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1
STUDY OF CERTAIN SEEMINGLY ABNORMAL DEFORMATIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS
CF KEDALS
C. Crussard, Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann, Paris, and
J. Eouvais, Pechiney Aluminum Research Center, Voreppe
INIEOBUCTION
When one of us suddenly came up against a case of the
deformation of a metal test piece without the apparent intervention
of an external forces, we felt it our duty as metallurgical
investigators to try to systematically study this type of phenomenon ..
..
Fectnote: * See Sciences and the Future, No. 345 (November 1975) . 1
FROM!
MÉMOIRES
SCIENTIFIQUES REVUE
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108. End footnote
Therefore, we went to J. P. Girard, who was reputed to have produced
"abnormal" effects on metals and wished to conduct experiments in the
presence of scientists. The purpose of this report is to describe
some of the tests which we conducted with him over a period of almost
two years.
Several weeks after our tests were begun, J. P. Girard informed
us that he practiced prestidigitation. Some time later, two or three
sources simultaneously also informed us that he had been written up
in the "Magician's Yearbook." At first he worked in a somewhat
obscure and roundabout fashion, resembling the style of an
illusionist. In spite of this, after this initial period, J. P.
Girard produced interesting effects. Various scientific personalities
attended some of these demcrstrations. We gradually got J. P. Girard
to simplify his behavior and follow stricter procedures. But on our
recordings we observed some movements which indicated muscular
action.
This mixture of striking effects and questionable elements led
us to make a rather lengthy critical study. We think it would be
interesting to outline the main steps here.
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In order to avail curselves of varied opinions, since August
1976 we have written down all of our observations, reflections, and
doubts in a provisional report which was subsequently distributed to
many scientists: In this report, we mentioned what we knew about J-
P. Girard as a prestidigitator and some of our doubts concerning the
"props" which he could have used more or less consciously during the
tests. This report was supplemented with the presentation of
documents (test pieces, microphotographs, diagrams, "video "
recordings) , with sampling cf the reliable tests and others which
were not as reliable, since it would have been wrong to present too
optimistic a selection. We also showed varices films of external
origin, thus of unequal significance, in these presentations in order
to enlarge on the information on certain parts. French and foreign
illusionists attended some of the presentations; they helped us to
refine our opinion in certain areas. One of them discovered an
indication of trickery in a film which J. P. Girard got for us
without telling us that it was faked. The opinions gathered during
all of these discussions helped us make the critical study of our
documents and various verifications which we have made since that
time. J. P. Girard agreed to some counter-tests, at least one of
which is very interesting1.
.
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CPYRGHT
Fcctnote: 1Test No. 4 of Table II. End footnote
All of this took some time, which explains the long delay between our
initial tests and the appearance of this article. But we feel that
this critical study has gone far enough, if not too far, and that the
time has come to publish our most characteristic experiments.
Thus, the selection which we are presenting is the result of a
lengthy screening process. In only twenty out of the 150 test pieces
which J. P. Girard deformed or transferred in front of us or our
collaborators could we positively confirm the "abnormal" nature of
the effects observed. In this report we will describe eight of these
cases, the most characteristic. But it must be pointed out that the
majority of the tests which were eliminated were definitely valid,
for we used too strict a screening process to eliminate the
demonstrations which did not follow a predefined operating procedure.
Cther tests with extensometric gauges will be published later.
Thus, our concern for strictness eliminates rather remarkable
cbservations concerning deformations at a distance, deformations of
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5
cbjects or test pieces in the hands of the chservers themselves who
were above any suspicicr, or those held on either side by J. P.
Girard and an observer.
The tests which will be described were conducted under our own
responsibility with the authorization of Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann. We
would like to thank those of our collaborators who were willing to
help us in the delicate study of this controversial area, in
particular Mr. J. Rauch, ME. G. Jollant, and Mr. B. Dubost. We would
also like to acknowledge Professor J. B. Hasted, professor of physics
at Fixbeck College of the University of London, for agreeing to
sponsor a test in his laboratory-
.
Description of Tests
In order to make it impossible for J. P. Girard to surreptitiously
tend a test piece, we often used bars with a rather large cross
section made of various metals: in particular, aluminum and light
alloys (test pieces 250-350 mm
long and 8-17 mm in diameter) , but.
alsc dopper, soft steel, stainless steel, and magnesium. We
determined the forces (bending moments) necessary to bend our test
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CPYRGHT
pieces by measurements and calculations. In order to be able to
compare the values of the resistance of the test pieces to the forces
which they could have withstood if faking by surreptitious bending
occurred, we determined the maximum moment which a man can create
when seizing a test piece in two hands using all of his strength ...
which could not go unnoticed! For this purpose, we used a
dynamometric key with handles 400 mm long, which we tested with many
individuals. The maximum icments vary with the individuals from 20-38
Nom; J. P. Girard created 26 Nem with a very visible effort. These
values were confirmed by direct tests on bars; an example of this
will follow (session of 27 Cctober 1976) .
Since our purpose here was neither to describe all of these
tests, nor to make a critical review, we selected the two most
typical sessions for this article:
Session of 31 March 1976 at the Aluminum Technical Center.
Experimenters: J. Rauch and G. Jollant, with the aid of a video
1
recording assistant.
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CPYRGHT
During this session, in a room adjacent to the room J. P. Girard
was in. G. Jollant, an experimenter, took a bar of hardened
duraluminum of alloy AU4G, state 14 (i.e., hardened, aged) 250 mm
long and 8 mm in diameter. Its high critical berding moment (15 Nom)
makes it impossible to tend without a visitle effort. G. Jollant
rolled it on a desk, stated that it was not out of round, marked it,
and placed it himself in a class tube which he closed with a stopper.
This is the only time which we were able to arrange it so that J. P.
Girard did not touch the test bar to be bent before it was enclosed
in a tube.
G. Jollant brought the closed tube to J. Bauch, who immediately
gave it to J. P. Girard, and everything was filmed from then on.
Eithes the stopper, the bar in the tube, or both were always visible.
After concentrating and declaring that he felt something, J. P.
Girard gave the tube, still closed, to J. Rauch. Mr. Rauch uncorked
it, removed the bar, which was visibly bent, ard placed it on the
desk, then on a flat bar in order to bring cut the bend, which was
thus made very obvious. This bend was 2 mm.
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CPYRGHT
Session of 27 October 1976 at Grenoble
Experimenters: J. Bouvaist and B. Dutost.
Here we will describe the test made on the thickest bar. This
was a bar 17 mm in diameter and 300 mm long made of alloy AU2
(2.05c/c copper) in state T4 (hardened in cold water and aged for one
year) . Reference marks were engraved in the mass of this bar, and the
placement of small characteristic flaws were noted. It was taken to
the experimental site in a different car from the in one which J. P.
Girard was transported, and it was the only one of its kind in the
experimental batch.
This bar was preliminarily subjected to bending tests by very
strong men, and only one man weighing 140 kg was able to make a
slight, but significant, deformation after smearing his hands with
magnesium (a bend of 0.6 mm corresponding to an applied moment of 38
Nem) . Then the bending plane was marked by scratches made on the two
ends. Previous tests made it possible to confirm that even using a
fixed half-length support, an average man could not even increase
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CPYRGHT
this deformation by applying his entire weight (65 kg) to both ends.
During the tests, the two experimenters sat at about a meter
away on either side of J. P. Girard, who worked in shirtsleeves, with
his sleeves rolled up, withcut contact. J. P. Girard deformed this
tar four times in succession by holding one end in his right hand and
lightly touching the free part with his left hand (bends 1 and 2) or
by placing his left hand five cm alove the specimen (bends 3 and 4) .
After each deformation, che observer tock the profile of the test
tar, while the other remained next to J. P. Girard. The two largest
deformations (3 and 4) could be seen with the eye; both were produced
toward the bottom during a time on the order of 10-20 seconds. After
each deformation, it was verified that no beating up could be
detected by touching the bar with the hand, and that the bends made
without force by J. P. Girard were all in the same plane (inclined by
34° relative to the initial bending plane mentioned above) , marked by
the grooves indicated atove. These grocves also made it possible to
verify that the same bar was being used at all times. Immediately
following the experiment, the specimens were placed in a briefcase
and taken to the laboratory-
We will now describe the laboratory tests:
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CPYRGHT
Birst, in the laboratory we verified that all of the marks,
grooves and flaws which were originally made on the bar were present
cn the bar returned from the experiment. This rade it possible
unequivocally confirm that there was no substitution of the specimen.
Figure 1 shows a picture of the bar after the experiment.
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Fig. 1. Photograph of A02 bar 17 mm in diameter after bending. Scale
in centimeters.
i
8
7
6
AUI.T.
5
2
1
CPYRGHT
.
¢
.
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CPYRGHT
The following tests were made for the nondestructive
characterization of the changes made in the bar - more specifically.
in section A - corresponding to the maximum curvature. We can see:
- a significant increase in the hardness of the two grains
located in the bending plane, reaching a maximum of 11 points Vickers
(or 270/0) in section A, which corresponds to the maximum curvature.
The length of the zone in which the hardness exceeds the initial
value is around 120 mm
(60 mm on either side of section A) .
.
- the hardness measured on the circumference of section A
perpendicular to the bending plane is the maximum in the bending
plane, and varies linearily with the side relative to the neutral
line, as in the case of simple bending-
In order to determine the moment which must be applied to the
tar by mechanical bending. in order to obtain the permanent bend
chserved, we mechanically bent a control bar which was identical to
the preceding one with a distance of "206
ww between the fixed
sufforts. The variation in the residual bending measured as a
function of the moment applied is given in Fig. 2. From this we can
conclude that in order to citain the bend chserved on the bar bent by
J. P. Girard (fr = 13.5 mm) , it would be necessary to apply a moment
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CPYRGHT
M cf around 75 Nem, or two and a half times the critical moment Mc =
30 Nem, and twice the moment exerted by the strongest man whom we
tested. The total deformation energy can be calculated at 11 J.
.
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Fig. 2. Diagram of bending as a function of the moment applied to a
control bar identical to that in Fig. 1.
KEY: (1) Moment applied .
(2) Experiment. (3) Calibration curve. (4), Bends. (5) Max. for men.
(6) Mean for men with the force of two hands. (V) Residual bending at
half-length.
EXPERIENCE
(2)
AU2-T4
(13)
Demest 1
appliqué
L = 300 m
R = 63 MM
R= = 162 KP
.
(3)
Mt = 30 km
100-
courbe d'étalonnage.
A,1 = 26,8 %
(4)
FLEXIONS
4
75 %1
> 70 %m
> 62 13
J.P.G.
1,
54 Em
50
9
38 Mg
Mari bormes
(6)
25.ET
Kavesat tonnes
les force à 2 mains
(7)
.
Hitche rezituelle à pi lorgrter
06 3
6
10
13,5
20
4
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CPYRGHT
The preceding results make it possible to completely exclude the
hypotheses of surreptitious deformations of muscular origin which
might have escaped notice by the observers. Furthermore, the fact
that "normal" consolidation of the deformed zone is observed makes it
possible to exclude the surreptitious use of thermal or chemical
means to decrease the local mechanical strength of the alloy.
In conclusion, the set of observations made during and after the
experiment on the duraluminum bar deformed by J. P. Girard during the
experiment of 27 October 1976 makes it possible to conclude:
- that the successive deformations realized were not and could
not have been produced by the normal muscular force of the subject,
- that the final deformation obtained was in all ways comparable
to that which would be obtained by applying a point force of 1500 N
in the middle of the bar when resting co twc sufforts.
Tests cn Stainless Steel in Closed Tubes
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CPYRGHT
Materials and Working Conditions
During the session at the Aluminum Technical Center on 25 March
1976, three experimenters (C. Crussard, J. Fauch and G. Jollant) and
fcur other spectators observed martensitic transformations, with or
without deformation, of test pieces made from a cast of austenitic
stainless steel with a special nonccomercial composition which had
previously been used for studying the martensitic transformation by
deformation. This cast essentially containeds Cr = 17.8%, Ni = 7.4%.
Mn = 1.56%, Si = 0.36% C = 0.050% N = 0.0349
Two test pieces left over from this study were used for this
purpose. These were cylindrical test pieces (7 mm in diameter and 85
long) with smooth heads 12 mm in diameter. They were subjected to
hardening in air at 1050°℃ (one hour in,a salt bath) , finishing
treatment, and nitroflucric corrosion, which gave the body of the
test piece a matte look. The resultant structure is nonmagnetic,
except for several parts of the machined surface layer. The
wartensitic transformation points in this state are: Ms = 140°C and
*
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Bd = 490ºC.
CPYRGHT
These two test pieces were given to J. P. Girard for several
days. At the beginning of the session, they were marked No. 2 and 3
in large numbers circled with ar irregular circle. Another test
pieces marked No. 1 in the same manner, was used for another test
which was not significant and will be used again later for a
simulation counter-test. Its mark can be seen in Fig. 5. This was the
first time that test pieces of this type were used with J. P. Girard
and that they were marked like this. These were the same test pieces,
marked in this manner, which were taken at the end of the test under
the conditions which we will see; there was no possibility of
substitution.
After marking, one of us (C. Crussard) verified the straightness
of these test pieces (Nos. 2 and 3) by rolling them; they were not
"cut cf round." He also verified their magnetic state. A quick and
simple method of evaluating point-to-point magnetism for this purpose
consists of using a small powerful horseshoe magnet made of Ticonal
1500 Xpolar surfaces of 7×4 mm2, 8.5 mm apart) suspended at the end
cf a chain. To make the measurement, che changes from a position in
which the magnet is in contact with the test piece, with vertical
suspension: the test piece is gradually withdrawn until the magnet is
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CPYRGHT
pulled away. Measuring the horizontal distance from the magnet to the
test piece at this point D. and knowing the mass of the magnet (22 g)
and the length of suspension, we can calculate the pulling force F.
During this verification in the middle of the two test rods and on
the heads, the distance D defined atcve did not exceed 2-3 mm. This
corresponds to a pulling force F on the order cf 0.01 N, due to some
traces of surface martensite caused by machining.
After this check, the test rods were placed on the desk behind
which J. P. Girard was working (in rolled-up shirtsleeves) in the
field of view of the video camera, which did not turn away from them
(while J. P. Girard worked with other test pieces and made an attempt
at a light-alloy bar without leaving his seat) until the following
experiments were begun:
a) J. P. Girard carefully grasps test tar No. 2 by one head and
without exerting force (the film makes it possible to confirm this) .
places it in a tube and stops it with a cork (always in front of the
camera) , takes the corked tube squarely in his hand (the left hand,
with the cork always remaining visible) , and concentrates. He then
gives the tube to C. Crissard and does not touch the test piece from
this time cn.
C. Crussard removes the test piece from the tube: it has a
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slight bend, but very close to one end, visible to the eye, and which
he verified by rolling the piece. The verification with a magnet
indicates very strong local magnetism near this same end (see Table
1) .. Since the entire operation was filmed, no substitution could have
taken place. C. Crussard returns the test bar to its box for future
study;
b) J. P. Girard takes test bar No. 3, which has remained visible
throughout this time. The same operations as for No. 2 are performed,
except that one spectator, at one time, blocks the camera. After J.
E. Girard had concentrated, C. Crussard took the corked tube back,
removed the test piece from it, and rolled it. This test piece
remained straight, but nevertheless its local magnetism was similar
to that of test piece Nc. 2, but this time without deformation. It
was returned to the box, also for study.
.
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Table 1.
KEY: (1) Measurement. (2) Test piece. (3) Bending of one
side. (4) Bending of the other side. (5) Mean bending. (6) Pulling
force f of the magnet (N). (7) one head. . (8) end of cylindrical
shaft. (9)
middle. (10) other end of cylindrical shaft. (11) other
head. (12) Maximum value.
Mesure
(2)Éprouvette(2) Éprouvette
nº 2
nº 3
Flèche d'un côté y 1 (mm)
2,5
< 0,3
Flèche de ()
l'autre côté
y 2
1,7
0,3
Flèche (50
y1+y 2.
2,1
< 0,3
moyenne y =
2
Force d'arrachement f de
l'aimant (N) :
une tête
0,12 (*)
0,03
(5)
extrémité du fût cylin-
drique
0,15
2
0,22
(1)
milieu
0,02
0,03
L'autre extrémité du fût
cylindrique
0,02
0,02
@ autre tête
0,05
0,01
(*) Valeur maximale. (12)
1
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CPYRGHT
Initial Measurements
The next day. C. Crussard evaluated the racnetism and
deformations. The same magnet was always used to evaluate magnetism;
the pulling forces F defined above are indicated in Table 1 (at close
to 0. 01 N) . In order to evaluate the deformaticrs Y, one of the heads
was
placed against a ruler and the distance between the other head
(inside) and the ruler was measured. We confirmed that the test
pieces "ran true" at the beginning cf the test.
The bend close to one bead can be seen very clearly in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Photograph of stainless steel test piece No. 2 after the
experiment.
-
:
*
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CPYRGHT
Laboratory Tests
Various tests, alsc destructive, were made on test piece No. 2.
The bar was electrolytically cut even with the magnetic head. Thus,
it was possible to insert the magnetic end of the cylindrical part of
the bar into the spool of a Sigmatest devices the specific saturation
magnetization is 2.8, which corresponds to a proportion of 1.90/% of
the magnetic phase (x').
For test piece No. 3, the nondestructive X-ray study revealed
wartensites q' and @ in the magnetic zone, the latter in a high
proportion, in addition to austenite.
Microphotographs (test piece No. 2) on a surface. polished
mechanically, then electrolytically (Fig. 4a and 4b) reveal a mixture
cf martensites & and a'. Compared with previous studies made of this
steel, we can confirm that these structures have neither the facies
cf a martensite obtained by cocling, nor thet cf a martensite
produced by the densitization of atstenite by heating it. This could
only be martensite from deformation (with some traces of martensite
due to the preparation of the ground surface) . The martensite density
appears to be rather uniform over the entire cross section; in spite
of the uncertainty which always accompanies micrography due to the
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field selection, Figures 4a and b show comparable appearances on the
surface and in the interior. The amount of martensite observed on
these micrographs corresponds to those which are obtained with this
steel by tensile strain of 5-10%; thus, it is much more intense than
that which would correspond to the slight bending observed (Fig. 3) .
Its localization is very surprising.
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Fig. 4. Micrographs of the locally transformed zone of stainless
steel test piece No. 2 (a) near the surface, (t) in the intericr.
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CPYRGHT
Simulation Tests
The local magnetism cf the head of test piece No. 2 could not
have been missed in the verification made at the beginning of the
test, which was focused especially on the heads.
Nevertheless, since two confirmations are better than one, we
asked ourselves if we could imagine a metallurgical process capable
cf producing these localized martensites while leaving the test
pieces completely straight cr merely slightly bent.
Since we are dealing with cold-rolled martensite, we must work
with deformation. The closest means of reproducing its localization
with this abundance near one head is altergating bending. We
conducted tests on another test piece, No. 1, which was initially
nonmagnetic: it was necessary to place one head in a vice, bend the
bar by around 30°, and straighten it. But due ;tc the special
properties of this steel, the test piece was very visibly formed into
an S (Fig. 5). In order to straighten it back cut, it would be
necessary to tool a die and restamp the piece cr a press! Another
difference: on test piece Nc. 1 thus treated, the magnetism on the
end of the shaft was comparable to that of test piece No. 2, but the
head was not magnetic, which is obviously increal.
*
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Fig. 5. Test piece of stainless steel Nc. 1 after a simulation test.
A micrographic test made on another test piece which was bent
even more and straightened reveals cold-rolled martensite, but with a
very distinct heterogeneous distribution: the martensite density is
lower in the interior than on the surface (Fig. 6a and b), which is
ncrral, but which differs from test piece No. 2. In order to obtain
uniform density in the cross section and in the amount observed, it
would be necessary to be able to create tensile strain deformation
localized on the end of the shaft and in the head (on the order of
5-10% for test piece No. 2, and at least 10% for test piece No. 3) .
but which would not appreciably change the diameters of either the
shaft or the head1 .
4
Fectnote: "For test piece No. 3, a slight decrease in the cross
section (0.5%) was measured in the zone which became magnetic. We
will point out that we could have also considered simulation by
+
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CPYRGHT
twisting, but we could not see how this could result in deformation
localized near one head and in it. End footrote
It would be necessary to have a series of hammering out and kneading
cycles, all done without leaving a mark on the test bar!
4
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PIGE
28
Fig. 6. Micrographs similar to those in Fig. 4, but for a test piece
subjected to a simulated test: (a) rear the surface, (b) in the
intericr.
(a)
(b)
$
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Conclusion
The group of observations described above makes it possible to
state:
- that a local martensitic transformation was created in two
test pieces during the test, accompanied by slight bending near one
head on one of them;
.
- that we were unable to think up a single simple metallurgical
creration which was capable of exactly duplicating the structures
observed in the transformed zones.
Iccal Changes in Hardness of Metal Plates
a. P. Girard performed this experiment four times in different
places and in front of different observers. During the first session
(27 October 1976), one cf. the experimenters suggested that he
improvise a new type of test: hardening a metal plate in attempt to
"compress" the metal. Except for a few close details which will be
pointed out, the experimental procedure used for this test, as well
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CPYRGHT
as for the three others, was as follows: J. P. Girard was given a
duraluminum plate whose dimensions, composition and reference mark
were known only by the experimenter (and which were different for
each new experiment) . Initially, J. P. Girard came into contact with
the test piece by rubbing it or touching it with his fingers under
the close supervision of the experimenters. The experimenter then
placed the test piece in a corked glass tube after verifying its
straightness and the reference mark. Then the tube was given back to
J. P. Girard for the test. The test piece remained in the tube until
the laboratory test. For test No. 4, the phase in the glass tube was
eliminated, since it provided no additional guarantee after the
initial procedure, which permitted hand contact during the initial
phase.
Test Materials and Working Conditions
The four plates which were changed were made entirely of
duralwainum in state T351 (hardened at 505℃ in cold water, relaxing
stretching of 1.2-2% aging for at least 48 hours) . Two compositions
were used (quaternary aluminum alloy A-04SG with a noncommercial
composition, and industrial alloy 20:17) . An anonymous symbol engraved
on the metal of the plate and which was different for each experiment
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CPYRGHT
permitted the observers to unequivocally identify the test plate by a
simple glance. Each plate came from a batch of identical plates which
were subjected the same treatment, and the control plates of each
Łatch were preserved in the laboratory for comparison and future
simulation tests. Table II summarizes the places and the
characteristics of the test data of the four experiments.
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32
Table II.
KEY: (1) Test. (2) Date. (3) Place. (4) Observers. (5)
Initial characteristics of specimen. (6) Type. (7) Dimensions. (8)
Reference mark. (9) London. (10) and. (11). ball-testing. ( 12) Tooling
+ hall-testing.
( * )
Essai
(2)
Date
(3)
Lieu
(4)
Observateurs
Caractéristiques initiales
de l'échantillon
(6)
Nature
(7)
Dimensions
Repère
1
27.10.76
Grenoble
(0)
J.B. et B.D.
16
X
2,5
×
150
11 - 1
A-U4SG-T351
2
25.11.76
Lyon
J.B., P.G. et J.G.
×
2,4
×
160
11 - J
A-U4SG-T351
3
25.11.76
. Lyon
(10)
J.B., P.G. et J.G.
14
2,6
×
160
11 - H
A-U4SG-T351
+ billage
4
10.10.77
Londres
J.B. et J.H.
12 × 3,0
X
160
VG
A-U4G-T351
usinée +
(9) brillantée
(10)
11
×
(A)
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CPYRGHT
DOC =
1.314
Observations During Experiment
First Test :
During the phase of contact of the tifs of the fingers (~2 min) .
te successively observed two slight bendings of plate 11-1 of (+1 mm)
and (-0.5 mm) , respectively, in opposite directions from each other.
Then the test piece was placed in the glass tule with a total
residual bend of +0.5 mm (the slightly convex grain corresponded to
the engraved surface) . The tube was then given Back to J. P. Girard
twice (5 min) .
Second Test:
Nc bending before being placed in the-tube. Length of exposure:
three minutes.
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34
Third Test :
Test piece 11-H was preliminarily shot-peered over the length of
the twc surfaces to see if additional local hardening was possible.
Duration: around three minutes, withcut deformation.
Fourth Test:
Test piece VG was tested twice ky J. F. Girard (duration of
exposure: twice for two minutes) .
Laboratory Tests
For the four tests, comparative examinations of the engraved
marksy dimensions, weights, and the marks of initial hardness of the
test pieces confirmed that the test pieces returned to the laboratory
were definitely those which were prepared for the experiments.
;
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CPYRGHT
Hardness:
After electrolytic polishing, the hardness was measured with a
Vickers microhardness meter under a load of three kg (~30 N) on the
twc surfaces of the test pieces subjected to the experiments, as well
as on the control pieces kept at the laboratory. The marks were made
with spacing of from one to two mm (depending on the case) .
Double-blind countermeasures used by different operators ( for tests 2
and 4) led to equivalent results.
The results obtained by this technique, two cases of which are
shown in Figures 7 and 8, make it possible to reveal appreciable
simultaneous increases in hardness on the two opposing surfaces. The
lengths of the modified zones and the maximum increases in hardness
are reorganized in Table III. Considering the dispersion
(characterized by the typical deviation indicated in parentheses at
the second-to-last column) , in a completely valid manner, these
cbservations show that the metal was changed during the four tests.
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CPYRGHT
Fig. 7. Hardnesses measured on the two sides of light-alloy test
piece 11-I, after test.
KEY: (1) Vickers tardness. (2) Test piece
11-I. (3) Side. (4) Load. (5) Distance to the marked end.
(1)
AU4 SG T351
DURETE
VICKERS
éprouvette 11-1
1400
face : 1
(3)
(4)
charge: 2,94 611
1300
90
1
0
Ț
12005
(3)
face : 2
1000
90
1
1200
50
distance_
a l'extrémité repérée
1100
O
50
100
150
(mm)
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CPYRGHT
Fig. 8. Hardness measured on the two sides of light-alloy test piece
VG, before and after test.
KEY: (1) Vickers hardness. (2) Plate VG.
(3) Load. (4) Marked side. (5) Unmarked side. (6) Distance to marked
end. X7) Hardness at mid-width (º) before/ (+) after experiment.
(1)
DURETE VICKERS
(1)
plaquette
V.G.
1300
(3)
charge : 2,94 daN
(4)
face repérée
1200
.. ..
1
1300-
(5)
face non repérée
.
2×20
1200
(6)
distance a 1 extrémité repérée
11001
0
50
100
150
expérience
,
dureté a mi largeur 9º avant ;
(7)
( + après )
5
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38
Iable III.
KEY: (1) Test. (2) Test piece. (3) Maximum hardness in
the changed zone (MPa) . (4) Initial hardness. (5) End of plate. (6)
Control (standard deviation). (7) Significantly changed length (mm).
(€) Side.
(1)
Essal
(2)
Eprouvette
Dureté maximum
dans la zone modifiée:
, (MPa)
5.) Extrémité
plaquette
(6)
Témoin
(écart-type)
(7) Longueur
significativement
modifiée
(1 0/ 2(mm)
1
11 - 1
Grace
1
1340
1240
1220 (15)
20
(%Face 2 (R) 1290
1200
1230 (14)
30
2
2
11 - J
Face
1
1340
1180
1180 [20)
20
@% Face 2 (R)
1310
1190
1200 (21)
20
3
11 - H
(%Face
1
1420
1290
20
( Face 2
(R)
1380
1260
15
1
VG
Face
(face
2
1 (R)
1270
1200 (7)
1210 (15)
1200 (10)
35
1290
1200 (9)
35
--
.
3)
El Dureté initiale
We can see that the maximum hardenings chserved range from 6%
(test 4) to 12% (test 2) , with an average of 8%. Six Vickers
impressions were made before the experiment at mid-length during test
4. since hardening always occurred in this zone in the preceding
testsy yielding hardnesses cf 1200-1210. This makes it possible to
completely eliminate the hypothesis of the nonuniformity of the
previous hardness. We will point out in passing that this test is
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CPYRGHT
particularly interesting because it was conducted in England by
Professor J. Hasted, and because the hardnesses were remeasured
"blindly" and confirmed in an independent English laboratory at the
Electrical Research Association.
Irternal Strainss
Two techniques were used to reveal possible differences in
residual longitudinal strairs in the modified zones. The technique of
superficial measurement by X-ray diffraction (the sine y method) used
cn specimen 11-I indicates a significant change in the residual
longitudinal strain on the two opposing sides of the modified zones
essentially, we see residual strain cf -80 NFa cn the unmarked side
(slightly concave) , and cf +80 MPa in the crpcsing grain ( marked). On
the unchanged ends, we find again the state of internal strain which
is normal for this metallurgical state (+351), cr R≥ - 15 MPa.
This point was confirmed by measuring the relative deformations
created on side two during gradual chemical treatment of the entire
opposing side (1) on test piece 11-J. Using this technique (called
the Rosenthal-Norton method) , we otserve a considerable and
significant variation in the calibration mark located straight above
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CPYRGHT
the modified zone, while a mark located on the same grain, but 25
m m
from the modified zone, exhibits normal behavior similar to that of
the twc marks on the control piece. Thus, we can unambiguously
conclude that the local change in hardness is associated with the
local change in the state of residual strait in this zone.
Microstructure:
The test pieces modified during tests 1 and 2 and the
corresponding controls tere examined under a transmission electron
microscope (100 kV) . Thin slices whose thickness was carefully
reduced in order to avoid any deformation were taken parallel to the
surface at mid-thickness and on the two opposite sides of the
modified zone of test piece 11-1, as well as in the modified surface
zche (side 2) of test piece 11-J.
In both cases, we can see that the modified zones have
characteristic microstructure with a very high density of small
dislocation rings around 200 angstroms in diameter (Figures 9a and
10a and b) . At mid-thickness we find a lower ring density, but one
which is significantly greater than in the initial metal taken from
the end of the test piece (Fig. 9b) and from a control.
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FACE
41
Fig. 9. Electron micrographs of the thin slice and electron
diffraction diagrams of light-alloy test piece 11-1: (a) surface
hardened zone: {b) unchanged part. Conditions of identical contrast
in both cases.
. 1 //m
a)
0.10m
b)
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CPYRGHT
Fig. 10. Electron microcrapts of modified surface zones with
enlargement of 64, 500 (before reduction) _
a) lest piece 11-1, test
with J. P. Girard, side 1. b) Test piece 11-I, test with J. P.
Girard, side 1. C) Test piece for shot-peening simulation. d) Test
piece for simulation by compression on a stamps
a) Eprouvette 11-I, essai avec J.P. Girard, face 1.
b) Eprouvette 11-1, essai avec J.P. Girard, face 2.
1.2
--
c) Eprouvette de siniulation par grenaillage.
d) Éprouvette de simulation par compression à la
presse. . . ; ; : ..
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For test piece 11-1, comparative counting cf the rings visible
in the section (110) was realized a: g = [11]]s > 0. After measuring
the respective thicknesses cf the different plates, the results given
in Table IV were found ( mean for five fields) .
Table IV.
KEY: (1) Sampling. (2) Density of visible rings. (3)
Relative density compared to control. (4) Contrcl. (5) Modified zone.
(6) Mid-thickness. (7) Side.
(1)
Prélèvement
Densité de boucles
(2)
visibles
(cm-3)
Densité relative pa:
rapport au témoin
11-1 (témoin)
HV = 1240
7,4 . 1013
(4)
(1)
11-1
1
face 1
130 .1013
18
zone modifiée
1
HV == 1340
(5)
111
face 2
84
. 1013
11
zone modifiée
HV == 1290
61
.1013
8
11-1 mi-épaisseur
(6)
(5)
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44
Summing up. we will note that the changes J. P. Girard produced
in the duraluminum plates which were given to him reveal,
simultaneously:
-
surface hardening on the order of 8º/g Iccated on the two
sides cf the plates over a length which can reach 40 mm and a width
of 10-15 mm;
- the modification of the residual surface strains in the
modified zone;
" the creation of a particular microstructure in this zone with
a very high density of small dislocation rings ((200 angstroms) ;
- the absence of macroscopic bending strain (except for test 1
EGE abcve) .
1
.
Simulation Tests
As in the case of stainless steel, we sought double confirmation
by trying to figure out a simple means of deformation by which the
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CPYRGHT
Freceding states could te simulated.
First, we will point out that the electron micrographs indicate
that the Guinier-Prestor zcres are not dissolved and are the same at
the end of the test as in the original state. Itis eliminates any
simulation by heat treatment: in particular, by surface heating
(induction or optical radiation). Thus, we had to develop mechanical
simulation tests.
Alternating Bending
Since hand contact was permitted during the first phase of the
experiment, we might wonder if a surreptiticus alternating bending
operation in the plastic rarge would be enough to cause the changes
cbserved.
:
Alternating bending tests made on controls permitted us to see
that it was necessary to introduce total plastic flow of at least 5%
by alternating bending in order to obtain hardening on the order of
that which was observed previously (~8%). This requires bending the
test piece very intensively until a radius cf curvature of 50 mm is
reached (which corresponds to a bend on the order of 30, which is
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CPYRGHT
incompatible with the observations made) , then straightening it by
bending it in the opposite direction.
However, this simulation does not permit us to duplicate the
structural state observed on the test pieces redified by J. P.
Girard. In fact, by electron microscopy we then observe mazes of
dislocations in the hardened zones, but not the significant increase
in the number of dislocaticr rings.
Compression Test on a Press.
A local compression test of control plate 11-U conducted on a
press at 300 MPa (ce ~ 220 [Fa) made it possible to obtain hardening
on the surfaces coming in contact with the stamp and the table,
respectively, close to that which was sought (ARY = 140 MPa) with
microstructure similar to the microstructure ciserved on the modified
test pieces (Fig. 10d), but with a lower cing density. However,
we
observe a 13% decrease in thickness and a uniform change in the cross
section of the structure and in hardness, which is not true of the
test pieces "hardened" by J. P. Girard. Furthermore, measurements of
the thickness of the plate revealed a reduction in thickness on the
crder of 2% straight above the modified zone.
*
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CPYRGHT
Shot-Feening Test
A surface shot-peening test of the tyc opposing sides of the
control (11-M) i made it possible to simulate the essential parts of
the points which we were trying to reproduce: surface hardening AHV
cf 70 MPa, the absence cf permanent bending, and analogous
microstructure (heterogeneous in thickness with a maximum dislocation
ring density in the vicinity of the surfaces) .
Footnote: "Working conditions: Matrasur machine, air pressure - 7
bars, flow rate - 0.85 m3/mm, glass balls (@- 75-110 pm) , duration ~
7 wind End footnote
Meanwhile, in this manner we obtain a depolished surface which looks
very different from that of the test pieces modified by J. P. Girard,
and additional polishing is necessary in order to restore a
comparable surface state.
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The set of observations and simulations show that it would be
necessary to apply compressive force perpendicular to the surface of
the plates, thus creating heterogenecus plastic flow in the cross
section, in order to duplicate the essential aspects of the physical
properties observed on the metal plates locally and superficially
hardened by J. P. Girard. The mechanical energy required for
simulating such a modification can be estimated according to the
compression simulation test: we find 1.6 J.
We can also produce rings of this type by neutron irradiation.
Conclusion
The group of observations made on the duraluminum plates given
to J. F. Girard makes it possible to state:
- that the required hardening was definitely realized four times
during the test;
- that no simple metallurgical operation known to the authors
makes it possible exactly duplicate the different physical
peculiarities observed in the locally hardened zones.
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CPYRGHT
Discussion and Conclusion
In this report, we described some deformations and
transformations of metals cktained under specific conditions. The
places in which these tests were made and the individuals who
observed them were varied; the only constant presence, common to all
cf the tests, was that cf J. P. Girard himself. Thus, there was a
correlation between his presence and the appearance of the particular
effects observed. Therefore, it appears that we have the right to say
that J. P. Girard is part of the "cause" of these effects. But during
these deformations or transformations, we neither observed nor
recorded any intervention of muscular forces of physical effects on
his part capable of causing them.
It thus appears that we can conclude the "abnormal" nature of
these effects, especially if we consider the following observations:
. for one of the deformed test pieces (see "Session of 27
October 1976"), the nature of the measures taken to mark the piece
and the process of following the deformaticr by successively tracing
1
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CPYRGHT
the profiles proves that no substitution occurred; we feel that the
very high strength of this test piece is encugh to exclude all
explanations by purely manual and muscular action;
-
for the other test piece deformed in the glass tube ("Session
cf 31 March 1976") , the working procedure seemed to establish that
the deformation, although slight, was sufficiently clear and was made
while the test piece was in the tube;
- for cases of local structural transformation, by a martensitic
transformation ("Tests on Stainless Steel in Closed Tubes") or by the
creation of many small dislocation rings ("Local Modifications ...
Metallic") , the precautions described show that no substitution
cccurred. The generation of these effects in the tube or upon slight
contact eliminates any "normal" explanation. Even if substitution did
cccur, we must point that we found it impossible to either reproduce
all of the physical peculiarities of the test pieces transformed in
this manner, or to imagine any simple metallurgical operation capable
cf doing it. Our simulation tests essentially permitted us to
duplicate the new structural elements generated during the tests made
with J. P. Girard. By combining several of these actions in a complex
manner (actions which would otherwise have left traces on the
specimen) , we might be able to simulate the local texture and
arrangement of these structural elements, but we would produce much
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CPYRGHT
greater changes in dimensicrs than those observed, which are very
slight or nonexistent. The localized nature of these transformations
is surprising.
These experiments are part of a group cf many more tests, which
we screened and subjected to an extensive critical study under the
corditiens described in the introduction. This group of tests also
contains those in which nothing happened, and others in which we
clearly observed muscular impetus coupled with positively "abnormal"
effects.
It is a good idea to emphasize that the effects observed have a
certain degree of reproducibility: the bends in the bars were
produced repeatedly, the local martensitic transformations - twice.
and the local hardenings - four times. The last of these four tests,
the test sponsored by Professor Hasted, is the most significant, for
it includes the measurement cf hardness before the tests in the zone
in which hardening subsequently was realized, and because the
increase in hardness was verified in twc independent laboratories,
thus an English laboratory working "blind. "
J. P. Girard did not produce unknown structures in any of the
tests, The structural modifications chserved are of the type produced
by certain types of deformations. Their distribution is normal for
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1
*
the case of simple bending, but abnormal for transformations without
deformation or with slight deformaticn.
If the effects had been produced by applying forces, the work
which it would have been necessary to expend for the largest test
piece would have reached arcund 12 J. The corresponding increase in
enthalpy would be from 2-3 J.
In this article, we have no intention cf imposing our
conclusions as complete scientific facts. Ett we felt it our duty to
cbjectively describe the conditions and the results of these
experiments. We found nc explanation for the effects observed,
neither in current physics, nor by possible trickery, but perhaps
cthers will be able to find them.
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CPYRGHT
CONCERNING THE ARTICLE EY CH. CRUSSARD AND J. BCUVAIST
The above article was written following experiments which
demonstrated the abnormal behavior of metals or alloys in the
presence of J. P. Girard. I can confirm that these experiments were
made with considerable scientific strictness, in order to eliminate
any trickery as much as possible. However, some of them were not
convincing, for the possibility of trickery is always present.
Nany phenomena are rejected by the educated world because they
are considered to be irrational; but this is mere the a priori
refusal to try to observe and control them for themselves, with
concern for the truth, rather than giving ficof of scientific
honesty.
Several scientists did not hesitate to participate in the
experiments of J. P. Girard, simply in order to "see" them
objectively. I myself had this opportunity and I was sometimes
troubled by these experiments, which, as one of us pointed out,
Flaces us, the physicists, in a very uncomfortable position.
Out of all of these experiments, most of which were video
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recorded with a considerable abundance of controls, C. Crussard and
J. Bouvaist used only those which are the subject of this article.
Until proven otherwise, it was not possible to find a rational
explanation for the transformations observed and described - which
naturally does not mean that we will not find one later.
The authors of this article found it interesting to publish
their observations, knowing full well that they would come up against
rather general scepticism - but one must only view their actions as
the desire to make known phenomena which are obviously inexplicable
in the current state of cur knowledce.
1
I myself agreed to add these few lines, having had occasion to
follow these experiments rather closely, simply in order to give my
advice about the scientific strictness with which they were conducted
by the authors. Too many factors are still undetermined to make it
possible to give a valic interpretation.
J. J. Trillat, Member of the Academy of Sciences
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