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504
500
Source: Arms Control Association
DEFENSE NEWS/ Jerold Council
"Two-thirds reduction is great. "We're all for
that," Sen. Carl Levin, D-Mich., said during a Jan. 7
confirmation hearing for Defense Secretary-desig-
nate Les Aspin. "But that doesn't reduce the num-
ber of warheads that are out there by two-thirds.
Quite the opposite. The numbers stay the same, and
the two-thirds which are now off alert are put in a
position where they're less secure."
Roughly half of the U.S. nuclear warheads per-
mitted under START II would be deployed at sea
while 100 long-range bombers could be converted
to conventional roles, according to treaty docu-
ments and private estimates.
Both sides made last-minute compromises that
cleared the way for completing the treaty that was
signed in Moscow on Jan. 3. U.S. negotiators acced-
ed to Moscow's request to retain 90 SS-18 missile
silos. The 10-warhead missiles must be destroyed
under START II, analysts said, and cement will be
poured into the silos to prevent reloading.
Russian negotiators also gained an extension of a
ventional roles while 94 B-52Hs are expected to
carry nuclear air-launched cruise missiles or radar-
evading Advanced Cruise Missiles with nuclear war-
heads. A 20-plane fleet of B-2 bombers is expected
to be deployed with nuclear bombs.
START II's verification provisions will allow, for
the first time, inspectors to confirm weapon loads
carried by the other side's strategic bombers. The
provision allows Russian inspectors their closest
look at the B-2 bomber, but the United States will
.be able to conceal most of the plane with shrouds.
U.S. inspectors also will be able to observe SS-18
silo conversion and missile destruction procedures.
Dunbar Lockwood, an analyst with the Washing-
ton-based Arms Control Association, estimated the
number of weapons carried by U.S. strategic bomb-
ers would decline from 3,700 warheads to 1,272
warheads, or 36 percent of the total permitted un-
der START II.
The United States also would be able to reconvert
See START II, Page 22
U.S. Explores Russian Mind-Control Technology
By BARBARA OPALL
Defense News Staff Writer
WASHINGTON - The Russian
government is perfecting mind-
control technology developed in
the 1970s that could be used to
hone fighting capabilities of
friendly forces while demoraliz-
ing and disabling opposing
troops.
Known as acoustic psycho-cor-
rection, the capability to control
minds and alter behavior of civil-
ians and soldiers may soon be
shared with U.S. military, medical
and political officials, according
to U.S. and Russian sources.
The sources say the Russian
government, in the spirit of im-
proved U.S .- Russian relations, is
beginning to lift the veil of secre-
cy surrounding the technology.
The Russian capability, demon-
strated in a series of laboratory
experiments dating back to the
mid-1970s, could be used to sup-
press riots, control dissidents, de-
moralize or disable opposing
forces and enhance the perfor-
mance of friendly special opera-
tions teams, sources say.
Pioneered by the government-
funded Department of Psycho-
Correction at the Moscow Medi-
cal Academy, acoustic psycho-
correction involves the
transmission of specific com-
mands via static or white noise
bands into the human subcon-
scious without upsetting other in-
tellectual functions. Experts said
laboratory demonstrations have
shown encouraging results after
exposure of less than one minute.
Moreover, decades of research
and investment of untold millions
of rubles in the process of psy-
cho-correction has produced the
ability to alter behavior on willing
and unwilling subjects, the ex-
perts add.
In an effort to restrict potential
misuse of this capability, Russian
senior research scientists, diplo-
mats, military officers and offi-
cials of the Russian Ministry of
Higher Education, Science &
Technology Policy are beginning
to provide limited demonstra-
tions for their U.S. counterparts.
Further evaluations of key
technologies in the United States
are being planned, as are discus-
sions aimed at creating a frame-
work for bringing the issue under
bilateral or multilateral controls,
U.S. and Russian sources said.
An undated paper by the Psy-
chor Center, a Moscow-based
group affiliated with the Depart-
ment of Psycho-Correction at the
Moscow Medical Academy, ac-
knowledges the potential danger
of this capability. The Russian ex-
See CONTROL, Page 29
Correction
A page three article in the Dec.
14-20 issue about agreement on
the European Fighter Aircraft de-
velopment incorrectly stated that
the new EFA design called for
dramatically scaled down combat
and radar systems. A family of
EFA variants will be developed
allowing each country to choose
the level of sophistication it can
afford.
January 11-17, 1993 DEFENSE NEWS 29
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January f1-17, 1993 DEFENSE NEWS 29
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U.S., Russia Hope To Safeguard Mind-Control Techniques
CONTROL, From Page 4
perts, including George Kotov, a
former KGB general now serving
in a senior government ministry
post, present in their report a list
of software and hardware associ-
ated with their psycho-correction
program that could be procured
for as little as $80,000.
"As far as it has become possi-
ble to probe and correct psychic
contents of human beings despite
their will and consciousness by
instrumental means ... results
having been achieved can get out
of [our] control and be used with
inhumane purposes of manipulat-
ing psyche," the paper states.
The Russian authors note that
"World opinion is not ready for
dealing appropriately with the
problems coming from the possi-
bility of direct access to the hu-
man mind." Therefore, the Rus-
sian authors have proposed a
bilateral Center for Psycho-tech-
nologies where U.S. and Russian
authorities could monitor and re-
strict the emerging capabilities.
Janet Morris of the Global
Strategy Council, a Washington-
based think tank established by
Ray Cline, former Central Intelli-
gence Agency deputy director, is
a key U.S. liaison between Rus-
sian and U.S. officials.
In a Dec. 15 interview, Morris
said she and the Richmond, Va .-
based International Healthline
Corp. have briefed senior U.S. in-
telligence and Army officials
about the Russian capabilities,
which Morris said could include
hand-held devices for purposes
of special operations, crowd con-
trol and antipersonnel actions.
Healthline Corp. is evaluating
Russian health care technologies
and will underwrite Russian dem-
onstrations in the United States.
"We talked about using this to
screen and prepare special oper-
ations personnel for extremely
difficult missions and ways in
which this could be integrated
into doctrine for [psychological
operations]," Morris said.
She said Army officials were
concerned about the capability
being directed against armored
systems and personnel through
electronic communications links.
Ground troops, she said, risk ex-
posure to bone-conducting sound
waves that cannot be offset by
earplugs or other current protec-
tive gear. Morris added that U.S.
countermeasures could include
sound cancellation, a complex
process that involves broadcast-
ing oppositely phased wave
forms in precisely matched
frequencies.
Maj. Pete Keating, a U.S. Army
spokesman, said senior Army of-
ficials had expressed interest in
reviewing Russian capabilities
but that repeated plans to sched-
ule visits to the former Soviet
Union were rejected by Donald
Atwood, deputy secretary of de-
fense. Keating said he was unfa-
miliar with the mind-control tech-
nology and could not discuss
specific details.
U.S. sources said government
officials and leaders from the
business and medical communi-
ties will consider Russian offers
to place the mind-control capabil-
ity under bilateral controls.
:At least one senior U.S. sena-
tor, government intelligence offi-
cials and the U.S. Army's Office
for Operations, Plans and Force
Development are interested in re-
viewing the Russian capabilities,
U.S. sources said.
In addition, International
Healthline Corp. is planning to
bring a team of Russian special-
ists here within the next couple
of months to demonstrate the ca-
pability, company President Jim
Hovis said in a Dec. 2 interview.
Meanwhile, the U.S. Army's Ar-
mament Research, Development
& Engineering Center is conduct-
ing a one-year study of acoustic
beam technology that may mirror
some of the effects reported by
the Russians.
Army spokesman Bill Harris
said Dec. 3 the command award-
ed the one-year study contract to
Scientific Applications & Re-
search Associates of Huntington
Beach, Calif. Related research is
being conducted at the Moscow-
based Andreev Institute, U.S. and
Russian sources said.
Despite the growing interest in
a capability traditionally reserved
for science fiction novels and cin-
ema, industry and academic ex-
perts are cautious and skeptical
.`about its potential battlefield use.
"This is not something that
strikes me as requiring high-level
attention," Raymond Garthoff, a
defense and intelligence analyst
at the Washington-based Brook-
ings Institution, said in a Dec.2
interview.
Morris contends that the capa-
bility has been demonstrated in
the laboratory in Russia and
should be placed under interna-
tional restrictions at the earliest
possible opportunity.
French Government Links Firms
To Make Them More Competitive
CONSOLIDATE, From Page 4
"The immediate benefits of
common research and develop-
ment are small, and the long-term
On Dec. 29, the government
also shifted 20 percent of its 99
percent stake in Aerospatiale to
Credit Lyonnais, the nationalized
Aspin Staff Members
To Fill Pentagon Posts
ASPIN, From Page 15
is unclear exactly what job he
Determining the future will get. Sources said Smith's
U.S. force structure and Amer-
ica's role in U.N. peacekeep
broad defense experience
makes him well-suited to head
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