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Source: Arms Control Association
DEFENSE NEWS/ Jerold Council
"Two-thirds reduction is great."We're all for
that," Sen. Carl Levin, D-Mich., said during a Jan. 7
confirmation hearing for Defense Secretary-desig-
nate Les Aspin. "But that doesn't reduce the num-
ber of warheads that are out there by two-thirds.
Quite the opposite. The numbers stay the same, and
the two-thirds which are now off alert are put in a
position where they're less secure."
Roughly half of the U.S. nuclear warheads per-
mitted under START II would be deployed at sea
while 100 long-range bombers could be converted
to conventional roles, according to treaty docu-
ments and private estimates.
Both sides made last-minute compromises that
cleared the way for completing the treaty that was
signed in Moscow on Jan. 3. U.S. negotiators acced-
ed to Moscow's request to retain 90 SS-18 missile
silos. The 10-warhead missiles must be destroyed
under START II, analysts said, and cement will be
poured into the silos to prevent reloading.
Russian negotiators also gained an extension of a
ventional roles while 94 B-52Hs are expected to
carry nuclear air-launched cruise missiles or radar-
evading Advanced Cruise Missiles with nuclear war-
heads. A 20-plane fleet of B-2 bombers is expected
to be deployed with nuclear bombs.
START II's verification provisions will allow, for
the first time, inspectors to confirm weapon loads
carried by the other side's strategic bombers. The
provision allows Russian inspectors their closest
look at the B-2 bomber, but the United States will
be able to conceal most of the plane with shrouds.
U.S. inspectors also will be able to observe SS-18
silo conversion and missile destruction procedures.
Dunbar Lockwood, an analyst with the Washing-
ton-based Arms Control Association, estimated the
number of weapons carried by U.S. strategic bomb-
ers would decline from 3,700 warheads to 1,272
warheads, or 36 percent of the total permitted un-
der START II.
The United States also would be able to reconvert
See START II, Page 22
U.S. Explores Russian Mind-Control Technology
By BARBARA OPALL
Defense News Staff Writer
WASHINGTON -- The Russian
government is perfecting mind-
control technology developed in
the 1970s that could be used to
hone fighting capabilities of
friendly forces while demoraliz-
ing and disabling opposing
troops.
Known as acoustic psycho-cor-
. rection, the capability to control
minds and alter behavior of civil-
ians and soldiers may soon be
shared with U.S. military, medical
and political officials, according
to U.S. and Russian sources.
The sources say the Russian
government, in the spirit of im-
proved U.S .- Russian relations, is
beginning to lift the veil of secre-
cy surrounding the technology.
The Russian capability, demon-
strated in a series of laboratory
experiments dating back to the
mid-1970s, could be used to sup-
press riots, control dissidents, de-
moralize or disable opposing
forces and enhance the perfor-
mance of friendly special opera-
tions teams, sources say.
Pioneered by the government-
funded Department of Psycho-
Correction at the Moscow Medi-
cal Academy, acoustic psycho-
correction involves the
transmission of specific com-
mands via static or white noise
bands into the human subcon-
scious without upsetting other in-
tellectual functions. Experts said
laboratory demonstrations have
shown encouraging results after
exposure of less than one minute.
Moreover, decades of research
and investment of untold millions
of rubles in the process of psy-
cho-correction has produced the
ability to alter behavior on willing
and unwilling subjects, the ex-
perts add.
In an effort to restrict potential
misuse of this capability, Russian
senior research scientists, diplo-
mats, military officers and offi-
cials of the Russian Ministry of
Higher Education, Science &
Technology Policy are beginning
to provide limited demonstra-
tions for their U.S. counterparts.
Further evaluations of key
technologies in the United States
are being planned, as are discus-
sions aimed at creating a frame-
work for bringing the issue under
bilateral or multilateral controls,
U.S. and Russian sources said.
An undated paper by the Psy-
chor Center, a Moscow-based
group affiliated with the Depart-
ment of Psycho-Correction at the
Moscow Medical Academy, ac-
knowledges the potential danger
of this capability. The Russian ex-
See CONTROL, Page 29
Correction
A page three article in the Dec.
14-20 issue about agreement on
the European Fighter Aircraft de-
velopment incorrectly stated that
the new EFA design called for
dramatically scaled down combat
and radar systems. A family of
EFA variants will be developed
allowing each country to choose
the level of sophistication it can
afford.
January 11-17, 1993 DEFENSE NEWS 29
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