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A STUDY OF SOME ESP TESTING METHODS AND THEIR VALIDITY
MOXIE TEGANZHIGONGNENGDE CESHIFANGFA JI QI ZHENSHIXING DE YANJIU
BY: Gong Wenyao, Hou Yueli, Jiang Xiuying, Zhang Linfu, Zhou
Liangzhou, Li Xianggao and Zhai Tingxiang
(Institute of Aerospace Medical Engineering)
ABSTRACT
Based to testing principles determined by the
institute, we established testing methods for the
ability to see objects through a wall, seeing objects
underneath dirt in a flowerpot to simulate seeing
underground, and a method of testing mental telepathy
abilities. The results of this study were decisive.
The paranormal abilities of the subjects to see objects
through a wall, inside flowerpots and to perform mental
telepathy actually existed.
KEY WORDS: Extrasensory perception (ESP), Seeing objects through
a wall, paranormal vision, target object, and mental telepathy.
FORWARD :
Parapsychological phenomena which can not yet be explained
through known science primarily include Extrasensory Perception
(ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK) .
ESP refers to persons with
paranormal abilities being able to obtain knowledge of objects,
events or other people's thoughts without the use of ordinary
sensory organs or any ordinary sensory channel[1]. an example of
this is Clairvoyance.
This includes paranormal vision and
paranormal remote vision of remote objects or events. It includes
Precognition, which is knowledge of future events and telepathy
which is the direct transmission and communications of thoughts.
Up to the present, there are a number of different views in
the
debate
over
whether
extrasensory
perception actually
exists [2,3,4].
Those who say it does exist believe it we must see
the phenomenon actually exists, but there is not as yet a
satisfactory scientific explanation for it. Those who say it does
not exist believe that the phenbomenon is strictly imaginary, and
that the necessary foundation for parapsychology to exist as a
special science is not there.
Since March of 1979 when the "Sichuan Daily" reported the
phenomenon of "reading characters with the ears" of Tang Yu, the
research into ESP in China can generally be divided into
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experimental research into paranormal character recognition[5],
paranormal vision[6] and mental telepathy[7]. At the same time,
there have been some useful explorations into the physical
characteristics of the phenomena of ESP[ 8, 9, 10, 11]
As a new field of scientific research, ESP research is
currently still primarily operating at the research stage of
accumulating facts. However, sometimes testing methods are not
strict enough and some reports which have not been verified by
stringent repeat testing, and at times there is some fakery, and
also there are many factors which influence the results of this
testing. Under these conditions, it is understandable why people
harbor some suspicion about the reality of paranormal abilities.
The constructive opinions and criticism they offer concerning the
question of existence should be welcomed. We believe that one of
the primary reason for the different opinions concerning the
phenomenon of paranormal abilities is that there are debates and
differences over the research methods themselves.
Therefore, when verifying the reality of ESP, the first thing
should be to establish a set of strict ESP testing methods. This
is the primary precondition for answering the question of whether
or not it objectively exists.
The objective of this study is to study and draw up testing
methods appropriate for certain ESP abilities to lay a foundation
in methodology for its basic and applied research. At the same
time it presents a founded answer to whether certain ESP abilities
actual exists.
METHODS AND RESULTS
We conducted 1,567 individual-occasion formal tests of 21
persons who claimed to have certain types of ESP ( including 4 males
and 17 females, ages were between 10 and 40, and levels of
education between elementary school and college). As a control
group we used 14 persons (all female, ages between 19 and 43, and
educational levels from junior middle school and college) upon
which we conducted 1,198 individual-occasion control tests (see
Table One) .
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1 功能类型
2隔墙透视 3透视花盆 思维传感
人数6
9
6
6
(5)功能人、
人次7
1044
460
63
人数(9
6
4
4
B 对照者
1#10)
848
330
20
-
TABLE ONE :
TESTING OF SUBJECTS AND CONTROLS
1. Type of ESP. 2. Seeing through walls. 3. Seeing inside flower
pot. 4. Mental telepathy. 5. ESP subjects. 6. Number of people.
7. Number of tests. 8. Controls. 9. Number of people. 10. Number
of tests.
When establishing testing methods for ESP abilities, we
decided on the following principles:
1. Random and precise selection of target objects and timely
and accurate recording of the ESP results to avoid any lack of
certainty about the description of the target object.
2. Pay attention to the double blind of the preparing of the
samples and repeatability of the test results.
3.
Establish a principle of combining control groups and
blank experiments.
4. Conduct the experiments when the ESP subjects feel their
abilities are in an optimum state.
Based on the above principles, the methods and results of the
experiments on ESP abilities are described separately below.
I. EXPERIMENTS ON SEEING AN OBJECT THROUGH A WALL
1.
The Methods Used in the Experiments on Seeing an Object
Through a Wall.
The subjects and the target objects were separated with a
solid brick wall (see Illustration One) .
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日标物
功能人田
ILLUSTRATION ONE :
DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENTS ON SEEING THROUGH A WALL
2. Blank. 3. Partitioning wall. 4. Subject.
1. Target Object.
In order to ensure the objects are clearly identified, we used
an equilateral triangle 18 centimeters on a side, a square, half a
circle with a radius of 18 centimeters and a full circle. The ESP
subjects felt that red target objects were easier to sense, so in
the experiments it was decided to use red wooden target objects.
In the experiments, these four target objects and a blank
experiment where was no object occurred at random.
The random
sequence was provided by a computer.
Here, we would like to briefly describe the specific
conditions at the location of the experiments.
On one occasion, the experiment was conducted in two adjoining
rooms separated by a brick wall at the Anshan Hotel in Anshan ( see
Illustration Two). It takes effort for a person with ESP to see
through a wall when the person is in a fairly dark room, so the
window in one of the rooms was covered with a carpet, and during
the experiment, the ESP subjects sat in this (B) room attempting to
see the objects displayed by the person running the experiment (a)
in room (A) . The person running the experiment (b) sat in room (B)
inside the door, and after the ESP subject had ( seen) and recorded
the target object, he gave the person running the experiment (a)
the signal to change the target object.
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功能人(不测试)
功能人 2
(测试)
主试者甲(5)
(B)
(A)
1主试者乙
Den
ILLUSTRATION TWO:
DIAGRAM OF FIRST SEE THROUGH WALL EXPERIMENT
WITH SUBJECT ZHAO
1. Person running the experiment (b) .
2. ESP subject (being
tested) .
3. Window. 4. door. 5. Person running the experiment
(a) . 6. ESP subject (not being tested) . 7. Corridor.
During the progress of the experiment, the doors and windows
of rooms (A) and (B) were always kept closed. No one could enter
or leave either of the rooms. Because of the limited conditions at
the time, the other ESP subject who had not yet been tested also
sat in room (A) .
The subjects were Zhao Ying and Zhao Li.
Two years later, we repeated the seeing through the wall
experiment with Zhao Ying. The type of target objects and method
of display were the same as in the first experiment.
The testing location was room 821 in the Scientific Research
Building of the Institute of Aerospace Medicine Engineering (see
Illustration Three) . The ESP subject Zhao YIng sat in a soundproof
room and attempted to see target objects displayed on the other
side of the wall by experimenter (a). Experimenter c sat outside
the door to the soundproof room, and when the ESP subject had
finished attempting to visualize the target object and had noted it
down, he would inform experimenter b of this who would then rap on
the door to notify experimenter c who would then rap on the door of
the main room to inform experimenter A that he could change target
objects.
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套间1
走路
S
(2)主试者丙
主试者乙(5
8
主试者甲
ILLUSTRATION THREE :
SECOND SEE THROUGH THE WALL EXPERIMENT
WITH ZHAO
1. Room.
2. Experimenter C. 3. Experimenter B. 4. Soundproof
room. 5.
Corridor.
6. Window. 7. Experimenter A. 8. Partitioning wall.
9. Door.
During the experiment, the doors between the rooms were all
kept closed, and no one was allowed in or out of the rooms.
The vast majority of the seeing through a wall experiments
were conducted under these conditions.
2. Results of Seeing Through a Wall Experiments.
We see from the results in Table Two that rate of correct
responses by the ESP subjects ranged from 15.0 to 79.4 percent.
The accuracy rate of the vast majority of ESP subjects was very
near the individual natural probabilities. The accuracy rates in
seeing target objects through a wall for subjects Zhao Ying, Zhao
Li and Wang Haiyen were 79.4, 51.0 and 41.7 percent respectively.
The accuracy rates for the controls were below or near the
individual natural probabilities.
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SUBJECT
NUMBER
GROUPS
(N)
ACCURACY
( PERCENT)
NATURAL
PROBABILITY
( PERCENT)
Wang X X
320
14
27.4
25.0
Zhang X X
204
11
31.1
25.0
Wang X X
60
3
41.7
25.0
Lin X X
40
2
30.0
25.0
Liu X X
60
3
23.3
20.0
Xue X X
80
4
27.5
25.0
Wang X
20
1
15.0
20.0
Zhao X
160
8
79.4
20.0
Zhao X
100
5
51.0
20.0
CONTROLS
Xie X X
100
5
22.0
25.0
Yu
X X
80
4
23.7
20.0
Yue X X
110
5
18.7
25.0
Yang X X
110
5
25.7
25.0
Wu X X
300
14
25.3
25.0
Jiang X X
124
6
19.2
25.0
TABLE TWO: RESULTS OF SEEING THROUGH A WALL EXPERIMENTS
We derived the mean value of the difference between the
accuracy rate and natural probability rate each person of the
control group and of each ESP subject and performed statistical
analysis. We can see from the results (Table Three) how Wang
Haiyan, Zhao Ying and Zhao Li fared compared to the control group.
in this table, ** is p<0.01, and *** is p<0.001. n is the number
of times the group of objects was tested.
SUBJECT
n
X+S
Wang X X
14
2.5+10
Zhang X X
11
6.1+9.1
Wang X X
3
16.7+7.6 **
Lin X
3
5.0+0
Liu X X
2
3.3+7.6
Xue X X
4
2.5+2.8
Zhao X
8
59.3+25.9
Zhao X
5
31.0+32.8
TABLE THREE :
SEEING THROUGH WALL TESTING RESULTS
OF ESP SUBJECTS AND CONTROL SUBJECTS
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With accuracy rate - mean natural probability + standard
deviation, ESP subject only tested one group of objects, so this
subject was not included in the statistics.
The results of the seeing target objects through a wall
experiment, indicate a marked or extremely obvious difference
between their scores and that of the control group, indicating they
possess, to a certain degree, the ability to see through walls.
It is worth pointing out that when repeat seeing through the
wall experiments were conducted, ESP subject Zhao Ying had an
accuracy rate of 82.5 percent, greatly exceeding the 20 percent
natural probability, and compared to the controls, this is of
obvious statistical significance.
In the morning of 23 July, 1990, Zhao Ying completed 60 target
objects in seeing through the wall experiments with an accuracy
rate of 100 percent (see Illustration Four). These results must
have been real penetrating vision, because such a degree of
accuracy could not have been achieved from purely guessing.
SUBJECT
DATE
TESTS
RIGHT
WRONG
%RIGHT
NATURAL
PROBABILITY
Zhao >
1988.1
80
61
19
76.3 **
20
Zhao X
1990.7
80
66
14
82.5 **
20
Control
1990.7
80
19
61
23.7
20
TABLE FOUR:
ZHAO'S RESULTS IN SEEING THROUGH WALL EXPERIMENT
Compared to controls, ** P<0.01.
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1
受试者赵颖
主试者龚文尧
2
测试类型隔墙透视
时间 90.7.23
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
4
描述
O
0.
000
0
4
O
O
3
目标
4
0
10
4
-16-
-17
-18
--- 19
20-
貓述
11
-12
-13 --- 14-15-
0
A
0
O
-8-
-9-
-10-
4
描述
O
O
4.
0
4
-14-
-15
16
-17
-18
-19
-20
4
描述
O
4
0
4
D
D
3
目标
5
-1-
-2-
-3.
-4-
-5.
-6-
-7.
-8.
10
描述
4
O
C
1
O
4
4
0
-17
-18 --
-19-
20
描述
-11-
-12-
13
-14-
4
4
0
1
O
60×100%=100%
60
ILLUSTRATION FOUR :
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT WITH ZHAO YING (7/23/90)
1. Subject is Wang Ying, experimenter Gong Wenrao.
2.
Seeing
through wall experiment, 7/23/90.
w
Object. 4. Description.
II :
EXPERIMENT ON SEEING OBJECTS INSIDE A FLOWER POT
1.
Methods Used in Experiment on Seeing Objects Inside a
Flower Pot.
To make things easier, we chose to use seeing objects in a
flowerpot
filled with dry dirt
as
experimental
conditions
simulating seeing objects underground. We selected ten flowerpots
about the same shape, size and color (see Illustration Five). We
filled the pots with dry dirt.
In order to eliminate signs
remaining after turning up the dirt to bury the objects and thus
influencing the results of the experiment, we also covered each
flower pot with a piece of paper.
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0
4
O
O
0
0
4
-3-
-4-
-5-
O
0
O
3
目标
O
11 -- 12-
-13-
O
O
4
O
3
目标
)
O
4
C
6
3
目标
3
.1-
-2-
4
0 1
O
2
-
目标
O
D
O
0
0
C
0
0
)
O
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4
3
2
1
-
10
9
8
7
6
ILLUSTRATION FIVE:
SEEING OBJECT THROUGH FLOWER POTS
1. Paper. 2. Target Object.
The object was a piece of steel plate or aluminum plate 20
times as large as the five cent piece the ESP subjects believed
they could discern in a flowerpot. It was buried in one of the ten
pots according to a random sequence provided by a computer.
The
dirt in which it was buried was 10 centimeters deep.
Thus, the
natural probability for this experiment was ten percent.
2. Results of the Experiment of Seeing Into a Flower Pot.
SUBJECT
n
X+S
Zhang X X
16
6.3+7.6
Wang X X
2
3.3+0
Ning X
X
2
7.5+3.5
Wang X X
10
11.0+8.7 **
Controls
15
1.0+4.8
TABLE FIVE:
RESULTS OF ESP SEEING INTO FLOWER POT
Compared to control group, ** P<0.01, n and X+S same as in Table
Three.
Wang X, Xue XX were only tested once, and not entered into the
statistics.
We conducted 460 tests of attempting to see into a flower pot
using six ESP subjects and 330 tests with four controls.
The
results (see Table Five) indicate that the ESP subject Wang
Tingting had results which were clearly more statistically
significant that those of the control group. This indicates that
she possesses to a certain degree the ability to see into the
flowerpots.
III.
EXPERIMENTS ON MENTAL TELEPATHY
Mental telepathy is the transfer of information between the
sender and the receiver.
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1. Methods Used in Mental Telepathy Experiments.
In these experiments, it is necessary to first of all remove
any possibility of using a telephone, walkie talkie or modern radio
communications equipment to transmit information.
In order to ensure the mental telepathy experiments proceeded
smoothly, six ESP subjects were paired off in a fixed manner (see
Table Six) .
INFORMATION SENDER
INFORMATION RECEIVER
Ji X X
Xiao X X
Wu X X
Pang X
Yin X X
Zhang X
TABLE SIX:
PAIRING OF ESP SUBJECTS
The location of the senders was room 313 of the Fudan
University Physics Building (see Illustration Six). There were no
devices or pieces of equipment in this room.
There was only a
conference table with nothing at all on the table.
3功能人网
2
窗
会议桌
4
功能人乙
C
9
(5)
主试者
功能人甲
8
走廊
ILLUSTRATION SIX: DIAGRAM OF SENDERS LOCATION
1.
Window.
2. Conference table.
3. ESP subject C.
4. ESP
subject B. 5. ESP subject A. 6. Person running experiment.
7.
Door. 8. Corridor.
Prior
to each experiment,
the ESP
subjects
the
experimenters would gather in room 313 and decide on the time when
and
the formal experiment would began.
Then the receivers and their
experimenter would leave room 313, the door would be locked, and
until the experiment had been concluded no one was allowed in or
out of the room.
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The receiving location was a location somewhere on Fudan
University chosen at random by the on site experimenter or at some
fixed location.
The distances between the senders and the receivers were from
100 to 300 yards.
The time when the formal experiments began was usually 15
minutes after the receivers had left room 313.
Two to three
minutes before the experiment began, the experiment sample for each
sender was determined by random drawing of lots. The senders were
only allowed to look at the test samples, and were not allowed to
recite it silently or read it aloud in order to prevent possible
transmission of the information by sound.
During the experiment, when the senders believed that they had
finished sending the contents of the test sample, they would
immediately write down the contents of the sample they had sent,
write down the time, sign their names, and hand it over to the
experimenter for safekeeping.
Similarly, when the receivers
believed they had received the contents sent, they were to
immediately write it down, writing down clearly what they had
received, the time and sign the paper and hand it over to the on-
site experimenter for safekeeping.
The experimenters at the two different locations would compare
the contents of the two. Some of the test results were checked
with the persons who prepared the original test samples before
determining whether the results were accurate.
The contents of the test samples included characters, numbers
and shapes. Considering the present ability level of the subjects
and their educational level, when the character test samples were
prepared, characters with fewer strokes and which are easily
recognized were chosen in order to avoid the possibility of
logically figuring out gaps in the sentences, and making it
difficult to grade the results, we normally selected two phrases
with no relationship to each other (see Illustration Seven). The
number test samples were four to six digit numbers or numbers with
a comma (see Illustration Eight) . The test samples using shapes
were simple structures which were difficult to put a name to (see
Illustration Nine in Insert Two) .
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3 ESP 实验记录
♡受试者 赵力
3 主试者
侯书礼 龚文尧
D测试类型 隔墙透视
5时间 1988年2月10日 下午4:40~5:00
目标
0
D
空白
空白
0
1
6
11
描述
0
空白
空白
8
0
目标
C
空白
10
空白
8
0
描述
0
空白 (3)
空白8
C
目标
16
0
空白
1
○
3
8
13
18
描述(7
空白
(8)
△
0
X
自标
C
DDD
空白(8)
14
19
描述へ
C
空白
△
X
目标
空白
(8)
10
15
20
描述
空白
8
空白
(8)
O
X
目标网
空白
描述
空白
ILLUSTRATION NINETEEN:
ZHAO LI'S RESULTS IN SEEING OBJECTS THROUGH
A WALL
1. Subject:
Zhao Li.
2.
Experimenters:
Hou Shuli and Gong
Wenrao.
3. Record of ESP experiment. 4. Type of test:
Seeing
through a wall. 5. Date and time: 10 February, 1988, 4:40 to 5:00
PM.
6. Target object.
7. Description.
8. Blank.
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(8)
16
7
7
12
17
4
5
1
空白
O
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生日记住了,次品
816702
上天安门,五0七
754,31
压力,十二号台风
59,420
中冲,百会,足三里
173362
北工大,运动会开,
904136
大米,自吹牛皮
286,05
去北京,下杭州
68,47
司令员,什么办法
257193
ILLUSTRATION SEVEN:
CHARACTERS
ILLUSTRATION
EIGHT :
NUMBERS
USED IN MENTAL TELEPATHY TEST
USED IN MENTAL TELEPATHY
TEST
4
It
ILLUSTRATION NINE :
SAMPLE SYMBOLS USED IN EXPERIMENTS
The vast majority of the samples were prepared beforehand at
the Institute of Aerospace Medicine Engineering (in Beijing) . Then
they were randomly placed into brown paper envelopes and given
numbers for random drawing for the experiments.
Only a small
number of the samples were prepared at Fudan University prior to
the experiment and sealed in envelopes.
Under the exact same conditions using the same batch of
samples, we selected four controls who approximated the ESP
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subjects in age and educational levels and conducted 20 control
experiments in mental telepathy.
conducted
two
separate mental
telepathy experiments
(totalling 63 tests) using Ji Meiyun and five other ESP subjects
six months apart. The results of these experiments were:
CORRECT:
Results received were exactly the same as the
contents sent.
PARTIALLY CORRECT:
Results received not exactly the same as
but some or most were the same.
what sent,
INCORRECT:
Wrong or not received.
Looking at these results (see Table Seven), the percentage
correct in these two experiments were 26.1 and 15.0 respectively,
partially correct 17.4 and 27.5 percent of the time.
The 20
control tests were correct zero percent of the time.
7错误或未收到
2 测试次数
4次数
确
(%)
(5)部 分 正 确
6次数
(%)
(%)
9季××等
23
6
26.1
4
17.4
13
56.5
40
15.0
11
27.5
23
57.5
19 对照者
20
0
0
0
0
20
100
TABLE SEVEN:
RESULTS OF MENTAL TELEPATHY TESTING OF JI AND OTHERS
1. Subjects. 2. Number of tests. 3. Correct. 4. Number correct.
5. Partially correct. 6. Number partially correct. 7. Wrong or
not received. 8. Number.
9. Ji X X and others.
10. Controls.
DISCUSSION:
To date, the focus of debates in the research concerning ESP
phenomena has been over whether or not to accept it as real.
This
is a theoretical question, but is also a practical question.
Science is something that should be able to be tested.
We
feel that ESP must not lack either reality or repeatability.
If
the experimental conditions are basically the same, certain fairly
stable cause and effect relationships should not be related to
subjective hopes, and the results of the experiments would be
repeatable. We believe that the unique quality of ESP, ignoring or
lacking repeatable experimental results, is not scientific.
Therefore we stress repeatability, requiring that tested results of
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ESP
be repeatable
just as those
in physics and chemistry
experiments.
It is also not acceptable to adopt a negative
attitude because of the low repeatability without considering the
human factors and the present lack of stability of ESP.
The results of our seeing objects through a wall and the
results of out mental telepathy experiments, we feel, that while
acknowledging the existence of its reality, wee should also look at
their instability.
The manifestation of the ESP subjects'
abilities are affected by the body itself and environmental
factors. When the ESP subject is happy, full of energy, and the
surroundings are quiet, and he has become accustomed to a certain
testing environment, this can cause the abilities to be fairly well
manifested. Otherwise, the success rate of the tests was low.
In the morning of 23 July, 1990, Zhao Ying completed 60 tests
in an experiment of seeing objects through a wall.
Her success
rate was 100 percent (see illustration four). At that time, the
ESP subject stated that she had pain around her eyes and asked to
rest.
After resting at noon,
the ESP subject still
felt
uncomfortable around the eyes, and when she did one more test group
(20 objects) she was only right on six of them, for a success rate
of 30 percent. This illustrates that people who really have ESP
use up energy when they sense objects, and we may say that there
are conditions on whether or not a test is successful.
For
example,
as
stated
in the experimental
methods
(Illustration Two), when conducting the seeing objects through a
wall, the other ESP subject who was not yet engaged in the
experiment because of the limitations of conditions was seated in
the room where the objects were displayed and could directly view
the objects. Thus, in the results of the experiment on seeing
objects through a wall the possibility cannot be eliminated that
mental telepathy between the two ESP subjects played a role.
Furthermore, they were sisters. However, only Zhao Ying took part
in the seeing objects through a wall experiment conducted on 23
July, 1990, and her accuracy rate was 82.5 percent (see Table
Four). This eliminated the possibility of any effect of mental
telepathy as in the first experiment in January 1988.
It is worth pointing out that Illustration Seventeen shows
mental
telepathy
test
samples
which
are combinations of
illustrations and characters.
The face with three hairs is not
complete, only having a frowning mouth and three hairs.
What is
interesting is that when the receiver, Pang Fei, handed in what she
had written down, she said that what she seen was a head with three
hairs. The face was not clear, but she had filled in eyes and a
nose anyway. May we believe that the receiver felt that since the
face was not clear because ordinarily a face should have eyes and
a nose, and there were none on the test sample, so the receiver
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filled them because it made sense. Could the frowning mouth be due
to the fact that the person sending the information and the person
receiving the information did not pay attention to detailed areas?
SEE
PAGE
14
12567839
原试样
56789.
发送内容
6:44
青玉兰
接收结果
56789
7.03
00. 6.22
ILLUSTRATION NINE
SYMBOLS USED IN TEST SAMPLES
“秀美
接收结果
14 173362
+ 4925+1
916 .. 1 7 3 3 6 2
发送试梦
ILLUSTRATION TEN
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
中雪芳
6:32 分
6:45分
754,31
发送试样
10年4月15号晚.
张玲
75.431
接收结果
6.45
1910-4:15
ILLUSTRATION ELEVEN
ILLUSTRATION TWELVE
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
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丁九中水飞
原试样
仲夏芳
风东韦足展
发送试样
大千世界
赵红
6:50%.
6:59分
丁九中水飞
发送内容
10.11.13吨.
6:455
6:565
张客
1990.10.2731元
压装
大千世界
接收结果
接收结果
7.07
1990.11.1.
6.55
丁九中水飞
ILLUSTRATION THIRTEEN
ILLUSTRATION FOURTEEN
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
张
接收结果
质量,
1 5
北
接收结果
6.42
11/0.4.16
印雪芳
6:32h
6:44分
发送试样
95年4月16号號
ILLUSTRATION FIFTEEN
ILLUSTRATION SIXTEEN
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
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SEE
PAGE
18
发送试样
三毛
6.495.
1990.10.203吨
75
7000
接收结果
90.10.20
ILLUSTRATION SIXTEEN
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
ILLUSTRATION
SEVENTEEN
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
38054619
原试样
发送内容
054619
6.16
接收結果
6,55
1. 6.27
ILLUSTRATION EIGHTEEN
TEST SAMPLES SENT AND RECEIVED
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What was sent and what was received in the mental telepathy
test shown in Illustration Eighteen do not seem to match up at all.
However the receiver, Xiao Xue, said that she was not able to
receive anything from Ji Meiyun, so she thought she would try to
receive what Wu Shaohong was sending. She also noted on her card
that she received what Wu Shaohong was sending. What she received
and what was sent is shown in Illustration Fourteen. The only
difference is that the receiver missed a single stroke in the first
character. It seems that in the receiving process, the receiver
need only change her mind, just like changing frequencies on a
radio, and she can receiver the information sent by a different
sender. This is a very interesting fact.
From an analysis of the results we can see that in the mental
telepathy experiments within a range of 100 to 300 meters it took
from six to 22 minutes from the time the information is first sent
until it is first received. This indicates that there is a "time
differential" delay in the information transmission process between
the sender and the receiver. This "time delay" in mental telepathy
will not fit into radio theory. This is something worth looking
into.
In the studies to verify ESP abilities, we felt that the
establishment of the blank where no object was displayed could
serve to further evaluate the truth about such abilities.
In the seeing objects through a wall experiment with Zhao Li
using one group of 20 objects where she answered correctly to the
first 17 objects ( see Illustration Nineteen), objects five through
twelve were eight blanks in a row where no object was displayed.
The ESP subject also correctly described eight blanks in a row.
Furthermore, here answers prior to and following the blanks were
also correct. We believe that this cannot be ascribed purely to
chance guessing.
This demonstrates the existence of these
abilities from another aspect.
The mechanism of ESP is not yet clear. However, in mental
telepathy experiments between a submarine and the shore[12], and
mental telepathy experiments with both sender and receiver inside
a metal screened room or a steel reinforced concrete underground
structure[]]], in neither case was there any clear sign of
insulation.
This makes it impossible to explain that in mental
telepathy the information is carried over radio waves.
In the training process to induce mental teleplathy, the
person being trained says that the object flashes in front of the
forehead. Some reports[11] are of the opinion that in the process
of mental telepathy, sending and receiving of information can only
be accomplished when the "screen phenomenon" occurs at the forehead
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of the sender and the receiver.
Furthermore, they believe that
success in mental telepathy experiments is related to the degree of
clarity of the "screen" when both sides have entered a state of
quiet. When the ESP subject states that the "screen" is weak and
fuzzy or has not appeared, the success rate of mental telepathy
experiments are low. However, when both sender and receiver are
full of energy, happy, and the surroundings are quiet, when the
"screen" appears clearly, the success rate is high. However, there
has been no scientific basis demonstrated for the "screen" which
ESP subjects talk about. This will have to be further explored in
the future.
Finally we should point out that in order to eliminate the
possibility of successful results being caused by any sort of
fakery in seeing through the wall experiments and mental telepathy
experiments, we visited Comrade Nan Zongpei of the China Acrobatic
and Magic Show and had talks with famous magician Comrade Tai
Mingxiao of that show. We described to them the methods, control
over conditions and test results of our experiments and asked them
if there were any possibility of trickery. They replied that there
were three necessary conditions for magic tricks. These are that
the tools of the trade be designed or manufactured by the magician
himself;
that the hand must be in direct contact with the tools of
the trade;
and that there must be some smoke screen type actions
to divert the attention of the audience or help from an assistant.
Finally, Comrade Tai Mingxiao said that from the experimental
conditions you have described, from the test samples I have seen
and from the results obtained, it would be impossible for a
magician to perform the see through the wall experiment and the
mental telepathy experiment with success.
CONCLUSIONS
1.
In our testing of 21 people who claimed to have certain
forms of ESP, we performed 1,567 individual tests of different
types of ESP.
On the control group we performed 1,198 separate
tests.
2.
Based on the principles of the experiments and the results
of our study, we established experimental methods for a seeing
objects through a wall, for mental telepathy and for seeing objects
inside a flower pot.
3.
Evidence from the results of this study determines that
Zhao Ying, Zhao Li and Wang Haiyan possess the ability to see
objects through walls. Their accuracy rates were 79.90, 51.0 and
41.7 percent respectively. Ji Meiyun, Pang Fei, Wu Xiaohong, Yin
Xuefang, Zhang Qin and Xiao Xuelan possess mental telepathy
abilities. Wang Tingting possess the ability to see objects inside
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a flower pot.
NOTE OF APPRECIATION:
In our work, we were greatly supported by Comrades Shao
Laisheng, Fang Linhu and Wu Huihua of Fudan University and Comrade
Liu Panong of the 35th Middle School of Anshan Municipality. We
would like to express out appreciation to these comrades and to the
ESP subjects for their cooperation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
Edited by Zhu Runlong and Zhu Yiyi, "Founding Somatic
Science(vol. 1), Sichuan Educational Press, 1989, p 314.
2.
Translated by Gu Ding, "Research in ESP", 2(1987), p 85.
3.
Translated by Dong Jialin, "Research in ESP", 2(1983) , p 80.
4.
Translated by Gu Ding, "Research in ESP", 2(1983) p 78.
5.
Edited by Zhu Runlong and Zhu Yiyi, reporter of Nature
Magazine, "Founding Somatic Science(vol. 1), Sichuan Educational
Press, (1989) p 498.
6. Edited by Zhu Runlong and Zhu Yiyi, Yang Junpeng, "Founding
Somatic Science", Sichuan Educational Press, (1989) p 551.
7. Shao Laisheng et al, "China Journal of Somatic Science" (1992)
p 7.
8.
Edited by Zhu Runlong and Zhu Yiyi, Shi Tianyuan, "Founding
Somatic Science" (vol. 1), Sichuan Educational Press, (1989) p 594.
9. Edited by Zhu Runlong and Zhu Yiyi, Xu Lanxu et al, "Founding
Somatic Science" (vol.1), Sichuan Educational Press, (1989) , p 600.
10.
Edited by Zhu Runlong and Zhu Yiyi, Ruan Yingchao et al,
"Founding Somatic Science" (vol. 1), Sichuan Educational Press,
(1989) p 606.
11. Shao Laisheng et al, "China Journal of Somatic Science",
1(1992) p 7.
12. Translated by Zhong Songjing, "Research into Latent Potential
of the Human Body (part one) ", 3 (1982) .
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AN EXPLORATION INTO THE USE OF ESP TO SEARCH FOR MINERALS
TEYI GONGNENG ZHAOKUANG CHUTAN
BY :
Pan Shizhong (China Academy of Geology, Institute of Geology)
From early 1987 to the end of 1989, for three years I worked
with 19 people with ESP abilities conducting 17 experiments of
strict design.
We also conducted a great deal of ad hoc
experiments. The results of the experiments indicate that it is
feasible to use ESP in geological prospecting. In the process of
the experiments we surveyed 36 ESP prospecting personnel. With the
exceptionof five who were not interested or whose methods did not
work well with us and showed no results, about 82.6 percnet of the
people showed results. Of these, five people were sent to the
Academy of Geology to study. The specific forms of the experiments
and the resutls are provided below.
I. INSIDE REMOTE SENSING EXPERIMENT
Inside remote sensing is prospecting inside on a map. The
principle is to make full use of the romote sensing and remote
vision of people with ESP. Then, just like scanning, capture
information of different ratios of certain ores and reflect that
information on diffrent types of maps.
This group of experiments used 19 people who emote sensed nine
nine mines on different types of maps of different scales. ? These
included four coal mines, two lead and zink mines, one diamond
mine, three geothermal locations and two oil fields. Except for
one geothermal locations and one oil field which have not yet been
verified, all the othr have been verified, with an accuracy rate of
around 75 percent.
II. ON-SITE LIVE SENSING EXPERIMENTS
The principle of on-site live sensing is to make full use of
the penetrating vision and sensing abilities of people with ESP to
determine the orientation oof the ore zone in mining areas, the
richness of the ore, and the grade of ore. Secondarily, it is to
allow them to "assay" ore samples collected from the mining area
for information on its richnes and grade.
Fifteen people took part in this group of experiments, going to one
led and zink mine, five gold mines, one oil field, two coal mines,
one diamond mine and one geothermal location. 1, They were fairly
accurate in differentiating the richness of the ore samples. 2,
When inspecting the mine sites, they could point out the direction
of ore reserves. 3, By seeing into the ground, they coulid inspect
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tunnels and describe conditions in the mine. The resutls of the
above experiments all conformed actual conditions in the mining
areas.
Through the preliminary experiments above we have demonstrated
that ESP geological prospecting is feasible. At the same time,
they can also be widely used in other geological operatoins such as
geological
structures, engineering geology, karst geology,
hydrological geology and prediction and woarning of geological
disasters.
Experimental research must be developed into many
areas.
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QI AND ITS INTERACTION WITH MATERIAL SYSTEMS
BY :
Miao Tiajun, Quan Wenfu and Xuan Mingkui
(Jilin University Physics Department, Institute of Applied
Research)
ABSTRACT
Based on the quantum theory of David Bohm, this article
proposes a model for Qi-Matter interaction. Herein, Qi state is
described as a wave function. The Qi influence on mater is exerted
through a quantum potential. From the model we directly obtained
two important characteristics of Qi, holography and wholeness.
This article studies the effects of Qi on microscopic and
macroscopic systems, deriving quantum potential as the dynamics
formula of the outside force, theoretically providing an estimation
of the relaxation time, changes in the rate of chemical reactions,
changes in microscopic structures and the results of the
oscillation effect. It uses this to explain a number of Qigong and
Pi experiments. As evidence, this article describes the results of
experiments we conducted recently.
KEYWORDS :
Qi
and
its
interactions,
quantum
potential,
psychokinesis.
As research into somatic sciences probes deeper, people have
accumulated large amounts of experimental results. Qigong and ESP
phenomena have been widely explored. These phenomena are called
consciousness related PK questions and ESP questions in the West[1].
In China they are believed to be questions related to Qi.
In
ancient books it is possible to find important knowledge of the
ancients on Qi and its interaction. [2].
This article attempts to begin with the concept of Qi to
construct a theoretical model to explain the changes to matter
caused by the effects of Qi and ESP. It uses modern science to
disclose the basic nature of Qi. This article is divided into five
sections. The first section is model hypothesis, believing that Qi
can described as a material wave field. Through quantum potential
it has an informational role on matter.
The second section
provides two deductions concerning the nature of Qi and explains
some phenomena. The third section is on specific research on the
effects on the Hamilton structure and equilibrium systems. The
fourth section explores a type of oscillation effect. The fifth
section is the discussion.
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I. THE MODEL FOR THE INTERACTION BETWEEN QI AND MATTER
The Schrodinger equation is one of the most basic equations in
modern physics. It is believed in quantum mechanics that any
material state can be described using wave function.
Wave
functions satisfy the Schrodinger equation. There are a number of
explanations on the meaning of wave functions.
This article
accepts the Bohm explanation and hypothesizes that Qi can be
described as a wave function. It also establishes it as V(r,t) ,
considering the complex effects between Qi and Qi, thus satisfying
the accumulation principle of wave functions. However, we still
hypothesize (r,t)
as following the Schrodinger formula, and
according to the de Broglie-Boghm explanation [3],
T(r,t)
can
correspondingly independently have a "guiding" effect on particles.
In the internal and external environment of the human body,
using the structural state of the human body biological field[4]
described by the Qi structure T(r,t) , through the measurement of
the biological field of the human body we can gain knowledge of
V(r,t) . At the same time, we do not need to solve the Schrodinger
equation. We have two methods of structural wave function _Y(r.t) .
One is the synergetics method[5] obtained from comparing \(r,t)with
laser fields or ordered parameters [6]. The other is approximation
methods. Based on the holography to be discussed below, they(r,t).
is approximated to the body's internal atoms and vibrators to
obtain
Y(r,t)
This article will use the later method to
construct the Q field (r.) .
In order to study the effect of (r,t)
on matter, we set a
particle with the mass of M in a classic field V(r) and the Qi
field V(r,t)
. This is about the same as quantum mechanics saying
that particle M has a wave Y(r,t)
Therefore
V(r,t) = Reis
(1)
inserting into the Schrodinger equation
ih = HV =
-
h2
2M+V(r)\¥(2)
we obtain the Hamilton=Jacobi equation
as +
at
2M
(VS)2
+v+Q=0
(3)
In which
:
h2 V2R
Q =-
2M R
(4)
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and
2P + F . (PVS)
= 0,(P=R2)
(5)
In (3), the excess Q, because it is the result of the (r,t).
effect, is the effect potential on M which we were searching for.
We call it the Quantum Potential[8]. The v@, t) of different Qi has
different Q (from (1) and (4), so it produces different effects on
matter.
Prior to a detailed study of the effect of Qi on material
systems, we used the above described model to investigate the
characteristics of Qi itself.
II.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF QI
1.
Holography
From equation (2), we can get
2/v =- iH/h
(6)
By integrating both sides, we obtain a form of solution
expressed as a Green factor:
Using (Gt-50), the wave factor is expressed as the integral of
the entire space omega.
G(t- to) = C-H(-105/h
(7)
This equation indicates that at time t at any point r in
space, the character of the Qi field \(r,t) is determined by the
overall characteristics of the entire space field v(r', to) at time
to. In other words, the image of point r is projected by all the
points of the omega field. These points of information include the
entire information of omega[7].
Therefore,
a
holographic
relationship exists for W(r,t)" between the part and the whole and
between one part and another part.
The characteristic described above has already been used to
diagnose and treat disorders with Qigong and ESP. This indicates
that the we should take the biological field (or Qi field) as a
portion of the biological entity, and the laws of holography can be
appropriately expanded. The holography of Qi is also manifest in
phenomena of ESP experiments.
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2. Wholeness
From equation (4), Q does not diminish as the distance |r
increases. Also, when the wave strength increases K times, and R-
>KR, Q does not change (in (4) the K is subtracted from both the
numerator and the denominator). This indicates that the effect of
Qi is overall. It is similar to radar guidance[11], that is the Qi
collects information on the system and surrounding environment, and
after processing this, serves to provide command information to the
system.
Therefore, although Q has very little energy, it can play
an obvious role and possesses unfixed long range effects[12].
This wholeness of the Qi field "(r,t) allows it to coordinate
the activities of the various subsystems, and maintain an ordered
self organized structure through the Qi circulation through vital
energy passages of the body.
Training allows the V(r, t)
( human
body biological field) to expand in space, lengthen its time cycle,
and gradually enter the so-called state of "man and nature as one".
Also, the nonlinear accumulative relationship between Qi and
Qi needs additional special research to include the important
nature of Qi. There is importance significance to the study of the
relationship between man and machine and man and the environment.
The next two sections specifically look into the effects of Qi
on different material systems, and the different effects it causes.
III. THE EFFECTS OF QI ON DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
1. Microscopic Systems.
When Qi V(r,t) effects a microscopic system which includes n
"basic particles", each particle is effected by quantum potential
in the form of equation (4), causing the system Hamilton number to
be changed from the original H. to H.
H = H. +
EQi
(9)
Herein,
-Qi =
- h2
:2M.
R(ri,t)
1
VER(r;t)
1
, Mi V(r,t) = Res
1
are the coordinates and mass of the particle i.
In this manner, Qi can cause changes in microscopic systems
which has been demonstrated experimentally[13].
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Formula (9) is also the basis of changes in macroscopic
systems.
2. Chemical Reaction Systems
From formula (9), Q or Y can cause changes in the activation
energy of chemical reactions, and thus cause the rate constant ko
to change to k.
k = koexp (- {Q)/kgT ·
(10)
Herein, kp is the Boltzman constant and T is the temperature.
The double parentheses indicates the double average of the
quantum's and heat's.
From formula (10), we can initially see that Qi can have an
influence on chemical reactions through the energy of Q[14].
3. Balanced Systems.
Consider Qi acting on a thermally balanced system. For the
"weak" effect, we recorded Q as a random disturbance field, and any
loss of equilibrium caused by Q would cause changes in the entropy
s [ 15].
28 - gadu + [J. d]
2.
(11)
Here, o is the internal entropy product, Jg is the boundary
entropy flow, the integrals individually act on the volume and
boundary area.
In situations near equilibrium, where o is about zero,
equation (11) is
21
(12)
therefore
AS = 4 5.02
(13)
using the rising and falling relationship near equilibrium
Poc exp ( As
(14)
herein, P is the probability of deviation from equilibrium, so
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P~exp (15 .02.4)
(15)
In equation (15), making the exponential item 1/2, gives us
the approximation estimation formula of r, the relaxation time.
= 2 kg[ 5 ]-)
(16)
This indicates that macroscopically, Qi produces an entropy
flow J. and causes deviation in equilibrium systems. For small
deviations, the system will have a recovery process (relaxation
process) to return to its original state. Equation (16) gives half
the time required for recovery.
IV:
PERIODIC OSCILLATION PHENOMENON
From the descriptions provided in the previous section, we see
that because most Q obviously contains time t, so we must deal with
the general process which evolves over time.
Considering macroscopic dynamic systems in general, their
state is described as the chemical concentration, an evolving
equation [5].
P= = F.({a} ,r,t;À,a) = 1,2,·N (17)
Herein, delta is the control parameter, Fg represents the
general nonlinear factor relationship. Following the Qi effect, a
new external parameter Q appears in the system.
JPG . ( .). 7.1. 2 , Q )
(18)
Now consider Q as being
"small" .
Then equation (18) is
expanded into a series for Q. Taking the Taylor series one stage
approximation, we have
ap= = G.({p.),Txt;2,0)
+ ( 3 ). Q + ...
20=0
=F. + B.Q
B. ( 26.)
22
2Ga
;Q为零时,Ga=F .。
(19)
Q=0
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Using equation (19), we can study the effects of different Qi
field Q on a system.
If the Qi affects in the form of a wave
packet, then under single dimensional conditions we have [ 16] ;
V(v.t) =exp - itt (-yocosaut)?
sin?ux
+2 (x) in20% ysinati}
R(y,t) =exp - - (y-y(cosa)t )2
7
The quantum effect potential on M is
Q(y,t) = M
2M[1-(y - yocoswot)?] (20)
When (equation 20) is substituted into equation (19), and a
number of constants are absorbed into A , then we obtain
Pa = F. + A.[1 - (y - yocost )2] (21)
?Therefore, from the forced oscillation of equation (21), it
seems that under certain conditions we obtain an answer of cyclical
oscillations.
This
provides
an explanation
similar
to
experiments[17]. As an example, equation (21) also provides us with
a theoretical explanation to the most recent experiment. Below, we
will briefly report a large molecule PK experiment conducted at
Jilin University.
The experiment studies changes in the molecular structure of
a-amylase, bacillus Speies, Type II A. The molecule samples were
provided by Sigma Corporation, and a Japanese J-500C circular
dichromatic spectrometer was used to detect changes in molecular
structure. Its absorption pool diameter is 0.5 cm. We tracked and
measured the circular dichromatic spectrum at different times
following effecting with Qi, and obtained changes as shown in
Illustration One. For the purpose of clarity, we have divided this
up into illustrations A and B which reflect the situation 14, 20
and 30 minutes later (illustration two A) and 40 and 50 minutes
later (illustration two B) .
We can basically note
in the
illustrations that the molecular structure has a pattern of altered
oscillation over time, which is in pretty much conforms to the
results of equation (21) .
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4
A
0
0
[@]x10">x0.5(deg .cm2-dmol-1)
-4
-4
-&
- 8
-12-
- 12-
-16-
-N.E
-N.E
- 16
-20min
-50min
-15min
-20-
- 20-
200
220
240
260
280
300
200 220
210 260 280 300
λ(nm)
. }.(nm )
ILLUSTRATION ONE: CD SPECTRA AT DIFFERENT TIMES FOLLOWING QI
EXCITATION
(A) SHOWS 15, 20 AND 30 MINUTES, AND (B) SHOWS 40 AND 50 MINUTES.
N.E. IS CONTROL SAMPLE, CONCENTRATION 25 MICROGRAMS/ML, Ph 7.2,
23.5°C.
V:
DISCUSSION
This article is a preliminary exploration for a theoretical
model.
It attempts to use equations (1), (4), (9) and (19) to
explain experiments in ESP and PK, and to provide uniform knowledge
of such phenomena involving Qi as Qigong and ESP. We have followed
the ancient theory of the universe is composed of Qi, the theory of
cycles, and the concept of the whole, grounded ourselves on modern
scientific theory, and attempted to use the two for overall
knowledge of the universe and its laws. Therefore, the question of
Qi is a narrow one limited to Qigong and the Qi in Chinese
medicine. It possesses a very widespread significance.
This article did not discuss the question of time and space or
the question of interaction between Qi and Qi. These are very
important questions which must be addressed. Combining the ancient
classical theory of the Eight Diagrams and the Five Elements may be
a good avenue for studying these two questions. Here, Qi is still
the key connecting Eastern and Western concepts and science.
The model in this article must be subjected to a great deal of
experimental investigation, and be developed and perfected on the
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-40min
-30min
[0]x 10"3x 0.5(deg.cm2.dmol-1)

-1.
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basis of experimentation. It is important to systematically study
the effect of Qi on non-linear equilibrium self-organized systems.
This is directly related to equation (19) where Q can take many
forms which can be experimentally compared and checked for fit,
thus clarifying the forms of Qi and exploring their relationship to
Qi.
BIBLIOGRAPHY :
1.
R.G. Jahn, Proc, IEEE, 70(1932) p 136.
2.
Yang Li, "Zhou Yi and Chinese Medicine", Beijing Scientific
Press (1990) .
3. D. Bohm, phys, Rev., 85(1952), pp 166, 180.
4.
Miao Tiejun, Quan Wenfu et al, "Jilin University Journal of
Natural
Science", 1(1991) , p 61.
5. H. Haken, Synergetics, Springer-Verlag (1983) .
6. Li Fuli, Physica Scripta, 36 (1987) , p 966.
7.
Quan Wenfu and Miao Tiejun, "Jilin University Journal of
Natural
Science", No. 3(1988) , p 73.
8. D. Bohm, B.J. Hiley and P.N. Kaloyeron, Phys. Rep., 144 (1987) ,
p 323.
9. D. Bohm, Found. phys., 3(1973) , p 139.
10. Zhang Yingqing, "Nature Magazine" 4(1981), p 243.
11. D. Bohm, B.J. Hiley, Found. Phys., 14 (1984) , p 225.
12. C. Dewdney, Found Phys., 18 (1988) , p 867.
13. Lu Zuying et al, "Journal of Biophysics", 3(1987), p 93.
14. Ju Wenlin and Meng Jiben, "Eastern Qigong", 4(1990), p 40.
15. G. Nicolis, I. proigogine, Self-organization in nonequilibrium
Systems,
John Wiley and Sons, (1977) .
16. D. Bohm, Quantum Theory, Prentice-Hall (1954) .
17. Miao Tiejun et al, "China Journal of Somatic Science", 1(1991) ,
p 79.
18. Li Caiyan, "Nature Magazine", 11(1984), p 816.
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