immediately points to
the cigarette."
This shows that the mem-
ory trace, or engram, of the
cigarette was encoded in his
right hemisphere, and that it
could be expressed nonver-
bally, but that the verbal side
of his brain did not have ac-
cess to it.
"It's a psychiatrist's dream,"
Gazzaniga says. "Something
that's there, in the patient's
brain, and that influences his
behavior, but that he can't
get at!" It may explain why
memories formed in earliest
childhood are inaccessible, he
notes. The memories may be
sharp and ciear. They may
control future behavior. But
since they were formed be-
fore the child . learned to
speak, they cannot be re-
called through the language
system, not even through
what the Russian psycholo-
gist Lev Vygotsky called "in-
ner speech," speech for one-
self, or thought.
Vygotsky believed
that
thought is born through words.
Without words, he said, quot-
ing a Russian poet, "My
thought, unembodied, returns
to the realm of shadows." Our
earliest memories, too, dwell
in a realm of shadows. And
yet, something was expe-
rienced, and something of
its flavor remains to haunt
us through the rest of our
lives.
Perhaps the right hemi-
sphere's functions are too
shrouded in shadows to be
called thought. According to
the Australian physiologist
Sir John Eccles, a Nobel Prize
winner, the right hemisphere
Experiment: A baby given a
transparent plastic box reveals
his knowledge of two-hand-
edness-one to hold the lid,
the other to grasp the con-
tents-a reflection of left-
and right-brain functions.
--
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
1
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
Conflict
A split-brain patient threatens an aggressive act with his left
arm (controlled by his right half-brain) while his right arm
(controlled by his left half-brain) moves to restrain it.
cannot truly think. He makes
a clear distinction between
consciousness of sounds or
smells, which we share with
animals, and the world of
language, thought and cul-
ture, which is man-made. Ani-
mals can be conditioned, but
they cannot create a culture,
he claims. Primates leave no
constructions, no art, nothing
that can live beyond their
own time, despite a brain al-
most as large as man's. In
his opinion, everything that
is truly human derives from
the left hemisphere, where
the speech center is, and
where interactions between
brain and mind occur. When
the right hemisphere of a
woman whose brain has been
split sces something that
makes her smile or blush, it's
not correct to say she can't
report why she smiled-she
doesn't know why she smiled.
Only the left hemisphere can
have true thoughts or true
knowledge, through language.
"Could the right half of the
brain appreciate Chaplin's
silent movies?" Eccles was
asked at a meeting of the So-
ciety for Neuroscience re-
cently. "How would you
know?" he shot back, to much
laughter in the audience.
Both the report of such ap-
preciation . and our under-
standing of it would require
the left hemisphere.
Nevertheless, the evidence
increasingly favors a generous
view of the right half-brain,
whose role may be far more
important than we know to-
day. When Einstein was asked
how he arrived at some of his
most original ideas, he ex-
plained that he rarely thought
in words at all. "A thought
comes, and I may try to ex-
press it in words afterwards,"
he said. His concepts first ap-
peared through "physical en-
tities" -- certain signs and
more or less clear images
that he could reproduce and
combine. These elements were
"of visual and some of mus-
cular type," he added. "Con-
ventional words or other signs
have to be sought for labori-
ously only in a secondary
stage, when the mentioned
associative play is sufficient-
ly established and can be re-
produced at will." This held
true only for his creative
work in physics; in other ac-
tivities, he had no trouble
with words. He liked to com-
pose limericks, and his let-
ters were both fluent and
pithy. Apparently he could
make exceptionally good use
of . both sides of his brain.
However, his love of music
and his reliance on nonverbal
concepts seem to indicate a
preference for his right hem-
isphere.
For centuries we have con-
centrated on the verbal side
of our brains: the side that
produces things we know how
to analyze and measure. Our
mute half-brain remains un-
charted. We know almost
nothing about how the right
hemisphere thinks, or how it
might be educated-and we
have just begun to discover
how much it contributes to
the complex, creative acts of
man.
DAY SCHOOLS
They didn't
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school like this
in your day.
Pity
Each student is different.
And so each is individually
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contemporary electives as
film, photography, drama,
art, music and ceramics. Coed.
Grades 7 through 12. For
further information, contact
Dr. Dorothy Mack, Director
of Admissions, The Baldwin
School of New York City,
160 West 74th Street, N.Y.
10023. 212/873-4900.
The Baldwin School.
FINE AND APPLIED ART
TRAPHAGEN SCHOOL
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REQUEST CATALOG "S"
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WILLSEY INSTITUTE OF
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Creative Teaching-in the field
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· PERIOD
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Register Now: Fall Term Sept. 20
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PAN
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For further information call or write to:
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and women. Begin anytime. Approved for foreign stu-
dents and veterans. Write for catalog.
M. Wilhelmina Boldt, Director, Member N.S.I.D.
2225 R Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008
NEW YORK SCHOOL OF
INTERIOR DESIGN
. FOUR MONTHS PRACTICAL TRAINING COURSE
.THREE YEARS INTERIOR DESIGN . B.F.A. DEGREE CO-PROGRAM
.SIX WEEKS SUMMER SESSION . REGENTS APPROVED
Classes start September, February, July. Send for Catalog 16R.
Evening Classes-send for Catalog 16E.
HOME STUDY COURSE starts now. Send for Catalog 16C.
155 East 56th St. Phone PL 3-5365 New York City 10022
JEWELRY AND ART CASTING
COMPLETE LOST WAX COURSE
From beginning to end cffered Fall '73 for the first time in N.Y. by an
organization with over 20 years of experience. Instruction and demonstra-
tion by top professional model makers, casters and jewelers. Classes after-
noons, evenings and Saturdays. 10 session course.
Prospectus and registration information available.
137
Abbey School of Jewelry and Art Metal Design
+++++ Dept. TM, 116 West 29 St, NYC 10001 (212) 868-3880644
THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE/SEPTEMBER 9, 1973
Declassified and Approved For Release 2014/01/09 : CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010094-2
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SCHOOLS
DAY SCHOOLS
· Small Classes, Supervised by State-
Certified Principals and Licensed
Supervisors.