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SUBLIMINAL
COMMUNICATION
EMPEROR'S CLOTHES
OR PANACEA?
with How to Create Your Own Subliminal Program
by Eldon Taylor, Ph.D.
Just
Another
Reality
Box 12419
Las Vegas
Nevada 89112
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Roy "K" Bey, for support and encouragement
without which this book would not have been possible
Lee Liston, for his tireless efforts
within the Utah prison system
Warren Archer, for cover art
Charles F. McCusker, for abstract of findings
Richard Erickson, for layout
and book design
Other books by Eldon Taylor, Ph.D.,
available from this publisher:
Subliminal Learning
Exclusively Fabricated Illusions
The Little Black Book
Subliminal Technology
Simple Things and Simple Thoughts
Second Edition
ISBN 0-940699-01-X
@ 1990 Eldon Taylor
All Rights Reserved
Printed in the United States of America
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CONTENTS
About the Author
ix
Preface
xi
Chapter
1. History .
1
2. Mechanics .
7
3. The Law and Subliminals
12
4. Testimonies.
17
5. The Clinical Data
24
6. Subliminal Technology
32
7. Scientific Findings.
.
42
8. Unanswered Questions
50
9. How to Create Your Own Subliminal Program.
69
10. In Summary
72
Appendixes
A. Cover Subliminal
75
B. Proposed 1986 Utah Legislation
76
C. Talk-Radio Discussion Highlights.
81
D. Amendments to the Proposed 1986
Utah Legislation
92
E. Thurstone Measurement Table.
93
F. Abstract of Findings
98
Recommended Readings
101
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SUBLIMINAL COMMUNICATION
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A: By purchasing from major manufacturers that disclose their
subliminal content, the old law of the dollar rules. To risk an
entire profitable business by covertly "messing" with the stated
scripts simply does not make any sense. It is easy with the
right technology to "take apart" and examine the content on
most tapes. Some tapes can be examined by using earphones
with separate volume controls. Tuning into either left or right
channel only is all that is necessary for the verbal to become
audible or at least semiaudible.
Q: How soon can I expect results from using a subliminal
tape?
A: Most people sense beneficial results within a week or two.
All should be aware of gains or adverse reactions within sixty
days if the program is solidly conceived and produced.
Q: Who uses subliminal programs?
A: Everyone from health professionals to educators. Many
athletic programs, sales organizations, government agencies,
retailers, and others use subliminals, to say nothing of the mil-
lions of individual users.
Q: Can I use the programs while I sleep?
A: One recommended way is to use an autoreverse player
going all night long while you sleep. Although sleep learning,
deep theta brain wave sleep, is still controversial, at least the
REM cycles accompanying dream sleep and the hypnogogic and
hypnopopic stages entering and exiting sleep (alpha brain wave
sleep) are extremely susceptible periods for positive program-
ming.
Q: Do I need to keep using the programs for the rest of my
life?
A: Maybe yes-maybe no. That really depends on you. A
subliminal is only a positive information antidote for negative
messaging. When the negative ceases to exist, the antidote is
no longer necessary.
68
CHAPTER NINE
THE HOMEMADE
SUBLIMINAL PROGRAM
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Creating an audiocassette subliminal program that works i
relatively simple process, although perhaps too expensive
prove practical. The procedure outlined in this chapter w
used in my own early research. This process will not produ
commercial quality audio mastering, but it will provide a usal
product. In fact, it was this process that was used to create t
subliminal titled "A Gift of Love" that is used in Utads by Si
rise, a support group for survivors of suicide victims. C'estin
nial evidence suggests that it works very well.
There are certain advantages to creating your ownsubli
nal property. You should weigh those advantages against p
fessional standards and quality before investing thes time
money necessary to produce a personalized subliminal Brogra
Some of the obvious advantages include a subliminal sci
that can be uniquely and precisely what you desire. (Be care
here-much bad karma will come from deliberate or exploit
misuse.) Also, you can select whatever music or principal sou
carrier you prefer. You may choose the gentle sounds of a wa
fall or ocean background while viewing television. I
reminded here of a woman who played surreptitiously to
teenagers a good study habits program produced by Suc
Center and carried by ocean waves while they viewed tel
sion. She reported that within a short time the teenagers tur
off the television set and moved to their rooms to study.
69

SUBLIMINAL COMMUNICATION
THE HOMEMADE SUBLIMINAL PROGRA
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Whatever the primary carrier, be careful of copyright infringe-
ments!
Another advantage is that the voice on the subliminal track
can be your own. There is much research suggesting that one
responds advantageously to his or her own voice in many cir-
cumstances.
The six steps to creating a custom program are these:
1. Select and obtain the equipment.
2. Write and record the script.
3. Record the white sound.
4. Mix the script recording with the white-sound recording.
5. Select the principal carrier.
6. Mix the product of step 4 with the principal carrier.
Select and obtain the equipment. The equipment needed con-
sists of three cassette players, of which one must have record-
ing and external input capability and the other two must be
equipped with external output functions, a two- to four-channel
sound mixer, and a white-sound generator. Inexpensive mixers
are readily available from such places as Radio Shack.
White-sound units are available from a number of variety
and hardware outlets. These units are simple and relatively inex-
pensive devices that generate the sounds of running water, ocean
surf, etc. Or you can substitute a recording of the sounds of
ocean surf for the white-sound unit.
You will also need at least four blank cassettes of the length
of playing time you choose.
Write and record the script. Write your affirmations in an
all positive manner (see Chapter 8), then speak them slowly
and meaningfully into one of the cassette recorders. Repeat the
script over and over for the desired length of time. When fin-
ished, rewind the audio track now containing the verbaliza-
tion.
Record the white sound. Now record another cassette with
the chosen white sound, possibly ocean waves. This recording
should be the same length as the audio-voice track; for exam-
ple, thirty minutes.
Mix the script recording with the white-sound recording.
Using the players with external output, connect the mixer
70
(mono: two channels; stereo: four channels). Adjust the mixin
volume so that you can barely perceive the spoken affirma
tions when they are mixed with the white sound. When a
adjustments are made, record the mix using the recorder wit
external input for the desired length of the finished presluct.
0-100969
Select the principal carrier. Select now the principal Carrier
For your homemade version, music generally works best
although you can remix white sound with white sounds Plac
this cassette tape-and if it is not already a cassette tape, con
vert it into one-in the player that carried the voice recording
Mix the product of step 4 with the principal carrie Plac
the recorded product of your first mix in the player that for
merly carried the white-sound-only recording, and mix you
two recordings onto one new master.
Good luck, and remember the Golden Rule!
Before going to the time and expense involved in
eatin
your own, you may want to inquire of one of the establishe
companies distributing subliminal products. Many co
Danie
will provide custom subliminal work for substantially less than
the cost of equipment to produce homemade tapes.
71
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IN SUMMAI
CHAPTER TEN
IN SUMMARY
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Anyone who takes the time and makes the effort necessary
to review the literature, conduct studies, and otherwise become
fully involved at an interactive level with a subject deserves to
have an opinion on that subject. Opinions are always relative
to the contextual reference implied by "authority," but I am
not sure there is any such thing as an authority on subliminal
communication, even though there are some very good author-
ities on various aspects of it, for subliminal communication
transcends boundaries inherent to disciplines. There is obvi-
ously no specialized discipline graduating students with degrees
in "subliminal."
Subliminal communication for the most part is still in the
investigative stages. Because this is true, most of those working
with subliminal this and subliminal that view themselves as
pioneers. In this pioneer's opinion, subliminal communication
is one of the most promising means by which to explore dynam-
ically the pragmatic power of the mind.
In the metaphor of Maxwell Maltx, many of us have become
slaves to our unconscious computers. Our synthetic experiences
are generally negative, and our expectations are almost invari-
ably limiting. Our individual biocomputer, functioning as a servo-
automechanism, is programming dismal realities despite our
conscious kicking and struggling, perhaps because most of us
were raised to believe we couldn't, wouldn't, and shouldn't-
72
shouldn't even try. As with any calculator when it is asked t
compute, if there is more negative input than positive, the resu
is negative.
Subliminal communication offers an affordable andbeffor
less way to rewrite and rebalance the language and equation
existing in the biocomputer, that is, the unconsciouser sul
conscious mind. Thus, through subliminal communicaCon, w
really have an opportunity to truly take charge of the control
We can indeed change ourselves and the world around @. Wit
this realization the possibilities become limitless.
Today you can be what you think you are, not whalothe
thought you might be. You can indeed become the product
your own creation-not the projection viewed from the lense
of others.
You are indeed self-responsible! As my dear friend, Professo
William Guillory, puts it in his wonderful book Realization.
"Personal empowerment comes through self-awareness.
The Asclepiads, members of an order of physicians in ancier
Greece, used humor, drama, magic, and mysticism to teac
self-responsibility for thought and action. When properly pr
pared, a suffering victim would experience a liberating dream
and walk away healed in mind and body. A return to oldThough
patterns, however, would be followed by the onset ofshe ol
disease. The magic of the Asclepiads is inherent in ouaccep
tance of self-responsibility. You are what you choose to be. A
Pythagoras said, "Above all else, honor thyself." Anyde wh
has studied his Golden Verses would conclude that ha
Pythagoras anticipated the appetite of twentieth-century wes
ern culture for reasons, he would have added, "for net to d
so is to prevent thine honor of all else."
Good luck, and may you choose all things wisely! Find joy i
everything you experience, and all good things will be added. Jo
is ultimately the highest expression of unconditional love-an
that is who you really are.
For more information regarding subliminal communication
write:
Subliminal Communication
P.O. Box 12419 Las Vegas, Nevada 89112
73
390001-05
SCIA-RDE96-60792R09050

PROPOSED 1986 UTAH LEGISLATION
APPENDIX B
PROPOSED 1986
UTAH LEGISLATION
Enacts:
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H.B. 106
Legislative General Counsel
Approved for Filing: DAT
Date: 12/13/85; 11:44 AM
(Subliminal Communication as Invasion of Privacy)
1986
General Session
By Frances Hatch Merrill
We oppose surreptitious manipula-
tion for purposes of exploitation.
An act relating to the judicial code; designating subliminal
communication without notification as an invasion of privacy;
Iproviding remedies; defining terms; and providing a severability
clause.
This act affects sections of Utah Code Annotated 1953 as fol-
lows:
Chapter 17, Title 78, Utah Code Annotated 1953 Be it enacted
by the Legislature of the state of Utah:
Section 1. Chapter 17, Title 78, Utah Code Annotated 1953,
is enacted to read:
78-17-1. As used in this chapter, "subliminally embedded
communication" means any device or technique that is inten-
tionally used to convey or attempt to convey a message to a
76
person by means of images, writing, or sounds which are not
consciously perceivable.
78-17-2. It is an invasion of privacy for any person in this
state to convey or cause to be conveyed to any individualny
communication which the person knows or should know Son-
tains a subliminally embedded communication, unless the ger-
son:
(1) makes or causes to be made a notification, in the magner
required by Section 78-17-3, of the existence of the subtni-
nally embedded communication; and
(2) provides to the individual, on request, a written des ip-
tion of the content of the subliminally embedded communca-
tion.
78-17-3. The notification required by Section 78-17-2 sieall:
(1) be reasonably calculated to notify persons to whom the
subliminally embedded communication may be transmitted of
the existence of the subliminally embedded communications;
(2) include a notification of the availability of a written deserip-
tion of the content of the subliminally embedded communica-
tion and of the name and address of the person conveying I or
causing it to be conveyed, for use by individuals to whomthe
communication is conveyed in obtaining the written des@ip-
tion;
(3)(a) be made in conspicuously placed and easily legible type,
if the communication is intended to be seen; or
(b) be made in a clearly audible manner immediately price to
the communication being made, if the communication is
intended to be heard; and
(4) in addition to the requirements of Subsection (3), be made
in conspicuously placed and easily legible type on the face of
any label or packaging of the medium containing the commu-
nication, whether the communication is intended to be seen or
heard.
78-17-4. Any individual whose privacy has been invaded as
a result of an act described in this chapter, or the state of Utah,
may maintain an action to enjoin the continuance of the sub-
liminally embedded communication until the person convey-
ing the communication or causing it to be conveyed makes or
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APPENDIX B
PROPOSED 1986 UTAH LEGISLATION
causes to be made the notification described in Section 78-17-2
and provides a written description of the content of the sub-
#minally embedded communication to any person requesting
& Actual damages need not be alleged or proved to support
Se injunction.
2 78-17-5. In addition to or in lieu of the remedy provided in
section 78-17-3, an individual whose privacy has been invaded
S a result of an act described in this chapter may maintain an
action against the person who conveyed the communication or
aused it to be conveyed for the recovery of three times his
actual damages, for punitive damages, and for costs of suit,
ncluding reasonable attorney's fees.
Section 2. If any provision of this act, or the application of
my provision to any person or circumstance, is held invalid,
e remainder of this act is given effect without the invalid
Mrovision or application.
Enacts:
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H.B. 107
Legislative General Counsel
Approved for Filing: DAT
Date: 12/13/85; 11:41 AM
(Subliminal Communication As Unfair Competition)
1986
General Session
By Frances Hatch Merrill
An act relating to commerce and trade; amending the unfair
Practices act to include subliminal communication without noti-
Ication as unfair competition; defining terms; and providing a
Severability clause.
This act affects sections of Utah Code Annotated 1953 as fol-
bws:
13-5-3.1, Utah Code Annotated 1953
Be it enacted by the Legislature of the state of Utah:
Section 1. Section 13-5-3.1, Utah Code Annotated 1953, is
enacted to read:
13-5-3.1. (1) As used in this section, "subliminally embed-
ded communication" means any device or technique that is
78
intentionally used to convey or attempt to convey a message to
a person by means of images, writing, or sounds which ar Rot
consciously perceived.
(2) It is an unfair method of competition in commerceor
trade for any person in this state to convey or cause to be con-
veyed to the public a communication intended to result in mon-
etary gain which the person knows or should know contains a
subliminally embedded communication, or to manufacture, Bis-
tribute, or sell in this state any printed, audio, or visual med@m
which the person knows or should know contains a sublioni-
nally embedded communication, unless the person:
(a) makes or causes to be made a notification, in the manger
required by Subsection (3), of the existence of the subliminaly
embedded communication; and
(b) provides to any person, on request, a written description
of the content of the subliminally embedded communication.
(3) The notification required by Subsection (2)(a) shall:
(a) be reasonably calculated to notify persons to whom the
subliminally embedded communication may be transmitted of
the existence of the subliminally embedded communications
(b) include a notification of the availability of a written descSo-
tion of the content of the subliminally embedded commun sa-
tion and of the name and address of the person conveying ifor
causing it to be conveyed, for use by persons to whom the
communication is conveyed in obtaining the written descrap-
tion;
(c)(i) be made in conspicuously placed and easily legible tyque,
if the communication is intended to be seen; or
(ii) be made in a clearly audible manner immediately priol to
the communication being made, if the communicationgis
intended to be heard; and
(d) in addition to the requirements of Subsection (2)(c), je
made in conspicuously placed and easily legible type on the
face of any label or packaging of the medium containing the
communication, whether the communication is intended to be
seen or heard.
Section 2. If any provision of this act, or the application of
any provision to any person or circumstance, is held invalid,
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APPENDIX B
the remainder of this act is given effect without the invalid
provision or application.
96-00792R000500390001-
Legislative General Counsel
Approved for Filing: DAT
Date: 12/13/85; 11:30 AM
(Subliminal Communication Cause of Action)
1986
CH.B. 108
General Session
By Frances Hatch Merrill
SAn act relating to the judicial code; creating a civil cause of
action for injury or death caused by subliminal communica-
ton; defining terms; and providing a severability clause.
QThis act affects sections of Utah Code Annotated 1953 as
follows:
Enacts:
078-11-7.5, Utah Code Annotated 1953
Be it enacted by the Legislature of the state of Utah:
"Section 1. Section 78-11-7.5, Utah Code Annotated 1953, is
acted to read:
78-11-7.5. (1) An action for damages resulting from injury or
wrath of a person may be maintained by the person or, as per-
itted by Sections 78-11-6 and 78-11-7, his parent, guardian,
heirs, or personal representative, against a person who know-
ingly communicated or caused to be communicated a sublimi-
ally embedded communication which proximately resulted
in the injury or death.
P(2) As used in this section, "subliminally embedded
communication" means any device or technique that is inten-
monally used to convey or attempt to convey a message to a
gerson by means of images, writing, or sounds which are not
consciously perceived.
Section 2. If any provision of this act, or the application of
any provision to any person or circumstance, is held invalid,
the remainder of this act is given effect without the invalid
provision or application.
80
APPENDIX C
TALK-RADIO
DISCUSSION
HIGHLIGHTS
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Taylor: I understand the intent of this legislation is to elimi
nate willful exploitation of the public via subliminal tech!
nology.
Jessop: That's correct, Eldon.
Taylor: The Mind Mint thoroughly supports that. Not to sup-
port it is un-American. Virgil, you correct me if I get it wrong
but in reviewing the bills myself, I have some problems because
the language is rather ambiguous and by definition perhaps could
tie the hands of our behavioral scientists, our self-help commig
nity, and for that matter maybe even the conversations a mom
might have with her child. This is where you are coming fromp
is that right?
Hayes: I believe that could possibly be the interpretation-
vague as the interpretation is, and I think that's what we're
here to address tonight, Eldon. So I think that it might be appros
priate if we were to have a partial reading of the bills so that
the public might have more of an idea what the bill actualle
states.
Jessop: Basically we have three bills. H.B. 106 is primarily
discussing the use of subliminal communication as an invasion
of privacy. It is our contention that an individual has the right
to be subjected to whatever they want to be subjected to as
long as they have prior notification that they are going to be
subjected to this. That's one of the reasons why we believe
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APPENDIX D
AMENDMENTS TO THE
PROPOSED 1986
UTAH LEGISLATION
House
Committee Amendments
January 29, 1986
Representative Merrill proposes the following amendments
to H.B. 106, Subliminal Communication As Invasion of Privacy.
Page 1, Lines 19-22: Delete Section 78-17-1 in its entirety
ang insert the following in its place:
38-17-1. "Subliminally embedded communication" means any
visual image, writing, or sound which is intentionally placed
in any printing, audio, or visual medium in order to draw atten-
tion to the subject of the medium without the visual image,
witing, or sound being consciously perceived, or in order to
directly convey or attempt to convey a message which is not
consciously perceived. It does not include images or impres-
signs which are conveyed by implication or by visual images or
a series of visual images which are consciously perceived.
Utah H.B. 106
Subject: Subliminal Communication as Invasion of Privacy
Suggested amendments:
Add as Section 78-17-6 (page 3 of the Bill):
78-17-6. The provisions of this chapter shall not apply to
any entity whose only participation in the conveyance of such
messages is as a provider of facilities or services for the trans-
mission of communications to the public.
92
APPENDIX E
THURSTONE
MEASUREMENT TABLE
The Thurstone Temperament Scale measures seven different
areas of the subject's personality:
Activity
Vigorousness
Impulsiveness
Dominance
Stability
Sociability
Reflectivity
The figures on the following pages show pretest and posttest
measurements taken in connection with the study of the effects
of subliminal communication on inmates at the Utah State
Prison.
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APPENDIX E
THURSTONE MEASUREMENT TABLE
Adult Profile
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Activity
Vigorousness
Impulsiveness
Dominance
Stability
Sociability
Reflectivity
RAW SCORE
M
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
₣
100
19
20
19
20
19
20
17
16
100
VERY HIGH
$
16
17
13
18
16
M
17
17
15
PERCENTILE
15
17
14
12
17
17
90
HIGH
13
19
-
8
F3
AVERAGE
12
14
14
.
11
70
13
12
12
11
·
13
AVERAGE
8
12-17-
12-
-
TO
12
40
AVERAGE
30 -
.
10
10
10
10
=
20
.
7
LOW
7
-
.
-
-
9
.
.
N
,
2
.
1
1
2
-
N
2
1
0
2
₦
2
1
1
2
O
Figure 1. Pretest measurement.
Adult Profile
Activity
Vigorousacus
Impulsiveness
Domistaucr
Stability
Sociability
Reflectivity
RAW SCORE
M
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
M
F
100
-
20
20
8
20
17
VERY HIGH
17
19
15
10
15
15
"
19
15
17
14
12
16
17
11
8
16
15
16
19
11
1 $
14
12
13
13
19
K
70
AVERAGE
50
10
N
-12
10
10
2
8
40
11
.
7
LOW
30 -
10
10
8
12
.
20
20
LOW
5
10
.
5
5
5
₦
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
0
?
2
-
-
2
1
N
100
19
14
.
PERCENTILE
8
70
8
8
40
20
30
10
1
1
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-
Figure 2. Posttest measurement.
94
95
12
17
17
A
13
17
10
12
16
15
17
12
HIGH
12
13
12
-
11
10
11
10
8
10
10
12
10
13
10
.
.
.
11
LOW
.
.
10
.
·
VERY LOW
VERY LOW
-
-
..
11
14
14
.
11
HIGH
12
12
18
17
12
14
HIGH
14
16
AVERAGE
AVERAGE
11
.
.
-
17
10
17
17
10
16
-
1
-

APPENDIX E
THURSTONE MEASUREMENT TABLE
Adult Profile
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Activity
VigordasOCH
Impotsiveness
Dorajonoce
Seability
Sociability
Reflectivity
RAW SCORE
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
M
F
M
19
20
20
20
.
17
100
VERY HIGH
99
16
17
15
10
10
1
16
*
17
1
19
17
15
=
PERCENTILE
15
17
12
16
17
.17
15
12
HIGH
16
15
15
14
16
11
14
14
14
14
-
12
12
12
11
8
AVERAGE
10
80
AVERAGE
30
10
.
·
30
.
10
9
20
- 20
LOW
.
-
10
- 10
6
5
2
$
2
.
VERY LOW
1
3
3
.
-
·
- 1
0
2
2
2
1
2
1
-
Figure 3. Pretest measurement.
Adult Profile
Activity
Vigoroniness
Dominance
Stability
Sociability
Lefilectivity
RAW SCORE
M
F
M
₣
M
F
M
M
M
100
19
20
19
20
8
20
8
17
10
100
VERY HIGH
18
17
19
-
1
17
10
19
17
15
18
14
10
16
95
15
17
14
11
16
17
13
8
HIGH
13
15
14
5
13
15
AVERAGE
12
14
·
13
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12
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12
=
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SO
12-
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AVERAGE
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.
.
.
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.
5
.
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2
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2
1 2
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o
-
Figure 4. Posttest measurement.
96
97
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AVERAGE
8
11
13
-
10
.
12-
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12-
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19
=
7
11
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=
-
LOW
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-
.
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.
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5
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₦
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13
.

ABSTRACT OF FINDINGS
APPENDIX F
ABSTRACT OF
FINDINGS
by CHARLES F. McCLUSKER
Thirty-eight male residents (average age, twenty-three) from
the Unit at the Utah State Prison completed the Thurstone Tem-
perament Schedule in a voluntary participatory study. Follow-
ing administration, subjects were randomly placed in one of
three groups (experimental, fourteen; placebo, thirteen; and
control, eleven). The experimental group received and played
a subliminal tape for twenty days. The placebo group received
and played a similar sounding tape without an embedded sub-
liminal message, while the control group had no tape expo-
sure. At the end of twenty days a second Thurstone Tempera-
ment Schedule was administered. In the experimental group
five subjects remained who had completed the procedure, three
in the placebo, and eight in the control. Others were lost due
to discharges or unwillingness to participate.
In a comparison of the experimental and control groups, the
following results were obtained. The Dominance scale scores
decreased while the Reflective and Stability scale scores
increased in the Experimental group (desired effects). The Dom-
inance scale scores increased while the Reflective scale scores
decreased in the Control group. These are interesting results
across groups. In the experimental group these results would
be predicted by focus of the embedded subliminal messages. In
the placebo group the opposite effect obtained may be explained
by the fact that they (the subjects) listened to a tape without a
98
message and felt no change. They obtained no reinforcement
to continue, and possibly experienced some frustration.
It is stressed that this pilot study had limitations, especially
in time of implementation and sample size.
It is not the intention of the experimenters to gene glize
beyond the obtained results. It must be stressed, however,chat
to evaluate an incarcerated population was a unique opportu-
nity; to our knowledge this was the first time subliminal @och-
nology has been evaluated with this population. The results
indicated change and strongly suggest the need for fußcher
research with benefit to these individuals and society inggen-
eral, as this technology is better understood and appliedon a
wide variety of applications and settings.
Experimental
Control
Predifferences to postdifferences
Predifferences to postdifferences
Scale
Movement
Variable
Rate of
Change
Scale
Movement
Variable
Rate of
Change
1
Stability
+ 3.4
1
Stability
58
1
Reflectivity
+ 2.6
Reflectivity
2.0
1
Dominance
-2.7
1
Dominance
+UD.4
Figure 5. Comparisons between the experimental group and
the control group.
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