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SECTION IV - TELEPATHIC BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
Part A - Basic Research
(U) Behavior modification through telepathic means is in itself applied
research. The changes or alterations of human activity desired can be
either beneficial or detrimental to the percipient. Soviet research in
the field of behavior modification by telepathy dating from the early
1920s through the early 1970s has had one major objective -- application
of techniques. In telepathy research, unlike research in most scientific
disciplines, the applied phase preceded the basic phase. To put it simply
this is why telepathy is still called a phenomenon, both in the USSR and
the West. The phenomenon of telepathy has many applications, one of which
is behavior modification. Basic research therefore applies to the phen-
omenon itself; this is covered in Part I Section II and Part II (Psycho-
tronic Generator Research) .
Part B
- Applied Research
(U) Between 1920 and 1943, L.L. Vasilev conducted numerous experiments
involving telepathic mental suggestion; his first work involved the
mental suggestion of motor (muscle) movements. This early work was based
in part on the published results of similar experiments conducted by
Dr. Joire34 of Lille, France. Vasilev's human test subjects were asked to
perform various muscular movements through the medium of telepathy.
For
comparative purposes some tests were made with hypnotized percipients,
while others were placed only in a relaxed state. During the same time
frame (1920-1943), Vasilev also conducted experiments involving the mental
suggestion of visual images and sensations with and without hypnosis.
Vasilev's results indicated that it was altogether possible to telepathically
suggest and produce voluntary, controllable motor acts as well as influence
involuntary, uncontrollable movement. He noted that some of the best sub-
jects for the suggestion of motor acts were unsuitable for mental suggestion
of visual images and vice versa. Apparently there was no visible positive
correlation between these two variants of telepathic susceptibility. Some
of the subjects under hypnosis responded more readily to verbal suggestion
of a sensory nature while others were more responsive to verbal suggestion
of the motor type. This observed variance applied for both mental and
verbal suggestive techniques. After a thorough series of experiments,
Vasilev concluded that mental suggestion involving hypnosis would provide
the most fruitful results. 35
(U) According to Ostrander and Schroeder,' the ability to telepathically
produce sleep-wake states (obliteration of one's consciousness) from a
distance of a few meters to over a thousand kilometers became the most
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thoroughly tested and perfected Soviet contribution to international
parapsychology. Parapsychologists in Leningrad and Moscow demonstrated
the telepathic manipulation of consciousness and correlated it with
systematic EEG recordings. The Naumov-Sergeyev-Pavlova team found that
EEG recordings changed dramatically when the telepathic impulse contained
a message affecting human emotions. Transmission of several successive
emotions of a negative character elicited the appearance of cross-
excitation of the brain. It changed the spontaneous EEG character to
the tired state of the brain, dominated by slow, hypersynchronized waves
of the delta and theta type. Percipients of unpleasant emotions followed
by positive emotions (feelings of calmness or cheerfulness) regained
normalized EEG's within one to three minutes. Other Soviet tests included
sending to the percipient the anxiety associated with suffocation and the
sensation of a dizzying blow to the head. Pavlova, Sergeyev and Naumov
uncovered impressive data on the power of thought and concluded that a
person doesn't have to conjure up his own "nasty" thoughts; someone else
can do it and telepathically transmit them to him. S. Serov and A. Troskin
of Sverdlovsk demonstrated that the number of white blood cells rose by
fifteen hundred after they suggested positive emotion to patients. More
important was the observation that after impressing negative emotion, the
white cell count decreased by sixteen hundred. Since leucocytes are one
of the body's main defense mechanisms against disease, such a telepathically
imposed shift in cell count could be used in altering human health. In
similar research the Czechs found that intense mental activity in the
sender caused, at a distance, a slight change in blood volume in a resting
. percipient. Measurements were made with a plethysmograph. Experiments
in the West have verified this phenomenon. Soviet and Czech research in
manipulative telepathic techniques has also included experimental trans-
mission of kinetic impulses, sound, and taste.
(U)
Outside of the Soviet and Czech research on the manipulative possi-
bilities of PK and psychotronic generators, the emphasis on manipulation
by means of telepathy still involves the use of hypnotism. Many Soviet
and Czech scientists are using this technique as a means to try to iden-
tify the "carrier" of telepathy but others may be conducting such research
for more devious reasons.
(U) Dr. Stefan Manczarski of Poland predicted that the field of telepathy
will open new avenues for spreading propaganda. He feels that the electro-
magnetic theory is valid and believes, therefore, that telepathy can be
amplified like radio waves. Telepathy would then become a subtle new
modus for the "influencers" of the world. Some Western followers of
psychic phenomena research are concerned, for example, with the detri-
mental effects of subliminal perception techniques being targeted against
US or allied personnel in nuclear missile silos. The subliminal message
could be "carried" by television signals or by telepathic means.
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(U) The potential applications of focusing mental influences on an enemy
through hypnotic telepathy have surely occurred to the Soviets. The bulk
of recent telepathy research in the USSR has been concerned with the
transmission of emotional or behavioral impulses and the study of physio-
logical responses to PK exercises, etc. In their exploration of telepathy,
they are seeking the evenual capability to reproduce and to amplify the
phenomena so that control is feasible. Control and manipulation of the
human consciousness must be considered a primary goal.
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sensory Perception: Researc
spouses (Brinkman and Van Hilten, 1972), and persons defined as having
"sympathetic relationships" (Van't Hoff, 1972). Finally, Casler (1971)
failed in an attempt to improve GESP scoring by creating rapport be-
tween agent and percipient through appropriate hypnotic suggestions
given to one or the other.
2.5.le. Conclusion. There is as yet no convincing experimental evi-
dence of direct "mind-to-mind" communication, i.e., telepathy, that
adequately controls for clairvoyance or precognition. Nonetheless, indi-
rect support for the telepathy hypothesis comes from several experiments
in'which significant differences between GESP and clairvoyance scores
were found when percipients were "blind" to the type of test. However,
these results have not been entirely consistent and some of the positive
experiments have weaknesses in design or reporting of results. Other
evidence indicates that some of this inconsistency may be attributable to
the fact that different agents often affect percipients' scores in different
ways. Attempts to demonstrate that persons well known or well liked by
percipients make the most successful agents have produced conflicting
results, although the general trend is confirmatory.
Finally, the question of whether telepathy, assuming its existence, is
primarily attributable to the agent, the percipient, or some interaction
between them has yet to be directly addressed experimentally.
2.5.2. The Experimenter Effect: Psychology or Psi?
In the last section we saw that the agent can have an effect on scoring
in ESP tests. In this section we will examine evidence that demonstrates
that a person need not be involved in actually "sending" the targets to
have such an effect. The person we will be focusing upon predominantly,
but not exclusively, is the experimenter. We will consider not only
whether or not he or she can influence experimental outcomes but also
whether the vehicle of such influence is the method of interacting with
subjects, or whether the experimenter's own psi (or potential for activat-
ing the subject's psi in the absence of sensory contact) may somehow be a
contributing factor.
A number of experiments have been reported in which two ex-
perimenters conducting the same experiment with the same or similar
subjects have obtained significantly different results. Although not an
experimenter effect in the strict sense of the term, a finding of Sharp and
Clark (1937) indicated that testing sessions conducted with a skeptical
observer present produced significantly below-chance scoring, whereas
subjects scored above chance when the observer was sympathetic to
ESP. Subjects apparently did not know of the observers' beliefs, but one
subject complained that th
iment where five subjects
handled by two different
above chance on one set
The effect occurred with
(MacFarland, 1938). Osis
voyance tests given to ei
ESP. Partway through the
take over the role of lectu
gave essentially the same
same way as Osis, the gro
than those tested by Dean
those subjects who indica
have no assurance that the
truly comparable, the exp
terpretation. Still another e
testing of British schoolboy
2.5.2a. Experimenter F
such experimenter differen
create different moods, se
mospheres," which in turn
whether it will manifest as
to test this hypothesis dire
Price, who had a history of
Price, 1938; Bates and New
encouraging manner and o
found that in both instances
scores markedly increased
her more natural way of r
couraged spontaneity durin
(see Sec. 2.3.2b).
A more systematic atte
by Honorton, Ramsey, and
signed to one of two group
instructed to be friendly and
by an experimenter given t
trials on a Schmidt machine
each group. As predicted,
tested by a "friendly" exp
group tested by an "unfrien
Parker (1975a) found th
higher in a GESP card-gue:
Ale