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The Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation
on
Biological Systems:
Current Status in the Former Soviet Union
Compiled by:
Edwin C. May, Ph.D., Laura V. Faith
26 February 1993
SAIC
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Current Status In the Former Soviet Union
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this volume is to present pertinent papers (experimental and theoretical), which dem-
onstrate the biological effects of non-ionizing, non-thermal, electromagnetic radiation (E&M).
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Current Status in the Former Soviet Union
ABSTRACTS
In this section, we present a series of theoretical and experimental papers on the effects of E&M radi-
ation on living systems with varying levels of complexity (i.e., bacteria to humans). Many of the papers
are technical and are presented for scientific study. For the non-technical reader, we provide brief sum-
maries. Please see the Glossary on page 5 for a definition of terms.
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1. Introductory Review Article
1. Yu. A. Kholodov, Basic Problems of Electromagnetic Biology, The Institute of Higher Nervous
Activity and Neurophysiology of the Academy of Sciences of Russia.
· Review of over 6,000 Russian and international papers.
· Clear demonstration of an E&M interaction with a wide variety of animal and human biological
systems.
. The response of the central nervous system (i.e., brain) to E&M stimulation is emphasized.
. The degree of response depends upon a variety of radiation parameters such as the frequency,
pulse shape, and duration.
2. Example of the Effects on Humans (mm Waves)
Although there are many papers on this topic, this paper is representative.
1. Nataliya N. Levedeva, The Effects of EMF on Biological Systems, The Institute of Higher Nervous
Activity and Neurophysiology of the Academy of Sciences of Russia.
This paper provides evidence for the effects of mm waves on human subjects. The results of the
experimental investigations include:
. Millimeter waves affect the central and peripheral nervous system.
. The majority of subjects were cognitively aware of the exposure.
3. Theoretical Investigations (mm Waves)
These papers propose a variety of theoretical mechanisms for the experimental results. The conclusion
we quote are derived from all these reports.
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1. M. B. Golant, Resonance Effect of Coherent Electromagnetic Radiations in the Millimeter Range of
Waves on Living Organisms, the Research Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the
Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow.
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2. M. B. Golant, Problems of the Resonance Action of Coherent Electromagnetic Radiations of the
Millimeter Wave Range on Living Organisms, the Research Institute of Radio Engineering and
Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow.
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Current Status In the Former Soviet Union
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3. N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant, Informational Nature of the Nonthermal and Some of the Energy
Effects of Electromagnetic Waves on a Living Organism, the Research Institute of Radio
Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow.
4. M. B. Golant and P. V. Poruchikov, Role of Coherent Waves in Pattern Recognition and the use of
Intracellular Information, the Research Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the
Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow.
5. N. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant, and A. S. Tager, Role of Synchronization in the Impact of Weak
Electromagnetic Signals of the Millimeter Wave Range on Living Organisms, the Research Institute
of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow.
6. O. V. Betskii and A. V. Putvinskii, Biological Action of Low Intensity Millimeter Band Radiation, the
Research Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of Russia,
Moscow.
7. M. B. Golant and T. B. Rebrova, Similarities Between Living Organism and Certain Microwave
Devices, the Research Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences
of Russia, Moscow.
8. Yu. P. Chukova, Dissipative Functions of the Processes of Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation
with Biological Objects, the Research Group "Otklik," Kiev.
· Sharp resonances are predicted in the high frequency spectra and have been observed exper-
imentally.
· High frequency radiation may act as a catalyst for intra- and intercellular communication, and a
few controversial experiments appear to confirm this speculation.
· Meta-stable biological systems, which are formed because of complex oscillations (non-linear),
may be triggered into action by high frequency radiation. It is difficult to assess the experimen-
tal attempts to verify this theoretical hypothesis.
· High frequency radiation may affect the fundamental informational processes in living systems
(i.e., changes of entropy). Currently, this hypothesis is unconfirmed experimentally.
4. Experimental Studies
These papers describe a variety of experiments in both high and low frequency regions of the E&M
spectrum.
4.1 Millimeter Waves
1. I. Ya. Belyaev, Ye. D.Alipov, V. S. Shcheglov, and V. N. Lystov, Resonance Effects of Microwaves on
the Genome Conformational State of E. Coli Cells, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow,
and the Research Group "Otklik," Kiev.
. One micro-watt of power within the narrow frequency range (i.e., 51.62 ≤ v ≤ 51.84 GHz) was
sufficient to induce changes in E. Coli bacteria. This important result confirms the resonance
theories described above.
2. N. D. Kolbun and V. E. Lobarev, Bioinformation Interactions: EHF-Waves, T. G. Shevchenko State
University, Kiev.
· Humans appear capable of directly "sensing" 10 billionths of a watt per cm2 (i.e., 10 nW/cm2).
· Fifty micro-watts is sufficient to affect Proteus bacteria.
4.2 Radiosound (Modulation In the kHz of ~1 Ghz Carrier)
It is claimed in these studies, that humans may act like a "radio" receiver and directly sense the audio
information, which is imposed on the high frequency E&M carrier. The principle author is R. E. Tigra-
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Current Status in the Former Soviet Union
nyan of the Institute of Biological Physics, the Academy of Sciences, Russia, Pushchino. We provide a
number of papers and abstracts supporting this claim.
4.3 Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)
1. N. A. Temurjants, V. G. Didyakin, V. B. Makejev, and B. M. Vladimirsky, ELF Electromagnetic
Fields as a New Ecological Parameter, Simferopol State University, Ukraine, and Crimean
Astrophysics Observatory, Ukraine.
· Micro- and macro-behavior of a variety of animals (e.g., rats, pigeons, rabbits) appear to be af-
fected by resonances in the ELF spectrum. The power levels are approximately 0.2 nT. The
effects include cellular and behavioral changes.
. The authors believe that ELF interactions should be considered as a potential environmental
factor.
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GLOSSARY
· Electromagnetic Radiation (E&M)-Waves of electric and magnetic fields that may propagate
through space or matter.
. Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)-E&M radiation oscillating at less than 300 Hz.
. Hertz (Hz)-Units of frequency of oscillation.
· Millimeter Waves (mm Waves)-E&M radiation between 30 to 300 GHz (1 to 10 mm wavelength).
. Non-jonizing-A type of E&M radiation with insufficient energy to strip electrons from atoms.
. Non-thermal-E&M radiation with insufficient energy to cause appreciable temperature increases
in tissue.
· Resonance-A particular frequency region where the physical/biological system is especially sensi-
tive to external stimulation.
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Introductory Review Article
Science Applications International Corporation
Cognitive Sciences Laboratory
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Electromagnetic
Fields and
Biomembranes
Edited by
Marko Markov
Sofia University
Sofia, Bulgaria
and
Martin Blank
Columbia University
New York, New York
Plenum Press . New York and London
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BASIC PROBLEMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC BIOLOGY
Yu.A. Kholodov
Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophy-
siology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR
USSR, Moskow
Recent interest in the problems of the biological influence
of electromagnetic fields /EMF/ is often connected with the be-
ginning of the Space Era in the early 1960's. The leading coun-
tries in space research - the USSR and the USA - are publishing
the predominant part of the papers concerning to be a chapter
of biophysics studying the influence of external natural and
artificial EMF on different biological systems. In this paper
the emphasis will be on Soviet research which represents more
than 60 per cent of magnetobiological studies.
The ecological trend was strongly developed in the first
stages of the development of electromagnetic biology, which
were connected with the problems of the possible orientation
of migrating animals towards a geomagnetic field /GMF/ /Pressman,
1968; Dubrov, 1974/; with the correlation between the oscilla-
tions of the GMF value and different important biological pro-
cesses /Opalinskaja et al., 1984; Sidgakin et al., 1985; Wasilik,
1986/; with the influence of magnetic anomalies on the biolo-
gical systems /Travkin, 1971/; with the possible role of EMF
generated by biosystems /Brown et al., 1984; Kasnatcheev et al.,
1985/. As can be seen, such investigations are still carried out
today, including not only correlations, but also experimantal
approaches, as well as the biological sigificance of the hypomag-
natic environment /Kapanev and Shakula, 1985/.
The problems of diagnosis and therapy using EMF have been
developing since the's seventies and the number of papers in
this particular area is permanently increasing /Bogolgubov, 1978,
Demetzkii and Alekseev, 1982; Kholodov, 1982/.has to be stressed.
The predominance of the empirical phenomenological approaches,
but the theoretical studies on the problem of electromagneto-
therapy are being developed. With a view to the activation of
these studies the Committee on Magnetobiology and Magnetotherapy
in Medicine the Ministry of Public Health was organized in the
USSR in 1983.
Hygienic standards for different EMF were developed because
significant changes in the natural electromagnetic background
have been observed recently both on Earth and in Space. EMF
become a global factor which changes the conditions of life for
the biosphere in general and in this way influences the biosys-
tems with any level of organization - from membrane to biosphere.
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Terms as "electromagnetic pollutuion" and "electromagnetic star-
vation" have already been introduced in the literature and some
authors /Akoev, 1983/ speculated about the existence of areas
of electromagnetic comfort for particular biosystems.
The problems of public hygiene become of great importance.
It is known that the Soviet and US standards for the radiofre-
quency range differ about a thousand times. The limit in the USA
is 10 W/cm2. Limitations for constant magnetic fields /CMF/
exist only in the USSR - the permissible level is 10 mT. The
hygienic problems of electromagnetic biology are developed in
the book "Hygiene of Labour under the Influence of Electromag-
netic Fields" published by Meditzina, Moscow, 1983. The theo-
retical problems of electromagnetic biology and more specifical-
ly the problems of electromagnetic neurobiology will be discussed
The analysis of the literature /more than 6000 papers/ de-
monstrates the ability of many living organisms to respond to
the changes in natural and artificial /increased or decreased/
EMF. It is considered that every particular biosystem responds
to the influence of this global factor.
It has been established that every system of the organism
of mammals /above all the nervous vascular and endocrine sys-
tems/ can respond to EMF. The data concerning the reactions of
different systems of the organism are presented in Table 1. It
is seen that every system of the organism responds to applied
EMF. EMF as non-ionizing radiation affects every particular
living cell, but the most sensitive cell components are esti-
mated to be the membrane, mitochondria and cell nuclei.
The ideas of I. M. Sechenov, N. E. Vvedenskii, I. P. Pavlov are
Still valid in theoretical biology and in practical medicine.
This tendency is very well expressed in the formation of the
Table 1.
Responses of different systems to electromagnetic
field stimulation
Organism level
Systems
total
local
Isolated
system
Nervous
+
+
+
Endocrine
+
+
Sensory organisms
+
+
+
Blood - vessels
+
+
+
Blood
+
+
+
Muscles
+
+
+
Digestive
+
+
+
Respiratory
+
+
Secretory
+
+
Skin
+
+
+
Bone
+
+
+
electromagnetic biology which investigates the responses of
different biosystems to natural and artificial EMF, as well
as the biological significance of EMF generated by biosystems.
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The practical problems of electromagnetic neurobiology are
inevitably connected with the theoretical investigations of the
physiological mechanisms of the EMF influence on the nervous
sytem. Such studies were carried out at Moscow University and
were continued later at the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity
and Neurophysiology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
It has been established that EMF /from constant electric
and magnetic fields to superhigh frequency field/ possess a
number of biotropic parameters, such as intensity, vector, gra-
dient, electric or magnetic component, frequency, pulse shape,
localization and exposure. The biological efficiency of EMF
increases upon variation of the biotropic parameters during
stimulation /Kholodov and Shishlo, 1979; Plehanov, 1979;
Gandhi, 1980/.
With a view to their participation in the total influence
of EMF, the physiological systems can be ordered in the follow-
ing way: nervous, endocrine, sensory organs, blood - vessels,
blood, digestive, muscles, secretory, respiratory, skin, bones.
The fact that at local EMF influence responses of all systems
have been observed suggests the obligatory participation of the
regulatoty sytems of the organism /nervous and endocrine/. How-
ever, the existence of reactions when EMF was applied on iso-
lated systems may be considered as evidence of the direct in-
fluence of EMF on any tissue of the organism.
Because of the penetration action of EMF one can speculate
about a new form of the organism's reaction, which may be named
general reorganization reaction. Thus, the general simultaneous
character of the electromagnetic treatment will be underlined.
This reaction is not yet completely developed and characterized
in detail, but some of its pecularities may be discussed. When
man is exposed to electromagnetic influence, the reaction often
occurs at subcellular level with switching on the slow reaction
starting system.
The total reorganization reaction of the organism differs
from the usual reaction which occurs at the beginning through
the sensory organs, by the involvement in the reaction of seve-
ral physiological systems. This reaction to such a weak stimu-
lus /as EMF is considered to be/has to provoke adaptational
changes in the organism, appearing minutes or hours after the
beginning of the influence. We studied the conditioned reflex,
the sensory reaction and electroencephalogram. We did not ob-
serve summation of the effects if 1-3 min magnetic field in-
fluence was repeated after 10-20 min. It is quite probable
that the initial reaction is in this time interval. At exposure
longer than 20 min, a summation of the effects /evaluated by
the conditioned reflex method/ was observed. This event was
observed when EMF was applied daily. Generally speaking, the
reaction of the organism is manifested by long after-effects.
The influence of a 30-min exposure lasts one week, while if
MF was applied for 6 hours, the result is observable for nearly
one month. The reaction may be termed as adaptational. While
the initial reaction mainly includes the nervous system and
sensory organs, the adaptational reaction also involves other
systems of the organism, mainly the endocrine system.
The therapeutic application of EMF should be discussed.
/Bogoljubov et al., 1978/. It has been proved that MF with
different inductions and a large frequency range can provoke
adaptational reactions in the organism which lead to increase
of the resistivity to different infections, to temperature in-
fluences, to ionizing radiation, etc.
These reactions are considered to take place mainly at
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the organism level, while at system or cellular level they are
not so well demonstrated.
Garkavi et al. /1979/ enlarge Selye's stress theory with
additional stages of general response of the organism to a sti-
mulus with increasing intensity. They consider that the triad
consisting of the reactions of training, activation and stress
may appear several times during increased intensity or prolonged
duration of the stimulation and is realized at different "stages" ..
The electric resistance of the skin the white blood picture
and the character of the autoflora are the principal informatio-
nal indices for a given stage of the reaction. These demonstra-
tions of the reaction are accompanied by considerablechanges
in neurohormonal regulation, including immunological processes.
The reaction of training is supported by a weak stimulus,
the reaction of activation - by a stimulus with medium amplitude,
the stress reaction - by an intensive stimulus. The stable reao-
tion of activation is typical of the healthy organism.
When the duration of EMF increases, the adaptation reactions
may turn into pathologival processes connected with destructive
changes in the cells. The estimation of this physical factor
is a problem of social hygiene. The morphological changes ob-
served in tissues and organs after EMF influence are non-speci-
fic and reversible.
Further two forms of the initial reaction of the nervous
sytem to the applied magnetic fields and microwaves /when the
duration of the influence is less than 1 min/ will be dicussed.
Some parameters of slow and quick reaction are presented in
Table 2 on the basis of literature data and our own results.
From the initial reaction of the organism we studied in
greater detail the sensory reaction of man, as well as the
conditioned reflex and the electroencephalographic reaction of
rabbit.
Changes of the motor activity and correction of the reac-
tion of the organism to the EMF influence simultaneously with
other stimili /light, sound, electirc current, etc./ occured
several minutes after the beginning of the EMF influence. These
reactions will not be considered now.
There was no summation of the effects when 1 min action
of EMF was applied again after 5-10 min. Probably, the start-
ing electroencephalographic reaction of the rabbit occurred in
this time interval. The registration of sensory indication of
EMF involved switching off the generator during simple motor
response of the patient. The duration of the influence decreased
and consequently the intervals between EMF applications dropped
to 1 min. In this way we succeeded in estimating the duration
of the reaction.
The reactions to EMF have longer /about 20 s/ latent
period compared with the initial human sensory reactions to
typical stimuli /light, sound/ which are two orders of magni-
tude longer. Probably for this reason some authors have not
established any effect. The variations of the biotropic para-
meters of EMF /induction, frequency, pulse shape, localization/,
even if they change the duration of the latent period, do not
provoke a quantitative jump. In all cases a peculiar slow sys-
tem of the initial reaction /with duration of about 10 s/ is
functioning.
The detailed characteristic of the slow system of the
starting reaction should include not only the basic reaction
observable during EMF action, but also the reaction of stop-
ping which appears about 15 s after switching off the field
/this reaction lasts for about 10 s/.
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Other systems of slow adaptational reaction are manifested
in the reaction of the organism to EMF when the exposure time
increases. Moreover, the slow system of the initial reaction
is not directly connected with the pecularities of the studied
stimulus. For instance, alternating magnetic fields can provoke
the involvement of the system of quick reaction, when EMF is
addressed to the eye. The so-called magnetophosphen is observed,
i.e. a sensation for lightning under the action of alternating
MF with amplitude higher than a definite limit of induction to
the human head. On an analogy with this term /connected with the
quick sytem of initial reaction/ the sensory reaction connected
with the slow system of initial reaction may be named "magneto-
touch". It is relevant to remark that for microwaves there also
exist slow /demonstrated in our experiments/ and quick systems
of the initial sensory reaction.
The modality of the slow initial system of the sensor reac-
tion at action of alternating magnetic fields or microwaves is
similar and this may be considered as an indication for the
nonspecificity of the reaction. The same EMF provoke electro-
encephalographic synchronization reaction in rabbits, which cha-
racterizes the slow system of the initial reaction, while short
EMF stimulation or usual stimuli provoke quick electroencephalo-
garphic reaction of desynchronization.
Thus, the existence of slow and quick systems of initial
reaction was demonstrated by analysis of the reaction of the
nervous system to the factors of electromagnetic origin. It
can be assumed that the slow system can be observed under the
action of non-electromagnetic stimuli.
It is possible to develop electrodefensive conditioned
reflex in rabbits, but it will be less stable compared with
the reflexes to normal stimuli /light, sound/. The latent pe-
riod of the conditioned reflex to sound is often equal to 1 s,
to the MF - 12 s. The changes of the electrical activity of the
brain upon EMF stimulation also differ from the electroencepha-
lographic reactions to normal stimuli or to the influence of
impulse EMF. Normally on the electroencephalogram is observed
a quick desynchronization reaction appearing after several
milliseconds: lowering of the amplitude and increase of the
frequency of biopotentials, while at EMF stimulation the syn-
chronization reaction appears several seconds after the begin-
ning of the stimulation, accompanied by an increase of the
amplitude and decrease of the frequency of the biopotentials.
The experiments with isolated parts of the animal brain
show that EMF can influence the brain not only by reflex path-
ways, but also directly, as EMF penetrate through the skull.
When preparations of isolated parts of cortex are studied, the
reaction to applied EMF was better pronounced than in intact
brain.
Therefore, to the traditional reflex pathway of the action
of any stimuli should be added the direct influence of EMF on
the structures of the central nervous regulation /this distin-
guishes the reaction of the whole organism to EMF from the
reactions to traditional stimuli.
In short, the slow system of initial reaction functions
adequately at organism and system level. This concerns the
qualitative and quantitative parameters of the reaction, as
well as their identity in different experimental objects.
One can assume that neurons are secondarily involved in
the system of slow reactions to EMF action and a significant
role in these reactions belongs to other structures of the
nervous tissue, neuroglia and blood - vessels.
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Table 2.
Parameters of the reaction, realized on different level of organization of the biological
object with participation of quick and slow systems of the starting reaction at influence
with MF and microwaves
Level of
organization
Object
Method
EMF
System of
starting
reaction
Latent
period
S
Length of
reaction
S
Character of
reaction
Organism
Man
Sensor
indication
MF
quick
slow
0.2
2
10
Light
Touch
0.2
2
Light
Microwaves
quick
slow
20
10
Touch
Central nervous
system
Rabbit
Recording
of slow
electric
activity of
brain
MF
quick
slow
quick
0.1
2
Desinchronization
Sinchronization
Desinchronization
Sinchronization
Neuron
Skate
Rabbit
Registration
of impulsa
electric
activity of
neurous cell
quick
1
1
Increased frequen-
cy
slow
10
10
Increased and de-
creased frequency
quick
1
1
1
Increased frequen-
cy
Microwaves
slow
10
10
Increased and de-
creased frequency
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£
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20
10
Microwaves
0.1
2
MF
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The histological investigations on animal brain exposed
to EMF action prove the primary hypoxy reaction of the neuroglia
/Alexandrovskaja et al., 1966; Nachilnitzkaja et al., 1978/,
as well as its participation in the physiological response of
the brain to MF, which is another manifestation of the diffe-
rence of EMF stimulation from the action of other stimuli.
An important role in the processes of training and memory
is attributed to the neuroglia. It was demonstrated that the
repeated influence of EMF mainly distrurbs both processes:
training and memory. Once formed, it is difficult to change
the conditioned reflex under EMF influence. It is considered
that EMF influence on glia and blood - vessels can be explained
by their influence on the hematoecephalic barrier.
In this way one can explain also the non-specific electro-
encephalographic reaction of synchronization, which appears at
influence of different EMF on the animal head. The intensity
of switching on the slow system of initial reaction of different
parts of rabbit brain decreases as follows: hypothalamus, sen-
somotor cortex, visual cortex, specific nuclei of the thalamus,
non-specific nuclei of the thalamus, hypocampus, reticular
formation of the midbrain.
Generally speaking, EMF provoke two types of reactions of
the different structures of the nervous system. Some reactions
are distingished by the existence of a slow system of initial
reaction, reaction of switching, long after-effect, as well
as participation of all structural elements of the nevrous
system in reactions which are specific for EMF. The second type
of reactions is connected with excitation of the specific re-
ceptors and is explained by the indication of electromotive
force under alternating field influence, being similar to the
reaction under the influence of traditional stimuli.
One can discuss several primary mechanism and one should
mention not only electromagnetic induction under influence of
alternating MF or when the object is moving in CMF, but also
the significance of ferromagnetic particles as magnetite in the
biological objects; the chemical polarization of nuclei and
electrons, etc.
The biological effects do not always increase with the
increase of the MF intensity. More correct seems to be the
discussion of the existence of an amplitude-frequency window
in which the biological effects are better pronounced.
The problem emerges of the functional importance of an
artificial magnetic field, which does not differ very much from
the natural ones. The validity of this hypothesis is very well
demonstrated by several species of electric fishes which use
their own EMF for orientation and communication.
It can be considered that in addition to the synaptic
connection between different parts of the brain, electromag-
netic bonding exists as well. The effects of EMF increase
upon varying one or more of the biotropic parameters, which
should be taken into account when hygienic standards and physio-
therapeutic devices are developed.
The final biological effect of EMF depends also on such
pecularities of the object itself as age /the reactions of
children and old people are stronger/, sex /men are more sensi-
tive than women/, initial physiological conditions /the working
organ has a stronger reaction/, as well as individual capabi-
lities. It is quite probable that some of these peculiarities
are connected with the function of biological membranes.
The listed factors indicate the necessity of biological
analysis of the observed physiological reactions of the organism
to EMF influence. The methods of membranology may help in
Studing the magnetobiological effects.
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Reactions of the Central Nervous System to
Peripheral Effects of Low-Intensity EHF Emission
Natalia N. Levedeva
(Translation from Russian)
Abstract
The study of reactions of the human central nervous system (CNS) to peripheral effects of EHF emis-
sion, created by therapeutic apparatus Yav-I (7.1 mm wavelength) revealed restructuring of the space-
time organization of biopotentials of the brain cortex of a healthy individual which indicate develop-
ment of a non-specific activation reaction in the cortex. The study of sensory indication of EHF field
with these parameters showed that it is can be reliably detected at the sensory level by 80% of the sub-
jects.
Introduction
In the process of study of reactions of living systems with a different level of organization to millimeter
waves, non-thermal (informational) effects were discovered.1-3 The distance from the place affected by
the emission to the location of appearance of the biological reaction may be hundreds and thousands
times larger than the distance at which the emission decreases one order of magnitude. This fact dem-
onstrates participation of the nervous system in perception of millimeter-range emission by living or-
ganisms.
There is a wide-spread opinion that biological effects of EMF are realized in humans at a subsensory
level. However, in the recent years there is interest to their sensory detection in the form of radiosound,
magnetophosphenes, or skin sensations.4-9
Changes in EEG to EMF effects were most often observed in the form of an increase in the slow waves
and spindle-shape oscillations in reptiles, pigeons, rats, rabbits, monkeys, and humans.10-12
We have not found studies devoted specifically to the effects of millimeter waves on the central nervous
system in the available literature; thus, the current study has been undertaken. This study employed
electrophysiological and psychophysiological methods for the evaluation of the state of the central ner-
vous system while affected by EMF.
Methodology
Twenty healthy subjects aged 17 to 40 years participated in the experiments. Apparatus Yav-I with the
wave length of 7.1 mm was used as the EMF source. A flexible waveguide with the power of 5 m W/cm2 at
its end was directed at He-Gu [4 Gi] acupuncture point in the right or left hand of the subject.
Two experimental series have been conducted. In the first one (10 subjects, 10 tests with each subject, 20
instances of field action in each test), sensory detection of the field was studied. The length of the EMF
signal or control trial without the signal was 1 minute. To evaluate the subject's EMF sensitivity, the
indicator of response strength (RS) was used, i.e., the ratio between the number of correctly identified
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trials and the total number of EMF signals. Another indicator used was the level of false alarms (FA),
i.e., the ratio between the number of false positives to the total number of control trials. The signifi-
cance of the difference between RS and FA was evaluated by using the Mann-Whitney test. The analy-
sis of latent time That included total histograms of true responses and false alarms.
In the second series (10 subjects, 11 tests with each, including placebo tests) the exposure to the field
was 60 minutes.
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EEG recording was conducted before and after the EMF influence by using EEG-16S (Hungary), with 4
paired leads, located according to 10-20% system (in the frontal F-F, central C-C, parietal P-P and oc-
cipital O-O areas). As the reference electrode, a joint ear electrode was used.
Together with EEG recording on paper, the data were fed for on-line processing into an IBM-PC Am-
strad computer using spectrum coherent analysis by means of rapid Fourier transformations with plot-
ting power spectra and computing mean coherence levels. Selected for the study were frequencies from
2 to 30 Hz in major physiological ranges of the EEG spectrum.
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Results and Discussion
In the first experimental series, the subjects showed a division into two unequal subgroups according to
their RS and FA indicators. The first subgroup (8 individuals) could detect at a statistically significant
level: the differences between RS and FA were significant according to Mann-Whitney test, the means
for RS and FA being 64.3-10.5% and 20.6-11.2%, respectively. The second subgroup (2 individuals)
could not reliably distinguish between EMF effects and control trials, the means for RS and FA being
59.0-+-14.25% and 43.53+16.5%, respectively.
From the eight individuals who could detect the EMF well, two could reliably distinguish it from control
trials with both hands, one could do this only with the left hand and the others only with the right hand.
An analysis of distribution of Tlat of true responses and false alarms showed single mode distribution in
both instances. The mean of latent time for eight subjects was 46.1-L5.8 sec.
The prevalent sensations were pressure (46.7%), tingling (36.3%), itching (8.9%), warmth-coolness
(5.3%), and other sensations (2.8%). All the sensations were experienced either in the palm of the hand
or in the fingers, each subject having his own set of sensations.
An analysis of the data obtained experimentally justifies the assumption that humans are capable to
perceive sensorially the EMF in the millimeter range, similarly to their capacity of perceiving the ELF
fields,4-6 which is in accordance with the results obtained elsewhere.9
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Interaction of any physical factor with biological systems of complex organization begins on their sur-
face, and the skin is the first receptor. Unlike other analyzers, the skin does not have absolutely specific
receptors. This was confirmed in experiments conducted by A. N. Leontiev and his associates,13 who
conducted similar studies with non-thermal emission in the visible range of spectrum and found that
their subjects were capable of reliably distinguishing the emission effects from control trials. The modes
of perception were similar to those observed in our tests. Thus, our results as well as data of other au-
thors indicate the importance of the skin analyzer in EMF perception.
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Study of the modes of perception which occur in the process of EHF field reception makes it possible to
assume that EMF stimuli are perceived either by mechanical receptors (sensations of touch or pres-
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sure), or by pain receptors, i.e., nociceptors (tingling and burning sensations). From mechanical recep-
tors, only Ruffini's and Merkel's endings and tactile disks may be involved in the process, according to
the depth of their location in the epidermis, their adaptation speed and their capacity to spontaneous
activity. The assumption that nociceptors may be responsible for the reception of EMF signal is based
on the following: their polyspecificity in relation to stimuli; the kind of sensations (e.g., tingling and
burning), which are considered precursors of pain; experiments which showed complete disappearance
of EMF sensitivity in individuals whose skin at the place of influence was treated by ethyl chloride that
turns off pain receptors; facts from medical practice that the EHF influence on the respective derma-
tome causes sensory response in the afflicted organ of the body which may be the result of convergence
of nociceptive afferents from the dermatomes and the internal organs on the same neurons of pain
pathways. With this, skin hypersensitivity occurs because visceral impulses increase the excitability of
inter-stitual neurons and facilitation takes place.
The latent time of EMF responses (to both ELF range and millimeter range EMF) is unusually large.
While the reaction time of visual and auditory sensory systems is from dozens to hundreds of millisec-
onds, the perception of EMF takes dozens of seconds. This is in a good agreement with theoretical
calculations by I. V. Rodshtat14 who made an assumption that a single time cycle of microwave sensory
reception, including detection of sensory sensation, is within 40 to 60 seconds. This is explained by a
complex structure of the reflex arc which includes both nervous and humoral links.14
An analysis of inter-central EEG ratios is one of the approaches to the study of regulation mechanisms
of functional states of the human brain.
As known from the literature,15 the indicator of coherence level (COHm) is the most significant of EEG
correlates which characterizes the peculiarities of the human brain functioning.
Major changes of the cortical EEG with regard to both inter-central and intra-hemispheric connections
in placebo tests can be characterized either by a decrease in COHm, especially in the range of delta and
theta, or by maintaining the background level. A power spectrum analysis shows a decrease in the brain
waves magnitude, especially in the alpha range (Fig. 1).
Thus, as a result of placebo (control) tests, a kind of "expectancy reaction" with specific space-time or-
ganization of the cortex biopotentials takes place.
A different EEG pattern is observed after the individual is exposed to EMF. There is a significant pow-
er increase in the alpha range, especially in occipital and parietal areas in both hemispheres; in other
parts of the spectrum the power remains close to the background level (arrows 2 and 3 in Fig. 1). Unlike
in placebo tests, an increase in the mean of the coherence level COHm takes place practically in all the
subjects resulting from exposure to EHF. It mainly occurs in the frontal and central areas of the cortex
and is mostly expressed in slow wave spectrum range (delta and theta). A similar pattern of brain waves
is characteristic of the state of an increased brain tone (i.e., it occurs in non-specific activation reac-
tion).16 This kind of response is characteristic because it is known that frontal areas of the cortex are
sensitive to various external factors. These zones have broad bilateral connections with other cortical
and subcortical structures which determine the involvement of frontal areas in many functional re-
sponse systems.
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Conclusions
(1) Peripheral effects of EHF (7.1 mm wave length, 5 mW/cm2) with a 60 minute exposure causes re-
structuring of the cortical brain waves in a healthy individual; this points to the developments of a
non-specific activation reaction ( i.e., to an increase in the tone of the cortex).
(2) The study of sensory detection of EMF in EHF range showed that the field with the above parame-
ters is detected at a statistically significant level by 80% of the subjects.
References
1. Devytakov, N.D., Betsky, O.V., Gelvich, E.A., et al. Radiobiologiya, 1981, Vol. 21, 2, pp. 163-171.
2. Devyatkov, N.D., Golant, M.B., & Tager, A.C. Biofizika, 1983, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 895-896
[English translation: Role of synchronization in the impact of weak electromagnetic sygnals in the
millimeter wave range on living organisms. Biophysics, 28 (5), 952-954].
3. Sevastiyanova, L.A., Potapov, S.A., Adamenko, V.G., & Vilenskaya, R.L. Nauchnyye Doklady
Vysshey Shkoly, 1969, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 215-220.
4. Lebedeva, N.N., Vekhov, A.V., & Bazhenova, S.I. In: Problemy elektromagnitnoy neirofiziologii
[Problems of Electromagnetic Neurophysiology]. Moscow: Nauka, 1988, pp. 85-93.
5. Lebedeva, N.N., & Kholodov, Yu.A. Materials of the 15th Congress of I.P. Pavlov All-Union
Physiological Society.
6. Kholodov, Yu.A. In: Materials of the 7th All-Union Conference on Neurophysiology. Kaunas,
1976, p. 395.
7. Andreyev, Ye.A., Bely, M.I., & Sitko, S.P. Vestnik AN SSSR, 1985, No. 4, pp. 24-32.
8. Lovsund, P., Oberg, P.A., & Nilsson, S.F.G. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., 1980, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp.
758-764.
9. Kholodov, Yu.A., & Temnov, A.A. Materials of the 5th All-Union Seminar "Study of the
Mechanisms of Non-Thermal Effects of EMF on Biological Systems." Moscow, 1983, p. 8.
10. Anderson, L.Ye. XXIII General Assembly of URSI, Prague, 1990, p. 12.
11. Semm, P. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 1983, Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 683-690.
12. Kholodov, Yu.A. Reaktsii nervnoy sistemy na elektromagnitnyye polya [Reactions of the Nervous
System to Electromagnetic Fields]. Moscow: Nauka, 1975, 208 pp.
13. Leontiyev, A.N. Problemy razvitiya psikhiki [Problems of the Development of the Psyche].
Moscow: Moscow University Press, 1981, 582 pp.
14. Rodshtat, I.V. Preprint No. 20 (438). Moscow: Institute for Radio Engineering and Electronics of
the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1985, 4, pp. 24-32.
15. Livanov, M.N.
Prostranstvenno-vremennaya organizatsiya potentsialov i sistemnaya
deyatelnost golovnogo mozga [Spatial and Temporal Organization of Biopotentials and Systemic
Activity of the Brain]. Moscow: Nauka, 1989, 398 pp.
16. Sviderskaya, N.Ye. Sinkhronnaya elektricheskaya aktivnost mozga i psikhicheskiye protsessy
[Synchroneous Electrical Activity of the Brain and Mental Processes]. Moscow: Nauka, 1987, 154
pp.
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Theoretical Investigations (mm Waves)
Science Applications International Corporation
Cognitive Sciences Laboratory
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Biophysics Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 1086-1098, 1989
Printed in Poland
0006-3509/89 $10.00+.0%
1991 Pergamon Press pk
BIOPHYSICS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS
RESONANCE EFFECT OF COHERENT
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS IN THE
MILLIMETRE RANGE OF WAVES ON LIVING
ORGANISMS*
M. B. GOLANT
(Received 10 June 1987)
The results of Soviet and foreign theoretical studies furthering understanding of the mechan-
ism of the acute resonance action of extremely high-frequency coherent electromagnetic ra-
diations of low power on live organisms and the significance of these radiations for the func-
tioning of the latter are analysed.
REFERENCE [1] presents a systematic review of experimental work promoting under-
standing of the mechanism of the acute resonance effect of extremely high frequency
(e.h.f.)+ low power irradiations on living organisms. The results of these studies show.
in particular, that the cells of live organisms generate coherent acousto-electric vibra-
tions of the e.h.f. range used in the body as control signals of its functioning. As fol-
lows from experimental research, the influence of the external e.h.f. radiations on the
body is apparently connected with the fact that at certain resonance frequencies the
signals coming from without imitate the control signals generated to maintain homeo-
stasis by the body itself. External radiations may make good the inadequacy of the func-
tioning of the control system of the body in conditions when the formation by it of
signals of these frequencies in arrested or becomes less efficient for one or other reason.
Acquaintance with the data outlined in reference [1] greatly simplifies the review
of theoretical work allowing one not to deal with the investigations in which the initial
premise is the assumption of the impossibility of generation by live organisms of cohe-
rent vibrations. It also becomes possible to reduce to the limit the exposition of the
essence of the first theoretical studies seeking to prove the possibility, in principle, of the
mechanism of generation of coherent e.h.f. vibrations in living organisms but not tying
the mechanisms considered to the features of their functional use: in such a complex
system as the living body one may imagine a number of different mechanisms of genera-
* Biofizika 34: No. 6, 1004-1014, 1989.
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t The frequency range corresponding to the millimetre range of wavelengths according to Soviel
standard GOST 24375-80 is called the extremely high frequency range.
* See reference [2] to acquaint oneself with the conclusions of such theories and the resulting
insurmountable difficulties of squaring their conclusions with the results of experiments.
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[1086]
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Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations
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tion [3] but one may select those actually existing only starting from their correspondence
to the functional role.
Since the present review is concerned with the biophysical aspects of the problem
there remains outside its scope a wide range of biocybernetic studies (see, for example,
reference [4]) although devoted to the control systems of living organisms but consid-
ering them in a very generalized form difficult to tie to analysis of the specific mechanisms
of control.
At the same time, a review of theoretical work necessary for the formation of theor-
etical notions is required not only for the completeness of the picture: absence of theoret-
ical notions does not allow one to stage correctly experimental investigations leading
to conclusions significant in practice. For example, one widespread error is the use for
experiments to elucidate the influence of e.h.f. radiations of organisms with a character
unchanged as compared with normal of the ongoing functioning (the ongoing functioning
of which, as is known, is not influenced by e.h.f. radiations [5]) and also evaluation of the
results of the action of e.h.f. radiation disregarding the parameters characterizing the
adaptibility of the organism to particular conditions of existence [6].
Link between the efficiency of the control system and the frequency range of the con-
trolling signals. Living organisms are exceptionally complex and accordingly require a
very developed system of control. Even if one does not consider such ultracomplex
systems as the mammalian organism or the human body (the latter includes 1014-1015
cells) but confines onself to a single cell, its reactions are extremely varied and this
variety indirectly characterizes the complexity of the system controlling them. Thus, the
author of reference [7, (Russian translation)] writes: " ... that to give a full description
of all types of form and movement of eukaryote cells one book would not suffice".
The field of effective use of a particular control system is largely determined by the
frequency range of the control signal. This problem was analysed in reference [8] and
partially matching ideas are contained in reference [9]. Where the question concerns
the control of processes in a single isolated cell the possibility of "writing" in its volume
must exist, i.e. in the volume the mean size of which ~ 10-16 m3, any information neces-
sary for the formation of signals exercizing adequate control of the processes helping to
maintain homeostasis in any conditions of the vital activity encountered, i.e. "the writing"
of information must be extremely economical. The number of different signals which
may be excited in a particular resonance system is primarily determined by its electrical
length. Consequently, to ensure the necessary diversity of the control signals the lengths
of the excited waves must be very short as compared with its geometric length. Naturally,
the possible degree of the contraction of wavelength by increasing the frequency of the
vibrations f is limited by the fact that beyond a certain limit the energy of the quantum hf
is sufficient for the effective destruction of biological bonds, i.e. is actually limited by the
ultraviolet frequency range.
But the wavelength in the system A is determined not only by the frequency but also
by the velocity of propagation v:
A=v/f.
(1)
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M. B. GOLANT
If the magnitude v corresponds to the velocity of propagation of acoustic waves (hun-
dreds of m/sec) then at frequencies equal to or exceeding 10 GHz the A values become
less than 10-8 m which ensures the possibility of accomodation in the cell volume (the
mean linear size of which ~10-5 m) of resonance systems of large electric length. The
velocity in hundreds of m/sec is peculiar not only to purely acoustic waves but also to
acousto-electric waves which will be considered below. Further substantial (by 1-2 or-
ders of magnitude) contraction of the wavelength would lead to its commensurability
with the size of the atoms a consequence of which would inevitably be the thermal in-
stability of any informational structures the size of the informationally significant ele-
ments of which would be of the order of one wavelength. The contraction of A to the
same values for smaller f through further fall in v would lead to mechanical instability
of the wave-guide structures (cell membranes [1]) as a result of decrease in the elastic
modulus (see below).
The ideas presented make it clear why the influence of coherent radiations of low
(non-thermal) intensity on live organisms has been particularly often observed in the
millimetre* and even shorter wave ranges. As shown in reference [8] in terms of use in
the information system of living organisms the millimetre waves possess two further
advantages.
1. The energy losses associated with the propagation in lipid membranes of an elec-
tric e.h.f. field are relatively low (in the longwave part of the millimetre range ~0.25
dB/cm [10]). From the data of reference [1] it is clear why the water surroundings of the
lipid membranes do not influence the size of these losses: the aqueous medium is separ-
ated from the hydrophobic layer by a space ~10 Å in which the density of the flux of
e.h.f. power falls by an order. Apparently (judging from the width of the resonance bands
given in reference [1]) the acoustic losses are also low which is also probably explained
by the feature already noted in reference [1] of the structure of the membranes: the
acoustic link through the 10 Å-slit separating the hydrophobic layer from the cytoplasm
is greatly weakened.
2. The energy expenditure on the formation of a certain volume of information in the
millimetre range is relatively low as compared both with the longer wave and the far
shorter wave ranges. This is connected with the difference in the character of noise in
these ranges as compared with the millimetre. In longer wave ranges noise of a thermal
nature dominates.
Since in this region hf<kT, the information signals, the intensity of which exceeds
or is commensurate with the noise level, are formed by a very large number of quanta.
The information content of such signals rises with the frequency f. But since the neces-
sary level of signals is determined by the magnitude kT the ratio of the volume of infor-
mation to energy expenditure on its formation rises with f.
In the far shorter wave region hf >kT. Here the quantum noise associated with the
discrete nature of the radiation dominates. Reliable transfer of a certain volume of in-
formation requires that the corresponding signal is formed by the number of quanta
* We would recall that the millimetre range of waves corresponds to the frequencies of the vibra-
tions of 30-300 GHz-e.h.f. frequency range,
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Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations
exceeding a certain level minimal for this volume of information. The higher f the more
minimal the energy of the signal determined by the given number of quanta. Therefore,
the ratio of the volume of information to the energy expenditure on its formation in the
region where hf>kT falls in proportion to f. For living organisms with their limited
energy resources minimization of the expenditure of the latter determined by the use
of the millimetre and shorter wave ranges nearest to it is quite substantial.
Acousto-electric e.h.f. waves in cell membranes and their resonances. Reference [1]
gives the results of experiments showing that the resonance effect of e.h.f. radiations on
the cells is connected with excitation of the acoustic-electric waves in closed cell mem-
branes. A theoretical analysis of the problem is outlined in references [5, 11]. In this work
on the basis of the data on cell membranes presented in reference [12] (elastic modulus
K. = 0.45 N/m, thickness of the hydrophobic region 4m~3 x 10-9 m) an evaluation is
given of the velocity of propagation of acoustic waves in the membrane:
v~(KB/pd_)º.5,
(2)
where p is the density of the lipid (fat-like) layer which for the calculation is taken as
equal to 800 kg/m3. The magnitude v, calculated from (2) is ~400 m/sec. Using (1) and
(2) may one may calculate the wavelength in the membrane for different f and also the
frequency shift between the centres of the neighbouring resonance bands 4f correspond-
ing to change per unit of the number of wavelengths accomodated at the perimeter of
the membrane: *
(3)
where d is the diameter of the membrane.
The 4f values calculated from (3) satisfactorily agree with those presented for the
spectral characteristics of different cells [1]. This confirmed the ideas discussed in the
preceding section that the information signals in the cells must spread at the speed of the
acoustic waves. Separating the right and left parts of (3) into f and using (1) we transform
(3) to the form
f|4f=nd|4.
(4)
Since the number N of wavelengths A at the perimeter of the membrane equal to nd/À
is equal for the cells in which the value d lies within the limits 0.5-10 um to several hun-
dreds or thousands then relation (4) indicates that the sharpness of the resonances in
biological membranes corresponds to that of the contours with the quality factor
~103-104.
As is known [3], cell membranes are polarized and during normal functioning of the
cell the strength of the electric field in the membrane perpendicular to its surface is
~107 V/m. Therefore, on propagation of acoustic waves (producing periodic changes in
membrane thickness) in the polarized membrane there appears an alternating electric
field changing with the frequency of the acoustic vibrations exciting it. For vibrations of
* Although excitation of the vibrations may occur in membrane sections corresponding to dif-
ferent d, this is of no importance in evaluating the magnitudes since as a rale the differences in the d
values corresponding to different sections are insignificant.
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M. B. GOLANT
low amplitude considered here the membrane represents a linear system and hence for a
certain size of the constant electric field in the membrane the ratio of the amplitudes
of the acoustic and electric vibrations remains constant regardless of the amplitude of
the spreading wave, i.e. an acoustic-electric wave is considered in which the variable
electrical and acoustic parameters cannot be regulated independently.
It should be noted that unlike electromagnetic waves (the slowing of which in the
membrane would be insignificant) the length of the acoustic-electric wave in the mem-
brane is ~ 104 times less than the wavelength in free space and, therefore, the energy of the
electric e.h.f. field in the course of the vibrations in the main is transformed not to the
energy of the magnetic field but to the energy of the acoustic e.h.f. vibrations and back.
This is similar to the transformation of energy in some low frequency parametric systems
in which the vibrations are maintained through transformation of the mechanical energy
expended on increasing the distance between the charges on the condenser plates to the
energy of the electric field.
To the different resonance frequencies f corresponds a different number of standing
waves at the perimeter of the membrane. Therefore, the character of the distribution
of the e.h.f. field also changes with f both at the surface of the membrane and in the intra-
and extra-cellular spaces lying next to it and, consequently, so does the character of
the controlling action of the e.h.f. field. But for a large total number of wavelengths
accomodated at the perimeter of the membrane, change in this number per unit cor-
responding to the neighbouring resonarces introduces a slight change in the character
of the field distributions. As a result the character of the controlling action connected
with the spatial structure of the field gradually changes from one resonance to another.
At the same time the controlling action of the external radiations may be connected not
only with the spatial field distribution but with the resonance frequencies of particular
protein molecules or intracellular elements. These last changes are more weakly connected
with the structure of the field of the acoustic-electric waves. In reference [5] it is also
noted that since different membrane systems literally pierce the whole cell the acoustic-
electric waves branching off from the resonating membrane may penetrate to any region
of the cell, the direction of propagation and action depending on the type of vibrations
in the resonating membrane and the character of the membrane network changing
configuration in different conditions [7].
The theoretical evaluations and ideas presented above applying both to acoustic-
electric waves and their controlling action in the cells did not touch upon the problems
of excitation of such waves. The question of excitation is trivial neither for the case when
it operates under the influence of external radiation nor the autonomous generation of
vibrations by the cell itself. Discussion of the problems connected with the excitation of
vibrations in the membrane directly leads to analysis of the mechanism of generation
by the cells of coherent vibrations. Therefore, it appears desirable before starting such a
discussion to go briefly into some hypotheses on the character and nature of the
mechanism of action of coherent vibrations on living cells put forward even before
clarification of their functional role in living organisms and the careful experimental
treatment of the problems associated with these mechanisms.
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Resonance effect of coherent electromagnetic radiations
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First theoretical models of the mechanisms of excitation of coherent vibrations in cells.
Among the theoretical studies aimed at validating the possibility of generation by living
cells of coherent vibrations a special place is taken by the numerous investigations by
Fröhlich already begun in 1968 and summarized by him in 1980 [13]. Fröhlich was one
f the first to express the conviction that in living organisms thanks to the presence of
metabolic energy coherent vibrations may be generated with the energy of random ther-
nal vibrations possibly being transformed to the energy of coherent vibrations. Com-
aring the thickness of the membrane with the length of the acoustic waves he postu-
ited that the action of radiation may be the cause of excitation in the membranes of
coustic vibrations with which following polarization of the membranes the appearance
f electric vibrations is connected.
Fröhlich came to the conclusion that the resonance frequencies may lie in the e.h.f.
unge. All these and a number of other ideas, in somewhat modified and refined form,
jill retain their value today. Fröhlich theoretically also worked out one of the possible
mechanisms of generation of vibrations by the cells on exposure to external electromag-
xtic radiations. He postulated that the mechanism of generation of vibrations by the
cells is similar to the work of a regenerative amplifier brought to the face of the regime
¿ excitation. Therefore, a very low external signal (he did not discuss other cases) is
nough to initiate generation of coherent vibrations the power of which approaches.sa-
uration.
The vibrations according to Fröhlich [34] are connected with the strong interaction
of polarization waves in a certain band lying in the frequency region ~1011Hz, with a
icat reservoir and are ensured by the inflow of energy from metabolic sources. In bio-
cgical systems with low frequency collective vibrations favourable conditions are cre-
ted for phenomena of the Bose-Einstein condensation type in the course of which there
sredistribution of energy between the different degrees of freedom and the concentration
a low frequency forms of vibrations. Condensation determines the possibility of goal-di-
ected conformational conversion. Fröhlich was unable to demonstrate the presence of
uch a mechanism of generation (see below). Moreover, in the period when he advanced
he hypothesis the role of coherent e.h.f. vibrations for the functioning of the cell and
ience also its need for them was not known. Only in one of his late papers [14] did he
autiously assume that biological systems " ... themselves somehow use radiations in the
frequency range discussed and are, therefore, sensitive to the corresponding radiations".
Accordingly, in working out the hypothesis questions connected with the different
taction of organisms to radiation as a function of the initial state of the organism and
is deviation from normal were not raised or solved; nor were questions concerned with
the variety of the spectra generalized by living organisms in particular cases raised or
wlved: nor were questions of the significance for the organisms of the degree of coherence
of the signals generated raised or solved as is also true of a host of other problems under-
sing study of the problem today when answers to specific questions associated with the
practical use of e.h.f. influence are required.
:
How far the hypothesis presented may be adapted to solve the questions arising is
pot clear. Probably it is simpler to validate the theoretical construction of the mechanisms
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of action isolating oneself from model concepts corresponding to the results of experi-
mental research. In this connexion of interest is the many years of discussion between H.
Fröhlich and M. A. Livshits and other supporters of their views [15-18]. The point is
that to describe the mechanism of excitation of coherent vibrations in the cell Fröhlich
proposes [19] a kinetic equation including second order terms ("two-quantum" terms)
characterizing the redistribution of energy between the different vibrations as a result
of interaction with a thermostat. Livshits considers that "two-quantum" terms are not
completely written in the Fröhlich equation. But if this omission is removed then the
mechanism of excitation of coherent vibrations worked out by Fröhlich will not work.
Objecting to M. A. Livshits, H. Fröhlich writes that the "unusual physical properties
of biological systems developed by long evolution cannot be predicted by simple model
calculations but call for direct harmonization with the experiment". Can one choose be-
tween these two mutually exclusive views?
At first sight the experimental detection of generation by the cells of coherent vibra-
tions [1] favours the correctness of Fröhlich's kinetic equation. But such a conclusion
would be illogical: generation may not be connected with that mechanism which reflects
this equation. But in such a case the subject of discussion would be peripheral to the real
problem. The only way to isolate the true mechanism among the hypothetically possible
is to establish its correspondence to the whole body of know facts (including the facts
outlined above). Therefore, the view of the author of the review will be formulated below
after ending the discussion of the published data.
Fröhlich's hypothesis was not the only approach to the problem; there are others
stemming from the idea of the existence in living organisms of coherent vibrations but
not solving the real problems listed above. Thus, for example, the author of reference [2]
in 1984 advanced a hypothesis based on the assumption of the existence of a still un-
identified molecule taking part in the intermedate stages of development of biochemical
reactions and present in the triplet state in which two unpaired electrons interact with
their magnetic fields. The molecule has three possible initial states to each of which cor-
responds its course of chemical reactions. It is assumed that the initial state may be in-
fluenced by e.h.f. pumping so regulating the course of the processes. Naturally, this
hypothesis, too, cannot give concrete answers to the real problems of using e.h.f. sig-
nals in medicine and biology if only because of the unidentified nature of the molecules
the existence of which is taken as its base.
Effect of external e.h. f. radiation on the process of excitation of acoustic electric vibra-
tions in cells, character of the influence of external radiations on the functioning of the cells.
In many experimental studies it is emphasized [1] that a single external e.h.f. exposure
does not act on the ongoing functioning of healthy cell :. In reference [5] it was shown that
this may be due to the absence of a link between the retarded e.h.f. waves in the mem-
brane and the unretarded or weakly retarded waves of external radiation. From electro-
dynamics it is known [20] that the link between delayed and undelayed waves may be
established by one or more coupling elements (antennae, slits, etc.) located at points the
vibrations in which occur approximately in the same phase, i.e. shifted relative to each
other by a whole number of delayed waves. And, in fact, reference [1] presents published
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data on the formation at the membrane surface in periods when normal cell functioning
is disturbed (and external radiation is capable of acting on its recovery) of temporary
structures which may also act as coupling elements.
But how do these temporary structure form? Since the membrane for the electrical
component of the waves excited in it is a retarding system the wave length in which A
is shorter than the length of the electromagnetic waves in the surrounding space, the am-
plitude of the field on moving from the surface of the membrane decreases approximately
by the exponential law exp (-2rx/A) where x is the distance from the surface [21].
The action of the polarization forces on the excited protein molecules (see below) in
such a rapidly changing field, especially at the surface of the lipid layer of the membrane
(where the aqueous medium does not penetrate), is always directed to the surface [22].
On exposure to these forces protein molecules and aggregates move to the membrane
surface and adhere to it [1] from which the elements of the temporary structure are
formed. In fact, the polarization forces acting on the molecules and aggregates are deter-
mined not only by the variable but also by the constant components of the field in the
membrane pulsating in response to the acoustic wave. These forces are proportional to
the square of the field strength. As shown by calculation, if one ignores second order
terms of smallness the variable component depending on the coordinate / of the forces F1
acting on the protein molecules at the membrane surface is proportional to E1 sin2 (2nl/
'2.4) where E, is the amplitude of the variable component of the wave field in the mem-
brane; / is the ongoing coordinate read off along the perimeter of the excited section of
the membrane. Consequently the F1 maxima are shifted relative to each other by the
length of the retarded wave A (but not 4/2 as in the standing wave), i.e. by the distance
which in line with the forgoing is necessary for the temporary structures formed to ensure
optimally the link between the waves in the membrane and surrounding space.
From the photographs given in reference [23] it will be seen that the temporary
structures described form not over the whole perimeter of the membrane but at points
of curvature or in narrow gaps between the membranes, i.e. in regions of concentration
of the fields where their amplitude is maximal. The factors disturbing cell functioning
in many cases lead to deformation of the membranes which apparently causes the forma-
tion of these temporary structures. Therefore. the effect of the external e.h.f. signals on
the cells with disturbed functioning grows. At the same time amplification of the field
in the membrane on exposure to e.h.f. fields leads to acceleration of the formation not
only of the linking elements of the cells with the external e.h.f. field but also to the for-
mation of stable information structures ensuring generation by the cells of e.h.f. signals
also after arrest of irradiation [1] (see also below).
It should be noted that strengthening of the link with the external field is also pro-
moted by such cell deformations still not leading to the formation of the temporary
structures described but such a link must be weaker. This probably determines the re-
sponse of the cells to repeated exposure to external e.h.f. irradiation where the response
to a single exposure cannot be detected [24].
To conclude the exposition of the question of the link between the cell membranes
and the external e.h.f. field we would mention that the literature quoted in reference [1]
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describes the possibility of enhancing this link by adding to the nutrient medium in which
the cells are present long-fibre molecules in a concentration corresponding to their posi-
tion close to the surface of the plasma membrane at distance / from each other [5].
The nature of the attendant strengthening of the link is understandable from the fore-
going remarks.
In reference [25] the authors discuss the nature and character of the influence of low
intensity external e.h.f. radiation on the cells which is linked with synchronization by co-
herent low intensity radiations of the vibratory processes in the cell. With synchroniza-
tion is linked the strengthening of these vibrations determined, in particular, by the co-
herent summing of the vibrations previously dephased or excited at different frequencies
of the intracellular sources and the formation of a highly effective controlling signal
capable of orienting in a definite way or reorienting the processes in the cells (see above).
Since ionic and molecular transport takes place across the membrane ensuring the
vital activity of the cell and the membrane takes an active part in its regulation [3] in
reference [25] it was assumed that external e.h.f. radiation must influence it.
It is important to emphasize that external e.h.f. radiation is not an energy source
for the established coherent vibrations in the cells but merely synchronizes them. The
question of the transformation of the random energy of metabolism to the energy of cohe-
rent vibrations demands special analysis. One of the later sections is concerned with
this question.
Excitation of the vibrations of protein molecules in the cell. The published data outlined
in reference [1] referring to experimental studies indicate that the living cell as an auto-
nomous system is controlled by e.h.f. signals generated by the cell itself. A major role
in this process is apparently played by the protein molecules. In the literature the prob-
lems of excitation of vibrations in protein molecules have been explored reasonably
fully both experimentally and theoretically.
The most detailed experimental investigations [26-30] were undertaken under the di-
rection of Didenko on a specially designed apparatus permitting use of spectra obtained
by the method of nuclear gamma resonance spectroscopy. The apparatus permitted
various measurements in conditions of e.h.f. irradiation both of crystalline and lyophyl-
lic haemoglobin samples including measurements in a strong magnetic field ensured by
the use of superconducting solenoids with change in the temperature of the samples from
room to helium. Haemoglobin was used as protein, although the results of measurement
probably apply more generally. As shown by the measurements, e.h.f. exerts a resonance
action on the haemoglobin molecules expressed in changes in the Mossbauer spectrum:
the width of the resonance bands at room temperature is only 3 MHz. Several series of
resonance bands were detected. From analysis of the changes in the Mossbauer spectra
Didenko concluded that on e.h.f. irradiation the haemoglobin molecules pass to new
conformational states distinguished by the distribution of charge of the electrons and by
the electric field gradient on the iron nucleus; at resonance frequencies the tertiary struc-
ture is rearranged in the globin part of the molecule and its dynamic properties change.
These problems have also formed the subject of numerous theoretical investigations
in the recent period. Among them we would note the work of Frauenfelder et al. [31-33]
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who developed the model of the dynamic behaviour of proteins according to which the
molecules perform fluctuations passing from one conformational state to another,
many of these states being energetically very close to each other. At reduced tempera-
tures (nitrogen level and even lower) the probability of such transitions associated with
overcoming the potential barriers falls in proportion to exp [- E,/kT] where E, is the
energy of the transition [34]. At room temperature most of the substates are in thermal
equilibrium. The conformational mobility is important for the fulfilment by the bio-
molecules of their biological function. Accordingly thermal equilibrium leads to a cer-
tain averaged distribution of these functions between the molecules.
The e.h.f. signal is capable of synchronizing the vibrations isolating certain conforma-
tional states in those molecules with resonance frequencies close to the frequency of the
synchronizing signal. The possibility of excitation of the vibrations in protein molecules
by the electromagnetic signal is determined by the fact that ions as part of the protein
molecules are distributed in them unevenly so that these molecules have considerable
dipole moments [35]. In line with the model of biomacromolecules developed in ref-
erence [36] at different frequencies the e.h.f. field interacts with their different portions.
Particularly effective interaction of the e.h.f. field with protein molecules must occur close
to the membranes where the e.h.f. waves are retarded and their lengths are equal to
acoustic (see preceding section) the length of which is commensurate with the size of the
protein molecule. As made clear above, on exposure to an e.h.f. signal the protein mole-
cules are drawn to the membrane surface, the character of the process of drawing to the
inner surface of the membrane being similar to that of molecules to its outer surface [23].
As a result information structures may form on the membrane surface (an example of
one of them was given in reference [1]).
Didenko relates the results obtained by her in study of the action of an e.h.f. signal
on the Mossbauer spectra of protein molecules to excitation in the latter at the resonance
frequencies of acoustic vibrations. The quality factor of the haemoglobin molecules as
acoustic resonators Q., according to the evaluation made by her (on the basis of the ana-
logy with polymers is quite large: ~ 104. The magnitude hfQ.>>> kT and, therefore, in such
molecules the effects of accumulation of the energy of many quanta may operate allow-
ing one to isolate the action of even very weak coherent signals against the background
of noise.
Mechanism of generation by the cells of coherent e.h. f. signals. The material of the
previous sections allows us to pass to an exposition of ideas on the mechanisms of auto-
generation of e.h.f. vibrations in the cell [5]. This is a very important question since as
already noted the action of the external signals on the cells is effective only to the extent
it imitates their autovibrations.
Probably it is rational to outline as follows the sequence of the process of excitation
of the autovibrations. In conditions when as a result of certain actions on the cell lead-
ing to anomalies in its functioning its symmetry is disturbed, conditions of preferential
excitation are created in the cell membranes at certain resonance frequencies (see above).
This leads to synchronization of the vibrations of those protein molecules adhering to
the membrane and the resonance frequencies of which coincide or are close to the fre-
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quencies mostly excited in the membranes. Synchronization and the associated coherent
summing of the vibrations ensure rise in the efficiency of transfer of their energy to the
membrane and radiation to the surrounding space. As a result the dependence of radia-
tion on frequency begins to differ from that observed in the case of equilibrium thermal
radiation at the temperature of the cell: at resonance frequencies it rises. Naturally, the
rise in the energy of radiation occurs through the energy of metabolism compensating
rise in the energy losses on radiation (but not through cooling of the cell).
Transformation of energy apparently occurs as follows. Disturbance of thermal equi-
librium through increase in radiation at certain resonance frequencies leads to redistri-
bution of energy between the protein molecules taking place during energy exchange be-
tween them and directed at restoring the equilibrium state. This process is linked with the
preferential transfer of energy to the molecules synchronized by the vibrations of the
membranes since the radiation at their resonance frequencies is more intense than that
at the frequencies of the vibrations of other molecules. Maintenance of the temperature
of the cell is ensured by fall in the removal of energy of metabolism into the external space.
In the initial period after disturbance of the symmetry of the cell giving rise to the gen-
eration of coherent vibrations, the number of protein molecules adhering to the mem-
brane is relatively low as compared with the periods when protein molecules are drawn
to the membranes from the cytoplasm (especially at those portions of the membrane
surface which undergo the sharpest distortions [37]). With increase in the number of
molecules adhering to the membrane and the formation of information structures the
resonance become sharper, the energy transmitted by the protein molecules to the mem-
brane and emitted into space (the energy of the coherent vibrations generated by the cells)
grows.
The process of rise in the power of the coherent vibrations generated is not limitless.
The limitations are connected with the non-linearity of the process. Wherein lies its
source? In reference [1] attention was drawn to the fact that enlistment of protein mole-
cules further from the surface to form information structures on the membranes re-
quires energy expenditure exponentially growing with distance. This inevitably leads to
restriction of the attainable power of the vibrations, i.e. to passage to steady generation.
The higher the level of disturbances and the greater the invaginations of the membrane
it produces [37] the higher the maximum level of the vibrations generated.
The reaction of the systems present in the state of stable equilibrium to the forces
perturbing them (but not leading to irreversible changes) always boils down to fall in the
effect of the action of the latter (le Chatelier principle; in relation to living organisms the
same meaning is attached to the concept of homeostasis). In this case this means that the
effect of the control e.h.f. signals generated by the cell always restores the stable state
of the cell whatever the cause of its disturbance or to the greatest possible fall in the
effects of the action of the forces is in disturbing the given state. * Detailed treatment of all
the associated processes is not possible since the processes perturbing the work of the cell
are highly diverse but, for example, elimination of the membrane deformations is easy
* The character of the processes is determined both by the spectrum of the signals generated and
the localization of the disturbances producing them.
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to explain as a consequence of the impacts on their protruding portions of the molecules
drawn to them by the e.h.f. field. The use of external e.h.f. signals of the same frequencies
which for the corresponding disturbances would be generated by the organism itself
may accelerate the process of generation of the information structure or make it more
effective.
The process described is a system process involving metabolism, protein molecules
and the membrane system alike and if one considers multicellular organisms (which we
have not touched upon in the present review in order not to complicate the exposition)
then one also considers the organism as a whole (naturally its different parts to differing
degrees). The mechanism described, of course, is still highly hypothetical.
REFERENCES
1. GOLANT, M. B., Biofizika 34: 339, 1989
2. KEILMAN, F., Physik in unserer Zeit, No. 2, 33, 1985
3. BYERGEL'SON, L. D., Membranes, Molecules, Cells (in Russian) 183 pp., Nauka, Moscow,
1982
4. HAKEN, H., Biol. Cybern. 56: 11, 1987
5. GOLANT, M. B. and REBROVA, T. B., Radioelektronika, No. 10, 10, 1986
6. FURIA, M. et al., IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engng., Vol. BME-33, p. 993, 1986
7. FULTON, A., Cytoskeleton. Architecture and Choreography of the Cell (in Russian) 117 pp.,
Mir, Moscow, 1987
8. DEVYATKOV, N. D. and GOLANT, M. B., Pis'ma v ZhTF 12: 288, 1986
9. TASTED, J. B., J. Bioelect. 4: 367, 1985
10. LAND, D. V., IEEE Proc. 134: 193, 1987
11. GOLANT, M. B. and SHASHLOV, V. A., Use of Millimetre Low Intensity Radiation in Biology
and Medicine (in Russian) pp. 127-131, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1986
12. IVKOV, B. G. and BYERESTOVSKII, G. N., The Lipid Bilayer of Biological Membranes
(in Russian) p. 224, Nauka, Moscow, 1982
13. FRÖHLICH, H., Adv. Electronics and Electron. Phys. 53: 85, 1980
14. Idem., Mol. Models of Photoresponsiveness. Proc. Nat. Adv. Study Inst., San Moniato, 29 Aug.
to 8 Sept., 1982, pp. 39-42, N. Y., 1983
15. LIVSHITS, M. A., Biofizika 17: 694, 1972
16. FRÖHLICH, H., Ibid. 22: 743, 1977
17. WU, T. M. and AUSTIN, S., Phys. Lett. 65A: 74, 1978
18. YUSHINA, M. Ya., Ibid. 91A: 372, 1982
19. FRÖHLICH, H., Ibid. 26A: 402, 1968
20. LEBEDEV, I. V., Technique and U.H.F. Instruments (in Russian) Vol. II, 375 pp., Vyssh.
shk., Moscow, 1972
21. SILIN, R. A. and SAZONOV, V. P., Retarding Systems (in Russian) 632 pp., Sov. Radio,
Moscow, 1966
22. POHL, H. A., Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems, pp. 199-210, Springer, Berlin-Heidel-
berg, 1983
23. SOTNIKOV, O. S., Dynamics of the Structure of the Live Neurone (in Russian) 160 pp., Nauka,
Leningrad, 1985
24. GOLANT, M. B. et al., Effect of Non-Thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological
Objects (in Russian) pp. 115-122, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983
25. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et al., Biofizika 28: 895, 1983
26. DIDENKO, N. P. et al., Effect of Non-Thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological
Objects (in Russian) pp. 63-77, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983
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L. I. KRISHTALIK
27. DIDENKO, N. P. et al., Pis'ma v ZhTF 11: 1515, 1985
28. DIDENKO, N. P. et al., Proc. of the Nuclear Physics Research Institute at the Tomsk Poly-
technical Institute (in Russian) No. 10, pp. 77-81, Energoizdat, Moscow, 1983
1
29. DIDENKO, N. P. et al., Summaries of Reports of Sixth All-Union Seminar "Use of Millimetre
Low Intensity Radiation in Biology and Medicine" (in Russian) p. 40, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR,
Moscow, 1986
30. AMELIN, G. P. et al., Tomsk, 1986-Dep. in VINITI, 17 January 1986 as No. 319V-86
31. FRAUENFELDER, H., Helvet. Phys. Acta 57: 165, 1984
32. FRAUENFELDER, H. and GRATTON, E., Protein Dynamics and Hydration, Univ. Illinois,
1985. Preprint III-(ex)-85-1, 26 pp.
33. ANSARI, A. et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. Wash. 82: 5000, 1985
34. ZHDANOV, V. P., Rate of Chemical Reactions (in Russian) 101 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1986
35. RAPPOPORT, S. M., Medizinische Biochemie. Veb. Verlag, "Volk und Gesundheit", Berlin.
1964
36. CHOU, K. C., Biophys. Chem. 20: 61, 1984
37. TUSHMALOVA, N. A. and NARAKUYEVA, I. V., Comparative Physiological Studies of Ultra-
structural Aspects of Memory (in Russian) 148 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1986
Biophysics Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 1098-1104, 1989
Printed in Poland
0006-3509/89 $10.00 + .00
1991 Pergamon Press pic
ACTIVATION ENERGY AND ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE
PATHWAYS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC EVOLUTION
OF OXYGEN*
L. I. KRISHTALIK
Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
(Received 23 July 1987)
From analysis of the main contributions to the activation energy of a series of stages of oxida-
tion of water to O2 the following conclusions are drawn: the barrier set up by the repulsion of
unbound O atoms on their convergence is partially overcome through the energy of binding
. of the water molecules by manganese ions. Concerted electron and proton transfer with the par-
ticipation of bases stronger than water greatly improves the energetics of the process; the most
probable pathway of the reaction is the rate-determining two-electron oxidation of water to
hydrogen peroxide (the possibility of this process taking place in two successive single-electron
stages is not clear) with two subsequent fast stages of oxidation of H2O2 to HO2 and
then to O2.
-
IN references [1, 2] we considered the equilibrium values of the changes in the configura-
tional free energy of the reaction of evolution of O2 as a whole and its individual stages.
We now look at the factors determining the height of the activational barrier. Let us
* Biofizika 34: No. 6, 1015-1020, 1989.
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M. B. GOLANT
terminant role of the protein carcass in the cooperative effects in the membrane. The phenomena
due to rearrangement of the membrane carcass and cytoskeleton are analysed in relation to pro-
tease-induced adhesion of fibroplasts, the mechanisms of functioning of highly permeable gap
contacts and the excitability of the neurone membranes. From the analysis made the concept of the
participation of the cytoskeleton both in local and remote regulation of the receptors, enzyme systems
and ionic channels is formulated.
The controlling role of the generalized structural transitions is traced not only in the membranes
of individual cells but also at the level of intercellular interactions. Thus, the membrane rearrange-
ments induced by the contacts between the surfaces of neighbouring cells, in the view of the author,
are an important factor in ihibiting animal cell division and regulating the size of microbial po-
pulations.
A special place in the book is occupied by an outline of new ideas on nonequilibrium, meta-
stable states of the membrane structures determined by the interaction of the membrane carcass
and the lipid bilayer, the transmembrane potential and the surface membrane charge. Thanks to
this metastability sustained through the energy of metabolism, non-decaying spread of the struc-
tural transitions over a considerable distance proves possible.
The book by S. V. Konev is literally saturated with similar original concepts, sometimes ap-
parently debatable but invariably stimultaing the creative thinking of researches working in one
of the most interesting fields of biophysics, exploring the mechanisms of the functioning of supra-
molecular structures of the cell.
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Biophysics Vol. 34 No. 2, pp. 370-382, 1989
Printed in Poland
0006-3509/89 $10.00+ .00
1990 Pergamon Press pie
PROBLEM OF THE RESONANCE ACTION OF
COHERENT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS
OF THE MILLIMETRE WAVE RANGE ON
LIVING ORGANISMS *
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M. B. GOLANT
(Received 10 June 1987)
A review is made of Soviet and foreign experimental studies furthering understanding of
the mechanism of the acute resonance action of extremely high frequencyt coherent electro-
magnetic radiations of low power on living organisms and the significance of these radia-
tions for the functioning of the latter.
THE effect of electromagnetic radiations (e.m.r.) on living organisms was noted long ago (see, for
example, [2]) and occasioned no surprise. Physiotherapy and radiobiology are concerned with
study of the character of the thermal and radiation effects of e.m.r. and study of the possibility of
their practical usage.
* Biofizika 34: No. 2, 339-348, 1989.
t The range of extremely high frequencies (e.h.t.) from 3 x 1010 to 3 x 1011 Hz corresponds to
the millimetre wave range from 1 to 10 mm {1].
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Action of electromagnetic radiations of millimetre wave range on living organisms
However, simultaneously there appeared data on the effective influence on the functioning of
living organisms of non-ionizing radiations of low power (so-called non-thermal level of power)
on exposure to which heating of the tissues does not exceed 0.1 K. It was difficult to understand the
nature of their actual presence from the same standpoint from which the action of more powerful
radiations was explained. Many considered that it is a matter of artefacts particularly since at first
the reproducibility of the results was extremely poor. The data referred to different biological objects
and the action was characterized by different biological parameters and the acting factors were also
not compared. However, communications on non-thermal actions of electromagnetic radiations
did not cease and it would be impermissible to ignore them if only from the point of view of the safety
techniques in work with radiations.
At the start of the 'sixties a number of teams under the joint scientific direction of Academician
N. D. Devyatkov embarked on a systematic study of the action of coherent radiations of non-thermal
level on living organims. The work was conducted in the e.h.f. range [3] since in the course of setting
up the first series of generators covering this range Academician Devyatkov and the author identified
the specific features of e.h.f. radiations both as compared with lower frequency and far higher fre-
quency ranges [4] suggesting the possibility of an enhanced reaction of living organisms to these
radiations. Later, the special possibilities of using the radiations of this range were validated in rela-
tion to the problems of medicine and biology [5].
For any sufficiently complex system, primarily for living organisms, study of the features of
their reaction to agents must begin by answering the question of the role of these agents in the
functioning of the system or organism. The answer to this question may give knowledge on the re-
gularities of the behaviour of the agent. Therefore, study of these patterns was the main aim of the
first systematic experimental investigations.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC PATTERNS OF THE ACTION OF
COHERENT E.H.F. RADIATIONS OF NON-THERMAL LEVEL OF POWER ON
LIVING ORGANISMS
The first series of experiments sought to clarify the question on the reality of the effective ac-
tions, or artefacts, of coherent e.h.f. radiations of non-thermal intensity (hereafter for brevity called
e.h.f. radiations) on living organisms and if such actions exist to identify their basic patterns. It
was undertaken on organisms of differing complexity of organization (from bacteria to mammals).
The results have been repeatedly and quite amply discussed in the literature. In particular, the re-
views of the first 70 publications are given in [6, 7]; in references [8, 9] the technique of the experiment
is described and the main patterns, later also treated in reference [10], presented. Subsequent experi-
ments confirming these patterns were also undertaken abroad (see, for example, [11, 12]). Therefore,
it is desirable without digressing on a repetition of these experiments (the main results will be pre-
sented in the course of the exposition) to begin straight away with formulations of the patterns iden-
tified on their basis.
1. The dependence of the biological effect on the frequency of coherent e.h.f. radiation acting
on the body is of an acute resonance character, i.e. the response to the agent occurs in narrow fre-
quency bands (usually ~10-3-10-+ of average frequency).
2. The effects observed in a certain fixed time of the action of e.h.f. radiation are not critical
to the density of the incident flow of energy. Starting from a certain minimum (threshold) density
amounting for different organisms to 0-01-100 mW/cm2 the subsequent rise in flow by 2-3 orders
of magnitude for a single action does not, as a rule, influence the biological effect.
3. The memorization of the action of the e.h.f. - persistence for a long time after arrest of the
exposure of the resulting changes in the functioning of the organism -ensues only when irradiation
is of sufficient length: from a few tens of minutes to a few hours.
4. The biological effects of the action of e.h.f. radiations closely depend on the initial state
of the body. Single e.h.f. irradiation does not significantly influence the current functioning of the
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healthy organism. If any of the functions of the organism is disturbed, exposure to coherent e.h.f.
radiations may in many cases restore it.
It is important to note that heat exposure cannot give effects satisfying these patterns. This,
of course, does not exclude the existence of purely thermal effects weakly depending on frequency
and corresponding to low levels of the acting power flux [13, 14].
To form ideas from the experiments on the nature of the action of e.h.f. radiations on living
organisms a major role is played by the common nature of the patterns presented for organisms
of different complexity of organization. This allows one to use the data of many investigations and
not to confine the field of the investigations to the characteristics of any one object.
Analysis of the patterns listed outlined in the greatest detail in [14, 15] suggested two main
conclusions.
a) The effect of coherent e.h.f. radiations on living organisms adds up to the control of the
restorative processes occuring in them and processes of adaptation to the changing conditions of
functioning; and
b) the effectiveness of the acute resonance action on the organism of radiations originating
from sources of coherent oscillations external in relation to it is connected with the fact that these
radiations may excite in the organism coherent e.h.f. oscillations simultaing signals generated in
certain conditions by the organisms themselves. A similar conclusion is also contained in refer-
ence [16].
However, the passage from the patterns outlined to these conclusions at first ran through
complex logical reasoning. The question of more direct experimental evidence retained its acuity,
namely the present review is devoted to a description of it. The material will be outlined in the order
and way in which it may serve for answering the specifically posed questions corresponding to the
problem under study. The choice of the experiments described in each case is determined by the
completeness of the answer to the question posed ensured by them.
In order to fit into the volume of the paper the information necessary for illuminating the most
important aspects of the problem the material will be given without going into details which are
contained in the quoted sources. In particular, the communications [11, 17, 18] are specially de-
voted to the question of possible experimental errors. Here, we would merely note that in the ex-
periments described below in nearly all cases the range of changes occurring on exposure to e.h.f.
radiations was far smaller than the mean value of these changes.
LINK BETWEEN THE ACUTE RESONANCE CHARACTER
OF THE RESPONSES OF ORGANISMS TO THE ACTION OF E.H.F. RADIATIONS
AND THE INFORMATION FUNCTION* OF THE LATTER
For the comprehensive control of the functioning of an organism many control signals dif-
fering from each other are necessary. The acuity of the resonance responses of the body to irradiation
(narrowness of the frequency band, see, for example, Fig. 1) characterizing the first of the above
formulated patterns contributes to the formation on the basis of them of a large number of different
spectra. But to answer the question of how far the acute resonance nature of the responses of the
organisms to the action of e.b.f. radiations may indicate the information function of the latter, it
was first necessary to satisfy ourselves that a large number of such resonance response actually exists.
The action spectra [12, 19] given in Fig. 2-dependence of a certain biological parameter on fre-
quency -confirmed that the position is actually so. + Similar dependences had already been registered
in reference [20], only the number of identified resonances was smaller. With such a density of
accommodation of the resonance bands in the frequency range their combinations in the spectra may
ensure a huge variety of signals. But this will correspond to the diversity of control only with the
. Below by information function we mean the role of e.h.f. radiations as control signals.
t We would note that in reference [19] for some resonance curves from among those shown
in Fig. 2b, we present a large number of experimental points.
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log K
5
3
70
71
f, GHz
FIG. 1. Induction coefficient of lambda prophage as a function of the frequency of the acting ra-
diation [11].
condition that to each of these bands correspond states of the organism somehow differing from each
other. The action spectra presented do not answer the question of whether or not the last condition
is fulfilled. They reflect the dependence on frequency of only one single biological parameter and the
U
a
115
1-0
0.9+
41,700
41,800
f,MHz
6
N/No
a
0
a
b
A
bak
100
e.h.f.+R
80:
60
T
40
7-10
7.14
7.18
7.22
A,mm
FIG. 2. Dependences of the normalized growth rate of a yeast culture on the frequency of the acting
radiation [12] (a) and change in the number of karyocytes (N/No) after exposure to e.h.f. combined
with X-radiation with the wavelength of e.h.f. radiations in free space [19] (b).
character of the change in the other parameters is not defined. Moreover, biological methods cannot
provide an answer to this question since complete examination of the biological object is extremely
laborious, if feasible at all [21].
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A certain but insufficiently complete answer to this question is given by experiments on the
detection of the frequencies of exposure optimal in terms of the maximum intensification of different
processes in the organism [22]. The results of one such investigation are given in Fig. 3. Since the
frequencies optimal in terms of reaching the maximum changes of arbitrarily chosen parameters
are usually scattered far apart the corresponding experiments cannot give an answer to the question
of the differences in the effects on the organism in near resonance bands.
ONE OF THE POSSIBLE WAYS OF IDENTIFYING THE LINK BETWEEN
THE GENERAL STATE OF THE BODY AND THE FREQUENCY
OF THE E.H.F. RADIATION ACTING ON IT
Since the detection of all the changes occurring in the body separately is impossible a different
approach to answering the question was substantiated and experimentally worked out [23]. Some
integral characteristics exist influenced by all or nearly all the changes occurring in the cells. Such
an integral characteristic is, in particular, the duration of the cycle of development of the cell between
successive divisions (hereafter, for brevity duration of the cycle). In so-called synchronous cell cul-
tures it is possible to select cells with almost identical parameters and ensure the simultaneity of the
first acts of their division. But even with the strictest selection the synchrony of cell division already
after a few cycles is disturbed with transition to exponential growth of the cell count (Fig. 4a).
ning
-
T
a
b
321-
a,%
1
16 -
100
.-
8
12
4
50
1
-
6.16
6.18
6.20
6.22
A,MM
0
2
4
6
0
2
4
6 T
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
FIG. 3. Enzymatic activity of Asp. awamory 466 (in relation to control) as a function of the wave-
length of the acting radiation in free space for two different substrates [22]: 1-alpha amylase;
2- glucoamylase.
FIG. 4. Curves of the synchronous division of yeast cells: a- not exposed to e.h.f. radiation; b-ex-
posed [23]; n/no is the ratio of the cell counts in the suspension to the initial value; r is time in cycles
of development between successive divisions, duration of cycle 1 hr.
It has been assumed that a difference in the duration of the cycle is connected with the difference
in the frequencies of the e.h.f. oscillations generated by the cells. In fact, after synchronization of
these oscillations in the course of relatively brief (in different conditions from several tens of minutes
to two hours) exposure to a coherent signal of non-thermal intensity from an external source of e.h.f.
radiations the difference in the duration of the cycle for different cells was virtually removed and
reflected in the constancy of the duration of the steps (Fig. 4b). A similar effect can also be obtained
through mutual synchronization of the oscillations in the cells without resorting to an external emitter.
For this it suffices to amplify the emission of the cells. As shown in [24, 25] amplification of emission
can be achieved, in particular, by introducing into the cell suspension long-fibrous molecules acting
as antenna (this will be examined below in more detail).
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At the same time, different cells, for example single-type cells of different animals apparently
generate, in principle, different frequencies not amenable to mutual synchronization. In [25] de-
scribing the interaction of erythrocytes it was established that only those of the same animals ef-
fectively interact (attract each other); they find each other even in a suspension of cells of different
animals.
In the course of the above-described experiments on synchronization of the cell-generated oscilla-
tions by an external e.h.f. signal the duration of the cycle was found to depend on frequency: it was
t, min
80
60
40
50 f,GHZ
FIG. 5. Duration of cycle of development of yeast cells between successive divisions as a function
of the frequency of the e.h.f. radiation acting on them.
proportional to the frequency of the signal synchronizing the oscillations in the cells (Fig. 5). Com-
parison of this result with the action spectra (Fig. 2) indicates that together with resonance depend-
ences of one specific parameter on frequency there is gradual change with frequency in a set of other
parameters influencing the duration of the cycle. This is reflected in change in the integral charac-
teristics. Consequently, to each of the resonance bands correspond changes in the body differing
in some way from each other.
At the same time the smoothness of change with the frequency of the integral characteristic
indicates that even the individual parameters of the cell with change in the frequency of the oscilla-
tions generated by it change gradually so that it may be expected that at close resonance frequencies
the organism as a whole changes relatively little.
WHAT STRUCTURES DETERMINE THE RESONANCE NATURE
OF THE RESPONSE OF THE ORGANISM TO E.H.F. EXPOSURE?
The large number and regularity of lines in the action spectra shown in Fig. 2 indicate that
e.h.f. radiation leads to excitation of multimodal resonance systems. Shift in 42 between the neigh-
bouring resonances in wavelength in the free space and the value ) of the mean wavelength in the
region in which the spectrum is recorded (see Fig. 2) make it possible to determine the number of
wavelengths in the excited resonance system N= 2/|411. (With this condition 41 corresponds to change
per anit number of wavelength accommodated in a closed resonance system, i.e. transition to resonance
of the type of oscillations closest to the initial.) Thus, for example, in the experiments run with cells
and described in [20] N= 200. In the experiments described in reference [12] N= 1500 (see Fig. 2).
The wavelength in the system in order of magnitude must be equal to the ratio of the perimeter
of the cell (microns to tens of microns) to the magnitude N indicated, i.e. the wavelength in the
excited system is ~106 times shorter than that in the free space [24] and this, in turn, indicates that
the waves in a multimodal resonance system spread at the velocity of sound (in order of magnitude).
Thus, the experimentally established nature of the action spectra indicates that on exposure
of the cells to electromagnetic radiations acoustic-electric oscillations are excited in them [24].
Judging from the character of the action spectra in mammals (Fig. 2b) they are also due to resonances
in the cells. For the oscillations to be excited by electromagnetic waves the losses on the propagation
of acoustic-electric oscillations in the resonance system must be relatively low. This requirement is
met by the losses on propagation of the e.h.f. in a lipid medium (10-fold decay at distances of the
order of centimetres [26]. Such distances are very large as compared with any intracellular dimen-
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sions. This led to the conclusion that the role of the multimodal resonance systems may be played by
lipid membranes [27, 28]. But the membranes are surrounded by cytoplasm - a medium representing
aqueous sait solutions (hereafter for brevity called an aqueous medium) characterized by heavy
ohmic losses. Does not this make resonance excitation of the membranes impossible? The investiga-
tions described in reference [29] showed that the hydrophobic part of the membranes with low losses
is separated from the hydrophilic (directly contiguous to the aqueous medium) by layers of thickness
~10 Å. At the same time the above-indicated value of the delay of wave propagation (~106) cor-
responds to fall by an order in the density of the power flux of e.h.f. also over a distance ~10 Å [30].
Therefore, an e.h.f. field of sharply reduced amplitude reaches the aqueous medium and the ohmic
losses in it do not impede resonance excitation of the oscillations in the membranes.
a
b
dB
a
4
.00
3
0
. G.
2
b
3
2
36
37 f, GHz
FIG. 6
FIG. 7
FIG. 6. Absorption spectra of: a-erythrocytes; b-erythrocyte ghosts [31].
FIG. 7. Formation during memorization of protein structures on the surface of the nuclear mem-
branes of ganglionic elements of hydra [33]: a -normal state; b- adaption.
·
.
In principle, a priori, the resonances observed in study of the action spectra cannot be equated
with those on excitation by e.h.f. fields of passive electrodynamic structures. The difference is that
in experimental study of the action spectra the biological effect is the discrete output parameter.
The biological effect is linked by a complex non-linear dependence to the fields acting on the mem-
brane and in a complex metabolic system the initial action of the field may be enhanced which, in
turn, may lead to fixation of even weak differences in the acting field .*
The experiments described in [31] with recording of the absorption spectra of the erythrocytes
and their ghosts (i.e. erythrocyte membranes freed of cytoplasm) showed that the spectra in both
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considerably leading.to difficulties in the experimental detection of resonance frequencies.
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cases are very close (Fig. 6). This is direct confirmation of the fact that the e.h.f. may excite oscilla-
tions precisely in the membranes and allows one to tie the observed biological effects of the action
of e.h.f. on the cells to che resonance frequencies of the excited oscillations.
WHAT ENABLES LIVING ORGANISMS TO MEMORIZE E.H.F. EXPOSURES AND
ACCORDINGLY CHANGE THE CHARACTER OF THEIR FUNCTIONING!
In line with the third of the above listed patterns living organisms memorize the external in-
fluence exerted on them and after its arrest continue to generate for a long time the frequencies estab-
lished under its influence determining the changes in the character of functioning. In technical
multimodal auto-oscillatory systems to fix excitation for certain types of oscillations special struc-
tures are used determining the most favourable conditions of excitation for these types of oscillations.
In the case of living organisms the structures fixing the type of oscillations could be created only by
the organism itself in the period of the action on it of the e.h.f. radiations. The duration of the process
of memorization already led to the conclusion that such structures are formed in the organism on
exposure to an e.h.f. (see above); it might be determined by the time of construction of the structure.
Deeper study of the question may be furthered by the results of experiments described in [32].
In the course of these experiments conducted on mice it was shown that the biological effect of e.h.f ..
exposure for 1 hr does not change if continuous is replaced by pulsed irradiation with a power of
the pulse radiation equal to the power of the continuous. The power of the continuous exposure
was close to the threshold value (see pattern 2) and the porosity on pulse exposure was equal to six.
Thus, the mean power on pulse exposure was several times lower than the threshold value for conti-
nuous exposure. The duration of the intervals was 2 x 10-3 sec. The following conclusions could
be drawn from the results.
Firstly, the character of the biological effect in the pulsed and continuous regimes of exposure
to e.h.f. radiations is the same if the frequencies of the acting oscillations match. Secondly, in the
pauses between pulses when the external irradiation of the animal is absent, in the organism itself
the e.h.f. oscillations stay at a level close to that established in the period of the pulse and, thirdly,
with shortening of the total duration of exposure the biological effects determined by memorization
of the action are not observed. Consequently, one or a small number of pulses is insufficient to give
structures fixing the new (resulting from irradiation) state of the body.
Nor did these experiments allow us to judge the character of the structures formed. Morpho-
logical investigations were necessary to determine it. Such morphological investigations have been
widely conducted in connexion with study of the ultrastructure of aspects of memory [33]. It was
established that the memorization process in the cells leads, in particular, to the formation on their
membranes of structures adhering to the latter (we shall call them informational) which in the process
of forgetting again pass to the cytoplasm (Fig. 7).
INFLUENCE OF THE POWER OF EXTERNAL E.H.F. SIGNALS ACTING ON ORGANISMS
ON THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF THE ACTION AND ON THE DYNAMICS
OF FORMATION OF STRUCTURES DETERMINING THE MEMORIZATION OF THE
RESULTS OF EXPOSURE TO AN E.H.F.
Unlike energy factors acting on living organisms (factors for which the biological effect is deter-
mined by the energy coming from without) the biological effect of the informational e.h.f. influences
is primarily determined by the information content of the signal (its frequency spectrum if it cor-
responds to the natural frequencies of the biological system) and in a wide interval of changes of
power does not depend on the size of the latter (see pattern 2 and Fig. 8 reflecting it). This indicates
that the volume of the near-membrane aggregates in the informational structures described in the
previous section starting from a certain value weakly influences the character of the e.h.f. field formed
by the membrane. In terms of e.h.f. electrical engineering this is natural: the frequency of the signals
generated by the cell and fixed by the informational structure primarily depends on the character
of the given structure. In other words, the frequency to a far higher degree depends on the location
of the elements forming the structure than on their size.
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-
Kul
4.0-
to, min
120
9
-
3.0
2.0
601
0
1.0
0
1-10-1 10-2*1 3־1:10
1.0
2-10-3
2-10-2
2=10"1
P,mW/cm2
P, mW/cm2
FIG. 8
FIG. 9
FIG. 8. Coefficient of induction of synthesis of colitsin as a function of the flow density of e.h.f.
radiation [7].
FIG. 9. Duration of exposure (fo-time of irradiation) as a function of the flow density of e.h.f.
radiation for an unchanged biological effect: / - minimum time taken to synchronize oscillations
of all cells; 2-time required to synchronize oscillations of 15 per cent of the cells; 3-maximum
exposure time for which synchronization of the oscillations of the cells still does not appear.
However, the dynamics of the process of formation of informational structures cannot be
influenced by the power of the signal causing them to form. To identify the nature of this influence
a series of experiments was run. They determined, in particular, the dependence of the degree of
synchronization of the oscillations in yeast cells on the duration and power of the signal acting on
the cell suspension. The results of such an experiment are given in Fig. 9. The character of the
dependence of the degree of synchronization on time is quite trivial. The greater the initial shift
of frequencies of the oscillations generated by the cells from the frequency of the synchronizing
signal the longer must be the process of synchronization determined by the rearrangement of the
structure adhering to the membranes. Comparison of the dependences of the degree of formation
of the informational structures on the exposure time and the power of the acting signal allows one
to judge a great deal.
As may be seen from Fig. 9, the power of the e.h.f. signal is connected with the time of exposure
required to achieve a certain biological effect, a dependence close to exponential. With what is this
connected? The biological effect is determined by the formation of informational structures. It may
be assumed that acceleration of this process is connected with enlistment for their formation of protein
molecules from layers of the cytoplasm more distant from the membrane but the e.h.f. field on
moving away from the membrane drops exponentially (see above). Therefore, for the e.h.f. field
forming the structures to reach the required value at a larger distance from the membrane the ex-
ponential drop of the field must be compensated by an exponential rise in the external e.h.f. signal.
It should be noted that thanks to fall in the amplitude of the e.h.f. field in a direction perpendic-
ular to the membrane surface the molecules shift under the influence of the field not so much along
this surface as are attracted to it [34]. Therefore, the process of the action of the e.h.f. field described
on the molecules in the volume of the cytoplasm explains not only the process of the formation of
informational structures on the membranes (see, for example, Fig. 7) but also the process of drawing
the protein molecules described in reference [35] to the surface of the membrane (Fig. 10) in condi-
tions unfavourable for the functioning of the cell, i.e. in periods when in it restorative and adaptative
processes develop. Apparently this process of drawing the protein molecules to the membrane sur-
face organized by the e.h.f. field indicates that the role of the e.b.f. signals is not confined to deter-
mination of the "direction" of the restorative activity of the cell. They take part in the process of
mobilization of its resources which is greater and more rapid the more intense the controlling
signal.
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tion of the phenomenon, the authors of reference [23] ran the following experiment similar to those
described above with synchronization of the cell-generated oscillations by the external monochromatic
e.h.f. signal. The only difference was that irradiation was with a signal modulated in frequency. The
results are given in Fig. 12 showing that the greater the amplitude of frequency modulation (inevi-
tability causing some initial desynchronization of the oscillations in the cells) the greater must be
the power of the signal to achieve in a fixed time period a certain degree of synchronicity of cell
division. Rise in the power required for synchronization with increase in the amplitude of frequency
modulation is of an exponential character.
T
1
In line with the analysis made in the preceding section the character of the dependence observed
indices that in conditions of low coherence of the oscillations in the cells control of their functioning
calls for high mobilization of the cell resources. This, in turn, may explain why the not-young or-
ganism with its weakened links (including electromagnetic) apparently already unable to ensure high
coherence of the generated signals is more subject to disturbances and diseases. Consequently, it
may explain why in the case of upsets of the functioning of the organism associated with disturbance
of the intercellular or intracellular links (which would not cause this upset) exposure to external
coherent e.h.f. signals at certain, i.e. determined by the character of the disturbance, frequencies
has a beneficial effect on the restoration of normal functioning.
We would note that the last experiment is very illustrative in terms of showing the non-thermal
nature of the action of the e.h.f. effect: frequency modulation in a narrow range has practically
no affect on the energy absorbed by the cells. At the same time as may be seen from Fig. 12, main-
tenance of the biological effect requires an exponential increase in the energy expenditure.
INTERCELLULAR E.H.F. LINK AND E.H.F. UNK IN THE VOLUME OF THE INTEGRAL
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
The preceding sections were mainly concerned with experiments involving intracellular processes.
However, the experimentally established patterns presented equally apply to multicellular organisms
and in the last case the local e.h.f. exposures may influence change in the functioning of the regions
of the body quite remote from the irradiating surface.
This calls for experiments answering the following questions: 1) how can the e.h.f. signals gene-
rated by the cells be emitted beyond the cell (we would recall that as shown above the e.h.f. field
in the normal state of the cell is pressed to the membrane surface over a distance ~1 nm); and 2) over
which channels can the e.h.f. signais in the organisms spread over large distances?
The first of these questions may be answered by the investigations [24] showing that emissions
of the e.h.f. signals from the cell may be enhanced if on the membrane surface projections form with
's height of several tens of Angstroms especially if severai such projections acting as antennae shift
relative to each other by distances close to the wavelength in the membrane (~100 Å) for the middle
part of the e.h.f. range. In fact, the photographs of the membranes recorded with an electron micro-
scope corresponding to the periods when the normal functioning of the cells was disturbed in one
way or another revealed such projections - septa (near-membrane aggregates) with the dimensions
indicated above [35] (Fig. 13). Such antennae may be used to transform part of the energy of the
retarded to the energy of the non-retarded wave.
If the antennae are situated at points of the resonance system at which the oscillations have
an identical phase, i.e. at points separated by distances equal to a whole number of wavelengths,
and the length of the antennae is sufficient to take the oscillations from these points to the region
where the amplitude of the retarded wave is heavily reduced then in this region the set of antennae
will excite the non-retarded wave since at each given moment the field at the ends of these antennae
is identical. Naturally, the non-retarded wave may be excited (though less effectively) by a single
antenna.
The main means of propagation in the body over distances of information associated with the
excited e.h.f. oscillations appears to be the nervous system. The experiments of Sevast'yanova showed
that anaesthesia like the sectioning of nerve fibres lessens the influence of e.h.f. impacts on the func-
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tioning of the body. It was assumed that the e.h.f. signals spread via the myelin-lipid sheaths of the
nerve fibres the e.h.f. losses in which are minimal (see above). This conclusion was first formulated
in reference [25]. Such an assumption is also supported by the changes described in reference [35]
in the character of these sheaths in the regions of the nodes of Ranvier helping to establish a link
between the neighbouring portions of the myelin sheaths in periods unfavourable for the normal
functioning of the body. The probability of an e.b.f. link through the nervous system is also indicated
Af, MHz
600
400 1
!
200
0
1
1-10-2
1-10"1
1.0
P,mW/cm2
FIG. 12
FIG. 13
=
FIG. 12. Dependence of the maximum amplitude of frequency modulation 4f for which the frequen-
cies of the oscillations in the cells can still be synchronized by external radiation for a power flux
density P.
FIG. 13. Formation of reactive structures of the membrane associated with its activation: endocytotic
vesicle covered with protein aggregates [35].
by the enhancement described by the authors of [37] of the effect of e.h.f. signals on the body if the
points of acupunture are directly exposed to e.h.f. radiation.
Also possible is humoral transmission of the e.h.f. signals with the moving cells (primarily the
blood cells) by generating oscillations of corresponding frequency. But the author does not have
to hand the results of direct experiments confirming this assumption.
REFERENCES
1. Radiocommunications -Terms and Definitions (in Russian) GOST 24375-80 U.S.S.R. State
Standards Commission, 1980
2. PRESMAN, A. S., Electromagnetic Fields and Animate Nature (in Russian) Nauka, Moscow,
1968
3. DEVYATKOV, N. D., Effects of Non-Thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological
Objects (in Russian) pp. 3-6, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983
4. DEVYATKOV, N. D. and GOLANT, M. B., RE, No. 11, 1973, 1967
5. Idem., Pis'ma v ZhTF 12: 288, 1986
6. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et al., Radiobiologiya 21: 163, 1981
7. SMOLYANSKAYA, A. Z. et al., Usp. sovr. biol. 87: 381, 1979
8. BAZANOVA, E. B. et al., Usp. fiz. nauk 110: 455, 1973
9. DEVYATKOV, N. D., Ibid. 110: 453, 1973
10. GOLANT, M. B., Biofizika 31: 139, 1986
11. WEBB, S. J., Phys. Lett. A73: 145, 1979
12. GRUNDLER, W. and KEILMANN, F., Phys. Rev. Lett. 51: 1214, 1983
13. DARDELHON, M. et al., J. Microwave Power, No. 14 (4), 307, 1979
-
-
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000100070001-9
-

Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000100070001-9
-
-
=
-
1
22. GOLANT, M. B. et al., Effects of Non-thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation on Biological
Objects (in Russian) pp. 115-122, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983
23. BOZHANOVA, T. P. et al., Elektron. prom-st', No. 1 (159), 35, 1987
24. GOLANT, M. B. and REBROVA, T. B., Radioelektronika 29:00, 1986
25. ROWLANDS, S., Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems, pp. 145-161, Springer Verlag,
Berlin-Heidelberg, 1983
26. GUERQUIN-KERN, J. L., Thèse presentée à L'Unversite Louis Pasteur de Strasburg pour
obtenir le titre de Docteur de Specialité en Electronique et Instrumentation, 1980
27. FRÖLICH, H., Adv. Electronics Electron. Phys. 53: 85-152, 1980
28. GOLANT, M. B. and SHASHLOV, V. A., Use of Low Intensity Millimetre Radiation in Biology
and Medicine (in Russian). pp. 127-132, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1985
29. IVKOV, B. G. and BYERESTOVSKII, G. M., Lipid Bilayer of Biological Membranes (in Russian)
224 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1982
30. LEBEDEV, I. V., U.h.f. Techniques and Instruments (in Russian) 375 pp., Vyssh. shk.,
Moscow, 1972
31. BLINOWSKA; K. J. et al., Phys. Lett. A109: 124, 1985
32. BALIBALOVA, Ye. N. et al., Elektron. tekhnika. Elektronika SVCh, No. 8 (344), 6, 1982
33. TUSHMALOVA, N. A. and MARAKUYEVA, I. V., Comparative Physiological Investigation
of Ultrastructural Aspects of Memory (in Russian) 148 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1986
34. POHL, H. A., Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems, pp. 199-210, Springer Verlag, Berlin-
Heidelberg, 1983
35. SOTNIKOV, O. S., Dynamics of the Structure of the Living Neurone (in Russian) 160 pp ..
Nauka, Leningrad, 1985
36. GOLANT, M. B. et al., Elektron. tekhnika. Elektronika SVCh, No. 8, 52, 1987
37. ANDREYEV, Ye. A. et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk UkrSSR, Ser. E, No. 10, 60, 1984
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000100070001-9
1
-
1
-
-
1
-
382
M. B. GOLANT
14. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et al., Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, Problems of their
Use and Standardization (in Russian) pp. 75-94, Pushchino, 1986
15. DEVYATKOV, N. D. and GOLANT, M. G., Pis'ma v ZhTF 8: 38, 1982
16. FRÖHLICH, H., Molecular Models, Photoresponsiveness, pp. 39-42, NATO Adv. Study Inst.,
San Moniato, 29 Aug .- 8 Sept. 1982-1983
17. KEILMANN, F., Collective Phenomena, Vol. 3, p. 169, 1981
18. BRYUKHOVA, A. K. et al., Elektron. tekhnika. Elektronika SVCh, No. 8 (380), 52, 1985
19. SEVAST'YANOVA, L. A. et al., Effects of Non-Thermal Exposure to Millimetre Radiation
on Biological Objects (in Russian) pp. 34-47, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983
20. VILENSKAYA, R. L. et al., Nauch. dokl. vyssh. shkoly. Biol. nauki, No. 7, 59, 1979
21. ALEKSANDROV, V. Ya., Cell Reactivity and Proteins (in Russian) 317 pp., Nauka, Leningrad,
1985
1

1 adio-
matter
al
-at_3
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tronika
, a
), Khim.
3 Of
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ec "vely;
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16
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00.792200040007000ition of the Fermi quasilevel [ (a) and
of the injection current density j (b) on the temperature of the electron
gas for various gap widths (€gi >€ gz).
T
we would have jth ~ 10-100 A/cm2 - at least an order of
magnitude lower than the experimental threshold current
density.1 In these lasers, therefore, Auger recombination
leads only to a heating of the electrons.
The current in the active region of injection lasers
results primarily from carrier diffusion, 1 so that we may
ignore the Joule heating in Eq. (3) in this case. Further-
more, the term rA in Eq. (1), which corresponds to Auger
recombination, is assumed to be small in comparison with
the rate of radiative recombination, r1. The dependence
of the threshold current on the lattice temperature can
now be determined from the onset of degeneracy of the
electron gas, which can be found by solving system (1)-(3),
with To fixed, and with T treated as a parameter. The
expression for the rate of Auger recombination in this
case is
TA = B (T) e
-Fi/2T ~ [n2-n{(T)],
(5)
where Ei = Eg ( m, and ml are the transverse and
longitudinal electron masses), ni(T) is the equilibrium
intrinsic electron density, and $(T) is a smooth function
of the temperature T and is given in Ref. 4. We evidently
have ry(T) & y(T)n2, where y(T) is also a smooth function
of T (Ref. 1). Figure 1 shows some typical curves of the
position of the Fermi quasilevel t and of j as functions
of the temperature T for various values of &g, plotted
under the assumption To « E ;.
The maxima in these curves result from the activa-
tional nature of the Auger recombination. If the electron
gas does not become degenerate when { (T) reaches a
maximum (as on curve 2), the degeneracy sets in at a
temperature T *~ E; which is essentially independent of
the lattice temperature To. This case corresponds to an
S-shaped dependence of T on the pump current j. Using
the expression from Ref. 4 for B(T), and using the esti-
mate vg~ 10+'s-1, one can show that for To > 10 K curve 2
corresponds to semiconductors with gap widths &g <0.1 eV.
In summary, for injection lasers made from semi-
conductors of this type the threshold pump current be-
comes a function of the lattice temperature only at T, >
Ej~ 0.1 Cg. This conclusion is in good agreement with
the experimental data.
1T. X. Hoal, K. H. Herrmann, and D. Genzow, Phys. Status Solidi A 64,
239 (1981).
2G. Nimtz, Phys. Rept. 63, 265 (1980).
3R. W. Keyes, Proc. IEEE 63, 740 (1975).
4P. R. Emtage, J. Appl. Phys. 47, 2565 (1976).
Translated by Dave Parsons
Informational nature of the nonthermal and some of the energy
effects of electromagnetic waves on a living organism
N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant
(Submitted July 10, 1981; resubmitted November 26, 1981)
Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 8, 39-41 (January 12, 1982)
PACS numbers: 87.50.Eg, 87.10. + e
It was noted a long time ago that living organisms
may be affected significantly by electromagnetic waves
in the radiofrequency range at a very low intensity, below
that which would cause any significant heating of tissues.1
These effects have been labeled "nonthermal" or "specific"
effects. There are, however, no clear criteria for judging
an effect to be "specific" (the fact that the temperature
change is small cannot serve as such a criterion, if only
because the wave energy and, hence the temperature can
be increased significantly without affecting the results in
several cases3. In the absence of clear criteria, there
have been difficulties in deciding whether an effect is a
Specific effect or a thermal effect (or an "energy" effect 1))
in some particular case or other, and there has been some
doubt that specific effects should be singled out as a special
group. The phrase "specific effect" has frequency been
replaced by "information effect" in more recent years,
but this change does not eliminate the difficulties, since
no clearer criteria for this concept have emerged.
A study of the influence of millimeter-range electro-
magnetic waves of a nonthermal intensity on living organ-
isms of various complexity levels was published in 1973
(Ref. 2). The organisms studied ranged from microorgan-
isms to mammals. Some general conclusions about these
effects were formulated.
Approved For Release 2009(08/10 : CIA-RDB96-00792R00070007000*2American Institute of Physics
"or Phys Lett. 8(1). Januarv 1982
17
1
2
of
0
PRO
2

1) The effect depends, on the wave frequency in a
resonant manner: The restfits change sabst.
a small deviation from the frequencies at which the waves
are most effective,
2) The effect is essentially independent of the intensity
of the electromagnetic waves above a certain minimum
(threshold) level and below the level at which a significant
heating of tissues is observed.
The reasons for the resonant nature of the effect have
been discussed by several investigators (see Refs. 2-4,
for example), while the second of these facts has not yet
been convincingly explained. This second fact is apparent-
ly the key to an understanding of the essence of informa-
tion effects.
We begin our discussion by considering one aspect
of the operation of cybernetic devices used in technology.
These devices work only in those cases in which the re-
sults of their operation are not, over a broad range, af-
fected by changes in the signals generated in the informa-
tion-processing systems. The minimum signal levels
required for operation of a device are usually determined
by the requirements for shielding the device from noise
and stray pickup. The maximum permissible signal levels
are determined by the possibility of damage or of changes
in the operating conditions of the device. Let us examine
the situation in somewhat more detail.
The input of the cybernetic device receives a set of
signals which represent the arriving information as a set of
quantities and operations on these quantities. Emerging
from the output of the device is a set of signals which
represent information obstained as a result of the pro-
cessing of the data which arrived at the input. The in-
formation which arrives at the input must be unambiguously
related to the information taken from the output.
As the device processes information received at its
input, however, auxiliary signals are generated in it. The
level of these signals cannot be independent of the working
state of the elements making up the device, and this work-
ing state unavoidably changes over time. Consequently,
cybernetic devices which engure an unambiguous corre-
spondence between the information received at the input
and the information taken from the output can operate
reliably only if this relationship does not depend, within
the specified limitations, on the level of the auxiliary
signals generated in the information-processing system.
It is natural to suggest that in a living organism the
level of the signals generated by the information-process-
ing systems does not, over a broad range, influence the
relationship between the received information and its ef-
fect on the corresponding organ. In terms of the informa-
tion effect on the organism, electromagnetic waves which
are incident from outside the organism may be similar
to signals generated by the information-processing systems
of the organism itself. The discussion of threshold and
maximum signals is similar to that above. . There is another Translated by Dave Parsons
piece of evidence indicating that "specific" effects are o
"specific" stimulus, the region irradiated by the electro-
magnetic waves does not necessarily have to coincide wit
the affected region. The necessary "command" can be
transferred through one of the information-transfer chan
nels in the organism.
An important point is that the energy effects of the
electromagnetic waves may simultaneously be informatio
effects on the organism. The interrelationship between
the information effects and energy effects of a signal can
be explained with the help of an example. The meaning of
some text (information) does not depend on the intensity
at which it is illuminated. On the other hand, the illumi-
nation intensity determines the energy effect of the light
on the eye.
Accordingly, a distinctive feature which determines
the informational nature of an effect of electromagnetic
waves is not the absence of tissue heating but the essen-
tial independence of the effect from the intensity of the
electromagnetic waves over a broad range. In many case
(including those discussed in Ref. 2) an information effect
on an organism is determined by the frequency (or, more
generally, by the spectrum of frequencies) of the waves
and is related to the resonant dependence of such effects
on the wave frequency which we mentioned earlier.
Since several organs and systems are working simul-
taneously and in a coordinated manner in a living organis:
exchange of information between these organs and system:
and processing of this information are absolutely neces-
sary. Alterations in its information exchange may strong!
affect the working conditions of the organism; in particular
many diseases result from disruptions of information-
processing and -transfer systems. In certain cases,
therefore, the use of information effects may prove very
successful.
1) The more rigorous term "energy effect" should be applied to any effect
whose magnitude is decisively influenced by the amount of energy or
power.
1A. S. Presman, Electromagnetic Fields and Animate Nature [in Russian],
Nauka, Moscow (1968).
2"Scientific Session of the Division of General Physics and Astronomy,
Academy of Sciences of the USSR (January 17-18, 1973)," Usp. Fiz.
Nauk 110, 452 (1973) [Sov. Phys. Usp. 16, 568 (1974)].
3H. Frohlich, Phys. Lett. 51A, 21 (1975).
4F. Kaiser, Symposium on the Electromagnetic Waves and Biology, CESA
Center, France, June 30-July 1, 1980.
-
Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000100070001-9
N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant
Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 8(1), January 1982
18
-
pproved For Release 2000/08/10 - GIA RAR96-00792R00910007000119: If an animal is subjected to a

"G. L. KApproved forRelease"12000708/10?,CIA-RESP96-00792kd001bodz
Vlasov, and V. G. Pavlov, Pis'ma.
Suppl. 11, C6-459 (1988).
9G. Zaharchuk, L. V. Alvensleben, M. Oehring, and P. Haasen,
J. Phys. (Paris) 49, Coll. C6, Suppl. 11, C6-471 (1988).
10G. A. Mesyats, N. N. Syutkin, V. A. Ivchenko, and E. F.
Talantsev, J. Phys. (Paris) 49, Coll. C6, Suppl. 11, C6-477 (1988).
11J. A. Panitz, Rv. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1034 (1973).
Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 12.
Kdzog0 171986) [Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 12,
333 (1986)].
Translated by D. P.
Role of coherent waves in pattern recognition and the use of
intracellular information
M. B. Golant and P. V. Poruchikov
(Submitted December 15, 1988)
Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 15, 67-70 (August 26, 1989)
It was shown in Refs. 1 and 2 that the coherent
acoustoelectric waves which are generated by cells
(and whose length is smaller than that of electro-
magnetic waves by a factor of about a million) may
play a role as a high-information-content facility in
the acquisition of data about processes involving
breakdown of the normal operation of the cells.
The rate at which information is processed and
the amount of information which is processed, how-
ever, depend to a large extent on the manner in
which this information is perceived and processed.
From this standpoint, the most effective methods
are pattern recognition and processing of informa-
tion in complex organisms. The perception of a
visual pattern is usually cited to illustrate this point.
The human eye, for example, has about 250 .106
receptors, which simultaneously perceive different
elements of the object being observed, establishing
in the brain a pattern similar to that of this ob-
ject. 3 This circumstance is of exceptional conven-
ience for mental manipulation of the pattern as a
unified whole and results in huge savings in both
the memory and the processing facilities required
for the manipulation. The result of the processing
of information is then realized in actions which are
carried out at the level of organs (hands, feet,
muscles, etc. ). The human brain, however, which
has only about 109 -10 1º cells, cannot perform a
modeling of the processes which are carried out at
the cellular level in an organism, since the number
of cells in an organism is 1014-1015. For this rea-
son, processes at the cellular level may be con-
trolled primarily by systems of the cells themselves.
R. Vikhrov's suggestion that any pathology is re-
lated to a pathology of a cell remains important even
today.
T
T
1
It is natural to ask whether the perception and
processing of information about breakdown, which
are carried out in cells by means of coherent waves
in the extremely-high-frequency range are of a pat-
tern nature. A stress reaction of an organism as
a whole (a nonspecific response of an organism to
a change in its condition of existence) is, from the
standpoint of phases of adaptation to changes, sim-
ilar to the responses of a cell to unfavorable changes
(Ref. 4). It might thus be suggested that there is
a similarity in the organization of the control.
further, as described briefly in Ref. 5, among other
places. This work has led to the suggestion that
the organic changes in a cell which lead to a dis-
ruption of the shape of cellular membranes result
from the excitation of coherent standing acoustoelec-
tric waves in these membranes. These waves are
presumably most intense in regions of a disruption.
The frequency of the oscillations is determined by
the nature of the disruptions. Theoretical work has
shown 1) that the field of these waves, which are
partially radiated into the surrounding space and
converted into electromagnetic waves, causes the
dipoles of protein molecules which are oscillating at
frequencies close to the frequencies of the waves
excited in the membrane to be attracted toward the
membrane. The attractive forces acting on the pro-
tein molecules are proportional to sin2 wt cos [ (2 T/A) &],
where A is the length of the acoustoelectric wave,
and & is the coordinate along the surface of the
membrane. These attractive forces are periodic
(their period is A, rather than A/2, as in stand-
ing waves). These forces are weak enough that
a flux of protein molecules toward the membrane is
formed as a result of a gradual buildup of directed
displacements against the background of Brownian
motion.
In the immediate vicinity of the surface of the
membrane, a force determined by the interaction of
the polarization field, which is strong (10 7 V/m),
with the constant component of the dipole moment
of the protein molecules acts on the dipoles of these
molecules. As a result, kinetic energy is trans-
ferred from the protein molecules to the membrane
(the average transfer is kT). The collisions. of the
protein molecules may eliminate the distortion of the
shape of the membranes.
Protein molecules adhering to the membrane
execute oscillations which are sustained by virtue
of metabolic energy in the cell. Being synchronized
by the oscillations in the membrane, they may trans-
fer this energy to the alternating field of acousto-
electric waves which are excited there, thereby re-
plenishing the energy expended on controlling the
moving flux of protein molecules. 6
There is a clear distinction here between the
control process and the energy process of eliminat-
ing the deformations. The control process is pre-
ThApproved For Release 2000/08/16"cfA ABB96-0898 neatly the directing of the flux of protein mole-
649
Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 15(8), Aug. 1989
0360-120X/89/08 0 649-02 $02.00
@ 1990 American Institute of Physics
649
1

cules tAppeodiscoFted Release 2000:00/han(CHY-RDP96-007920009ppbcaféen_of external radiation to a cell
of weak alternating components of the field of acous-
toelectric waves and the fields of the electromagnetic
oscillations into which the acoustoelectric waves con-
vert upon radiation. In the course of the energy
process, on the other hand, the protein molecules
transfer the average kinetic energy of their thermal
motion to the membrane in the region in which it
is distorted. The process of eliminating pathological
deformations is essentially a "self-healing" of the
cells.
From the standpoint of the answer to the
question posed above, this process can be inter-
preted in the following way. The distribution of the
amplitude and the frequency of the coherent waves
excited in the membrane reflects the nature of the
disruptions in the membrane. In other words, it is
the pattern of shape disruptions of the membrane,
coded in the frequency and distribution of the am-
plitude of the field, which affects the processes
which occur in the interior of the cell (here, the
energy processes are also included), leading to the
elimination of the disruptions and the maintenance
of homeostasis.
It seems to us that this interpretation of the
process is of more than theoretical importance. It
might also have some substantial practical conse-
quences. Since the frequencies of the oscillations ex-
cited in the membrane are determined primarily by
the nature of the distortions of the shape of the
membrane, identical distortions in different parts
of a membrane will lead to the excitation of the same
frequencies. The nature of the disruptions of the
functioning of a cell (the nature of the "disease"),
however, depends on the orientation of the distor-
tion with respect to the positions of the cellular
organelles. In other words, the same oscillation fre-
quencies may cooperate to eliminate different dis-
ruptions. The richness of the pattern perception
of information about intracellular changes and of the
pattern control of actions performed on these changes
is determined by the frequency-coordinate nature
of the perception.
is effective to the extent that it corresponds to the
coherent intrinsic radiation which is generated by
the cells upon corresponding disruptions.
Since the pathology of the overall organism is,
as we have already mentioned, related to a cellular
pathology, the same frequencies may prove useful
in the healing of quite different diseases. Indeed,
the first studies in this direction have revealed that
the spectrum of the biological action of oscillations
of a certain frequency is very wide, and, while a
certain spectrum of generated frequencies corre-
sponds to a certain type of disruption, the inverse
conclusion cannot be drawn: A certain frequency
spectrum of actions (i.e., only one of the coding
factors) may correspond to the possibility of healing
different disruptions.
1) This work was carried out by M. B. Galant and N. A. Savost'yanov.
-N. D. Deyatkov and M. B. Golant, Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 8, 39
(1982) [Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 8, 17 (1982)].
2N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant, Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 12, 288
(1986) [Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 12, 118 (1986) ].
3L. A. Cooper and R. N. Shepard, Sci. Am. 251, No. 12, 106
(Dec. 1984).
"A. D. Braun and T. P. Mozhenok, Nonspecific Adaptive Syndrome
[in Russian], Nauka, Leningrad (1987).
$M. B. Golant, in: Problems of Physical Electronics [ in Russian],
M. I. Kalinin Polytechnical Institute and A. F. Ioffe Physico-
technical Institute, Leningrad (1988).
6M. B. Golant and T. B. Rebrova, Radioelektronika No. 10, 10
(1986).
Translated by D. P.
Defect formation in thin films bombarded with high-energy protons
S. G. Lebedev
Institute of Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences of the USSR
(Submitted February 9, 1989; resubmitted June 28, 1989)
Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 15, 70-72 (August 26, 1989)
1
The radiation-induced structural defects in
solids bombarded by high-energy protons, of energy
T > 100 MeV, are determined by both elastic (elec-
tromagnetic and nuclear) and inelastic interactions
of the primary protons with the target atoms. The
recoil nuclei which acquire energy as a result of
nuclear interactions of protons create atom-atom col-
lision cascades which are greater in extent than
the cascades which start at the atoms that are the
first ejected from their positions in Coulomb inter-
actions, and these recoil nuclei are primarily re-
1
sponsible of
A fraction n(T) of the energy of a recoil nucleus
is expended on electronic excitation, while another
fraction v(T) is expended on the formation of radia-
tion-induced point defects in elastic interactions of
the recoil nucleus with target atoms. The NRT stand-
ard2 is widely used to calculate the function v(T).
To evaluate the rate at which point defects are gen-
erated by radiation, we need to know the effective
cross section for defect formation, od, and the num-
ber of defects, nd = v(T)/(2Ed), produced by the
first-ejected atoms in the cascade of subsequent
atom-atom collisions (Ex is the minimum energy suf-
fordVed For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000100070001-9
-
650
Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 16(8), Aug. 1989
0360:120X/89/08 0650-02 $02.00
@ 1990 American Institute of Physics
650

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Approved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000100070001-9
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Biophysics Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 952-954, 1983
Printed in Poland
0006-3509/83 $10.00+.00
@ 1984 Pergamon Press Ltd.
DISCUSSION
ROLE OF SYNCHRONIZATION IN THE IMPACT OF WEAK ELECTROMAGNETIC
SIGNALS OF THE MILLIMETRE WAVE RANGE ON LIVING ORGANISMS*
N. D. DEVYATKOV, M. B. GOLANT and A. S. TAGER
( Receired 28 September 1982)
The possible mechanism of the action of weak electromagnetic radiation on living organisms
is discussed based on the assumption of electromechanical autofluctuations of cell substruc-
tures (for example, portions of the membranes) as the natural state of living cells. It has been
established that synchronization of these autofluctuations by external electromagnetic radiation
leads to the appearance of internal information signals acting on the regulatory systems of
the body. This hypothesis helps to explain the known experimental data.
IT is known that the electromagnetic radiation of the milimetre wave range e.m.r. of very low
(non-thermal, i.e. not appreciably heating the tissues) power may exert a fundamental action on
various living organisms from viruses and bacteria through to mammals [1]. The spectrum of the
e.m.r. induced biological effects is also extremely wide - from change in enzymatic activity, growth
rate and death of microorganisms through to protection of bone marrow haematopoiesis against
the action of ionizing radiations and chemical preparations [1]. Many years of experimental re-
search have established the main patterns of the action of e.m.r .: its "resonance" character (the
biological effect is observed in narrow-from tenths of a per cent to percentage units -frequency
intervals and starting from a certain threshold value practically does not depend on the intensity
of the e.m.r.); the high reproducibility of the resonance frequencies in repeat experiments; 'memo-
rization' by the organism of the action of the e.m.r. over a more or less long period if irradiation
lasts a sufficiently long time (usually not less than 1 hr); the non-critical nature of the observed
biological effect to the irradiated portion of the animal body, etc. [2].
The most general conclusion arising from analysis of the patterns identified is that the action
of the e.m.r. on live organisms is not of an energetic but information character [2, 3], the primary
effect of the e.m.r. being realized at cell level and asociated with biostructures common to different
organisms. Such structures may be, in particular, elements of cell membranest with a considerable
dipole electric moment, molecules of protein enzymes, etc., for which, as shown by evaluations the
frequencies of the natural mechanical vibrations lie (depending on the speed of sound) in the inter-
val (0.5-5) × 1010 Hz.
Below is described the most probable, in our view, mechanism of action of e.m.r. on fluctuations
in cell structures and the appearance of information signals in the body .*
* Biofizika 28: No. 5, 895-896, 1983.
1 Such an assumption has been advanced by many investigators. S. Ye. Bresler was the first
to point out this possibility to the authors.
* The problem of transformation of information signals into control signals is not considered
here.
[952]
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Role of synchronization in impact of weak electromagnetic signals
953
The initial assumption is that in the living organism and in the absence of external action all
a certain part of the oscillatory degrees of freedom of certain biostructures is in the regime of co-
parent autofluctuations sustained by the energy of metabolism [4]. The effect of an external e.m.r.
"connected not with excitation of the fluctuations in biostructures but with change in particular
aracteristics of auto-fluctuations already existing in the living organism, in particular, with change
their spectrum. We shall assume that the auto-fluctuations appear in portions of the lipid skeletons
the cell membranes." Sets of normal fluctuations with an almost identical spectrum correspond
portions of the membranes of the given cell similar in structure or in identical cells adjacent
The simplest model of such a structure may be the totality of a large number of elementary
togenerators (oscillators) weakly joined together. The whole set may be broken down into several
groups in each of which the autogenerators are almost identical. Within each group, in principle,
qual synchronization of the oscillators is possible although because of rapid weakening with
distance of the links between the elements of structure and a certain difference in the frequencies,
enchronous regimes, if they exist, are localized in small portions between which synchronization
absent. Therefore, it may be expected that in the usual conditions the phases of the auto-fluctuations
different oscillators, including those of a given group with close frequencies, are distributed
randomly so that the mean value of the sum of the phases of all autofluctuations is close to zero.
Also close to zero is the macroscopic (mean over a large number of portions of the same type)
affect of such fluctuations -they exert the minimal action on other cell structures and do not burden
the information system of the body.
The situation, however, may fundamentally change on exposure of the cells to an external
ckctromagnetic field. If the frequency of the external agent sufficiently closely approaches the fre-
quency of the autofluctuations of one of the above mentioned groups of almost identical oscillators
(or to the harmonics and subharmonics of this frequency) the auto-fluctuations are 'captured'
(synchronization) by the external signal. The centre of the synchronization band (resonance fre-
quency) is determined by the mean weighted value of the partial frequencies of the oscillators of
s given group and depends little on the deviations of the partial frequencies of the individual oscilla-
tors. Synchronization is accompanied by phasing of the oscillations of all the elementary autogene-
rators - the phases of these oscillations concur with the phase of the external signal in a given portion
of the structure.
Such cophasic oscillations of identical portions of the cell membranes may produce different
macroscopic effects (for example, excitation of electromagnetic or electro-acoustic waves in the
surrounding medium) and serve as an information signal for the regulatory systems of the body.
For any of the above mentioned groups of autogenerators there may exist several resonance fre-
quencies at which the actions of the external signal will lead to the same or similar biological effect.
Since other structurally different portions of the membranes have their own spectrum of auto-fluctu-
ations other sets of frequencies may also be observed at which the external signal produces different
biological effects.
A characteristic feature of the phenomenon of synchronization of auto-fluctuations is the low
power of the external signal required for synchronization the threshold value of which depends
on the noise level in the system and the scatter of the partial frequencies of the individual autoge-
nerators of a given group. Increase in the power of the external signal above threshold does not
change the character of the synchronized oscillations.
The phasing of the oscillations on synchronization may be accompanied by conformational
rearrangements of the cell structures since the auto-fluctuations influence the stability of mechanical
systems [6]. The fixation of new conformations involving metabolic processes in the cells may ex-
piain the above mentioned effect of "memorization" by the organism of prolonged action of e.m.r.
The phasing of the auto-fluctuations of cell structures may apparently appear not only under the
influence of the external harmonic signal but also as a result of mutual synchronization of the oscilla-
* The mechanism of excitation of auto-fluctuations in membranes is discussed in [5].
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R. A. ABAGYAN et al.
tors due to their rearrangement with change in the conditions of existence or internal mobilization
of the organism.
It is natural to assume that the auto-fluctuations of portions of the membranes in the cells
of a living organism are not only a means of information transmission, there role is much wider.
In particular, auto-fluctuations, even not synchronous, must exert a fundamental influence on
ionic and molecular transport across the membranes. The fluctuating portion of the membranes
acts as a pump the mechanism of action of which is based on the vibration displacement of particles
(on average, in a certain direction) under the influence of periodic (on average, not directed) forces
[7]. The synchronization of the auto-fluctuations of different portions of the cell membranes may
fundamentally influence the processes of membrane transport and hence the properties and vital
activity of the cells.
The assumption that the biological action of e.m.r. on live organisms is connected with the
external synchronization of the natural autofluctuations of cell structures also agrees with other
patterns of this phenomenon not mentioned here.
REFERENCES
1. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et al., Radiobiologiya 21: 163, 1981
2. DEVYATKOV, N. D. et al., Electronic Techniques. Ser. UHF Electronics (in Russian) 9, (333)
43, 1981
3. DEVYATKOV, N. D. and GOLANT, M. B., Letters (in Russian) Zh. tekhn. fiz. 1, 39, 1982
4. FRÖLICH, H., Advances Electr. Electron. Phys. 55: 147, 1980
5. LIBERMAN, Ye. A. and EIDUS, V. L., Biofizika 26: 1109, 1981
6. CHALOVSKII, V. N., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 110: 345, 1956
7. BLEKHMAN, I. I. and DZHANELIDZE, G. Yu., Vibration Displacements (in Russian) p. 412
Nauka, Moscow, 1964
Biophysics Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 954-963, 1983
Printed in Poland
0006-3509/83 $10.00+.00
C 1984 Pergamon Press Lid
INVESTIGATION OF DIFFRACTION EFFECTS
APPEARING ON PACKING OF HELICAL MOLECULES*
R. A. ABAGYAN, V. N. ROGULENKOVA, V. G. TUMANYAN
and N. G. YESIPOVA
Institute of Molecular Biology, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
(Received 11 September 1980)
The paper considers the general problem of diffraction in biological specimens including
several levels of organization. Formulae are obtained for diffraction on aggregates of helical
molecules in which the size of the cell in the direction of the axis of the molecule does not agree
with the period and size of the helix. The formulae obtained fully describe the positions and
* Biofizika 28: No. 5, 897-904, 1983.
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Contents
VOLUME 29
NUMBER 10
1986
PAGES
RADIOELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
RUSSIAN/ENGLIS
SPECIAL ISSUE
MICROWAVE ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Editor's foreward.
I. V. Lebedev.
Biological action of low intensity millimeter band radiation.
0. 7. Betski: and A. V. Putvinskii.
2
Similarities between living organisms and certain microwave devices.
M. 3. Golant and T. B. Rebrova.
8
Modeling of nonlinear problems in semiconductor microwave electronics.
Yu. C. F
Khotuntsev.
20
16
Main trends in the modeling of submicrometer metal Schottky gate field-
effect transistors (a review). G. V. Petrov and A. I. Tolstoi ....
Design elements and efficiency of the oscillating systems of solid state
microwave oscillators. S. A. Zinchenko and E. A. Machusskii.
..
Frequency dependence of the modulation sensitivity of Gunn oscillators.
V. N. Dubrovskii and A. S. Karasev ..
43
36
50
43
Calculations of diode operation in a high-power upconverter.
Yu. G. Tityukov and V. A. Yakovenko.
55
49
Study of the methods of solution of a self-congruent problem in 0-type
devices with a periodic structure.
A. V. Osin, V. V. Podshivalov,
and V. A. Solntsev ..
61
55
Power summation algorithm used for study of vacuum tubes with prolonged
interaction.
Yu. L. Bobrovskij and S. R. Zarembskii
66
60
A multiperiod numeric model of a crossed-field amplifier.
A. A. Terent'ev, E. M. Il'in, and V. B. Baiburin ..
72
66
Unconventional uses of retarding systems.
Yu. N. Pchel'nikov
79
72
Brief Communications
Numeric modeling of microwave limiter diode.
N. I. Filatov and
A. S. Shnitnikov ..
84
76
Optimization of the energy characteristics of varactor microwave mixers.
A. E. Ryzhkov and I. E. Chechik.
86
80
Optimization of phase and amplitude-frequency characteristics of a
microwave semiconductor amplifier.
V. I. Kaganov and
S. N. Zamuruev ..
90
84
Efficiency of matching circuits in solid state microwave oscillators.
E. A. Machusskii.
92
88
Solid state waveguide phase shifter with a resonant grating as a control
element.
A. S. Petrov, V. V. Povarov, and I. V. Lebedev.
94
·
90
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BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF LOW INTENSITY MILLIMETER BAND RADIATION
O. V. Betskii and A. V. Putvinskii
Izvestiya VUZ. Radioelektronika,
Vol. 29, No. 10, pp. 4-10, 1986
UDC 538.573:61
The possible role is discussed of the strong absorption of millimeter (MM) waves
by water molecules in the primary mechanism of the response of biological sys-
tems to MIM radiation .: Data are reported on the interaction of MM radiation
with simple water systems .: The attention is focused on the effect of convec-
tive mixing of water solutions under the effect of low intensity (1 ... 10
ali/cm2)
2) MM waves.
Among the most interesting fields of unconventional uses of electromagnetic waves
are medicine, biophysics, and biotechnology. When waves with a large power density are
utilized, the useful effect is produced typically by the heating of the material being
studied; the effect is determined not only by the geometry of the object, but to a large
extent also by the radiation wavelength (A) ...
In the past two decades, investigators have been concerned with the low intensity
limit electromagnetic waves in the millimeter (MM) and submilliter bands, with waves of
density of single-digit mW/cm ;: the general heating of irradiated material with these
waves is small, amounting to some 0.1ºC [1-4] .; Radiation in MM band is strongly absorbe
by various materials. .: One of these materials is water, which plays an extremely importa
role in the vital functions of biological systems. For example, a flat water layer 1 mm
thick attenuates the radiation at 1. ~ 8 mm by 20 dB, and at 2 ~ 2 mm by 40 dB, i.e., by
hundreds of times. . The heating of materials in MM band for this reason is superficial,
with a large temperature gradient. When human skin is irradiated by MM waves, practical
the entire radiation is absorbed in the surface layer of a few one-tenths of a millimeter
(the weight content of water in the skin is more than 65%).
Another feature of MM waves is the fact that the energy of an irradiation quantum hi
even in this short-wave portion of the microwave band, is still smaller than the energy
of thermal motion, kr. For the wavelength 1=1"mm hv=1,17.10~ eV, while at roomtemperature
kT = 2.53.10"" eV. The quantum energy in this frequency band is significantly lower not
only than the energy of electron transitions (1-20 eV) or the activation energy (0.2
eV), but even than the oscillational energy of molecules (10-2-10-1
eV), and the en-
ergy of hydrogen bonds (2. 10" -- 10"- eV). Examples of energies smaller than this quan-
tum are the energy of rotation of molecules around bonds (10-3-10-" eV), the energy
of Cooper pairs in superconductivity -(10-4-10-" ev), and the energy of magnetic ordering
(10-4-10-3 ev).
From these energy estimates it follows that MMM radiation cannot produce atomic or
molecular changes or restructurings. If one takes the analogy with the optical frequency
band, such changes would require multiphoton processes; the number of MM radiation quanta
chat would be necessary for an energy conversion should be 10 or more, which is unlikely.
Zet there are two important circumstances that should be taken into account in studies of
the effects of interaction of low intensity MM radiation with biological objects.
First, the energy of MI radiation can be transformed to the energy of polar molecule
associated with rotational degrees of freedom. The role of such energy accumulators is
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performed effectively by polarized water molecules, which have a dipole moment of 1.34D.
In water solutions of various materials, the absorption of microwave energy will also be
determined by water molecules and occur as a local process controlled both by the number
of water molecules in the solution and the interaction of these molecules with other mole-
cules. Such a selective heating of matter can produce biologically significant effects,
even with low MM radiation powers when the overall heating is small and insignificant.
Secondly, the energy of MM waves can be stored on the basis of a different, resonance
mechanism, such as the one suggested in [5]. In a nutshell, this hypothesis postulates
the following. Biological systems can have polarizational (dipole) oscillations in the
frequency band 100-1000 GHZ (X = 3-0.3 mm). The various vital processes in bio-
Logical cells would provide the energy for locally excited dipole oscillations (biological
pumping). By virtue of nonlinear effects of interaction of dipole oscillations and the
nonlinear relationship of these oscillations with elastic oscillations, the system can
pass into a metastable state, in which the energy will be transformed into the energy of
a single type of oscillation. Under the effect of MMI radiation, the metastable oscillation
can pass into a fundamental oscillation, giving rise to a "giant dipole," which would be
a special case of an unusual coherent state of the biological object. The model postulate!
that such oscillations encompass portions of biological membranes or of biomacromolecules.
Such a state is of a single-quantum type, and resembles the low temperature condensation
of Bose gas. These two circumstances determine the major trait of MM radiation - the
possibility and importance of nonthermal (or low-intensity) biological effects of MM ra-
ilation. These effects are observed at radiation power densities of approximately 1-
05. 9
20 mW/ cm
.2
at which the general temperature rise of the irradiated specimen is not greater
than 0.1ºC, as has been mentioned.
-
The specifics of the electromagnetic vibrations in the millimeter (and submillimeter)
frequency bands would thus be capable of inducing peculiar low-intensity biological ef-
fects not accompanied by biologically significant general rise of the temperature of the
....
material irradiated. All experimentally known effects can be divided by way of convention
1
into two groups differing in the mechanism of utilization of the electromagnetic vibration
energy: the effects induced by selective space-localized microthermal heating, usually su-
perficial; and the effects caused by frequency-dependent (resonance) type of energy stor -.
age.
MAIN BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MM RADIATION
Substantial data have been accumulated in experimental and theoretical studies of
biological effects of low intensity MM radiation; in the past few years MM radiation has
been used successfully for clinical treatment of various diseases. : The primary physical-
chemical. mechanisms underlying the sensitivity of biological objects to this type of elec-
tromagnetic radiation, however, remain an unknown, making their study particularly de-
sirable.
After years of research certain regularities in the interaction with biological ob-
jects have been established. In practically important cases the interaction, as men-
tioned, is not of an energy type, i.e., is not due to a trivial heating of material. One
usually speaks of informational interaction (this hypothesis was first examined in [6]).
The term can be used legitimately to mean that the radiation of a"low intensity can trigger
(initiate) a chain of successive responses, accompanied by a transformation of energy and
leading to a useful effect, i.e., that the interaction is of a mediated type. This can
only apply, of course, to complexly organized ( integrated) live biological objects. Not
only the frequency-dependent (resonance) but microthermal storage of microwave energy can
ce informational when interacting with a live organism ..
In experiments with microorganisms, animals, or humans, the response can appear as
harrow resonance curves tens to hundreds of megahertz wide. The following interesting
interaction effects have also been observed experimentally: a) the response has a power
threshold (there is a certain minimal power value, after which the effect becomes discern-
!! ble) ; b) a stable biological effect is cumulative (the response appears after a certain
:ime following the onset of irradiation - from 15-20 min to an hour) ;. c) the experi-
iental relationships plotting the biological effect versus microwave power have an ex-
ended segment (plateau), where the effect is independent of the irradiation intensity
from two to five orders of magnitude of power variation); and d) the therapeutic effect
" some instances can be improved when MM waves are combined with other therapeutic modali-
les, such as X-rays or chemotherapy.
Some
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Fig. 2
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Fig. 3
of microwave electronics ( feedback, synchronization of oscillations, etc. ). This is the
approach developed for example in [1, pp. 127-131]. *
We will now briefly describe in qualitative terms the effects of low intensity MM
radiation based on the (specific for MM band) selective microheating of water media con-
taining various biological materials. Basic to these effects is the convection of liquid
occurring at the phase interface. In planning and conducting the experiments, we were
guided by the following key ideas: a) the strong selective absorption of MM radiation by
water molecules against the background of low-absorbing components of various liquid media
can be responsible for the transport of charged particles and various molecules in such
systems; b) biological membranes are the most likely target for low intensity I'M radiation
in the cell; c) the search for new effects should be conducted on simple biological object
or model systems, even though this reduces the probability of observing frequency-depende!
(resonance) effects, which was confirmed in experiments; and d) the primary physical chem:
cal mechanisms of response should be investigated in the skin, thin layers of which absort
MM radiation almost completely.
DISRUPTION OF THE ADDITIVITY OF ABSORPTION OF MM RADIATION
BY WATER SOLUTIONS (SEE RELEVANT ARTICLES IN [1, 2,3])
Precise measurements of the concentration relationships of the absorption of low in-
tensity MM radiation by water solutions shows that the pattern of absorption of MM radia-
tion varies qualitatively and quantitatively, depending on the type of interaction of wate
molecules with the molecules of the solvate. Three cases observed at. X = 2 mm, ? = 1
mW/cm-
2
are distinguished, depending on the concentration of the solvate as illustrated
qualitatively by Fig. 1: 1) the absorption of the electromagnetic radiation by the so-
lution is equal to the sum of absorptions of the solvent and solute; 2) the total absorp-
tion is less than the sum of the partial absorptions; and 3) the total absorption is greate
than the sum of the partial absorptions. These effects can be explained as follows. When
MM radiation is absorbed, electromagnetic energy is pumped into the rotational energy of
polar water molecules, followed by the dissipation of energy into thermal energy, as a re-
sult of intermolecular interactions. Strictly speaking, the absorption is of a resonance
nature: on a fixed wavelength, the radiation is absorbed effectively by a small proportion
of water molecules whose frequencies of rotational motions are close to the frequency of
incident radiation. As the frequency of the external field is changed, a different group
of molecules takes part in absorption of the radiation, in conformity with the distributio
of water molecules according to the rotation frequencies. Experimentally, it is impossibl
to determine the resonance nature of such absorption because of the effective mechanism of
thermal scattering of energy that would occur within the time of the order of 10-9_10-10
sec. In the first case of absorption, illustrated by Fig. 1, water molecules practically
do not interact with molecules of the solute; in the second case, some of the water mole-
cules lose rotational mobility as a result of intermolecular interaction (the molecules of
bound water absorb MM radiation less than do molecules of free water), i.e., the total ab-
sorption decreases; in the third case, the intermolecular interaction is such that is in-
creases the rotational mobility of water molecules, leading to an additional increase of
che total absorption. From relations similar to those given in Fig. 1 it is thus possible
to judge about important parameters, such as degree of hydration, the reactivity of mole-
1
*See also the paper by M. B. Golanta and T. B. Rebrova in the current issue.
1
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MM
radiation
20
0
1
5
10 p. mw/cm3
5
.
Q
4
12 t, min
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
cules in water solution, etc. These effects could also be of a practical value in engi-
neering processes (especially in the pharmaceutical industry) for monitoring solute con-
centrations.
These peculiar properties of the molecules of free and bound water in MM wave band
gave an impetus for developing the theory of dielectric relaxation of polar molecules and
creation of refined molecular models; this in turn yielded valuable information for under
standing the structure and properties of water in complex compounds. Interesting infor-
mation on this matter can be found, for example, in [2,7].
EFFECTS OF MM IRRADIATION OF WATER SYSTEMS
By strong interaction with water molecules, MM radiation affects the properties of
water, both as the external and internal environment of live cells. The early experiment
with water systems revealed the effect of convection. The picture of water convection in
rectangular quartz or acrylic plastic trays irradiated with low intensity MM waves was
studied by optical methods of phase contrast and holographic interferometry [8]. The
varied methods of irradiation (placing the irradiating horn at the lower side walls or
above an open water surface) produced water motions conforming to the mechanism of inter-
phase convection (i.e., convection caused by gradients of surface tension forces) at a
power level below 10 mW/cm2.
The convection usually encompassed the entire volume of a
tray (up to 2 ml) and had a fluctuational pattern. The dependence of convection intensit
on MM radiation power was determined by a polarographic technique. The experiment setup
is illustrated by Fig. 2, where 1 is radiation horn; 2 is a teflon cartridge; 3 is thermo
chromium liquid crystal film, and 4 is platinum microelectrode. As is well known, the
limiting current I, reducing the substances dissolved in water is determined by the thick
ness of the diffusional layer on the electrode surface, and thereofre is highly sensitive
to convection in the solution. Polarograms of reduction of 0, in water solution is shown
in Fig. 3: 1) at 18℃ with no mixing of the medium; 2) at 23º℃ also with no mixing; 3) at
18℃ with mixing. When MM radiation was started, at the instant marked by the arrow, I
was observed to grow both for 02 and for Cdc" (Fig. 4, curves 1 - MM radiation (1 M KC1) ;
2 = MM radiation (10-5 M CdCl,, 1 M KCL). In this experiment the thickness of the layer
between the electrode and the wall (the thermochrome film), through which the radiation
was conducted, was 2 mm, so that direct action of the microwave field or thermodiffusion
on the electrode was ruled out. This effect was produced by interphase convection, due to
forces of surface tension, not only in the irradiated zone, but at the water-air interface
as well.
Judging by the color of the thermochrome film, the heating even at 20 mW/cm- was not
greater than 0. 2ºC. Obviously, it is the interphase convection which is the main mechanism
for removing the heat from the irradiated zone. It is of interest also to compare the mi-
crowave action with simple heating of the wall with IR radiation, which also induces con-
vection (Fig. 4, curve 3 - IR radiation (10-3 M CdCl2, 1 M KCl) ). In the latter case, the
effect was observed only with the calculated heat flux value of not less than 15 mW/cm-
.
This can be explained by the fact that microwave power is released directly in the solu-
tion, while with IR radiation, the heat flow from the tray wall is limited by the low
thermal conductivity of water impeding convection.
An interesting demonstration of the convectional mixing in the tray with MM radiation
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can be observed in experiments with chlorine plastic radiator of a special shape ( fork)
used in [9] to study the frequency-dependent effects of MM waves (Fig. 5, where 1 is the
fork radiator#; 2 is tray; 3 is water; 4 is the light beam; 5 is stirrer; and 6 is ink).
For mixing in the inner volume of the tray, into which the fork was placed, a vibrating
plate (50 fiz) was placed near the bottom of the tray. An ink drop was introduced through
a thin needle to the bottom of the tray, and the intensity of the light beam passing
through the space inside the "fork" was observed.
When the vibration intensity of the stirrer was not too large, the ink did not spre:
throughout the entire volume, leaving the top portion of the tray clear. After MM radia-
tion was turned on, the light transmittance decreased (Fig. 6), and the movement of the
ink upward along the teflon surface could be observed visually. Remarkably, when microwa
radiation was turned off, the ink/water interface again leveled and light transmittance
was partly restored. Importantly, the convection causing the mixing of ink in these ex-
periments was observed when the power in the channel was just 15 mW (the irradiator area
was 5 cm2).
The experiments with water and water solutions in trays commonly used in studies of
the biological effects of MM radiation thus reveal convectional motion for radiation in-
.
tensities below 10 mW/cm-, which is usually described by many authors as "nonthermal."
Such' convection caused by the forces of surface tension at the phase interfaces can be
either localized or encompassing the entire volume of the tray. Many biochemical and par
ticularly membrane processes are known to be sensitive to the mixing of the medium. It
has been determined experimentally, for example, that low intensity MM radiation can ' ac-
celerate the active transport of ions of Na" (P > 1 mW/cm-), modify the erythrocyte mem-
brane permeability to K+ ions (1-5 mW/cm2), accelerate the peroxide oxidation of un-
saturated fatty acids in liposomes (>1 mW/cm-), increase the ionic conductivity of two-
n
layer lipid bilayer membranes (≥10 mW/cm-), etc. [10, 11]. The convection which removes
diffusional restrictions in the medium and inside the intracellular compartments can thus
be a primary mechanism of the action of MM waves on the vital processes.
Another effect has a direct relation to microwave technology. It has been noted
that, as water flows through a thin glass capillary inserted into a rectangular waveguide
in the area of the maximum E-field on H. wave, the water flow is affected by the intensi
of the wave passing through the waveguide. It has been determined that MM radiation spee
up the water flow; this allows using the capillary as an elementary thermoviscosimetric
sensor of microwave energy [12]. It seems that MM radiation, being absorbed in the thin
near-wall layer of the capillary, affects the cohesion of the water with the wall, modi-
fying the motion of liquid through the capillary.
The sensitivity threshold of biological objects to low-intensity continuous MM ra-
diation is 1-10 mW/cm2
Some of the effects are due to the substantial selective ab-
sorption of this radiation by water molecules, leading to liquid convection in this speci.
men. Convection is also responsible for variations in the transport of charged particle:
and various materials through membranes, which is of a major biological importance. These
effects must be taken into account when using low-intensity MM radiations for clinical
treatment of various diseases. The experiments on simple and model objects confirm the
idea that the frequency-dependent (resonant ) effects of MM radiation are a property of
complexly organized (live) biological objects.
.
REFERENCES
1. N. D. Devyatkov (Editor), Uses of Low-Intensity Millimeter Radiation in Biology
and Medicine [in Russian], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1985.
2. N. D. Devyatkov (Editor), Nonthermal Effects of Millimeter Radiation [in Russian:
IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1981.
3. N. D. Devyatkov (Editor), Effects of Nonthermal Millimeter Radiation on Biologica
Objects [in Russian], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1983.
4. H. Froehlich and F. Kremmer (Editors), Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems
I
*The unit was kindly provided by Dr. F. Keilmann (Max Planck Solid State Institute,
StuttgarApproved For Release 2000/08/10 : CIA-RDP96-00792R000100070001-9
6
1

:
!
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Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1983.
5. 7. Froehlich, "Long-range coherence and energy storage in biological systems, "
Int. J. of Quantum Chemistry, vol. 11, pp. 641-649, 1968.
6. A. S. Presman, Electromagnetic Fields and Live Nature [in Russian], Nauka, Mos-
Cow, 1968.
7. V. I. Gaiduk, "Dielectrical relaxation in an ensemble of linear molecules for
various collision statistics," Izv. VUZ. Radioelektronika#, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1366-
1371, 985.
8. I. G. Polnikov et al., "Hydrodynamic instability at phase boundaries in the ab-
sorption of low-intensity MM radiation," in: Uses of Low-Intensity Millimeter Radiation
in Biology and Medicine [in Russian ], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1983.
9. F. Keilmann, "Experimental RF and MW resonant nonthermal effects," in: Biological
Effects and Dosimetry of Nonionizing Radiation, M. Grandolf, S. Michaelson, and A. Rindi
(Editors), Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, 1983:
10. O. V .. Betskii, K. D. Kazarinov, A. V. Putvinskii, and V. S. Sharov, "Convectional
transport of substances dissolved in water as a possible mechanism of acceleration of mem-
brane processes by MM radiation, " in: Effects of Nonthermal Millimeter Radiation on Bio-
logical Objects [in Russian], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, 1983.
11. S. G. Mairanovskii et al., "Polarographic study of the influence of low power MM
radiation on rate of pyridine protonization in a water medium, " Dokl. Akad. Nauch. SSSR,
o1. 282, no. 4, pp. 931-933, 1985.
12. 0. V. Betskii, K. D. Kazarinov, A. V. Putvinskii, and V. S. Sharov, "A method
for measuring the power of microwave radiation," USSR Authors' Certificate no. 1101750,
Byulleten Izobretenii, no. 25, 1984.
24 March 1986
1
*Radioelectronics and Communications Systems.
Available from Allerton Press, Inc.,
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·
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN LIVING ORGANISMS AND CERTAIN MICROWAVE DEVICES
M. B. Golant and T. B. Rebrova
Izvestiya VUZ. Radioelektronika,
Vol. 29, No. 10, pp. 10-19, 1986
UDC 538.56:57: 621.385.6
·
Vital functions of live organisms are discussed on the basis of published ex-
perimental data concerning the effects of lower-power millimeter-band electro-
magnetic waves on these organisms. Analogies with operation of microwave de-
vices are drawn.
In [1] the possibility was discussed of applying the concepts of radioelectronics an
cybernetics to medical and biological problems. The study was concerned with the general
aspects of organization of the control of complex systems, as they refer to utilization
of low (nonthermal) power milliter-band waves of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in order
to mobilize forces in a live organism, to eliminate disbalances in its functioning, or to
prepare the organism for future detrimental impacts ..
Parallels between the EMR effects on live organisms [2] and general operation regu-
larities of information systems have been drawn in [3,4]. These regularities, which de-
termine the choice of the oscillation power and frequency, the requirements to oscillation
stability, radiation site and time, etc. [5], proved important in the EMR uses for medica.
treatments and in biotechnology. This universality is connected with the fact that the
general patterns of operation of information systems apply to different organisms and ac-
tions.
Mechanisms triggered by control signals can differ substantially, depending on the
information content of the signals and the nature of the objects at which they are di-
rected.
Can an analogy with the organization principles of a microwave device be useful for
understanding the operation of the informational processes in live organisms? We believe
that it can, although such an analogy cannot be as complete as when one analyzes the gen-
eral patterns of operation of information systems. Here one can - cautiously - compare
the characteristics observed in experiments on live organisms with the characteristics of
microwave devices and units. Ample experience accumulated after five decades of develop-
ment of microwave technology can give clues to interpretation of the results. This possi-
bility is extremely valuable because of the insurmountable obstacles faced by attempts at
direct observations in this area.
RESONANCE IN CELL MEMBRANES
Considerable biological effects in various parts of the body, often quite remote from
the irradiated part of the body surface, can be produced by an infinitesimal EMR power.
This observation initially suggested the possibility of some informational function per-
formed by irradiation. What elements in the body respond to signals of such a high fre-
quency?
Theoretical analysis of the experimental facts connected with the EMR effects in live
organisms indicated early on that it is cells and cell elements, and especially membranes,
that respond to EMR action [6]. The fact that a very low power was sufficient for an in-
formational impact [NOTE. Simple estimatesbased onthe totalnumber of cells in the human body
(10-4-10">) and the general thermal output of the body (measured by hundreds of watts )
show that mean power output of a cell is 0.5-5 pW; for bacteria, based on the ratio
of an organism's volume to the mean volume of the human cell, this power is lower by a
factor of 103. The density of the power flow absorbed by a cell during irradiation and
sufficient for producing the biological effect (see, e.g., [3,9]), adjusting for absorp-
1986 by Allerton Press, Inc.
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cion in the environment, is not larger than 0.1 of these quantities. Studies of the in-
Pormation effects produced by impulse signals [10] suggest that che mean energy of the e
ofting signal can be even lower, at least by an order of magnitude] suggested two altern
tives: either the cells, under certain biological conditions, exist in a state close to
triggering threshold of signal generation or, even before the EMR action, such generatio:
cakes place in the cells. In the former case, the generation of an information signal b;
the cell is similar to signal amplification in a regenerating amplifier [6]; in the latte
the function of the EMR is to synchronize signals generated by a large number of oscilla.
tors [7]. In view of the instability of regenerating amplifiers, as contrasted against
the stability and reliability of functioning of live organisms, the mechanism determined
by synchronization of a large number of oscillations appears more natural.
As has been demonstrated in [11], a notion of such oscillators is provided by the
fine structure of the spectra of EMR-induced effects [8,12,13] (Fig. 1), due to the possi
bility of inducing in lipid cell membranes acoustic waves of the whispering gallery (wave
not radiated into the external environment because of the complete internal reflection).
Data in [14] on the elastic modulus of distension of cell membranes K_ (K ~ 0.45 :l/m) and
the thickness 4, of their hydrophobic region (A, = 310" mm) make it possible to estimate
the velocity v, of acoustic waves traveling along the membrane
01 2 (K./PA)0-5,
.
(1) .
where o is the density of the lipid (fatty) layer, which for the evaluation can be set at
300 kg/m3.
The value of v, computed with (1) is approximately 400 m/sec. . The membranes of cer-
tain cells and subcellular elements are cylindrical [15,16]. If the oscillations are ex-
cited along the perimeter of the side surface of the cylinders, their resonance condition
will require that the parameter id (where d is the diameter of the cylinder) be equal to
an integer N of the length of acoustic waves A
.
A - Vu/f
(2)
(where f is the oscillation frequency ),
N -Td/A.
(3)
f= N(K./p&w)º-5 (ad)-1.
(3')
The frequency diversity Af of two neighboring resonances corresponds to a change of
N by #1 and is equal to
14/1= 0,Ind == (K./pAu)"-5 (nd)"".
(4)
Cellular membranes are polarized, and each has a constant potential difference corre-
sponding to a field intensity of the order of 10' V/m. The acoustic vibrations deforming
the membrane, therefore, induce a variable electric field, forming an acoustic-electric
wave. The spatial period of the variable component of the electric field is equal to the
wavelength of acoustic oscillations determined by (2). For example, for E. coli, which
has the diameter of about 0.65 um [15], when the excitation is produced by wavelength in
the free space of X = 6.5 mm (corresponding to f = 46.1 Ghz), the wavelength in the mem-
brane A will be approximately equal to 100 A. The electrical length N of the perimeter,
according to (3), is close to 200. The variation 4 of the wavelength in the free space
or A corresponding to Af, defined by (4), is 4) = 3.10"" mm. This practically coincides
K
30
20
6,5 6,52 654 656 658
A, mm
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Normalized growth
tate
11
1,0
41700
41800 Frequency, MHZ
Fig. 2
with the experimental data [8] (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 plots the synthesis induction coefficient K, vs. ) during irradiation of E.
coli culture. Similar estimates for yeast cultures based on spectra published in [12]
(Fig. 2) show that this spectrum represents the oscillations of the outer membrane, while
the spectrum published in [13] (Fig. 3) refers to vibrations of mitochondria membranes.
Figure 2 plots the normalized rate of growth of the yeast culture irradiated by EMR
vs. f; Fig. 3 plots the dependence on \ of the change in the number of carrier sites afte
mice are exposed to EMR combined with X-rays (the curve PMD + R), as compared with change
in the number of carrier sites after irradiation with X-rays alone ( curve R) : K is the
control.
It is not only the quantitative fit of the calculated and experimental spectrum that
is essential. The cognitive significance of this analysis is even more important.
First of all, it clarifies why the lines in the spectra are narrow despite the sub-
stantial losses in the biological media, and explains the presence of many bands in the
spectra which correspond to similar biological effect. Both these observations are at-
tributable to the fact that cell membranes exposed to acoustic vibrations are resonance
systems in which a large number of oscillation types can be induced; some of them (with
similar values of N) are similar in the type of fields that are induced. In the analysis
of the effect spectra shown in Figs. 1-3, one should take into account that these are sub
stantially nonlinear relationships between the bodily effects and the information param-
eters. It should also be noted that in the elementary case of a cylindrical membrane
taken for illustration, we discuss types of oscillations that differ in just one parameter
N for the sake of clarity. In reality, membrane shapes can be complex. with corresponding
vibrations characterized generally by more than one parameter. For example, in Fig. 3,
two series of lines with a similar period can be distinguished, which are shifted relative
to each other. Different series of resonance bands can correspond to different cell mem-
branes (see below, the last section) and can be stimulated in different subbands.
It becomes also clearly why the biological effect of EMR on a healthy cell is weak
(within the natural scatter of the functional indicator), and becomes manifested only af-
ter several irradiation sessions [17]. The calculated value of wave velocity v, = 400
m/sec corresponds to the deceleration of the electromagnetic wave by almost a factor of
one million (reduction of the wave velocity compared with the speed of light in vacuum).
The field is pressed tight to the membrane: the distance from the membrane surface at
which the field amplitude is reduced by a factor of e for a wave ) = 5 mm is approximately
equal to 10 A. In order for such a system to become connected with a wave propagating in
the outer environment, special elements of connection are necessary. The organization of
these elements is discussed in the next section. We will merely note here that such con-
nection elements arise only under unfavorablebiological conditions, to which cells or cell
systems respond by restructuring. Under normal conditions the membranes radiate almost no
millimeter waves; accordingly, they can hardly perceive any external radiation. `The highl
organized energy of microwave vibrations is not wasted by the body; in terms of energy
loss, there is no substantial difference between generation and regenerative amplifica-
tion.
:
Another theoretically and practically important experimental fact also becomes ex-
plicable: under thesame experimentalconditions, itis not only the fine structure that is
characterized by an exceedingly high reproducibility, but also the frequency values at
which specific biological effects are observed, despite the fact that the dispersion of
the cell sizes and subcellular elements is fairly large. This happens because the value
of vy, by virtue of (1), is affected by several parameters (the calculated value of v, =
= 400 m/sec is found for mean values, and is itself an averaged estimate). By virtue of
7
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Number of karyocytus
b *
100
3
80
3.
40
-
7,08 7,10 7,12 7,14 7,16 7,18 7.20 7,22 7,24 2 mm
-2
b
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
(2), A for a fixed f is proportional to v,, and so for given N and f, the value of d (see
(3)) will also vary in proportion to v,. Changes in the number of wavelengths N ( for a
fixed f) on the perimeter of a membrane are unlikely under theconditions ofthe experiment
The membrane is built successively of separate "blocks" - molecules. In the construction
of cellular structures, one error occurs per 109 construction motions [18]. On the other
hand, there is a very small number of molecules per one wavelength [16], so that even whe
thousands of wavelengths can be fitted along the membrane perimeter, a change of the num-
ber of molecules along the perimeter of a membrane in the course of its construction is
practically ruled out for any significant number of cells. If the number of molecules is
the same, the values of v, and A, in conformity with the analysis of (1) and (2), and the
parameters appearing in (1), will be affected solely by the density of the packing of
molecules; the changes in this density will produce variations of A and d proportional to
one another.
The informational action of EMR on cells appears to be connected with f largely
through N, because it is N which determines the character and direction of forces in the
natural system of coordinates tied to the membrane. In particular, the fine and flexible
control of cells functions, by varying f can be due to the fact that with a large number
of oscillations characterized by small variations of N and respective field configuration
a fairly smooth regulation of cellular processes can be achieved. The excitation of mem-
branes has been studied extensively (see, e.g., [16]). In view of the small value of v,,
the mechanism of long-term or multiple interaction of the variable electric field of the
membrane with charges connected with protein molecules described in [16] seems probable.
In electronic devices, long-term and multiple interactions of charges with a microwave
field are quite common (see, e.g., [19]). In.resonance systems closed in field and in
current, such as the electrodynamic system of a multiresonator magnetron, excitations are
quite easy to induce (it is this kind of system that a membrane should provide for the
oscillations closed in a ring and excited in it). The current necessary for stimulating
oscillations would be determined by the quality of the energy loss in the system for a
certain amplitude of the microwave field and the energy released into this field by the
charges. The charges, connected with protein molecules oscillating at their resonant fre-
quencies (due to the metabolism energy), have, because of a large molecular weight of pro-
tein molecules, considerable stored energy which they can pass on to the membrane's micro-
wave field in the course of interaction. The oscillations of single protein molecules car
be likened to vibrations of a spring which responds by attenuating vibrations at the natu-
ral resonant frequency to any nonperiodic perturbation .. For coherent vibrations to be ex-
cited in a membrane, the vibrations of the individual oscillators, however, should be co-
phasic. Since the polarization of membranes is necessary for acoustoelectric waves to be
excited in them it is necessary for signal generation in the membrane. This process can
be depicted as the phasing of protein oscillators linked with the membrane by the acoustic
component of the wave field associated with transfer of energy of these oscillators to the
wave; the electric component of the wave interacts with the charges associated with pro-
tein molecules. Another legitimate hypothesis is that the mechanism is inverse: the
phasing of the vibrations of the electrical component of the wave field in the membrane
and the transfer of the energy of oscillators of its acoustic component.
-
F
7
The energy spent to phase the vibrations of the oscillators is small compared with
Their own energy [7]. Since losses in the lipid membrane are relatively small, we can
conclude that a small number of protein oscillators would be sufficient for signal genera-
sion with this mechanism. When the cell, however, is subjected to unfavorable impacts
(making it necessary to radiate signals controlling the recovery processes), proteins
from the cytoplasm are drawn toward the membrane and become associated in it [20]; this
should increase the current and, therefore, the magnitude of oscillations induced in the
membrane.
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Excitations of different protein molecules can be induced at different frequencies,
which accounts for the strong influence of f on enzymatic activity [17].
CONNECTION BETWEEN ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS EXCITED
IN CELL MEMBRANES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
In a normally functioning organism the electromagnetic vibrations induced in cell
membranes practically do not interact with the environment, because the fields are presse
tight to the membrane surface. EMR irradiated into the environment or perceived from out
side are negligibly small. While any connection with the environment would mean a waste
of energy for a normally functioning organism, it may become necessary when the normal
functioning of cells is disrupted. It could help processes aimed at eliminating the dis-
ruptions or adapting to changed functional conditions.
How are vibrations in the membrane connected with the environment? Of interest in
this context are the so-called temporary structures that appear on membranes only during
the restructuring of the function and later disappear. Could these structures function
as communication elements? Experience with multiresonator magnetrons, where the field
structure, to some extent, is similar to the above-described field structure in an excite
membrane (an integral number of lengths of slow waves in both cases fit into the circle o
the resonating system), suggests that interaction with this field could be arranged with
the aid of a probe connected with the field of one of the standing waves in the system.
The communication elements, placed at a distance equal to the wavelength of the slow wave
from one another, introduce a greater load into the system; they effectuate the connectio
with the crests of waves corresponding to the same phase of the oscillation. A study of
the behavior of cells exposed to unfavorable factors under an electron microscope showed
[20] that membrane surfaces developed septa - periodic protrusions shifted relative to
each other by approximately 100 A, i.e., the value of the slow wavelength A estimated in
the preceding section. For evaluating the size of these protrusions it should be noted
that if the oscillations are moved away from the membrane (where they occur in the same
phase ) to a distance of just about A/27 from the surface (i.e., a distance of about 10 A)
then an ordinary time-variable field will be excited outside of the membrane. A decrease
in the amplitude of this field with the increased distance from the site of excitation
will no longer be associated with the total internal reflection but mainly with the activ
losses in the environment .. It is through these protrusions or septa that the primary con
tact occurs between the membranes, brought closer together by the unfavorable impacts (Fi
4) : the protrusions reduce the degree of field attenuation since the distance from the
surface at these points is shorter; as a result, interaction can be established at a great
overall distance. Figure 4 [20] is a diagram of the process of reactive restructuring of
membranes after being exposed to a variable field: a) formation of protrusions; b) pulling
together of membranes; 1) membranes; 2) material adhering to the membrane; and 3) inter-
membrane gap.
One might think that since, according to (2), A is frequency dependent, a specific
distance between the protrusions, if it could be tied to the field configuration, would
indicate that the communication between them is of a narrow band type. The real number
of protrusions in periodic sequences, however, is relatively small (up to 5-6) and they
vary noticeably in shape [20]. They can be used, therefore, for communication in a very
broad frequency band for interseptal distances equal to the mean A for this band. Be-
sides, variations in the degree of connection in a broadband affect little the informa-
tional effect. The latter depends little on the signal amplitude [4]. The degree of con-
nection in case of an underloaded generator changes the radiated power relatively slowly .
[19].
The existence of a connection between the periodic membrane structures and the elec-
tromagnetic field is supported also by the fact that these structures arise in areas where
membranes cup out; this cupping out of itself provides some connection (although very weak
in the absence of septa) between the high-frequency fields in the membrane and in the en-
vironment.
1
Similar results have been obtained in a different way in [21]. The study was con-
cerned with the interaction between cells (erythrocytes) in a medium into which long-fiber
polyethylene oxide molecules were introduced. In terms of the above scheme, these mole-
cules could operate as communication elements for removing the microwave energy from the
membrane surface. After the molecules were introduced into the medium the maximum distanc
between the cells at which an intercellular interaction could be observed greatly in-
creased. The optimum concentration of polyethyloxide molecule (corresponding to the maxi-
mum intercellular interaction) was achieved with an intermolecular distance of about 40 A.
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plane and are not in contact with the membrane surface. The mean distance between them,
measured along the membrane surface, should be close to the distance measured perpendicu.
co this surface. Secondly, the region of a field with a noticeable amplitude (smaller t.
the amplitude at a surface by not more than by a factor of 10) is greater than A/2T by
nearly 2.5 times and equals approximately 40 A. This means that the field region with t
larger amplitude includes molecules separated by distance of about 100 A rather than just
40 A. These experiments, too, confirm that the optimal spacing between communication el
ments is close to the length of the slow wave A estimated above.
The match of the data of three qualitatively different methods of study of the posi.
tion of elements which could serve for communication between the cell environment and the
oscillations in the membrane supports the hypothesis that variable fields are induced in
the membrane and the possible system of connection with these membranes.
A minor asymmetry can be observed in a normally functioning cell as well. It may be
responsible for the observed slow reconstruction of function in healthy cells exposed to
external EMIR (which probably occurs during several irradiation sessions). The function
is modified within the range that is characteristic of the biological species concerned.
CONTROL OF CELLULAR PROCESSES BY MEMBRANES
In orderto completethis description, we willdiscuss ina generalform howthe informatic
carried by configurations of fields induced in a membrane can cause modifications in the
cell and how it can be transmitted within the body.
In [23] a theoretical analysis of the effects of ponderomotive forces excited by var
able electromagnetic fields was performed. It studied the influence of these fields on t
formation of so-called cytoskeleton in the cell - a net of threadlike formations capturin
specific types of molecules and transporting them to the site of their action. Once the
cellular structure has been built, the cytoskeleton decays. In [18] this theory was re-
fined, specifying that the address of each action is determined by the intersection of th
threadlike structures. The authors of [18,23] rested their hypothesis on the experiments
in the IR band, but extended (without special analysis) their conclusion to EMR actions
in live organisms. At first glance, the hypothesis agrees with the conclusions of the pr
ceding sections: a field configuration induced in a membrane by EMR causes filiform for-
mations in the cell in conformity with the type of the oscillations induced. The cross-
points of the filiform formations in the cell are shifted when the type of oscillation is
modified, which, according to [18], should change the sites and type of the processes tha
occur. Whether the signals are generated by the organism or received from outside in this
case is immaterial.
This description, however, is at variance with microwave electrodynamics. Cells are
not larger than a few micrometers in size and are filled with a medium which has a dielec.
tric constant close to that of water. A minimal cross section of the waveguide channels
for millimeter waves in such a medium should be larger than the cell size by many times,
and no hypothesis compatible with the real data on the dielectric properties of elements
inside the cytoplasma can justify the possible formation of channels conducting EMR in
areas occupying just a portion of a single cell.
.:*
A more likely explanation can be based on processes on the surfaces of membranes.
There is a large number of membranes in a cell: in addition to the external membrane, whi
is the cell's sheath (the so-called plasmatic membrane), subcellular particles are also
surrounded by their own membranes. Among these are the mitochondria (which function as
the powerhouses of the cell) and the lysosomes (which contain the enzymes splitting pro-
teins, nucleic acids, and other substances). Additional membranes develop and decay in
the course of a cell's functioning when the cell is exposed to unfavorable impacts. Mul-
tilayer membrane structures and small bodies are formed sometimes to provide a contact
[20]. Of special importance in this context is the fact that it is on the membrane sur-
face that many of the processes determining the cell function take place [16].
In par-
ticular, membranes influence the enzymatic activity and coordinate the chemical reactions
inside the cells. Membranes also take part in intercellular coordination - the transmis-
sion of information from one cell to another on contact, as well as in intracellular com-
munications. The intermembrane contact itself can result from active motions of membranes
associated with the vibrations excited in them. In their capacity of a coordinator of
intracellular activity and intercellular interactions, membranes are in a continuous state
of motion and change. This is probably how the informational effects of EMR are produced:
by affecting the patterns of acoustoelectrical oscillations in the membrane, the radiation
can regular the processes in the cells; through processes at the cellular level, it can
iticellular organisms .
The targets of regulation woul
affect
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include the membrane transport
[7], the reactions, and the excitation of membrane conne
cions. This latter effect must be dependent on the initial reciprocal positions of the
membranes and the transmission of vibrations from one of the communicating membranes to
the other; this process would be affected not only by the type of contact but by the di
tribution of the fields as well.
Judging by the morphological descriptions of temporary changes in the cells expose
to unfavorable impacts, the so-called endoplasmatic network (a system of interlinked de
formed membrane elements) and deformations of this network can be an important factor i
controlling the processes aimed at recovering normal vital functions.
A detailed description of the processes is still beyond the grasp of investigators
but their vital importance for the cell and the organism is unquestionable.
In short, the features and regularities of the functioning of microwave devices, wi
applied to studies of the effects of electromagnetic vibrations on control processes in
live organisms, can shed light on at least some of these processes. In particular, they
provide a better understanding of the following:
- the influence of the oscillation frequency on these processes (the role of reso-
nances in the form of oscillations induced in the membranes);
- the limited influence of further increases of the EMR power on these processes
( since they occur as synchronization of membrane oscillations rather than by power im-
pacts on cellular processes) once the power is above a certain threshold;
- the reasons for the pronounced effectiveness of radiation in organisms with dis-
rupted function (which develop structures to connect membrane oscillations with external
radiation); and
- the need for long-term irradiation to obtain a residual biological effect (this
concerns restructuring in the cells, which consumes energy and requires material to be
brought to the site of action in the course of metabolic processes).
A single study can make only a limited contribution to understanding these exceeding
complex and little-investigated processes, which emphasizes the importance of continuing
this research.
.
REFERENCES
1. N. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant, and T. B. Rebrova, "Radioelectronics and medicin
(the possible uses of analogies)," Izv. VUZ. Radioelektronika*, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 3-8,
1982.
2. N. D. Devyatkov, "The influence of electromagnetic radiation in the millimeter
wave band on biological objects, " .Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 453-454, 1973.
3. N. D. Devyatkov, E. A. Gelvich, and M. B. Golant, et al., "Radiophysical aspect
of medical applications of energy and information effects of electromagnetic vibrations,
Elektron. Tekhnika, Ser. Elektronika SVCh, no. 9 (333), pp. 43-50, 1981.
4. N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant, "The informational nature of nonthermal and
energy effects of electromagnetic vibrations in a live organism, " Pis'ma v Zh. Tekhn.
Fiz., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 39-41.
5. A. K. Bryukhova, M. B. Golant, and T. B. Rebrova, "Reproducibility of experimen
tal results in studies of the effects of electromagnetic radiation of a nonthermal in-
tensity in the millimeter wave band as affecting live organisms," Elektron. Tekhnika, Se:
Elektronika SVCh, no. 8, pp. 52-57, 1985.
6. H. Frolich, "The biological effects of microwaves and related questions, " Ad-
vances in Electronics and Electron Physics, vol. 11, pp. 85-132, 1983.
7. N. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant, and A. S. Tager, "The role of synchronization in
the effects of weak millimeter wave band electromagnetic signals on live organisms, " Bio.
fizika, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 895-896, 1983.
8. R. L. Vilenskaya, E. A. Gelvich, and M. B. Golant,' et al., "The nature of the i:
fluence of millimeter radiation on colicin synthesis, " Nauchnye Doklady Vysshei Shkoly,
Biologicheskie Nauki, no. 7, pp. 69-71, 1972.
#Radioelectronics and Communications Systems.
Available from Allerton Press, Inc.,
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10011: (212) 924-3950
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9. "Promising research and methods for medicine and biology, " Elektronnaya Promysh-
lennost, no. 1 (139), pp. 6-13, 1985.
10. E. ". Balibalova, A. G. Borodkina, and M. B. Golant, et al. , "Amplitude modulation
used to improve the efficacy of equipment utilized for informational influence of electro-
magnetic vibrations on live organisms, ". Elektron. Tekhnika, Ser. Elektronika SVCh, no. 8
(344), pp. 6-7, 1982.
11. M. B. Golant and V. A. Shashlov, "The mechanism of vibrations induced in cell
membranes by weak electromagnetic fields," in: Applications of Electromagnetic Low-Inten-
sity Radiation in Biology and Medicine [in Russian], N. D. Devyatkova (Editor), IRE AN
SSSR, Moscow, pp. 127-132, 1985.
12. W. Grundler and F. Keilmann, "Sharp resonances in yeast growth prove nonthermal
sensitivity to microwaves, " Physical Review Let., vol. 51,. no. 13, pp. 1214-1216, 1983.
13. L. A. Sevast'yanova, A. G. Borodkina, E. S. Zubenkova, et al., "Resonance na-
cure of the millimeter radiowave effects on biological systems," in: Nonthermal Effects
of Millimeter Radiation on Biological Objects [in Russian], IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, pp. 34-
47, 1983.
14. V. G. Ivkov and G. N. Berestovskij, Lipid Bilayer of Biological Membranes [in
Russian], Nauka, Moscow, 1982.
15. G. Stant and R. Calindar, Molecular Genetics [Russian translation], Mir, Moscow,
1981.
-
16. L. D. Bergel' son, Membranes, Molecules, Cells [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow, 1982.
17. M. B. Golant, A. K. Bryukhova, and E. A. Dvadtsatova, et al., "The possibility
of regulating the vital activities of microorganisms exposed to electromagnetic vibrations
in the millimeter band, " Applications of Electromagnetic Low-Intensity Radiation in Biology
and Medicine [in Russian], N. D. Devyatkov (Editor), IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, pp. 115-122,
1983.
18. S. J. Webb, "Nutrition, coherent oscillations, and solitary waves: The control of
in vivo events in time and space and its relationship to disease," IRCS Med. Sci., vol.
11, pp. 483-488, 1983.
19. I. V. Lebedev, Microwave Technology and Devices [in Russian], Vysshaya Shkola,
vol. 2, 1972.
20. O. S. Sotnikov, Structural Dynamics of a Live Neuron [in Russian], Nauka, Lenin-
grad, 1985.
21. S. Roulands, "Coherent excitations in blood, " in: Coherent Excitations in Biologi-
cal Systems, Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, pp. 145-161, 1983.
---
22. N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant, "The mechanisms of action of millimeter-band
electromagnetic radiation of nonthermal intensity on the vital activities of organisms, "
in: Applications of Electromagnetic Low-Intensity Radiation in Biology and Medicine [in
Russian ], N. D. Devyatkov (Editor), IRE AN SSSR, Moscow, pp. 18-33, 1983.
23. E. Del Giudice, E. Doglia, and M. Milani, "Self-focusing and ponderomotive forces
of coherent electric waves: A mechanism for cytoskeleton formation and dynamics, " in:
Coherent Excitations in Biological Systems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, pp. 123-
127, 1983.
13 January 1986
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Contents
VOLUME 25
NUMBER 9
1982
PAGES
RUSSIAN/ENGLISH
Radioelectronics and medicine (on scope for using certain analogies).
N. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant, and T. B. Rebrova ..
Adaptive quasi-coherent digital signal demodulators for fading channels.
N. N. Belousov and V. E. Martirosov ..
Adaptive algorithm for detection of narrow-band signals in noise of un-
3
1
known power and spectral shape. V. P. Peshkov.
14
10
Use of redundant coding in channels with variable parameters.
B. I. Filippov.
20
16
High-speed digital filters with serial processing of data places.
L. M. Osinskii. and O. V. Glushko.
25
20
Determination of characteristic function and Poisson spectrum of gen-
erating process jumps from characteristic function of linear
system response. B. G. Marchenko and L. D. Protsenko.
31
Quantization errors in adaptive antenna arrays. I. V. Grubrin,
O. I. Zaroshchinskii, and V. I. Samoilenko.
38
33
Detection of radio signals reflected from extended statistically
rough surface. V. I. Chizhov.
43
38
Transformation of equations of state variables for circuits with strict
numerical degeneracies. Yu. M. Kalnikbolotskii and V. V. Khilenko ...
Analysis of control voltage overshoots in load network in FET analog
switches. G. F. Zverev, D. F. Zaitsev, V. A. Radchenko, and
Ya. L. Khlyavich ...
52
47
43
Equivalent circuit of physical processes in semiconductor structures
for large signal mode. V. P. Voinov ..
56
52
Characteristics of spectrum analyzer of recirculation type using charge
transport devices. I. A. Balyakin, Yu. M. Egorov, and
V. A. Rodzivilov.
59
55
Noise immunity of standard frequency discriminator with rejection of
anomalous errors in fluctuation noise conditions.
A. F. Fomin,
L. M. Zhuravleva, and V. S. Kostroma.
64
60
Brief Communications
Use of a priori information on structure of correlation matrices for
adaptation. V. M. Koshevoi.
71
65
Digital processing of narrow-band signal characteristics.
A. V. Zhogal and Yu. L. Svalov ..
73
68
75
70
Bandwidth of tapped delay line noise compensator.
B. V. Nikitchenko and V. V. Popovskii
77
73
Smoothing of trajectory measurement data by polynomials of variable
order. N. D. Ogorodniichuk ..
79
76
Measurement of parameters of motion by comparing structures of wave
fronts. V. A. Chulyukov ..
82
80
Adaptive compensation of nonlinear distortion when using compensation
channel with cubic response. M. G. Kolesnik, S. V. Nikitin, and
V. V. Nikit chenko ..
84
83
Matched filter using main maximum of signal for estimating instant
of arrival. N. A. Dolinin.
86
Information criteria for estimating performance of image receivers.
88
88
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26
48
Estimation of noise immunity of redundant coded system with pseudo-
random switching of frequencies. V. A. Lyudvig and A. M. Chudnov
85
B. O. Karapetyan

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RADIOELECTRONICS AND MEDICINE CON SCOPE FOR USING CERTAIN ANALOGIES)
N. D. Devyatkov, M. B. Golant, and T. B. Rebrova
Izvestiya VUZ. Radioelektronika,
Vol. 25, No. 9, pp. 3-8, 1982
UDC 621.38:61
----
Large radio-electronic systems and living organisms are both complex systems
(albeit of very different degrees of complexity), and a great role is played by
informational aspects in ensuring their long-term uninterrupted operation.
Since radio-electronic systems are incomparably simpler than living organisms,
the ways of studying them and ensuring their reliable operation are vastly simp-
ler. It is suggested that, on the basis of analogies, the approach to the solu-
tion of medical-biological problems can in certain cases be simplified.
With the wide use of radio-electronics and cybernetics it has become possible to cre-
ate a new apparatus playing a revolutionary role in modern medicine and biology. The rang
of application of the new apparatus is so vast that it can scarcely be surveyed in a single
article.
Nevertheless, there is one link between these sciences that is only just start-
ing to be developed, though it may well prove very fruitful in the future. We are speak-
ing of the possibility of using in medicine and biology certain general ideas of electroni
and cybernetics, and on the basis of analogies, devising new approaches to the solution of
medical-biological problems. But let us emphasize at the outset that only a few aspects
of this vast and many-sided topic can be mentioned here.
Radio-electronics is concerned at present with devising complex multielement systems
suitable for long-term uninterrupted operation in varying external conditions. Living or-
ganisms (primarily men) are likewise complex systems (though much more complex), often with
a very long life. This means from the physical point of view that the ordering and organi-
zation of the systems have to be preserved or restored while in contact with the external
medium, and that their entropy (a measure of their lack of order) has to increase extremely
slowly [1]. We need to consider the main conditions for long-term preservation of the
. .
ordering of a large system. In principle, the following conditions refer, not only to
electronic systems and living organisms, but also to any large stably operating systems,
such as e.g., undertakings with external connections:
a) we need a material and energy supply from outside for the system, to make good its
energy consumption and to replace elements that have ceased to perform their function;
b) we need reserves such that, on the one hand, partially failed elements can be kept
at the operating level needed for maintaining operation of the system as a whole, and on
the other hand, so that reserves of certain elements can be mobilized in order to compen-
sate for poor operation of others;
c) we need circuits for obtaining and transmitting data about all variations inside
and outside the system, so that the system can adequately respond to these variations;
d) we need central and peripheral control circuits, and automatic feedback loops for
controlling the system response to internal and external variations;
e) we need a sensitive display whereby processes unfavorable to the system can be de-
tected in their early development stage and the data obtained used for adjusting the system
so as either to stop the further development of these processes or to prepare the system
for operation in the new conditions.
The approach to the living organism as a unified, data-connected and data-controlled
system, implies the first importance of data aspects when solving medical and biological
problems.
While this is obvious in principle, the ways of going over from general ideas
· 1982 by Allerton Press, Inc.
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to practical implementation are by no means clear in medicine and biology, as they are,
comparatively speaking, in electronics: many unsolved or only partially solved problems
still need to be studied. We need to know how the data systems of the organism operate,
what sort of scope they have, and how medical interference can assist the operation of th
data systems, etc.
To the extent to which the data signals in the organism are electrical ( The data
system is not solely concerned with electrical .signals. In particular, an important role
is played by data transmission by humoral agents. But we shall only deal here with elec-
tromagnetic oscillations. ) and the problems concern the "electronic" properties of the
living organism, the ways of studying the problems must also be "electronic," i.e., they
must involve a study of spectral characteristics, and of nonlinear and modulation proper-
ties etc. An important step forward was made in [2] with the proof (based on analysis of
many experimental data) of some basic laws governing the interaction of low-power electro
magnetic oscillations (EMO) with living organisms. The two main laws are:
a) weak dependence of biological effects of external (radiation-connected) data sig-
nals on the EMO power flux, starting from a (usually extremely low threshold level and
going up to levels at which effects connected with heating of the irradiated object start
to have an important role;
b) the sharply resonant response of living organisms to low-power EMO radiation (We
are only speaking here of signal frequencies at which the energy of the quanta is insuffi.
cient for disrupting the molecular bonds. ); the relative frequency bandwidth in which a re
sponse is seen usually does not exceed tenths of one percent; often a number of mutually
displaced bands is observed, in which the biological object has a similar response.
The nature of these laws has been discussed in various Russian and foreign publica-
tions, e.g., [3, 4, 5] .. In particular, it was suggested in [3, 5], on the basis of a com-
parison with technical cybernetic systems, that. the first law is linked. with the informa-
tional nature of the weak EMO signal action on the living organism and is determined by.
the reliability of operation of the organism data system.
On the other hand, information on the state and operation of the different organs and
systems of the organism is contained in the spectrum of the signals generated by the or-
ganism; to each variation of the state or type of activity there correspond specific spec-
trum variations. The spectrum extends from very low to (at least in some cases ) ultravio-
let frequencies [11]. A special role is played by the lines in the infrared part of the
spectrum, i.e., in the vicinity of the maximum of thermal radiation at the organism tem-
perature. This is confirmed by the determination and analysis of Raman spectra [6, 7] of
living organisms, which include a number of pronounced lines in the infrared part, and als
their harmonics and combination frequencies. In [4], the author summarizes many years of
theoretical study, and gives a detailed justification of the hypothesis that the direct.
action of low-power. EMO on the living organism is linked with collective excitations of
certain structural elements of the organism (Both the author of [4] and many other foreign
or Russian authors assign a big role in the perception of excitations to cellular mem-
branes. ); the quasi-particles characterizing these excitations behave like Bosons, i.e.,
are subject to Bose statistics,
The threshold power needed for response to irradiation is determined by the transi-
tion from excitation of noise oscillations to excitation of coherent high-amplitude oscilla
tions at a mode of collective excitation. The presence of this kind of excitation remote
from absolute zero [8] in the living organism becomes possible as a result of material ex-
change and energy transformation, whereby, in the neighborhood of certain frequencies,
energy loss in the data transmission system and data signal processing system can be com-
pensated. But, as was earlier pointed out in [1], in conditions of compensation of energy
loss by the source, any system can 'behave like a system operating in the neighborhood of
absolute zero.
Notice also, see [9], where action of frequency-modulated low power EMO signals on the
living organism was studied, that the frequencies at which a. response to weak signal radia-
tion is seen, can differ slightly (by approx. 0.001 of the basic frequency) according to
the irradiated part of the body. It was also shown that the bandwidth (likewise 0.001 of
the basic frequency) in which the organism responds to irradiation, is determined by the
presence of several oscillators with displaced frequencies, and hence low-amplitude fre-
quency modulated irradiation can lead to some increase in the organism response.
These and other experimental and theoretical studies have somewhat clarified the ways
possibleAsprovedtoalReleasef2000108/10: Che-RDP96:00792100010007000systems of an organism. The
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(usually low-level) signals functioning through the data systems of the organism are called data'
signals [3, 5]. It is natural to ask what the function of these signals is. A general answer
might be as follows: to mobilize the reserves of the organism when, for some reason, the
normally functioning data system cannot perform this task itself . (Data have so far been
published only on certain data EMO signals and the nature of their mobilizing action on the
organism. The experimental data refer mainly to protective action of EMO on hemopoiesis,
action on malignant neoplasms, ophthalmological diseases, trauma, and certain heart-vascu-
lar diseases etc. But we can in principle expect that, as research widens, the range of
these signals will be extended and the scope for mobilizing the reserves of the organism
will correspondingly be seen to increase. ). This is to some extent similar to adjustment
of the feedback loops of an electronic system in order better to mobilize the reserves
built into the system ..
This answer can appear unassuming at first sight: we.merely use the signals so that
the organism fully performs its functions, admittedly, in varying conditions. But it has
to be borne in mind, first, that the prime task of medical interference is to restore the
organism to its normal state. Second, any of the present popular medical facilities are
precisely aimed at assisting the organism in its struggle with illness, and not at its sub-
stitution, so that, from this point of view, the data signals present no exceptions. Third-
ly and most important, the vast reserve potentials of the organism have to be borne in mind.
By gradual training a man can be taught to withstand cold, heat, oxygen deficiency in moun-
tains, to consume a small amount of food and moisture, to maintain large physical loads, to
accelerate regenerative action, etc. To realize these possibilities, slow adjustment of
the organism is needed, specially of its system of internal feedbacks. (We are speaking here
of gradual adjustment in connection with changes in conditions of existence, though it has
to be remembered that similar adjustments can be caused by psychological attitudes (also
long-term). For instance, there are the widely known "self-adjustments" of logov to long-
term oxygen deficiency, or to enormous static loads reaching several . tons, etc. ). But medi-
cine is often concerned with cases when sudden disruptions do not leave time for slow adap-
tation and adjustment of the organism, and its reserves cannot be brought into action in
natural conditions. This is sensible starting-point for using data signals, whereby the
adjustment of the organism can be accelerated many times. In. [5], from analysis of examples
of EMO data signals remembered by the organism, it is concluded that the organism mobilizes
them for overcoming factors unfavorable to its operation. Naturally, the data signals can
also prove useful when the data communication circuits are destroyed and external signals
are used for replacing those that do not arrive over the natural channels.
Discovery of the effects of data signals on adjustment of the organism can be· assisted
by experiments in which the organism is irradiated by square pulse amplitude-modulated EMO
signals [10]. Even earlier, in [2, 5], it was established that often, when data stimula-
tion is realized by continuous EMO, fairly long-term (not less than an hour in [2, 5]) irra-
diation is needed. In [10] the biological results of stimulation were compared for two
types of irradiation. The first type was continuous, using a generator with power only
20-30% above the threshold required for obtaining a biological effect, so that any signifi-
cant power reduction or reduction of irradiation time to under 45 mins, leads to vanishing
of the effect. The second was the square pulse amplitude-modulated mode of the same genera-
tor; pulse duration was 1.6.10-3 sec, repetition period was 0.01 sec, and pulse power was
equal to the power in the first (continuous) mode. It was found that the biological effect
is virtually the same for an hour's irradiation in either mode. This shows that the living
organism requires a short time (at most 10-3.
" sec) for response to irradation, whereas re-
laxation from the stimulated state requires over 0.01 sec. As a result, the pulse and con-
tinuous modes give the same biological effect. Relatively long-term irradation is needed
for certain systems of the organism to adjust, thereby producing a memory of the stimulus. }
With 'continuously varying conditions of existence, and with breaks of the data connec-
tions, the organism has .to adjust itself continuously, often quite rapidly in the cases
where medicine is concerned. It can therefore be expected that there will be increased use
of data EMO stimuli in medicine as research progresses (It may be mentioned incidentally
that the organism usually becomes accustomed to any medical stimuli, presumably due to its
adaptability to any external factors demanding adjustment of its operation. But so far,
no adaptation to data EMO stimuli has been observed .. This is possibly because data communi-
cation is realized in the organism by similar signals, and the organism adapts to them sim-
ply by "not noticing" them. ).
Let us touch on the last of the above-mentioned conditions for long-term uninterrupted
operation of a large system, namely, the presence of circuits for obtaining information
about all the changes affecting the system operation. By obtaining information about faults
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that are just starting, before they have had time to effect the operation of an electronic
system, we can take measures (such as replacing certain units or adjusting the system,
etc. ) in good time and thereby avoid failure of the system operation. Hence more and more
attention is being paid to ways of obtaining such early information when designing high-
reliability systems.
In the same way, early diagnois is well known to simplify the treatment of sick people
Disease is usually first indicated by painful sensations, the living organism being equippe
with a data system unique in its universality for supplying data on the presence of disease
Yet there are times when the organism starts to perceive signs of disease too late (e.g.,
in the case of appearance of malignant neoplasms ), in which cases cure becomes more diffi-
cult. For various reasons, prophylactic inspections only partially fill this gap. But it
can be predicted that, with further study and development of EMO data stimuli, we shall be
able to use the organism's data system itself for early diagnosis, as a result of increas-
ing its sensitivity short-term.
:
It should be mentioned in conclusion that the problems of ensuring long-term uninter-
rupted operation of a large complex system, regardless of its nature or function, have
several common aspects, notably informational. Modern complex electronic systems, like
living organisms, belong to the class of large systems. It has therefore been premised
above that, in spite of a vast difference in their degrees of complexity, there can be
obvious analogies in the approach to the study and furnishing of conditions for reliable
operation, of these systems. For the simpler and more readily inspected electronic sys-
tems, the solutions of many problems can be found more easily. By analogy, such solutions
can contribute to new approaches to medical-biological problems. This should be a further
trend in the penetration of radio-electronics into medicine.
..
REFERENCES
1.
E. Shroedinger, What Life is from the Point of View of Physics [in Russian],
Atomizdat, Moscow, 1972.".
2. Scientific session of general physics and astronomy section of Academy of Sciences,
USSR (17-18 Jan., 1973), UFN, G110, no. 3, pp. 452-469, July, 1973.
,
3. N. D. Devyatkov and M. B. Golant, "On the informational nature of non-thermal and
some energy stimuli of electromagnetic oscillations on the living organism," Letter to
ZHTF, no. 1, 1982.
=
H. Frolich, Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, vol. 65, pp. 85-110;
148-152, 1980.
5. N. D. Devyatkov et al., "Physical aspects of the medical use of energy and infor-
mational electromagnetic stimuli," Elektronnaya tekhnika, Seriya Elektronika SVCh, no. 9
(333), 43-50, 1981.
-
6. S. Webb, Phys. Pep., no. 60, p. 201, 1980.
7.
E. Del Gindice, S. Deglia, and M. Milani, Phys. Lett., Oct., vol. 15A, no. 6,7,
pp. 402-404, 1981.
8.
L. Landau and E. Livshits, Statistical Physics [in Russian], GITTL Press, Moscow,
1951.
9.
L. Z. Balakireva et al., "Study of influence of FM radio waves on protection of
marrow-bone hemopoiesis of living animals subject to X-ray irradiation, " Elektronnaya
tekhnika, Seriya Elektronika SVCh, no. 8, 1981.
10. E. N. Balibova, A. G. Borodkina, M. B. Golant, T. B. Rebrova and L. A. Sevast'-
yanova, "Using amplitude modulation to increase the working efficiency of the devices of
informational stimuli of electromagnetic oscillations on living organism, " Elektronnaya
tekhnika, Seriya Elektronika SVCh, no. 8, 1981.
11. V. P. Kaznacheev and P. P. Mikhailova, Very Weak Radiations [in Russian], Nauka
Press, Moscow, 1981.
5 April 1982
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kysica Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 975-978, 1989
d in Poland
0006-3509/89 $10.00+.00
C 1991 Pergamon Press pie
DISSIPATIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE PROCESSES OF
^TERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH
BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS*
YU. P. CHUKOVA
"Otklik" Time Scientific Collective
(Received 23 July 1987)
The authors have determined the rate of generation of entropy in biological systems as a
result of the irreversibility of the processes of the interaction with electromagnetic radiation
which one accompanied by rise in free energy. The characteristics of the irreversibility of
the process of plant photosynthesis, human vision, etc. are presented. It is shown that in the
processes considered, irreversibility may greatly differ (up to 10º fold).
REVERSIBILITY, as is known, is an integral property of all real processes. After the
work of Prigogine [1] it is characterized by the magnitude S,, called the rate of genera-
son of entropy, the specific value of which o is called a dissipative function. Among
the variety of irreversible processes of the real world we would mention but a few
processes of heat and electrical conductivities, diffusion, thermal chemical reactions,
etc.) for which methods of calculating this magnitude have been devised. As for biolo-
peal objects for them as for more complex systems the question has hardly ever been
med. Yet, the achievements of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes in the
ast few years and, in particular, the successful application of the Landau-Vainshtein
method for explaining the processes of energy transformation in quantum systems have
made possible evaluation of the magnitude S, for a large range of processes of interac-
won of electromagnetic radiation of any spectral composition with matter.
The method of determining S, for endoergic processes occurring under the influence
« electromagnetic radiation is outlined in [2]. It is applicable to open systems in the
Ready state. While in these conditions electromagnetic radiation with the energy W.
sults in processes accompanied by rise in the free energy (endoergic processes) of the
products (Fp) as compared with the free energy of the reactants (FR) the efficiency of
tus process
n .= (Fp-FR)/W2,
(1)
where the points above the magnitudes denote time derivatives. From the laws of ther-
aodynamics for ne we have the relation
n=1-T(S. +S)/W.,
(2)
· Biofizika 34: No. 5, 898-900, 1989.
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976
YU. P. CHUKOVA
where S, is the flux of entropy of electromagnetic radiation with the power W., which
is absorbed by the system.
.
Usually relation (2) is analyzed in the approximation of the thermodynamic lime
when S,=0 [3]. The limiting value of the efficiency of the system (ne) may in this can
be calculated for any system if the main characteristics of the process are known. S.
may be evaluated from the difference of the real efficiency of the process (11e) from the
limiting.
The effects appearing in biological objects as a result of interaction with electro
magnetic radiation and those magnitudes from which they are judged with rare excep
tions cannot be interpreted as efficiency. But in threshold conditions when the biore
ponse vanishes one may state that the efficiency of the endoergic process is equal #
zero. This aspect is considered in detail in [2]. In threshold conditions of real efficiency
we have
$,=Wº/TŚ ?- 1.
For the red boundary of all bio-effects with a wide frequency action band and far
bioresonance effects the position of the zero efficiency boundary of the endoerpx
process in the approximation of the thermodynamic reversibility of the process is givet
by the relation
c2EŞ=2mkTv2[(1 +po) In (1+po)-Po In po],
where y is frequency; E, is the spectral density of the radiation at this frequency: T
the temperature of the system; c is the speed of light; k and h are Boltzman and Pland
constants; po=c2 E9/2nhv3.
The Figure illustrates this dependence for a wide frequency interval. The energy
of electromagnetic radiation the characteristics of which (frequency and spectral density)
enter the region A cannot be transformed to the free energy of the system even in the
approximation of the thermodynamic limit (thermodynamic reversibility). The valor
E, is always higher than the spectral density &,, T of the radiation of an absolute blad
10
12
14 logy [H]
-log Ev []/cm2]
30 |
A
50
70
Position of zero boundary of endoergic processes on the plane log v-log E, in the approxi-
.
mation of the thermodynamic reversibility of the process.
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body with the temperature T. Their ratio E,/e, , assumes a simple form for high fre-
quencies (hv>KT): E,/8, 7=e and for low frequencies (hv<kT): E9|&, r= in (epo).
The position of the zero boundary of real processes is shifted towards high E, values
through dissipative processes. These processes may be evaluated from formula (3) if
it is known from the experiment under which conditions the effect disappears.
System and process
Experimental conditions
Š, or St/4v
$1/$.
Threshold human vision at the
red boundary
2=780 nm, E2 =3 x 10-26 J/cm2
3.6 x 10-29
0.58
[5]
2=950 nm, Eº =4x 10-20 J/cm2
[6, 7]
6.7 x 10-23
1.13
Photosynthesis of
400 nm < 2 < 700 om [8]
unicellular algae
w" =5x 10-6 W/cm2
1.2 × 10-8
2.3
shade-loving plants
light-loving plants
w.º =5 x 10-+ W/cm2
1.2 × 10-6
3.1
Synthesis of 2 prophage
v= 70.4 GHZ, 4v=0.6 GHZ,
5x10-16
6 × 104
Growth rate of yeasts
v=41.68 GHZ, 4v= 10 MHZ,
3 × 10-14
8 × 10%
wº=10-+ W/cm2 [10]
Rigidity of the haeme protein
bond in haemoglobin
v=42.173 GHZ, 4v=4-2 MHz,
7 x 10-13
10ª
w) =10-3 W/cm2 [11]
Note: The magnitude S, is measured in W/cm2.K for the processes of photosynthesis but
for the other processes S./4v is given in J/cm2 . K. W. is the density of absorbed power in threshold
conditions and E, is the corresponding spectral density of absorbed power E'=W/4v.
It should be remembered that to obtain correct evaluations of $, the S. values
must be calculated starting not from the characteristics of the incident radiation but
from those of the absorbed radiation if the width of the absorption spectrum is narrow-
er than the width of the acting radiation. For the reverse ratio of bands S. must be
considered from the spectrum of the elementary excitations in the system [4]. The
Table gives the S, evaluations for a number of processes of interaction of electromagnetic
radiation with biological objects.
The processes and systems included in the Table are so chosen as to demonstrate
how wide is the range of values of the dissipative functions in different biological objects.
It gives the evaluations of the dissipative functions both for processes the characteristics
of which do not cause any doubt (human vision, plant photosynthesis) and for effects
the very existence of which is of a debatable nature (bioresonance effects of u.h.f. ra-
diation). Since the characteristics S, and S, essentially depend on the frequency charac-
teristics of the effect then for the three last processes presented in the Table later experi-
ments may introduce the most significant correctives.
As shown in [2] together with S, it is desirable to use the magnitude S,/S, which
being dimensionless is a more graphic characteristic. Its physical meaning is simple
showing as it does by how many times the rise in entropy as a result of thermodynamic
irreversibility exceeds the rise in the entropy of the system through absorption of elec-
tromagnetic radiation and so characterizes the degree of perfection of the energy trans-
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w =5x 10-5 W/cm2
1.2 x 10-7
2.6
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M. V. Fox et al.
ducer considered. Perfect are those transducers in which the ratio SI/S2 is low. The
most perfect is the human eye especially in conditions of twilight vision (S,/>, <1).
In other systems S1/S. > 1 and for the processes of interaction of u.h.f. radiation with
biological objects this ratio may reach 108.
REFERENCES
1. PRIGOGINE, I., Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes (in Russian)
Inost. Lit., Moscow, 1960
2. CHUKOVA, Yu. P., Application of Low Intensity Millimetre Radiation in Biology and Me-
dicine (in Russian) pp. 147-156, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1985
3. LANDSBERG, P. T. and TONGE, G., J. Appl. Phys. 50: R1, 1980
4. CHUKOVA, Yu. P., Zh. fiz. khim. 58: 42, 1984
5. MESHKOV, V. V., Bases of Light Technology (in Russian) Part 1, pp. 98, 336. Gosenergoizdat
Moscow-Leningrad, 1957
6. WALD, G,, Science 101: 653, 1945
7. PINEGIN, N. I., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 56: 811, 1947
8. TARCHEVSKII, I. A., Fundamentals of Photosynthesis (in Russian) Kazan, 1971
9. WEBB, S. L., Phys. Lett. 73A: 145, 1979
10. GRUNDLER, W. et al., Ibid. 62A: 463, 1977
11. DIDENKO, N. P. et al., Effects of Non-Thermal Action of Millimetre Radiation on Biological
Objects (in Russian) pp. 63-77, IRE, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1983
Biophysics Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 978-982, 1989
Printed in Poland
0006-3509/89 $10.00+.00
1991 Pergamon Preus pk
REDUCTION OF THE PERMEABILITY OF ERYTHROCYTE
MEMBRANES FOR OXYGEN DURING OXYGENATION*
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1
M. V. FOK, A. R. ZARITSKII and G. A. PROKOPENKO
Lebedev Physics Institute, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
(Received 30 December 1987)
It is shown that during oxygenation of the blood the permeability of erythrocyte membranes
for oxygen falls at least ten fold.
IN [1] it was shown experimentally that on oxygenation in certain conditions of different
volumes of donor blood the curves of the dependence of the degree of oxygenation «
on the oxygenation time t in the coordinates a-logt may be combined with an accuracy
±2% by shifting along the log [ axis. This means that the link between the degree of
* Biofizika 34: No. 5, 901-904, 1989.
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Experimental Studies
Science Applications International Corporation
Cognitive Sciences Laboratory
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Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genome Conformational State
of E. coli Cells
Igor Ya. Belyaev. Yevgeny D. Alipov, Victor S. Shcheglov, and Vitaly N. Lystsov
Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Kashirskoye Shosse. 31. Moscow. 115409, C.I.S.
Temporary Research Collective "Otklik", Vladimirskaya st .. 61 "B",
Kiev, GSP. 252017. C.I.S.
Z. Naturforsch. 47c. 621 -627 (1992); received September 21, 1990/January 1, 1992
Cellular Biology, Microwave Bioaction, Radiation Damage, Repair
The effect of low intensity microwaves on the conformational state of the genome of
X-irradiated E. coli cells was studied by the method of viscosity anomalous time dependencies.
It has been established that within the ranges of 51.62-51.84 GHz and 41.25-41.50 GHz the
frequency dependence of the observed effect has a resonance nature with a resonance half-
width of the order of 100 MHz. The power dependence of the microwave effect within the
range of 0.1 -200 u Wicmª has shown that a power density of 1 uW/cm- is sufficient to suppress
radiation-induced repair of the genome conformational state. The effect of microwave sup-
pression of repair is well reproduced and does not depend on the sequence of cell exposure to
X-rays and microwave radiation in the millimeter band. The results obtained indicate the role
of the cell genome in the resonant interaction of cells with low intensity millimeter waves.
Introduction
At present a significant body of evidence has
been collected on the ability of microwaves in the
millimeter range to bring about biological effects
including those on the cellular level [1. 2]. It has
been found that microwaves can influence the
processes of gene expression [3-5]. The specific
features of such interaction are dependence on fre-
quency and also effectiveness of low intensity
microwave radiation which does not result in sig-
nificant heating of the irradiated object. One of the
possible explanations of these facts accounts for
the influence of millimeter waves on the genome
conformational state [6]. The genome conforma-
tional state (GCS) is expressed as the space-topo-
logical organization of the entire chromosomal
DNA. which is ensured. among other things. by
the supercoiling of DNA and DNA protein bonds.
The GCS changes play a significant role in all ele-
mentary genetic processes - transcription, replica-
tion. repair.
The hypothesis which accounts for the influence
of millimeter radiation most evident in the case of
stressed systems [1. 7] among them bioobjects sub-
Reprint requests to 1. Ya. Beiyaev. Moscow Engineering
Physics Institute. Kashirskoye sh., 31. Moscow, 115409.
C.I.S.
Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung.
D-W-7400 Tübingen
0939-5075 92.0700-0621 $ 01.30/0
jected to ionizing radiation [6] has repeatedly been
verified.
The influence of millimeter waves on the process
of the GCS repair after E. coli K 12 cell exposure
to X-rays was examined in this work. As a test for
appearance and repair of changes in a chromoso-
mal DNA we used the method of the anomalous
viscosity time dependencies (AVTD) in cell lysates
[6].
Materials and Methods
Microwave and X-ray irradiation
A block diagram of the experimental unit used
for microwave irradiation of cell suspension is
given in Fig. 1. A G4-141 generator served as the
source of extremely high frequency electromagnet-
ic radiation (EHF EMR). In the course of irradia-
4
5
7
9
8
1
2
3
6.
G
Fig. 1. Block diagram for microwave irradiation of cell
suspension: 1 - EHF EMR generator: 2 - controlled at-
tenuator: 3. 6 - directional coupler: 4 - frequency ana-
lyzer: 5 - measurement line (VSWR-meter): 7 - power
meter: 8 - pyramidal horn: 9 - cell suspension.
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I. Y. Belyaev er al. . Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genome Conformational State of E. coli Cells
tion the frequency. the output power. as well as the
voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) were con-
trollable. Frequency instability was 1. MHz, error
in the measurement of the output power did not
exceed 10% and the value of VSWR in the wave-
guide was not more than 1.6. Irradiation of a cell
suspension (1.5 mm thickness) was carried out in
Petri dishes. 50 mm in diameter. by means of a
pyramidal horn having dimensions 40 x 50 mm2.
The space distribution of the power density
(PD) on the surface of the suspension was meas-
ured by means of a dipole EHF probe [8]. With the
irradiation frequencies used the local PD values at
the surface of the suspension differed by nearly an
order of magnitude. But frequency changes of
± 200 MHz did not lead to significant changes of
the pattern of PD distribution. At the same time
frequency changes in a wide range (of the order of
units GHz) could lead to a marked displacement
of PD minima and maxima up to their inversion.
In the event of parity of output power in the wave-
guide. the PD value. averaged over the whole sur-
face under irradiation, did not change.
The specific absorption rate (SAR) was meas-
ured in two ways: by the acoustic method [9] and
the calorimetric method. The suspension tempera-
ture was measured by a microthermocouple.
Cells were subjected to X-rays (XR) using a ra-
diological unit RUP-150. The distance from the
focus to the suspension was 40 cm, average radia-
tion energy - 50 keV, dose rate 0.7 Gy/min.
Microwave and X-irradiation of cells was carried
out at ambient temperature.
Preparation of bacterial cells for experiments and
cell lysis
The following strains were used in the work:
E. coli K 12: AB1157 F- thr-I ara-14 leu-B6
proA 2 lacGI tsx-33 supE 44 galK 2 hisG 4 rfbDI
mgl-51 rpsL 31 xyl-5 mtl-I argE3 thi-I 2"rac";
G 62 F+ proA 23 lac-28 trp-30 his-51 rpsLR and
also strain RM 117 which is isogenic with strain
AB 1157. Cells were cultivated by standard meth-
ods in Luria broth or minimal medium M-9 [10].
The E. coli cultures used in the experiments were
kept in spreadings on the Hottinger nutrient agar
at 3-4 ℃.
Before irradiation. cells from the night culture
were resuspended in concentrations of 3 + 9 x 107
cells/ml in a salt buffer M-9. Cells were kept under
these conditions for 1 h before irradiation.
After irradiation. cells were lysated by gradually
adding LET-lysozyme (LET-medium: 0.5 M
Na2 EDTA. 0.01 M Tris-HCI, pH 7) in a concen-
tration of 3 mg/ml. LET-sarcosyl (2%) and LET-
papain (3 mg/ml) with 10 to 15 min intervals be-
tween addition of each agent. 0.3 ml LET-lyso-
zyme. 1.0 ml LET-sarcosyl, 0.7 ml LET-papain
were added to 1 ml of cell suspension. The lysates
were then kept in darkness at a temperature of
30 -C for 40 h, after that the AVTD were meas-
ured.
Method of anomalous viscosity time dependencies
This method is based on the fact that in solu-
tions of high-polymer DNA. placed in a rotary
viscosimeter. radial migration of DNA, which is a
directed movement of macromolecules towards
the inner cylinder of the viscosimeter (rotor). is
observed [11].
Measurements were carried out in a rotary cy-
lindrical viscosimeter with an automatic record of
the rotor's rotation period [6]. In the unit used, the
rotor was set in motion by a constant moment of
force created by an external electromagnetic field.
Upon completion of the lysis the rotor was sus-
pended on the meniscus of the lysate examined.
Thereafter the lysate was placed in a thermostati-
cally controlled (30 ℃) jacket of the viscosimeter
for measurement.
When the external electromagnetic field is
switched on. the rotor starts moving. In the initial
stage of measuring the rotor's rotation period (T),
the lysate viscosity increases due to a radial migra-
tion of macromolecules. This results in an in-
creased rotation period of the rotor since the peri-
od is proportional to the specific viscosity (Fig. 2.
curve 1). After the DNA macromolecules had de-
posited on the external surface of the rotor the ve-
locity of its rotation decreased to the value typical
of a pure solvent. The dependence of the rotor's
rotation period in the cell lysate on the time after
the rotor's rotation starts (t) is called anomalous
viscosity time dependence.
It should be noted here that AVTD cannot be
observed in protein solutions. because radial mi-
gration doesn't take place in solutions of mole-
cules with weights less than 106 D [11]. The param-
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I. Y. Belyaev et al. . Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genome Conformational State of E. coli Cells
eters of the AVTD curve in the cell lysate are de-
termined by the genome conformational state, i.e.
by hydrodynamic parameters of chromosomal
DNA macromolecules which in their turn depend
on the DNA nativity, DNA association with var-
ious proteins, the microenvironment, etc. The ro-
tor's maximum rotation period (Tmax) which in this
method is the most sensitive parameter character-
izing the genome conformational state of E. coli
cells, was obtained from the AVTD curve. The
measurement error of the rotor's rotation period
was 2%.
Results
Irradiation of E. coli cells with doses of 10-50
Gy leads to changes of the AVTD curve of the cell
lysate (Fig. 2, curve 2). The major cause of these
changes is the considerable decrease of Tmax. After
post-irradiated cell incubation for 90-120 min.
depending on the dose of irradiation. an almost
complete recovery of the AVTD curve (Fig. 2.
curve 3) took place. This means that during this
period the GCS of the irradiated cells returned to
the control level. It is in this sense that we use the
term "repair" of the genome conformational state.
In preliminary experiments the X-irradiated
cells were exposed to microwaves in the regime of
frequency switching. This was brought about with-
in the range of about 200 MHz during 30-90 min.
Fig. 2 (curve 4) shows the AVTD curve after cell
irradiation within the frequency band of 51.60-
51.78 GHz at PD = 3 m W/cm2 for 90 min.
It can be seen that microwaves in this range ef-
fectively suppress repair of the GCS. To assess the
microwave effect on the repair process after
X-irradiation, we used the following ratio:
max XR - 1 - T.
×
max XR + 1 - 2 max XR
max eff
where:
Tmax XR - the average maximum rotor's rotation
period in the lysates of cells lysated immediately
after X-irradiation;
T max XR + [ - the average maximum rotor's rota-
tion period in the lysates of cells lysated after
X-irradiation and subsequent incubation (I);
" max eff - the average maximum rotor's rotation
period in the lysates of cells subjected to EHF
EMR during the radiation-induced repair. In two
effective microwave ranges the x dependencies on
frequency were determined.
In these experiments. cells were irradiated with
microwaves of a certain frequency for 5 to 15 min
after X-irradiation. To assess the average value of
the rotor's maximum rotation period (Tmax) in
each of the experiments 3 AVTD measurements
were made. Significance level was determined by
the Student's t-test. The extent and results of a
standard experiment are given in Table I.
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 present the x dependence in
the ranges examined: 51.62-51.84 GHz (strain
50
40
30
T[s]
1
20
3
4
10
2
0
0
100
200
300
400
t[s]
Fig. 2. Anomalous viscosity time dependencies of E. coli
G 62 cell lysates: 1 - control: 2 - X-irradiation (30 Gy);
3 - XR and incubation (90 min): 4 - XR and incuba-
tion under the influence of EHF EMR.
1
0.8
0.6
2
0.4
0.2
0
51.6
51.64
51.68
51.72 51.76
51.8
51.84
f [ GHz ]
Fig. 3. Frequency dependence of EHF EMR effect on
radiation-induced repair of the GCS of E. coli RM 117
cells (20 Gy: 15 min. 3 m W cm-).
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I. Y. Belyaev et al. . Resonance Effect of Microwaves on the Genome Conformational State of E. coli Cells
Table I. Values of the maximum rotor's rotation period derived from AVTD
curves obtained in lysates of E. coli AB 1157 cells, lysated after X-irradiation
(20 Gy), subsequent incubation or irradiation with EHF EMR (200 uW/cm2) in
the course of incubation.
Type of
effect
EMR
frequency
[GHz]
Duration of
EHF EMR
irradiation
[min]
Tmax
[S]
max
[S]
Significance
level as
compared
with XR + I
51.1
Control
-
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35.1
44.8 ±4.8
P<0.03
47.8
7.4
XR
-
-
7.2
7.0±0.3
p<0.0001
6.5
28.1
XR + I
24.7
26.2± 1.0
-
25.7
14.0
41.25
10
12.3
12.8±0.6
p< 0.0004
12.1
41.30
10
6.4
6.9± 0.3
p< 0.0001
XR
+
41.35
10
10.1
9.7±0.4
P< 0.0002
-
EMR
+
41.40
10
11.2
11.0±0.7
p<0.0004
I
41.45
10
17.3
16.7± 0.3
p<0.001
41.50
10
. .
16.2
15.6±0.3
p<0.0006
* Standard error.
1.2
1
¥ 0.8
0.6
0.4
41.2 41.25 41.3 41.35
41.45 41.5
f [ GHz ]
Fig. 4. Frequency dependence of EHF EMR effect on
radiation-induced repair of the genome conformational
state of E. coli AB1157 cells (20 Gy; 200 uW/cm2,
10 min).
RM117) and 41.25-41.50 GHz (strain AB 1157).
It is clear that in both ranges this dependence has a
resonance nature with a resonance half-width of
the order of 100 MHz and resonance frequencies
of 51.76 GHz and 41.32 GHz respectively. In the
first instance the cell exposure to EHF EMR was
carried out at PD = 3 mW/cm2. The SAR value,
estimated by acoustic and calorimetric methods,
amounted to 17 mW/g and 22 mW/g respectively.
Heating of the cell suspension, when irradiated,
did not exceed 1 ℃. The x dependence on frequen-
cy within the range of 41.25-41.50 GHz was stud-
ied at PD = 200 uW/cm2 with heating not exceed-
ing 0.1 ℃. It should be noted that heating of a cell
suspension by 5℃ for 10 min right after the
X-irradiation did not lead to suppression of repair
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8.9
10.1
9.7
12.2
16.2
16.6
15.2
15.6
± SE*
7.2

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1.2 F
1
0.8
¥ 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
PD [ pW / cm2 ]
Fig. 5. Dependence of suppression effectiveness of radia-
tion-induced GCS repair on microwave PD (strain
AB 1157, 20 Gy; 41.32 GHz, 5 min).
processes. We also studied the dependence of sup-
pression of radiation-induced GCS repair on PD
of the microwave exposure at the 41.32 GHz fre-
quency. The power dependence of x is shown in
Fig. 5. Starting with a PD of 1 µW/cm2, irradiation
for 5 min significantly suppressed GCS repair.
As pointed out above, Fig. 3 shows a frequency
dependence within the 51.62-51.84 GHz range for
RM 117 strain. But this microwave irradiation was
effective in repair suppression for the other strains
used: AB1157 and G62. Altogether 11 experi-
ments were carried out, each revealing statistically
significant suppression of repair processes by
microwaves at frequencies of this resonance.
An EHF EMR effect on the genome conforma-
tional state was also discovered in the case of in-
verse sequence of cell exposure to microwaves and
X-rays. Irradiation of cells with EHF EMR at the
51.78 GHz frequency (that is close to that of reso-
nance) before X-irradiation prevented the process
of radiation-induced repair (Table II).
Table II. Values of the maximum rotor's rotation peri-
od in cell lysates after a combined effect EHF EMR
(3 mW/cm2. 51.78 GHz. 30 min) and XR (30 Gy) on
E. coli RM 117 cells.
Type of
effect
Tout ± SE
[S]
Significance level
as compared with
XR + I
Control
17.1± 0.9
p<0.04
XR
6.9±0.1
P< 0.02
XR + I
12.5±1.4
EMR + XR + 1
7.2±0.2
p<0.003
Discussion
It is generally accepted that biological mem-
branes are receptors of chemical and electromag-
netic signals. Can this premise alone explain those
resonance bioeffects which can be seen when cells
are subjected to low-intensity millimeter radiation?
This resultant effect can change such important
biological parameters as velocity of cell division
[1, 2] or processes of gene expression [3, 5]. It
would seem that the simplest answer to the ques-
tion of the target of microwave resonance effect is
that the target is the cell membrane whose proper-
ties determine frequencies of resonant interaction.
Indeed, in a number of model studies microwave
effects were detected that had been caused by a
change in the ion membrane transport [13-15].
But the microwave "membrane" effects examined
did not depend on the EMR frequency and there-
fore do not permit explanation of the resonance ef-
fect on the processes of cell development and gene
expression. It appeared to us that a promising ex-
planation of these observations could be supplied
by the notion of the role of the genome conforma-
tional state in forming cell's resonance response to
the millimeter wave exposure. In other words, we
assumed that parameters of the GCS, i.e. space-to-
pological organization of chromosomal DNA, de-
termine resonance frequencies. In such an event
the GCS would be sensitive to the effect of milli-
meter waves of certain frequencies.
In order to provide support for this supposition
we used the method of anomalous viscosity time
dependencies in cell lysates, which has a high sensi-
tivity to the GCS change [6]. Changes in the
AVTD can be detected even with an X-ray dose of
10 cGy when less than one single-strand DNA
break is induced per E. coli genome. This result al-
ready made it possible to assume that the AVTD
method is sensitive not only to damages of the sug-
ar-phosphate bonds of the DNA secondary struc-
ture. The AVTD sensitivity to other changes of the
genome conformation, particularly those caused
by DNA-protein bonds, was confirmed by the ex-
periments we carried out [16]. The results obtained
in the course of our work indicate that repair of
the genome conformational state of bacterial cells
after ionizing irradiation is highly sensitive to the
resonance effect of millimeter waves.
The microwave effect discovered cannot be ex-
plained by trivial heating. This was borne out by
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many of the results obtained. First, there were
effective PD of about 1 µW/cm2, while SAR
amounted to 10 µW/g is not enough for a notice-
able heating of the irradiated suspension over
5-15 min. Second, heating of the cell suspension
by 5 ℃ for 10 min during the postradiative incu-
bation has no influence on the restoration. Finally,
the PD averaged over the irradiated surface did
not depend on the frequency within the limits of
the observed resonances (± 200 MHz).
There is hardly any doubt that destabilization of
repair and probably other protein complexes with
DNA is the central event of the molecular-biologi-
cal mechanism preventing the GCS repair. Sur-
prisingly, this effect may be obtained even if cells
are subjected to EMR with resonance frequency
before X-irradiation. This result means that a cell,
irrespective of whether or not it was X-irradiated.
retains the microwave resonance effect for a cer-
tain period. It is especially important to stress that
this memory is realized at the level of the genome
conformational state. This inference is supported
by the fact that after a 5-10 min EMR effect on
X-irradiated cells, the prevention of GCS repair
persists for at least an hour and a half of the subse-
quent incubation.
The discovered frequency dependence of the
effect, especially the half-width of resonances
(100 MHz), is similar in character to that which
had been obtained when studying the gene expres-
sion of repressed 2-prophage operon in lysogenic
E. coli cells [3, 5]. In our view, this coincidence is
one more argument in favour of the supposition of
the role of the genome conformational state in the
resonance response of bacterial cells to a millime-
ter wave effect.
In general, a chain of events seems to be in-
volved in this interaction. At the first stage, micro-
waves interact with cell membranes. It is likely that
the signal in the membrane intensifies and is re-
ceived in the DNA through the point (points)
where DNA is attached to the membrane. We be-
lieve that there are parameters of DNA or its se-
lected sites, including those bound with proteins,
that determine the resonance frequencies of elec-
tromagnetic waves capable of influencing the gen-
ome conformational state through the membrane.
One cannot exclude the possibility that the pri-
mary targets of millimeter wave action are pro-
teins, which take part in maintaining the structural
and functional integrity of chromosome DNA [18.
19]. Then changes in the GCS registered by the
AVTD method will be defined by the influence of
EHF EMR on the function of these proteins. By
affecting the GCS through the processes of molec-
ular interaction the microwaves may give rise to
changes of DNA secondary structure, changes in
elementary genetic processes: transcription. repli-
cation, repair and recombination. Consequently, it
is possible to record the final biological effect at
the cell level: modification of gene expression
down to derepression of operons [2-5], changes in
the velocity of DNA synthesis and in cell division
[1,17].
It is worth noting that cells of all the E. coli
strains used (AB 1157, RMI17, G62) were sensi-
tive to EMR of the 51.62-51.84 GHz frequency
band. The first two of these strains are isogenic by
known markers. As to the third strain, it differs
from the previous ones by a number of markers.
For instance, G 62 cells have no mutations in the
gene of acetylornithine deacetylase or other genes
whose products take part in the biosynthesis of ar-
ginine and therefore are not auxotrophic on this
amino acid. It is possible that structural genes
whose mutations determine differences in the
strains used have no relationship with a mecha-
nism of resonance interaction. But it appears likely
to us that resonance frequencies are determined by
regulatory nucleotide sequences and their mutual
position within cellular DNA.
The results obtained in this work are in accord-
ance with the physical models predicting the exist-
ence in living systems of discrete resonance states
corresponding to the millimeter band of an elec-
tromagnetic field [18, 19].
A further experimental confirmation of the gen-
ome's role in giving rise to these discrete states and
the existence of selection rules on helicity for tran-
sitions between them will be made public at a later
date.
Acknowledgements
The authors express their gratitude to O. A.
Aizenberg for providing strains and to V. M.
Shtemler for assistance in SAR measurements.
They are also sincerely grateful to W. Grundler,
F. Keilmann and S. P. Sitko for discussing the re-
sults of this work. "
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[1] W. Grundler, U. Jentzsch, F. Keilmann, and V. Put-
terlic, in: Biological Coherence and Response to Ex-
ternal Stimuli (H. Frohlich, ed.), pp. 65-85, Sprin-
ger Verlag, Heidelberg 1988.
[2] E. Postow and M. L. Swicord, in: CRC Handbook
of Biological Effect of Electromagnetic Fielas
(C. Polk and E. Postow, eds.), pp. 425-460, CRC
Press, Inc., Boca Raton 1986.
[3] S. J. Webb, Phys. Lett. 73 A, 145 (1979).
[4] F. Kremer, C. Koschnitzke, L. Santo, P. Quick, and
A. Poglitsch, in: Coherent Excitation in Biological
Systems (H. Frohlich and F. Kremer, eds.), pp.
10-20, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1983.
[5] K. V. Lukashevsky and I. Ya. Belyaev, Med. Sci.
Res. 18, 955 (1990).
[6] Ye. D. Alipov, I. Ya. Belyaev, D. I. Yedneral, D. M.
Izmailov, K. V. Lukashevsky, L. K. Obukhova,
O. V. Okladnova, and V. S. Shcheglov, in: Proceed-
ings of the Workshop on Genetic Effects of Charged
Particles (K. G. Amirtaev and S. Kozubek, eds.),
pp. 150-160, JINR, Dubna 1989 (in Russian).
[7] S. P. Sitko, E. A. Andreev, and I. S. Dobronravova,
J. Biol. Phys. 16, 71 (1988).
[8] G. T. Butkus, K. K. Mikalauskas, and A. S. Pausha,
in: Medicobiological Aspects of Millimeter Radia-
tion (N. D. Devyatkov, ed.), pp. 230-234, IRE Ac.
Sci. U.S.S.R., Moscow 1987 (in Russian).
[9] I. G. Polnikov and A. V. Putvinsky, Biofisika 33, 893
(1988) (in Russian).
[10] J. Miller, Experiments in Molecular Genetics, p. 373,
Mir, Moscow 1976 (in Russian).
[11] E. L. Uhlenhopp, Biorheology 12, 137 (1975).
[12] V. D. Iskin, Yu. V. Zavgorodny, N. M. Yatsenko,
L. K. Silina, E. V. Stepula, A. W. Medvedovsky,
B. G. Rice, and S. V. Rudenko, Biological Effects of
Millimeter Waves. Review. A. Deposited Manu-
script, p. 75, All-Union Institute of Scientific and
Technical Information of the U.S.S.R., Moscow
1987 (in Russian).
[13] V. M. Shtemler, in: The All-Union Symposium with
Foreign Participants: Theoretical and Applied As-
pects of Usage of the Millimeter Electromagnetic Ir-
radiation in Medicine. Abstracts (S. P. Sitko, ed.),
pp. 114-115, TRC "Otklik", Kiev 1989 (in Russian).
[14] R. N. Khramov, Ye. M. Kobrinsky, A. K. Filippov,
and N. I. Porotikov, ibid., pp. 49-50 (in Russian).
[15] I. Yu. Petrov and O. V. Betsky, Dokl. Acad. Nauk
U.S.S.R. 305, 474 (1989) (in Russian).
[16] Ye. D. Alipov, I. Ya. Belyaev, V. P. Kryuchkov, and
V. N. Lystsov, in: Proceedings of the Eight Balkan
Biochemical and Biophysical Days, pp. 1-2, Insti-
tute of Atomic Physics, Bucharest 1990.
[17] I. Ya. Belyaev, Ye. D. Alipov, V. S. Shcheglov, K. V.
Lukashevsky, and V. N. Lystsov, in: Proceedings of
Tenth International Biophysics Congress, p. 549,
Vancouver 1990.
[18] S. P. Sitko, V. I. Sugakov, Dokl. Acad. Nauk Ukr.
S.S.R. 6 B, 63 (1984) (in Russian).
[19] F. Keilmann, Z. Naturforsch. 41 c, 795 (1986).
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BIOINFORMATIONAL INTERACTIONS: EHF-WAVES
N. D. Kolbun and V. E. Lobarev
Kibernetika i Vychislitel'naya Tekhnika,
No. 78, pp. 94-99, 1988
UDC 577.31
The informational interaction of the EHF-wave band are
discussed. The influence of electromagnetic fields in the
millimetric band, which are similar to natural fields, upon
human body is studied.
The evolution of life on earth was affected by various environ-
mental factors. Among the most important factors were electromagnetic
fields (EMF) and magnetic fields. Studies have confirmed a high sen-
sitivity of biological systems to these fields [2,5].
In principle, each band of electromagnetic waves reaching the
Earth's biosphere could have contributed to natural evolution and may
affect vital functions [5]. In the past few decades, the theory
which assigns a regulatory and informational role to EMF in biological
systems has been gaining supporters [5,14,16]. The theory views a bio-
logical system as a biochemical complex inseparably linked with intern-
al and external EMF. A concept advanced by Kaznazheev in 1975 (see
[6]) represented a biosystem as a nonequilibrium photon constellation
maintained by a constant energy influx from outside. Under this con-
cept, EMF quanta are material carriers of information flows in cellu-
lar biosystems. EMF flows within a biosystem constitute the informa-
tional base of its vital functions; flows of external EMF are the fac-
tors regulating (to some extent) the internal information flows.
Differentiation between energetic and informational flows of ex-
ternal EMF has been discussed in [3,5,8]. The energetic actions are
defined as the actions introducing a change into biosystem proportional
to the amount of energy contributed. An informational interaction of
( 1989 by Allerton Press, Inc.
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an EMF with a biosystem is one where the effect is not determined by
the amount of energy brought in but by specific informational features;
various EMF modulations, frequency bands, polarizational and time
characteristics, etc., can function as such features. The information-
carrying signal, in that case, merely triggers a redistribution of en-
ergy or matter in the system and control processes in it [5]. The low-
er boundary of an information effect is set [8] at flow density (FD) ,
on the order of 10-12 W/m2 (10-16 W/cm2). Apparently, there is no
bright line between informational and energetic FD. Various investi-
gators (1,3,8,10] place it in the region between 10-7 W/cm2 and 10-2
W/cm2. Figure 1 compares the characteristics of principal EMF sources
that form the natural electromagnetic background of the biosphere and
the atomospheric transparency to the entire wave band. The atmosphere
is unevenly transparent to EMF of different wavelengths. In turn, FD
from solar radiation and from other sources is uneven throughout the
EMF range. The combination of these factors determines the magnitude
and dynamics of natural EM background of the biosphere in each frequency
band. Biological systems are likely to be more sensitive to external
EMF flows in the frequency bands where the natural field background is
lowest.
Biological effects at informational EMF intensities (≤1 MW/cm2)
appear, according to incomplete data, in those spectral regions where
the external background is minimal either because of low atmospheric
transparency or a minimal space radiation (see Fig. 1). The spectral
density of solar radiation in space matches closely the radiation of
an absolute black body at T = 6000 K. Radio waves accounts for just
a fraction of a percentage point of the total energy radiated by the
sun. In the wave band from 0.3 to 10 mm, solar radiation is described
closely by the Rayleigh-Jeans law. The effective sun temperature
Tmo in the radio band is different from kinetic temperature. It has
been measured experimentally and for % - 1-6 mm varies from 5500 to
8000 K [4].
Galactic radiation does not make any significant contribution to
the natural background in the millimetric wave band (EHF), as it is
absorbed completely by the atmosphere near 1 = 1 cm ( see Fig. 1) .
Other natural EMF sources are the Earth's surface and the atmo-
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1
Sun
Radiceun
-100
Radiation of atmo-
sphere and aky
10
Background
radiation
Noise temperature, K
2
Molecular absorption
Relative transparency
atmosphere, %
Reflection from the
"Radio window"
atmosphere, %
4,001 0,01 01 1 10
100 1000 1
-
10 100 1000
1 mm
10 mm
m
Fig. 1.
Natural EMF sources and atmospheric
transparency throughout the EM spectral range
[12]: 1) frequency "windows" in which BII are
observed according to [5]; wavelength bands
where biological effects of nonthermal EMF
with FD ≤ 1 mW/cm- can be observed; 2) data
of [7]; 3) data of [1, 3,10,13].
sphere. The proper heat radiation from the Earth can be described as
radiation of a gray body with s = 0,35 and T = 288 K. Atmospheric radia-
tion is described by radiation laws of an absolute black body with iso-
lated selective lines of atmospheric gases and water vapors at respec-
tive Teff'
In EHF-band the effective atmospheric temperature ranges
from 100 to 400 K. Throughout the EHF-band, the spectral density of
solar radiation is greater by some 12 dB than the proper atmospheric
radiation (Fig. 2).
In the range 1 - 1-8 mm, the atmsophere absorbs EMF selectively,
mainly in the bands of molecular absorption of 02 and water vapors
[1,4]. The total attenuation of the radiation on the vertical path in
selected bands is as large as 800 dB (Fig. 3). In transparency windows,
the attenuation may be just 1-3 dB.
There are several frequency regions in EHF-band that coincide with
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Cdb
1 mm
5: 3 2
1
0.75
7 6 5 4 3 2 2,mm
Si,, W/m2.Hz
: 18
10
10
.
400 *
=== 2
2'
10 x
.
10
45 50 60 75 100 150 Y, GHZ
60
180
500
. Hz
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 2. Spectral densities of radiation flows: 1) solar at
T = 6000 K; 2) atmosphere based on data of [4,6].
Fig. 3. Vertical attentuation of MMR as a function of wave-
length in clear atmosphere: 1) January; 2) July.
=
atmospheric absorption bands; the natural field background in them is
minimal and is entirely determined by the proper noise radiation of
the atmosphere.
The spectral FD of the natural background in these
regions is 10-20 to 10-19 w/(m2.Hz). Based on this analysis, a hypo-
thesis was advanced postulating that biological systems, adapted in
the course of evolution to a low-background level, can respond to EMF
flows that rise slightly above the background radiation on wavelengths
near 2.5, 1.7, 0.9, and 0.8 mm. Quantum energy of millimetric radia-
tion (MMR) is sufficient for inducing important biological processes
associated with rotation of water molecules and oscillations of H20
lattice, rotation of terminal groups within molecules, conformation of
protein molecules, etc. [1, 3,10].
Estimating the potential role of MMR in bioinformational interac-
tions (BII), we should note that MMR wavelengths in biological tissues
are such that, even in case of a very strong MMR absorption, it can
synchronize biochemical processes in single-celled and multicellular
organisms .
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ng150
4
b
20
.
60
10
110 115 f, GHz
Fig. 4.
Relative frequency of sens-
ory response as a function of MMR: a)
data of Pyasetskil (see [13]); . b) our
data.
According to our working hypothesis concerning the biological
significance of EMF in EHF-band, MMR on frequencies of atmospheric
absorption bands plays an informational role within biosystems and
is the material carrier in interactions of biological objects at small
distances.
When nonthermal-intensity MMR acted upon selected acupunctural
zones in men [13], characteristic sensory response was absorbed with
radiation frequencies in the band of 53-78 GHz. We conducted similar
tests with 116-121 GHZ at radiation FD on the order of 10-8 W/cm2.
The band includes 0, absorption line with the center near 119 GHZ [15].
The He-Gu acupunctural point on the right hand was irradiated. Based
on 130 tests, a distribution of the relative number of sensory response
was plotted as a function of MMR frequency (Fig. 4). Subjective re-
sponses were similar to those described in [13]: parasthesias, sensa-
tions of warmth, tingling, etc. Several tests were also conducted
where, in similar conditions, a sensory indication of MMR with fre-
quency near 180 GHz was observed.
A special method was developed for the experiment to test the pos-
sibility and the range of BII between noncontiguous biological objects.
As in [5], electromagnetic wave filters were placed between biological
objects. Changes in the state of the object were recorded; the bio-
logical objects thus functioned as detectors. The inductor was an oper-
ator who had been found in earlier experiments to be capable of in-
ducing sensory reactions in subjects similar to those produced by MMR.
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36.0 38.4 42,25 48.15 50.8 58.5
9, GHz
C
100
.
..
4/7-4,5
60
F
300
470
730
1220
1525
IM5
1570
2280
1450
280
F+s
1700
2980
20
O
3900
6400
4420
7700
8,5
7,7
6,5
5,9
5.3
2, mm
" Filtera used in experimenta
measuring BI frequency
band's
Fig. 5. Transmittance characteristics of gauze
bandpass filters: 1) no. 10; 2) no. 11; 3) no.
12; 4) calculated.
16
14
12
2
0,78
10
1.22
1,52
1,91
2,28
4
2
O
1
2:
4
5
8
Fig. 6. Distribution of occurrence
frequency of sensory reactions with
BII through filters with various
transmittance maxima.
I
A series of passband net filters with a honeycomb array of open-
ings were prepared. The filters were made from the same photographic
masters by photolithography and etching of 0.2-mm-thick copper foil.
The transmittance characteristics of the filters are given in Fig. 5.
Copper foil screens were also used. Filters and screens were enclosed
in identical opaque paper envelopes.
The subject lay down on a couch; his entire body surface was cov-
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2255
2795
4855
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40
.Nh+h
S

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Generator,
'116-121 GHz
Passive
frequency
MMAN
Directed
coupler
10 db
-5cm
AttenuMor
Antenne
Proteus
7 cm
Proteus
Cecillography
Carbon fabric
.
b
Fig. 7. Setup for irradiation of bacteria (a)
and experiments to detect BII (b).
ered with two layers of carbon fabric so that only He-Ge acupuncture
point on the right hand was exposed. Since the transmittance of the
filters in the short-wave wing at 1<0.1<\ ___ increases to the level of
geometric transparency [9], only one sequence of filters was applied:
first, the shortest-wave filter N = 1, followed by Ne = 2, ... , Np "
= 12. Thus, a sequence of filters (F) and screens (S) was formed :
SF1F2SF3SSF4, ... , where the random quantities were only the number
and sequence of screens.
Based on the results of the study a distribution of subjects
according to filter numbers was constructed (Fig. 6; the dashed curve
indicates the distribution of the random process of origination of
sensory responses to presentation. 5).
In the next experiment, we attempted to discover a difference in
responses of biosystems to MMR with frequencies 116-121 GHz. Proteus
bacteria were irradiated, and placed in a culture medium (Fig. 7a).
The hemolytic activity of irradiated bacteria was measured after three
hours of incubation in a thermostat, as expressed by the optical dens-
ity of the specimen. The MMR generator was readjusted in the range of
116.8-120.6 GHz to produce on the culture surface a flux density on the
order of 50 uW/cm2. The radiation power was maintained constant within
$1.5 dB; the frequency setting error was within +0.1%. Each specimen
was irradiated for 180 sec.
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P
150 120 90 V, GHZ
R
o
Control
7.X
·
4,7
100
No-7
0.5L
0
117 118 119 V,GHZ 1,0
2,0
5,0 24mm
-
b
Fig. 8.
Probability of hemolytic activity
change by low-intensity MMR irradiation (for
the threshold of likelihood ratio function
Lo = 1) and variation of optical density R
of specimens with Proteus "irradiated" by hu-
man inductor through filters 5 and 7.
The experiment followed a randomized plan for five frequency
values. Twenty bacteria samples of the same culture were irradiated
at each frequency (an additional 20 control samples were not irradi-
ated). Bacterial concentration in the specimens was 10° cells/ml.
It was discovered that MMR of 116-121 GHz modified the Proteus hemo-
lytic activity, with the maximum probability of the effect at 118.8
GHz (Fig. 8a).
Simultaneously, an experiment was staged to study the effect of
radiation by the human inductor on the activity of the same bacteria
(Fig. 7b). Two filters (Nos. 5 and 7) were used with transmittance
maximum at 1.9 and 2.4 mm, respectively. Through each filter 9 speci-
mens were "irradiated" (with 9 control specimens). The experiment
produced some increase of hemolytic activity of Proteus irradiated by
the human inductor through a filter with A __= 2,4 mm (Fig. 8b).
The study made general analysis of the problem of BII in EHF-band
and attempted to obtain an experimental confirmation of the possibil-
ity of such interactions. The following conclusions were drawn.
1. Natural EM background at frequencies of atmospheric absorp-
tion bands in EHF-band has an absolute minimum for 1 <1 cm. This may
be associated with a high sensitivity of biological objects to MMI
observed experimentally. Other investigators are inclined to share
this view [10].
2. The experimental results are encouraging for the possibility
of BII in EHF band.
Previously, BII between biological objects have
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been observed in the same range of % = 1,8 - 2,1 mm [12].
3.
Additional careful investigations of the sensitivity of bio-
logical objects to MMI in the entire EHF-band with direct registration
of nonequilibrium MMI of biological objects will be necessary for
definitive conclusions as to the existence of BII in MM band.
REFERENCES
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"Biological effects of electromagnetic energy in medicine"
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16. H. Fisher, "Photons as transmitter for intra- and intercellu-
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Kiev
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Nikolayeva and others) Nauka, Moscow, 1981
8. FEOFANOVA, T. V. et al., Mathematical Biophysics (in Russian) pp. 50-59, Kras. State U'n .:
Krasnoyarsk, 1985
Biophysics Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 376-377, 1988
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FREQUENCY RANGE OF THE AUDITORY
EFFECT OF U.H.F .*
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R. E. TIGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV
Institute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region)
( Received 5 August 1986)
The zero beats of radiosound of an acoustic signal from an electrodynamic emitter over the
frequency range to 8 kHz have been recorded for the first time in a natural experiment. It is
shown that the zero beats between the acoustic tonal signal and the first harmonic of the pulse
sequence of u.h.f. are fixed most clearly at the points corresponding to low threshold values
in the threshold curve of the u.h.f. auditory effect.
IN [1] concerned with determination of the boundaries of the frequency range of rady
sound perceived by humans it was shown that it is limited downwards by the value 8 kHz
and upwards by the intrinsic high-frequency boundary of hearing (h.f.b:h.) of thx
subjects. However, our findings [3, 4] obtained in various physical models pointed :
the possibility, in principle, of human perception of the whole sound range and not
a part of it. In particular, this followed from experiments on a two-contour resonance
model based on the most fundamental principles known from the theory of hearing
The proposed two-contour model fully reflects the mechanisms of hearing and
in line with the existing analogues of these mechanisms, isolates the first harmonic ab
sent in the signal without conflicting with the physiological and neurophysiologies
data. Thus, the absence of residual sound [2] in the preresonance region in the naturs
experiment [1] may be explained by the following factors.
1. Insufficient attention of the subjects during the experiment to establish the pre
sence of beats at low frequencies.
2. The high level of noise (~40 dB above the hearing threshold) in a room where to
natural experiment was run.
3. The low amplitude of the frequency of the beats at the mean level at low repel-
tion frequencies of the u.h.f. pulses.
4. The insufficient power of the u.h.f. pulse taking into account the fact that with
in the repetition frequency of the u.h.f. pulses the threshold rises.
* Biofizika 33: No, 2, 349-350, 1988.
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Distribution of heavy carbon isotope (13C)
377
Since rise in power in the pulse is not without danger we carried out the experiment
detect the beats in the preresonance region (1-7 kHz) in conditions of a substantially
jower noise level (~20 dB). Irradiation was at a carrier frequency of 800 MHz using a
rectangular waveguide of section 150 x 270 mm2, the power in the pulse ~120 W.
Thus the density of the flux of power (d.f.p.) in the pulse was 0.6 W/cm2. The parietal
region of the head was irradiated as in the previous experiments. The duration of the
th.f. pulses chosen was up to 25 usec. The tonal signal was delivered to the subject
through earphones of a GS-100I generator. The repetition frequency of the pulses
and the frequency of the tonal acoustic signal varied from 1 to 7 kHz, both these para-
meters being controlled with a ChZ-34 frequency meter.
At a repetition frequencies of the pulses of 1-3 kHz the sound was perceived only
by one subject. Starting from 3 kHz the sensation of sound became more intense. With
further increase in the repetition frequency of the u.h.f. pulses the sound was confi-
Sently perceived over the whole range by all the subjects. The presence of beats with
in acoustic tonal signal in order to shorten the radiation time was chacked at the points
where perception in the opinion of the subjects was most distinct. For the first subject
these frequences were 3.58, 4.21, 5.23 and 6.99 kHz, for the second 4.01, 5.33 and 6-99
iHz and for the third 3.80, 4.74 and 4.97 kHz. At these frequencies all subjects clearly
recorded zero beats in a tonal acoustic signal.
REFERENCES
1. TYAZHELOV, V. V., et al., Radioscience 14: 259, 1979
:. SCHOUTEN, J. F., Proc. Koninklije Nederlandische Akademie van Wetenschappen 43: 356,
1985
1. TIGRANYAN, R. E. and SHOROKHOV, V. V., Biofizika 30: 894, 1985 |
4. Idem., In: Biological Effect of Electromagnetic Fields. Problems of their Use and Standardiza-
tion (in Russian) ONTI NTsI, Pushchino, 1986
Łophysics Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 377-382, 1988
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C 1989 Pergamon Press plc
DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEAVY CARBON ISOTOPE
(13C) IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS*
YA. M. VARSHAVSKII
Institute of Molecular Biology, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
(Received 8 July 1986)
The question of the reasons for the fractionation of the ''C carbon isotope in biological sys-
lems is considered. Analysis of the existing experimental data and also theoretical considera-
tions indicate that the differences observed in the isotope composition of the carbon of biomo-
* Biofizika 33: No. 2, 351-355, 1988.
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Annotations of papers deposited in VINITI.
AUDITORY EFFECTS OF PULSED u.h.f. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS.
ANALYTICAL REVIEW
187
V. V. SHOROKHOV and R. E. TIGRANYAN
Institute of Biological Physics, Pushchino (Moscow Region)
(Received 20 May 1988)
STUDY of the auditory effects of u.h.f. pulsed electromagnetic fields (radiosound) is a special very
narrow field of electromagnetobiology. Radiosound is of interest as factually the only objectively
recorded and steadily repeatable effect of an electromagnetic field (e.m.f.). Therefore, study of it is
desirable at least for the sake of elucidating the mechanisms of biological action of the e.m.f. in gene-
ral, although the phenomenon is of interest in its own right and as a possible public health criterion.
The advent of subjective auditory sensations is not a specific reaction of the body but the result of the
transformation of electromagnetic to mechanical energy in the tissues of the head. Most investiga-
tors agree on this although a single established view of the specific mechanism of the formation of the
auditory image has still not taken shape. The review includes over 100 publications known to the
authors starting from the very first in 1956; they are grouped into four sections within which chrono-
logical order is observed: 1) psychophysical experiments on humans; 2) behavioural reactions of ani-
mais; 3) electrophysiological and other phenomenological investigations; and 4) model investigations
and possible mechanisms. This is the first time such a review has featured in the Soviet literature.
Paper deposited in full in VINITI as No. 7777-V88.
Dep. 1 November 1988.
MICROSLIT u.h.f. EMITTER FOR BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS
S. V. KOLTUN and R. E. TIGRANYAN
Institute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region)
(Received 25 December 1987)
A MICROSLIT u.h.f. emitter has been designed for investigating the functional state of biological
objects with a volume to 50 ul on exposure to u.h.f. e.m.i. with synchronous visual observation with
an optical microscope. The structure of the field of the emitter and the main characteristics of the
exposure of the object to e.m.i. are considered. The constructive dimensions of the emitter and the
dielectric properties of the support are determined by the frequency of the carrier vibration, the wave
impedance of the conducting cable and the characteristics of the object studied. The possibility of
linking the emitter to the MBI-15 and MBI-3 microscopes is demonstrated. An effective apparatus of a
microemitter is produced, the main energy characteristics recorded on irradiation of the model of the
biological object and the safety zone for the investigator defined.
The emitter was tried out on microorganisms of the Tetrahymena species (Tetrahymena pyri-
formis) in continuous and pulsed regimes at the carrier frequency of 915 MHz.
Paper deposited in full in VINITI as No. 7772-V88.
Dep. 1 November 1988.
Biophysics, Vol. 34, No. 1, 1989.
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Annotations of papers deposited in VINITI
to microwave irradiation is explained by the difference in their properties correlating with cell size.
Fall in excitability of the high threshold motoneurones results from change in the conductivity of
their membrane on exposure to microwave heating. Rise in excitability of the low-threshold moto-
neurones is apparently linked with activation of the presynaptic excitatory inputs under the influence
of microwaves.
Paper deposited in full in VINITI as No. 1442-V89.
Dep. 2 March 1989.
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF A SPHERICAL MODEL OF RADIOSOUND
R. E. TIGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV
Institute of Biological Physics,
U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region)
(Received 8 September 1988)
A SPECTRAL analysis has been made of the mechanical oscillations excited in spherical liquid models
of radiosound by u.h.f. pulses. It is shown that the fundamental resonance frequency is determined
by the relation c/2a where c is the velocity of sound in a liquid and a is the radius of the sphere.
The presence of an aperture in the sphere leads to the appearance of frequency components corre-
sponding to a Helmholtz resonator and a four-wave resonator. It is assumed that these components
must be absent in the prototype. It is concluded that the low quality factor spherical model satis-
factorily reproduces certain essential features of the effect of radiosound.
Paper deposited in full in VINITI as No. 1444-V89.
Dep. 2 March 1989.
triophysics, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1989,
7, 572
(P.528 in the Russian
original).
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REFERENCES
1. MALENKOV, A. G. and KOVALEV, I. Ye., Biofizika 31: 162, 1986
2. MATUSHAK, A. A. and SHEPOVAL'NIKOV, N. P., Factors of the Constitution and a Tech-
nique for Investigating It in Children and Adolescents (in Russian) Leningrad Otophonetic Inst.,
Leningrad, 1930
3. MALENKOV, A. G. et al., Electrical and Thermophysical Properties of the Human Skin (in
Russian) Dep. in VINITI No. 75-85, Moscow
4. IL'IN, B. I. et al., Theoretical and Experimental Studies of the Characteristics of Biological
Tissues and Fluids by the Pulse Method (in Russian) Nauka, Moscow, 1981
5. BMDP: Biomedical Computer Programs (Ed. W. Dixson) Univ. California Press, 1979
6. ALEKSANDROV, V. V. and GORSKII, N. D., Algorithms and Programs of the Structural
Method of Data Processing (in Russian) p. 62, Nauka, Leningrad, 1983
7. BRAVERMAN, E. M. and MUCHNIK, I. B., Structural Methods of Empirical Data Processing
(in Russian) 464 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1983
Biophysics Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 752-757, 1988
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C 1989 Maxwell Pergamon Macmillan pk
POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE SPECIFIC ACTION OF
PULSED U.H.F. FIELDS*
R. E. TIGRANYAN
Institute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region)
(Received 29 May 1986, after revision 20 January 1987)
The conditions of excitation of mechanical vibrations by u.h.f. pulses in model liquids have
been studied experimentally. The possible role of the different types of excited elastic waves
in the formation of specific effects of pulsed u.h.f. fields is reviewed. The biological significance
of the excited shear vibrations by u.h.f. pulses is demonstrated. From the results a hypo-
thesis is suggested on the acoustic nature of the mechanism of the specific effects of pulsed
u.h.f. fields as a result of generation in biological objects of shear waves by u.h.f. pulses
THE identification of the mechanism of the biological action of pulsed electromagnet
fields (e.m.f.) of ultrahigh frequency (u.h.f.) is becoming exceptionally important we
the wide adoption of puised u.h.f. instruments and systems with the most varied fuss
tions. Enormous factual material has been gathered and different hypotheses of
mechanism of action proposed.
Many effects called non-thermal (specific) have still not been properly explains
Such effects include disturbances associated with the functioning of excitable structu
that are quite inexplicable from the standpoint of the quantity of absorbed energy
· Biofizika 33: No. 4, 698-702, 1988.
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Specific action of pulsed u.h.f. fields
omf. pulses [1-5]. The effects described in these communications most clearly de-
Mostrate the presence of an unknown pathway of the transformation of the absorbed
electromagnetic u.h.f. energy. Eidi [6] notes that there must be a certain transfer function,
more informative than the heat released between the cell and the electromagnetic wave
2
E
3
7
4
5 -
8
9
5
To amplifier
FIG. 1. Schematic representation of the recording node of the mechanical vibrations excited in a
liquid: 1-tube containing liquid; 2-rectangular waveguide; 3-piezo crystal; 4-rubber ring
5-spring; 6-h.f. cable; 7-centring ring; 8-screen; 9-insulating washer.
impinging on the object. More than twenty years ago Kamenskii [7] investigating the
action of pulse e.m.f. of ultrahigh frequency on the parameters of conduction of excita-
tion along a nerve concluded that in such a regime of the action of this physical factor
summation of the local changes occurs in the nerve preparation. In the present work a
hypothesis is advanced on the acoustic nature of the mechanism of the biological action
of u.h.f. pulsed e.m.f., i.e. transformation of part of the absorbed electromagnetic energy
of the pulse into quite intense mechanical vibrations capable of actively influencing the
functional state of the object is taken as a transfer function. It is known [8-11] that on
absorption of the energy of a u.h.f. pulse there forms in the medium a thermal pulse the
fronts of which changes in the volume of the object leading to the formation in it of
mechanical vibrations. The authors of the present paper had his interest aroused in this
phenomenon in connexion with the results of comparison of some non-thermal mani-
festations of the action of pulsed u.h.f. fields and the action of ultrasound on objects of
the same type. It turns out that the effects observed are qualitatively adequate [12-18].
This led to the conclusion that during the pulsed action of u.h.f. in biological objects
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R. E. TIGRANYAN
quite intense mechanical vibrations must be excited capable of actively influencing the
functional state of the object. Yet the calculated pressure values of the mechanical vibra-
tions presented in [9, 19] are lower by 4-5 orders (by 8-10 orders in intensity) than those
capable of leading to functional or pathological disturbances. To clarify the question
we ran a series of experiments on model systems -liquids of organic and inorganic
origin and biological objects (the intact brain of the rat, a preparation of the frog tibial
nerve and an erythrocyte suspension.
The block diagram includes a u.h.f. generator with a pulse power of 70 W at a carrier
frequency of 800 MHz, a rectangular waveguide in the running wave regime, a piezo-
ceramic mechanical vibration detector, a linear amplifier and a S1-54 oscillograph.
The objects were irradiated in a tube positioned in the diametral plane of the waveguide.
Figure 1 presents the design of the node of fixation of the tube and recording of the
mechanical vibrations excited in a liquid. The power flux density in the pulse in the wave-
guide was 2 W/cm2. The height of the liquid column in the tube was varied from 30 to
50 mm. The test of whether these vibrations actually originated from the test liquid was
the velocity of sound in a given liquid determined from the relation [20]
C=4lf
or
C=4l/ndt,
where / is the height of the liquid column, cm; f is the frequency of the excited mechanical
vibrations, sec-1; At is the time marking of the sweep of the oscillogragh, sec; n is the
number of markings per period. The liquid column is regarded as a four-wave acoustic
resonator. The duration of the pulses in the experiments ranged between 10-5 and 10-'
sec and the repetition frequency was 10-104 Hz. Figure 2 presents an oscillogram of the
mechanical vibrations excited in ethanol. With change in the duration of the u.h.f. pulse
periodic changes (maxima and minima) in the amplitude of the excited mechanical
vibrations were observed. The amplitude of the resulting vibration is determined by the
relation
-
where Aj= Age"; A2= Age") are the amplitudes of the dying oscillations excited by
the leading and trailing edges of the thermal pulse. Thus the fronts of the thermal pulse
may be regarded as two independent sources of mechanical vibrations. Such an approach
to the effect observed is also supported by the fact that with change in the duration of the
wide u.h.f. pulse (for a duration of the u.h.f. pulse equal to several periods of the excited
mechanical vibrations) the amplitude of the mechanical vibrations excited by the leading
edge remains unchanged and only that of the mechanical vibrations excited by the trailing
edge of the thermal pulse changes. With change in the duration of the u.h.f. puises not
only does the amplitude of the vibrations change but also the character of the way
process -at 71 =(2n+1)7/2 the process of generation of the mechanical vibrations
continuous if the repetition frequency of the u.h.f. puises is close to the resonance fr-
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.
FIG. 2. Oscillogram of mechanical vibrations excited in ethanol.
.
quency of the object or waning: at t =nT it degenerates into packets of mechanical
vibrations following at the frequency of the u.h.f. pulses (T is the period of the excited
mechanical vibrations). The pressure amplitude may be evaluated from the sensitivity
of the detector equal to 10-6 V.dyne-1.cm2. For ethyl alcohol this value was ~0.3 N/cm2
for an amplitude of the signal on the detector of 20-30 mV. From this one may determine
the intensity of the excited mechanical vibrations using the known relation
I, W/cm2 = p2/2pc.
Substituting the values presented we get /=3 x 10-4 W/cm2. For 1 M NaCl solution we
obtained respectively 0-1 N/cm2 and 10-5 W/cm2. The values of the pressures and inten-
sities of the excited mechanical vibrations obtained correspond to the resonance of the
models used. At frequencies of u.h.f. puises not equal to the resonance frequencies or
their subharmonics the amplitude of the electric signal of the detector falls 50-100 fold.
Thus the system studied when exposed to a pulse of electromagnetic energy must be
regarded as a contour of impact excitation in which on exposure to an external pertur-
bation free vibrations appear with a frequency close to that of resonance i.e. in evaluating
pressure and intensity the quality factor of the system must be heeded. In pure liquids as
is known only longitudinal mechanical vibrations are excited. In heterogeneous systems,
for which the shear modulus G=0 on excitation of the longitudinal waves, shear waves
are also excited. Consequently, in a real biological object a shear component with a
frequency equal to that of the longitudinal wave will also be present.
If we start from the known findings that the velocity of the shear wave is less by 2-3
orders than that of the longitudinal wave and attenuation is 105 times greater [21] then
for the frequency range of the excitable mechanical vibrations ~ 104 Hz (which is ob-
served in many experiments) the intensity of the shear vibrations may be evaluated as
follows. For an intensity of the longitudinal waves ~10-6 W/cm2 in the absence of
resonance the intensity of the shear vibrations is 1 per cent, i.e. 10 -8 W/cm2. In view of
the heavy attenuation, the energy of the shear waves is expended on the run of 2-3
wavelengths, i.e. at a distance ~300 um. If the heterogeneities of the object are regarded as
point sources of such waves then in a sphere of 3 x 10-2 cm radius surface area $= 10 -?
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1
1
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A.p.,%
C,%
30
90
120
0
60
2' t , min
20
60- A.p.
· C
40
1
2
40-4
60
1
A.p.
2
201-2
80
100
Irradiation
0
10
20
30 t, ºC
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
FIG. 3. Relative changes in the speed of conduction of the wave of excitation (I) and the amplitude
of the action potential (a.p.) (2) of the nerve preparation on synchronization of u.h.f. irradiation
with the latent period. 1' and 2' - Results of control measurements with change in the speed of con-
duction of the wave of excitation and amplitude of the action potential.
FIG. 4. Change in the speed of conduction of the wave of excitation (I) and the amplitude of the so
tion potential (2) of the nerve preparation on thermal heating.
W/cm3. Thus, even in the case of non-resonance excitation of the mechanical vibra-
tions the energy density of the shear waves is biologically significant and far exceeds
the threshold values.
Comparison of the results on the non-thermal effects of u.h.f. pulsed e.m.f. on exc
table structures with data on the effects of ultrasound showed the single direction of
the effect record.d. Thus, on exposure of the frog nerve preparation to u.h.f. pulses
lasting 3-5 msec with a repetition frequency of 17-23 Hz the speed of conduction of
the excitation wave and the amplitude of the action potential (a.p.) decrease (Fig. 3)
on total heating of the preparation by not more than 1 K, the shifts of the parameter
studied being observed on synchronization of the u.h.f. pulse with a latent period
With a shift of the u.h.f. pulse in time relative to the latent period the effects disappear-
the values of the recorded parameters concur with those for the control objects [22}
Thus, for equality of the u.h.f. energy supplied in the two case the effect is manifest
only on synchronization of the u.h.f. pulse with the active state of the preparatio.
A qualitatively similar picture is seen for preparations of the isolated frog heart and
innervated muscle [2, 3]. Heating these preparations ought to lead to the known oppo"
site results [23] (Fig. 4). It is significant that for all the preparations indicated incres".
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R. E. TIGRANYAN
cm2 and volume V=10-4 cm3, the density of the energy will be 10-2 W/cm3. It may be
assumed that the maximum action of the shear waves will occur at the boundary of the
lipid membranes in view of the considerable difference in the dielectric constants of
the membrane and ambient medium leading to increase in the local energy of the u.h.f.
e.m.f. by three orders. In this case the energy density of the shear waves will reach 10
-
C,m/sec
1
1
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.: 757
the repetition frequency, i.e. increase in the density of the power flux, led to their
opreciable heating and qualitative agreement of the effect with those observed on ther-
mal heating.
The values of the amplitudes of the pressures and intensities of the excited mechan-
ical vibrations obtained and also the evaluation of the volumetric energy density of
the shear waves allow one to draw a conclusion on the biological significance of the lat-
ter on their excitation by u.h.f. puises.
REFERENCES
1. TIGRANYAN, R. E. and TYAZHELOV, V. V., Summ. Report All-Union Symp. "Biological
Action of Electromagnetic Fields" (in Russian) p. 12, Pushchino, 1982
2 TIGRANYAN, R. E. and PARSADANYAN, A. Sh., Ibid. p. 13
3. TIGRANYAN, R. E. et al., Ibid. p. 14
4. FRENKEL', G. L., Physiotherapy (in Russian) Vol. 3, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1938
5. KHOLODOV, Yu. A., Advances in Physiological Sciences (in Russian) p. 48, 1982
6. EIDI, U. R., TIIER Vol. 68, No. 1, January 1980
7. KAMENSKII, Yu. I., Biofizika 9: 6, 1964
$. DANILOVSKAYA, V. I., Priki. mat. mekh. 14: 695, 1950; 316, 1950; 16: 341, 1952
9. FOSTER, K. R. and FINCH, Science 185: 256, 1974
10. WHITE, R. M., J. Appl. Phys. 34: 3559, 1963
11. GOURNAY, L. S., J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 40: 1322, 1966
12. KAZARINOV, K. D. et al., Summ. Reports All-Union Symp. "Biological Action of Electro-
magnetic Fields" (in Russian) p. 42, Pushchino, 1982
13. FRY, W. J. D. and TUCKER, D., J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 23: 627, 1951
14. HAUSSMANN, HL. G. and KEHLER, H., Optic 7: 321, 1950
15. HAUSSMANN, H. G. et al., Hygien. 134: 565, 1952
16. LEHMANN, J. et al., Strahlentherapie 83: 311, 1950
17. SARVAZYAN, A. P. and PASHOVKIN, T. N., Proc. UBIOMED-IV. Vol. 1, Visegrad, Hun-
gary, 1973
18. THEISMANN, H. and WALLHAUSER, K. N., Naturwissenschaften 37: 185, 1950
19. JAMES, C., Microwave Auditory Effects and Application, 1978
20. ALEXANDER, R., Biomechanics (in Russian) Mir, Moscow, 1970
21. SARVAZYAN, A. P. et al., The Role of Shear Properties of Biological Tissues in Ultrasonic
Bioeffects. Abstracts UBIOMED VII. p. 54, Eisenach, G.D.R., 1986
22. TIGRANYAN, R. E., Hypothesis on the Acoustic Nature of the Mechanism of the Biological
Action of Pulse u.h.f. Fields (in Russian) ONTI NTsBI, Pushchino, 1984
23. VEPRINTSEV, V. N., Dissert. Cand. Biol. Sci. (in Russian) Moscow State University, 1960
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Biophysics Vol. 30 No. 5, pp. 975-981, 1985
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PHYSICAL MODELLING OF THE ACOUSTIC EFFECTS ON
EXPOSURE OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS TO U.H.F. FIELDS *
R. E. TIGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV
Institute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region)
(Received 5 March 1984)
A physical model of radiosound is proposed based on the phenomenon of excitation of
mechanical vibrations in liquid medis on absorption of the energy of u.h.f. pulses. It is
shown that a restricted volume of liquid may be regarded as an acoustic resonator with a na-
tural frequency of vibrations. Interference occurs for certain ratios between the period of suc-
cession and the duration of the pulses. Oscillograms of the mechanical vibrations recorded
are presented. An explanation of the low frequency type of radiosound is offered. It is con-
cluded that the proposed method of investigating the phenomenon of radiosound is correct.
WORK on the effect of radiosound [1-5] has reliably confirmed the appearance of sub-
estive sound sensations on irradiation of the human head with a pulse-modulated
1.h.f. field. Nevertheless, there is still no conclusively formed idea of the mechanisms
of origin of such sensations. The socalled thermo-elastic hypothesis of the mechanism
of radiosound proposed by Lin [6] is the best researched and most consistent. Its es-
ence is to assume that absorption of the energy of the u.h.f. field occurs not uniformly
over the whole volume of the brain but is concentrated in its very narrow regions
("hot spots") with their subsequent rapid thermal expansion and detection on the
kull bones. Thanks to the presence of bone conductivity the mechanical vibrations
reach the organs of hearing where the sound image also forms. But since the author
of this hypothesis regards the head as an acoustic resonator he derives a number of
consequences consistent with some experiments on radiosound. However, this theory
cannot explain a large body of experimental evidence and is in conflict with some of
1. Therefore, it may be desirable in order to define certain aspects of this phenomenon
to stage experiments on models which would exclude a subjective evaluation by the
ubject of a particular characteristic of the effect. Foster and Finch observed excitation
in a cubic vessel with a side of 300 mm filled with 0.15 M KCI solution of mechanical
vibrations on exposure to a pulsed u.h.f. field [7]. This phenomenon was taken as the
basis of our experiments.
* Biofizika 30: No. 5, 894-899, 1985.
[975]
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In choosing the conditions of the experiments the authors sought to follow the
parameters and characteristics of the objects known from the literature on the pheno-
menon of radiosound and also the conditions of earlier experiments.
As objects we used 1 M NaCl solution and ethyl alcohol poured into tubes with an
internal diameter 7 mm and height 100 mm. The height of the column of liquid changed
within the limits 30-50 mm. The choice of 1 M NaCl solution is explained by the fact
that the electrical and acoustic parameters of a given liquid, according to [6], correspond
to the parameters of brain tissue. The choice of ethyl alcohol was largely arbitrary though
dictated by the wish to show that the advent of mechanical vibrations on irradiation
with e.m.f. pulses is not exclusively the property of electrolytes but occurs to an equal
degree for non-conducting pure liquids. Irradiation was carried out in a rectangular
waveguide with section 31 x 240 mm2. To raise the concentration of the field in the
zone of the tube on the wide wall of the waveguide was sealed a brass tube of height
u.h. f.
generator
Amplifier
Pulse
generator
Oscillograph
FIG. 1. Circuit diagram of experimental apparatus.
50 mm with an internal diameter 14 mm. The power of the generator in the pulse was
72 W, the repetition frequency of the pulses changed within the limits 10-3000 Hz.
and the duration of the pulses was 10 usec-1 msec. The mechanical vibrations excited
in the liquid were recorded by a bimorphous crystal. The variable electrical signal
recorded from the detector was amplified with a UBP1-02 bipotential amplifier and
recorded on the screen of a S1-19B oscillograph. As source of u.h.f. e.m.f. we used a
modified GS-6 generator, carrier frequency 0.8 GHz. In [6, 7] this phenomenon is
considered on exposure to e.m.f. pulses with a carrier frequency of 918-2400 MHz
from which it may be concluded that the character of the effect over a wide frequency
range is quite general. The apparatus at the disposal of the authors operates at the
frequency of 800 MHz which is quite close to the values presented in the literature.
Modulation of the u.h.f. vibrations with pulses of square form was carried out with
a G5-54 generator. The circuit diagram of the apparatus is indicated in Fig. 1. Figure 2
shows arrangement of the tube with liquid in the waveguide and bimorphous crystal
used as detector of the mechanical vibrations. Preliminary investigation established
that the amplitude of the vibrations in the tube filled with ethyl alcohol is considerably
higher than in the case of NaCl solution. Qualitatively the character of the vibrations
for these and other liquids used in the experiments completely matches. Therefore,
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Acoustic effects on exposure of biological systems to u.h.f. fields
for convenience of description below we give the results 'obtained for ethyl alcohol
if no special qualifications are made.
Figures 3 and 4 give the oscillograms of the mechanical vibrations for the dif-
ferent time parameters of the e.m.f. u.h.f. pulses. For long durations (Fig. 4) the vibra-
tions excited by both fronts of the thermal pulse are clearly visible. The vibration in
the duration of the e.m.f. u.h.f. pulse with interference between the mechanical vibra-
tions excited by the leading and trailing edges is observed. The periodicity of the ap-
pearance of the maxima (minima) of the amplitude of the mechanical vibrations t
= 1/f where f is the frequency of the vibrations excited in the liquid, is inversely propor-
tional to the height of the liquid column.
The graphs (Figs. 5 and 6) indicate the dependence of the amplitude of the excited
mechanical vibrations on the duration of the acting pulse. The frequency of the mechan-
ical vibrations was determined from the zero beats between these vibrations and the
acoustic signal from an electrodynamic emitter. The emitter was 30 cm away from the
tube with detector. At the moment of equality of the frequencies of the tonal acoustic
signal and the mechanical vibrations excited in the liquid zero beats were observed
on the oscillograph screen. In this case the detection itself served as a vibration mixer.
Simultaneously on rearrangement of the frequency of the sound generator beats are
4
1
-5
6
2
7
Irradiation
E-vector
3
FIG. 2. Arrangement of tube with liquid in waveguide and bimorphous crystal in tube: 1 - detec-
tor of mechanical vibrations (bimorphous crystal); 2 - test liquid; 3 - packing (fluoroplast); 4 - co-
axial cable; 5 - test tube; 6 - tube; 7 - waveguide.
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
FIG. 3. Mechanical vibrations excited in ethyl alcohol with a short u.h.f. pulse (duration of pulse
'less than the half period of mechanical vibrations).
FIG. 4. Mechanical vibrations exicited in ethyl alcohol with a wide u.h.f. pulse (duration of
the pulse amounts to several periods of the mechanical vibrations).
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R. E. TIGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV
A,rel.un.
6
A,rel.un.
4
3
1
2
1
0
10
102
103
0
10
102
103
t, usec
t, usec
FIG. 5
FIG. 6
FIG. 5. Amplitude of mechanical vibrations excited in 1 M NaCl solution as a function of the du-
ration of the u.h.f. pulse.
FIG. 6. Amplitude of mechanical vibrations excited in ethyl alcohol as a function of the duration
of the u.h.f. pulse.
observed between the repetition frequency of the e.m.f. u.h.f. pulses and the fre-
quency of the acoustic vibrations from the electrodynamic emitter. The beats are re-
corded whenever the frequency of the acoustic vibrations is a multiple of the pulsed
repetition frequency. As an example, Fig. 6 gives the oscillogram of such beats. The
frequency of the acoustic signal is 6x 103 Hz and the pulse repetition frequency of
the e.m.f. u.h.f. is 1.5 x 103 Hz. Zero beats may be observed when these frequencies
are equal.
An interesting feature of the experiments is that the vibrations excited in the liquid
have an intensity sufficient for their auditory perception from a distance of up to 1 m.
The beats of the acoustic signal and vibrations excited in the liquid may also be per-
ceived by hearing. In this case the mixer of mechanical vibrations emitted by the tube
with liquid and electrodynamic emitter is the auditory apparatus of the observer. The
zero beats on hearing may be recorded in parallel with their visual observation on
the oscillograph screen. The values of the frequency of the natural vibrations of the
liquid obtained by the method of zero beats recorded by the detector concur with
those determined on hearing.
Similarly, parallel recording on the oscillograph screen and on hearing of the maxima
and minima of the amplitude of the free vibrations the appearance of which is due
to the presence of interference in the vibratory system is possible. Interference appears
not only through change in the duration of the puises (Figs. 5 and 6) at a low frequency
of their succession. With increase in the repetition frequency of the pulses and for a short
duration of them the excited mechanical vibrations do not have time to wane in the
pauses between pulses and starting from a certain value of the repetition frequency
interference of the mechanical vibrations is also observed: with agreement of the signs
of the initial phases of the vibrations their amplitude grows, in counter-phase the
vibrations die away (Fig. 7). At these moments a lower tone corresponding to the
pulse repetition frequency is clearly perceived. In the experiment increase in the in-
tensity of the low frequency vibrations perceived on hearing is noted with fall in the
repetition frequency of the pulses down to 10 Hz. This is explained by the fact that
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Acoustic effects on exposure of biological systems to u.h.f. fields
979
in the energy spectrum with fall in the pulse repetition frequency the amplitude of the
low frequency spectral component increases [8]. The tone corresponding to the free
vibrations of the system is perceived on hearing starting from a pulse repetition fre-
quency of the order 250 Hz.
FIG. 7
FIG. 8
FIG. 7. Beats between pulse repetition frequency and frequency of acoustic signal, a multiple of the
pulse repetition frequency.
FIG. 8. Quenching of excited mechanical vibrations as a result of interference.
We also ran experiments on the character of the mechanical vibrations in liquid-fi'led
beads on their irradiation with pulsed e.m.f. u.h.f. All the other conditions corresponded
to those described earlier. A bead of diameter 20 mm with a tube 9 cm long filled with
ethyl alcohol has a resonance frequency of about 9 kHz and filled with 1 M NaCl
solution of the order 11 kHz. For a bead of diameter 30 mm with a tube 8 cm long the
corresponding values are 6-4 and 8 kHz. A sealed 30 mm bead containing alcohol has
a resonance frequency of 7.8 kHz.
The results permit some assumptions on the possible mechanism of radiosound.
The clarity of the effect investigated in the experiments, the possibility of direct auditory
perception and visual observation on the oscillograph screen of the vibrations excited
in the liquid on irradiation of the tube with pulsed e.m.f. u.h.f. support the assumption
that the effect of radiosound is due to the same processes as generation of sound vibra-
tions in a test tube containing liquid; namely: transformation of the diminishing e.m.f.
energy into the mechanical energy of the absorbing substance. From this point of
view the object on which the investigations were carried out may be regarded as a phy-
sical model of radiosound and the results of the model experiments be interpreted in
relation to this phenomenon. However, it should be noted that within the model de-
scribed it is not possible to explain the effect of high frequency radiosound [9, 10] of a
non-resonance character. But, if one starts from the fact that the measured rate of rise
in temperature in the tube was 0.1℃ sec-1 for 1.5 cm3 1 M NaCl solution for a pulse
porosity 20 then the UPM for this object has a value of the order 8.4 kW/kg in the
pulse. The calculations show that for such a UPM the power absorbed by the tube
must be about 8 W in the pulse. Accordingly, to excite the mechanical vibrations of
the same amplitude in a volume of 2.5 x 103 cm3 (the volume of the head of the human
adult) a pulse power of the generator of not less than 13 kW is necessary. Naturally,
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R. E. TIGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV
in our experimental conditions such vibrations could not be recorded owing to the
considerably lower power of the generator. Nevertheless, it is obvious that if resonance
were detected in this system the quantitative results of the experiments would entitle
us to give a reliable interpretation of them in relation to the effect of radiosound.
It is also interesting to compare the experimental results obtained with those pre-
sented in Lin's work [6]. The author considering the characteristics of the effect of
radiosound proposed for its explanation a mathematical model of the action of a single
e.m.f. pulse on a liquid-filled sphere. Lin moved away from the real situation auto-
matically replacing the linear spectrum occurring on exposure to a sequence of pulses
of a definite repetition frequency by a continuous one. The dependences obtained by
Lin of the sound pressure on the duration of the pulse are not commented on. If one
starts from the fact that the sound pressure must change in tandem with the frequency
of the elastic mechanical vibrations then from the calculated graphs presented in Lin's
work, it follows that a sphere of radius 3 cm must vibrate with a frequency of about
150 kHz and one with a radius of 7 cm with a frequency of about 66 kHz. However.
here the dependence of the resonance frequency on the radius of the sphere is presented
and the commentary gives the resonance frequencies for radii of 3 and 7-10 cm and
25 of 7.3-10-4 kHz. This contradiction is not explained and it remains only to postulate
the causes of its appearance.
On the other hand, our experimental findings show that as a result of interference
the maxima (minima) following each other allow one to determine the resonance fre-
quencies for a liquid column as a four-wave resonator.
Thus, the following conclusions may be drawn from the work undertaken.
1) A tube filled with liquid may be regarded as a physical model for investigating
the phenomenon of radiosound. This follows from the obvious assumption that radio-
sound and excitation of sound vibrations in a liquid are based on the same mechanism -
transformation of the diminishing e.m.f. energy into mechanical vibrations of the
abs orbing substance.
2) The socalled second type of radiosound [9, 10], namely perception of a low
frequency tone in the absence of resonance vibrations is explained by the presence of
mechanical vibrations corresponding to the pulse repetition frequency at the moments
when the high frequency components corresponding to the natural frequency are
suppressed as a result of the run-on of the phase.
3) On detection of the resonance properties of the head which can be done only
on a model since the calculated powers necessary for the advent of vibrations in such
a system well exceed the safely norms, the quantitative results of the model experiments
may be applied quite correctly to the description of the effect of radiosound.
REFERENCES
1. FREY, A. H., Aerosp. Med. 32: 1140, 1961
2. Idem, J. Appl. Physiol. 17: 689, 1962
3. Idem, J. Med. Electron 2: 28, 1963
4. Idem, J. Appl. Physiol. 23: 984, 1967
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Aspects of regulation of human locomotor movements
981
5. Idem, IEEE Trans. MTT 19: 153, 1971
6. LIN, J. G., Microwave Auditory Effects and Applications, Springfield, Illinois, 1977
7. FOSTER, K. R. and FINCH, E. D., Science 185: 256, 1974
8. KHARKEVICH, A. A., Spectra and Analysis (in Russian) Fizmatgiz, Moscow, 1962
9. KHIZNYAK, E. P. et al., Activ. nerv. sup. 21: 247, 1979
10. KHIZNYAK, E. P. et al., Proc. URSI-CNFRS Symp. Electromagnetic Waves and Biology,
p. 101, Paris, 1980
Biophysics Vol. 30 No. 5, pp. 981-987, 1985
Printed in Poland
0006-3509/85 $10.00+.00
Pergamon Journals Ltd.
ASPECTS OF THE REGULATION OF HUMAN LOCOMOTOR
MOVEMENTS*
V. A. BOGDANOV
Institute of Problems of Information Transmission, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
(Received 18 September 1984)
Transforming the experimental kinematic data to normal coordinates and calculating
the moments of the muscular forces during walking the author found that the locomotor
movements for each degree of freedom of the leg are regulated almost discretely so that the
two bit constant control parameters are switched a small number of times in the cycle of the
step. Therefore, the musculature acts like switchable elastic links and the energy expenditure
depends significantly less on the trajectories of movement than on the kinematic conditions
at fixed moments of switching.
Posing of problem. Earlier, it was shown [1] that muscular actions are theoretically
possible for which the energy expenditure depends on the goal of the movement but
not on the trajectories along which the goal is reached. The control of such muscular
actions is characterized by parameters instantly changed when the next goal of move-
ment arises and constant until the goal is reached. This priniple of control was called
iso-energetic and the changes in the parameters termed switching. It was found [2]
that iso-energetic control is used in rhythmic movements of the arm in the elbow joint.
Similarly during locomotions of man and animals the goal of movement consisting
in the displacement of the body to the necessary point in space appears more important
than the trajectories of movement. Statistical analysis of the published data showed
that during walking by man the muscular actions in the joints resemble the actions
of switched elastic links [3]. Let us see whether the intermediate goals of movement
* Biofizika 30: No. 5, 900-904, 1985.
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Geo-cosmic relations; the earth
and its macro-environment
Proceedings of the First International Congress on
Geo-cosmic Relations, organized by the Foundation for Study
and Research of Environmental Factors (S.R.E.F.),
Amsterdam, 19-22 April 1989
Editors: G.J.M. Tomassen (editor in chief), W. de Graaff,
A.A. Knoop, R. Hengeveld
I
Pudoc, Wageningen, 1990
1
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CIP data Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag
Geo-cosmic
Geo-cosmic relations : the earth and its macro-environment : proceedings of the first internatio-
nal congress on geo-cosmic relations, organized by the Foundation for Study and Research of
Environmental Factors (S.R.E.F.), Amsterdam, 19-22 April 1989 / eds. G.J.M. Tomassen ... [et al].
- Wageningen : Pudoc
ISBN 90-220-1006-6 geb.
SISO 552 UDC 55:524.8 NUGI 829
Subject heading: geo-cosmology.
@ Pudoc, Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, Netherlands,
1990.
All rights reserved. Nothing from this publication may be reproduced, stored in a computerized
system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, repro-
graphic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher, Pudoc,
P.O. Box 4, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilities arising from them remain the
responsibility of the authors.
Insofar as photocopies from this publication are permitted by the Copyright Act 1912, Article 16B
and Royal Netherlands Decree of 20 June 1974 (Staatsblad 351) as amended in Royal Netherlands
Decree of 23 August 1985 (Staatsblad 471) and by Copyright Act 1912, Article 17, the legally
defined copyright fee for any copies should be transferred to the Stichting Reporecht
(P.O. Box 882, 1180 AW Amstelveen, Netherlands). For reproduction of parts of this publication
in compilations such as anthologies or readers (Copyright Act 1912, Article 6), permission must
be obtained from the publisher.
Printed in the Netherlands.
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ELF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AS A NEW ECOLOGICAL PARAMETER
Temurjants, N.A., Sidyakin, V.G., Makejev, V.B.,
Simferopol State University, USSR.
Vladimirsky, B.M.,
Crimean Astrophysics Observatory, USSR.
Summary
A short review of the investigated problem 'Solar activity and the Bios-
phere' is presented below. The research was being carried out by the Sim-
feropol State University, the Crimean Medical Institute and the Crimean
Astrophysics Observatory in the years 1972-1985. The main conclusion is
that the effect of solar activity upon medical and biological processes can
be explained if one takes into account a new essential parameter in ecology
- an electromagnetic background field at the Earth's surface in the VLF -
ELF range.
Introduction
The problem of the effect of solar activity upon the Biosphere is an old
controversy and has had a long history. At present the problem in question
hardly seems to attract the attention of scientists. The overwhelming ma-
jority of researchers considers the effects of solar activity on the bio-
phere to be a myth or at least a pseudoscientific activity of some small
groups of 'adherents'. However, we think that there is no basis for such
an opinion. For the last ten years strong empirical evidence of correlations
between the indices of solar (geomagnetic) activity and some biological
parameters (or medical statistical data) has been obtained. In lots of ca-
ses these correlations have a strong statistical significance, they are
based on a large body of measurements and have been verified by independant
groups in different laboratories. Unfortunately, there is no possibility
here to present a full survey of the literature on the problem. Some impor-
tant results were published in the collections of the articles edited by
Gnevyshev, M.N. and 01', A.I. in 1972 /1/ and 1983 /2/ (one more paper is
being prepared: /3/). An extensive discussion of the problem under study
is given by the authors of the present paper in their monograph /4/.
The interdependence of solar activity variations and biological processes
is a widely-spread phenomenon. It has revealed the major divisions of bio-
logical systematics including bacteriology, entomology, ornitology, etc.
The same type of regularity is observed in many topics of medicine, such as
cardiovascular diseases, ophtalmology, nervous system diseases, psychiatry,
pediatrics, etc. All the data are conditioned by
uncontrolled environ-
mental factors. The most essential feature of this operating agent can be
defined by comparing the results of various observations. The main peculi-
arities are as follows:
1. The operating physical agent penetrates into a laboratory room but it
is modified by an electromagnetic screen.
2. This agent is constantly present, and yet it has diurnal and seasonal
variations.
3. Some parameters of the agent (intensity?) change with variation of
the geographic latitude from the equator to the pole.
4. The modification of the agent parameters due to solar activity vari-
ations is controlled both by solar wind variations and ionospheric
disturbances.
Of all the known physical factors among the above mentioned characteristics
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the variations of the Earth's electromagnetic field intensity in the very
low frequency - extremely low frequency range satisfy very well. They are
the VLF emission of the magnetosphere, the atmospheric and geomagnetic
micropulsations. Nowadays the electromagnetic nature of the operating fac-
tors is established by considering the discovery of the biological sys-
tem's very high sensitivity to electromagnetic fields in the VLF range.
This discovery seems to be the most important event throughout the long
history of investigating the problem in question:
We present here a short review including the major results of the inves-
tigations done by the researchers of the Simferopol State University, the
Crimean Medical Institute and the Crimean Astrophysics Observatory. In
this paper we shall confine ourselves to exemplifying the most relevant
findings without going into additional details (see also /4/ and the refe-
rences therein).
Influence of very weak electromagnetic fields
Several types of experiments with small intensity alternating magnetic
fields have been carried out. Fig. 1 shows typical results obtained for
pigeons. The birds were exposed to a magnetic field of 8 Hz-frequency (in-
tensity - 5000 nT) for 3 hours per day. To test the nervous system perfor-
mance the capacity of fulfilling classical conditioned reflexes was used.
In fig. 1 this is shown by the upper curves as a function of time. (1: mo-
del; 2: experiment). One can see some reduction of the reflexes following
the exposure to the field (up to 70%). It should be noted that during mag-
netic storms the reduction of the reflex performance was also observed
(for details see /5/). An influence of alternating magnetic fields on the
nervous system of birds measured in different tests was revealed to be de-
pendent upon the electromagnetic field parameters. To study these depen-
dences large numbers of experiments were carried out.
Spectrum measurement of alternating magnetic field
Biological activity
Special series of experiments were done to study the frequency-dependent
field activity. Up to 15 different biological indices for rats were mea-
sured for each value of frequency. Forty frequencies ranging from 0.01 Hz
to 100 Hz for the three intensity levels of 5000 nT, 500 nT and 5 nT were
analysed. The experiments were carried out in a special screened chamber.
An exposure of 3 hour duration was used in each experiment. The typical
situation is given in fig.2. Here the ordinate points to the activity of
one of the enzymes in the rat's blood. The abscissa indicates frequency
(Hz). Vertical lines at the bottom are measures of the statistical signi-
ficance of the difference between the model and the experiment. It is evi-
dent that the biological effect of the field has a strong dependence upon
the frequency: at some frequency values the enzymatic activity is enlarged,
at the other it is decreased. Several hundreds of experiments were perfor-
med to verify the reproductivity of measurements. As a result, 'active'
frequencies were revealed. Within the above-mentioned range these frequen-
cies are as follows: 0.02 Hz, 0.5-0.6 Hz, 5-6 Hz, 8-11 Hz. One of these
'active' frequencies is close to the standard frequency of Pc 3 geomagne-
tic micropulsations (0.02 Hz). An other such frequency coincides with the
well-known fundamental frequency of the ionospheric waveguide (8 Hz). The
activity spectrum has been found out to be partly dependant upon the field
intensity.
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1
80
-
40
6
13
20
4
-
3
4
0
I
3
6
7
9
II
13
15
17
21
Fig. 1. Condition reflex (2) and motion reaction time (3) for pigeons
under the influence of magnetic fields and under normal conditions (1,4)
PO
1,6
1,2
P
0,8
*
0,01
x-
x-
*
0,02
10,4
X
0,05
×
×
0,01
0,I
H
I4
26
44
65
80
Fig. 2. Frequency-dependent magnetic field activity
(peroxidase - PO in neutrophyls).
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Fig. 3. Correlations between biological effects
and field intensity.
Interdependence between biological effects
and field intensity
Special experiments were also carried out to examine the dependence of
biological effects upon the field intensity for the only one frequency
value. An example is presented in fig. 3. In this case only one isolated
frequency was used - 8 Hz. The ordinate shows the glycogen concentration
in the rabbit's blood. It is clear that growth in the field intensity
gives no rise to stronger biological effects. The presence of a certain
optimum intensity in some intensity range is clearly seen in these expe-
riments. Thus, the dependence of biochemical or physiological changes
upon the field intensity has in general a very complex non-linear form.
It is important to mention that while certain biological and biochemi-
cal changes were taking place the minimum field intensity for mammalia
was as small as 0.2 nT (with a frequency of 8 Hz and an exposure time of
3 hours). For the electric field the exposure was about 0.1 V/m.
Traditionally, biophysicists have considered specific effects of the
electromagnetic field in biological tissue to be hardly possible for such
small intensities. However, over the past two decades we have been wit-
nessing growing awareness that very weak alternate electric and magnetic
fields do have
clear effects on a living organism. Such effects are,
of course, hardly explainable in the simplified terms of Joule heating.
A new approach to understanding these results is necessary (a number of
reviews on this new branch of investigation, i.e. biological action of
non-ionising radiation, are available - see /6/).
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Conclusion
Our most relevant conclusion is that natural electromagnetic fields
within the low frequency - extreme low frequency range should be regarded
as an essential factor in ecology. These electromagnetic background fluc-
tuations are closely related to solar activity variations. Thus, the solar
activity influence upon medical and biological processes can be explained
by taking into account this new ecological agent.
References
1. Gnevyshev, M.N., 01', A.I. (Eds.): "Effects of Solar Activity on the
Earth's Atmosphere and Biosphere". In: Progr. Sci. Transl., Jerusa-
lem, Israel, 1977, 245 p. or In: Moscow, 1971, 224 p. (in Russian).
2. Effects of Solar Activity on Biosphere. In: Problems of Space Biolo-
gy. Moscow: Nauka, 1982. Vol. 43, 265 p. (in Russian).
3. Clinical and Biophysical Aspects of Heliobiology. In: Problems of
Space Biology. Moscow: Nauka, 1988. Vol. 56, 250 p. (in Russian).
4. Sidyakin, V.G., Temurjants, N.A., Makejev, V.B., Vladimirsky, B.M.
(1985): "Space Ecology". Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 176 p. (in Russian).
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6. Temurjants, N.A., Vladimirsky, B.M., Tishkin, O.G. (1989): "Extremely
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.
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