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Biophysics Vol. 30 No. 5, pp. 975-981, 1985
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Pergamon Journals Ltd.
PHYSICAL MODELLING OF THE ACOUSTIC EFFECTS ON
EXPOSURE OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS TO U.H.F. FIELDS *
R. E. TIGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV
Institute of Biological Physics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region)
(Received 5 March 1984)
A physical model of radiosound is proposed based on the phenomenon of excitation of
mechanical vibrations in liquid medis on absorption of the energy of u.h.f. pulses. It is
shown that a restricted volume of liquid may be regarded as an acoustic resonator with a na-
tural frequency of vibrations. Interference occurs for certain ratios between the period of suc-
cession and the duration of the pulses. Oscillograms of the mechanical vibrations recorded
are presented. An explanation of the low frequency type of radiosound is offered. It is con-
cluded that the proposed method of investigating the phenomenon of radiosound is correct.
WORK on the effect of radiosound [1-5] has reliably confirmed the appearance of sub-
ective sound sensations on irradiation of the human head with a pulse-modulated
u.h.f. field. Nevertheless, there is still no conclusively formed idea of the mechanisms
of origin of such sensations. The socalled thermo-elastic hypothesis of the mechanism
of radiosound proposed by Lin [6] is the best researched and most consistent. Its es-
ence is to assume that absorption of the energy of the u.h.f. field occurs not uniformly
over the whole volume of the brain but is concentrated in its very narrow regions
"hot spots") with their subsequent rapid thermal expansion and detection on the
kull bones. Thanks to the presence of bone conductivity the mechanical vibrations
reach the organs of hearing where the sound image also forms. But since the author
of this hypothesis regards the head as an acoustic resonator he derives a number of
consequences consistent with some experiments on radiosound. However, this theory
cannot explain a large body of experimental evidence and is in conflict with some of
't. Therefore, it may be desirable in order to define certain aspects of this phenomenon
to stage experiments on models which would exclude a subjective evaluation by the
subject of a particular characteristic of the effect. Foster and Finch observed excitation
.n a cubic vessel with a side of 300 mm filled with 0.15 M KCI solution of mechanical
vibrations on exposure to a pulsed u.h.f. field [7]. This phenomenon was taken as the
basis of our experiments.
* Biofizika 30: No. 5, 894-899, 1985.
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R. E. TIGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV
In choosing the conditions of the experiments the authors sought to follow the
parameters and characteristics of the objects known from the literature on the pheno-
menon of radiosound and also the conditions of earlier experiments.
As objects we used 1 M NaCl solution and ethyl alcohol poured into tubes with an
internal diameter 7 mm and height 100 mm. The height of the column of liquid changed
within the limits 30-50 mm. The choice of 1 M NaCl solution is explained by the fact
that the electrical and acoustic parameters of a given liquid. according to [6], correspond
to the parameters of brain tissue. The choice of ethyl alcohol was largely arbitrary though
dictated by the wish to show that the advent of mechanical vibrations on irradiation
with e.m.f. pulses is not exclusively the property of electrolytes but occurs to an equal
degree for non-conducting pure liquids. Irradiation was carried out in a rectangular
waveguide with section 31 x 240 mm2. To raise the concentration of the field in the
zone of the tube on the wide wall of the waveguide was sealed a brass tube of height
u.h.f.
generator
Amplifier
1
Pulse
generator
Oscillograph
FIG. 1. Circuit diagram of experimental apparatus.
50 mm with an internal diameter 14 mm. The power of the generator in the pulse was
72 W, the repetition frequency of the pulses changed within the limits 10-3000 Hz
and the duration of the pulses was 10 usec-1 msec. The mechanical vibrations excited
in the liquid were recorded by a bimorphous crystal. The variable electrical signal
recorded from the detector was amplified with a UBP1-02 bipotential amplifier and
recorded on the screen of a S1-19B oscillograph. As source of u.h.f. e.m.f. we uscd a
modified GS-6 generator, carrier frequency 0.8 GHz. In [6, 7] this phenomenon is
considered on exposure to e.m.f. pulses with a carrier frequency of 918-2400 MHz
from which it may be concluded that the character of the effect over a wide frequency
range is quite general. The apparatus at the disposal of the authors operates at the
frequency of 800 MHz which is quite close to the values presented in the literature.
Modulation of the u.h.f. vibrations with pulses of square form was carried out with
a G5-54 generator. The circuit diagram of the apparatus is indicated in Fig. 1. Figure 2
shows arrangement of the tube with liquid in the waveguide and bimorphous crystal
used as detector of the mechanical vibrations. Preliminary investigation established
that the amplitude of the vibrations in the tube filled with ethyl alcohol is considerably
higher than in the case of NaCl solution. Qualitatively the character of the vibrations
for these and other liquids used in the experiments completely matches. Therefore.
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for convenience of description below we give the results 'obtained for ethyl alcohol
if no special qualifications are made.
Figures 3 and 4 give the oscillograms of the mechanical vibrations for the dif-
ferent time parameters of the e.m.f. u.h.f. pulses. For long durations (Fig. 4) the vibra-
tions excited by both fronts of the thermal pulse are clearly visible. The vibration in
the duration of the e.m.f. u.h.f. pulse with interference between the mechanical vibra-
tions excited by the leading and trailing edges is observed. The periodicity of the ap-
pearance of the maxima (minima) of the amplitude of the mechanical vibrations t
= 1/ where fis the frequency of the vibrations excited in the liquid, is inversely propor-
tional to the height of the liquid column.
The graphs (Figs. 5 and 6) indicate the dependence of the amplitude of the excited
mechanical vibrations on the duration of the acting pulse. The frequency of the mechan-
ical vibrations was determined from the zero beats between these vibrations and the
acoustic signal from an electrodynamic emitter. The emitter was 30 cm away from the
tube with detector. At the moment of equality of the frequencies of the tonal acoustic
signal and the mechanical vibrations excited in the liquid zero beats were observed
on the oscillograph screen. In this case the detection itself served as a vibration mixer.
Simultaneously on rearrangement of the frequency of the sound generator beats are
4
-
1
-5
.
6
2
7
Irradiation
[ E-vector
3
FIG. 2. Arrangement of tube with liquid in waveguide and bimorphous crystal in tube: 1 - detec-
tor of mechanical vibrations (bimorphous crystal); 2 - test liquid; 3 - packing (fluoroplast); 4 - co-
axial cable; 5 - test tube; 6 - tube; 7 - waveguide.
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
FIG. 3. Mechanical vibrations excited in ethyl alcohol with a short u.h.f. pulse (duration of pulse
less than the half period of mechanical vibrations).
FIG. 4. Mechanical vibrations exicited in ethyl alcohol with a wide u.h.f. pulse (duration of
the pulse amounts to several periods of the mechanical vibrations).
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R. E. TIGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV
A,rel.un.
6
A,rel.un.
4
3
2
1
0
10
102
103
0
10
102
103
t, usec
t, usec
FIG. 5
FIG. 6
FIG. 5. Amplitude of mechanical vibrations excited in 1 M NaCI solution as a function of the du-
ration of the u.h.f. pulse.
FIG. 6. Amplitude of mechanical vibrations excited in ethyl alcohol as a function of the duration
of the u.h.f. pulse.
observed between the repetition frequency of the e.m.f. u.h.f. pulses and the fre-
quency of the acoustic vibrations from the electrodynamic emitter. The beats are re-
corded whenever the frequency of the acoustic vibrations is a multiple of the pulsed
repetition frequency. As an example, Fig. 6 gives the oscillogram of such beats. The
frequency of the acoustic signal is 6x 103 Hz and the pulse repetition frequency of
the e.m.f. u.h.f. is 1.5 x 103 Hz. Zero beats may be observed when these frequencies
ate equal.
An interesting feature of the experiments is that the vibrations excited in the liquid
have an intensity sufficient for their auditory perception from a distance of up to 1 m.
The beats of the acoustic signal and vibrations excited in the liquid may also be per-
ceived by hearing. In this case the mixer of mechanical vibrations emitted by the tube
with liquid and electrodynamic emitter is the auditory apparatus of the observer. The
zero beats on hearing may be recorded in parallel with their visual observation on
the oscillograph screen. The values of the frequency of the natural vibrations of the
liquid obtained by the method of zero beats recorded by the detector concur with
those determined on hearing.
Similarly, parallel recording on the oscillograph screen and on hearing of the maxima
and minima of the amplitude of the free vibrations the appearance of which is due
to the presence of interference in the vibratory system is possible. Interference appears
not only through change in the duration of the pulses (Figs. 5 and 6) at a low frequency
of their succession. With increase in the repetition frequency of the pulses and for a short
duration of them the excited mechanical vibrations do not have time to wane in the
pauses between pulses and starting from a certain value of the repetition frequency
interference of the mechanical vibrations is also observed: with agreement of the signs
of the initial phases of the vibrations their amplitude grows, in counter-phase the
vibrations die away (Fig. 7). At these moments a lower tone corresponding to the
pulse repetition frequency is clearly perceived. In the experiment increase in the in-
tensity of the low frequency vibrations perceived on hearing is noted with fall in the
repetition frequency of the pulses down to 10 Hz. This is explained by the fact that
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in the energy spectrum with fall in the pulse repetition frequency the amplitude of the
low frequency spectral component increases [8]. The tone corresponding to the free
vibrations of the system is perceived on hearing starting from a pulse repetition fre-
quency of the order 250 Hz.
FIG. 7
FIG. 8
FIG. 7. Beats between pulse repetition frequency and frequency of acoustic signal, a multiple of the
pulse repetition frequency.
FIG. 8. Quenching of excited mechanical vibrations as a result of interference.
We also ran experiments on the character of the mechanical vibrations in liquid-filled
beads on their irradiation with pulsed e.m.f. u.h.f. All the other conditions corresponded
to those described earlier. A bead of diameter 20 mm with a tube 9 cm long filled with
ethyl alcohol has a resonance frequency of about 9 kHz and filled with 1 M NaCl
solution of the order 11 kHz. For a bead of diameter 30 mm with a tube 8 cm long the
corresponding values are 6-4 and 8 kHz. A sealed 30 mm bead containing alcohol has
a resonance frequency of 7.8 kHz.
The results permit some assumptions on the possible mechanism of radiosound.
The clarity of the effect investigated in the experiments, the possibility of direct auditory
perception and visual observation on the oscillograph screen of the vibrations excited
in the liquid on irradiation of the tube with pulsed e.m.f. u.h.f. support the assumption
that the effect of radiosound is due to the same processes as generation of sound vibra-
tions in a test tube containing liquid; namely: transformation of the diminishing e.m.f.
energy into the mechanical energy of the absorbing substance. From this point of
view the object on which the investigations were carried out may be regarded as a phy-
sical model of radiosound and the results of the model experiments be interpreted in
relation to this phenomenon. However, it should be noted that within the model de-
scribed it is not possible to explain the effect of high frequency radiosound [9, 10] of a
non-resonance character. But, if one starts from the fact that the measured rate of rise
in temperature in the tube was 0.1℃ sec-1 for 1.5 cm3 1 M NaCl solution for a pulse
porosity 20 then the UPM for this object has a value of the order 8.4 kW/kg in the
pulse. The calculations show that for such a UPM the power absorbed by the tube
must be about 8 W in the pulse. Accordingly, to excite the mechanical vibrations of
the same amplitude in a volume of 2.5 x 103 cm3 (the volume of the head of the human
adult) a pulse power of the generator of not less than 13 kW is necessary. Naturally,
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R. E. TIGRANYAN and V. V. SHOROKHOV
in our experimental conditions such vibrations could not be recorded owing to the
considerably lower power of the generator. Nevertheless, it is obvious that if resonance
were detected in this system the quantitative results of the experiments would entitle
us to give a reliable interpretation of them in relation to the effect of radiosound.
It is also interesting to compare the experimental results obtained with those pre-
sented in Lin's work [6]. The author considering the characteristics of the effect of
radiosound proposed for its explanation a mathematical model of the action of a single
e.m.f. pulse on a liquid-filled sphere. Lin moved away from the real situation auto-
matically replacing the linear spectrum occurring on exposure to a sequence of puises
of a definite repetition frequency by a continuous one. The dependences obtained by
Lin of the sound pressure on the duration of the pulse are not commented on. If one
starts from the fact that the sound pressure must change in tandem with the frequency
of the elastic mechanical vibrations then from the calculated graphs presented in Lin's
work, it follows that a sphere of radius 3 cm must vibrate with a frequency of about
150 kHz and one with a radius of 7 cm with a frequency of about 66 kHz. However.
here the dependence of the resonance frequency on the radius of the sphere is presented
and the commentary gives the resonance frequencies for radii of 3 and 7-10 cm and
25 of 7.3-10-4 kHz. This contradiction is not explained and it remains only to postulate
the causes of its appearance.
On the other hand, our experimental findings show that as a result of interference
the maxima (minima) following each other allow one to determine the resonance fre-
quencies for a liquid column as a four-wave resonator.
Thus, the following conclusions may be drawn from the work undertaken.
1) A tube filled with liquid may be regarded as a physical model for investigating
the phenomenon of radiosound. This follows from the obvious assumption that radio-
sound and excitation of sound vibrations in a liquid are based on the same mechanism -
transformation of the diminishing e.m.f. energy into mechanical vibrations of the
abs orbing substance.
2) The socalled second type of radiosound [9, 10], namely perception of a low
frequency tone in the absence of resonance vibrations is explained by the presence of
mechanical vibrations corresponding to the pulse repetition frequency at the moments
when the high frequency components corresponding to the natural frequency are
suppressed as a result of the run-on of the phase.
3) On detection of the resonance properties of the head which can be done only
on a model since the calculated powers necessary for the advent of vibrations in such
a system well exceed the safely norms, the quantitative results of the model experiments
may be applied quite correctly to the description of the effect of radiosound.
REFERENCES
1. FREY, A. H., Aerosp. Med. 32: 1140, 1961
2. Idem, J. Appl. Physiol. 17: 689, 1962
3. Idem, J. Med. Electron 2: 28, 1963
4. Idem, J. Appl. Physiol. 23: 984, 1967
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⑈
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Aspects of regulation of human locomotor movements
981
5. Idem, IEEE Trans. MTT 19: 153, 1971
6. LIN, J. G., Microwave Auditory Effects and Applications, Springfield, Illinois, 1977
7. FOSTER, K. R. and FINCH, E. D., Science 185: 256, 1974
8. KHARKEVICH, A. A., Spectra and Analysis (in Russian) Fizmatgiz, Moscow, 1962
9. KHIZNYAK, E. P. et al., Activ. nerv. sup. 21: 247, 1979
10. KHIZNYAK, E. P. et al., Proc. URSI-CNFRS Symp. Electromagnetic Waves and Biology,
p. 101, Paris, 1980
Biophysics Vol. 30 No. 5, pp. 981-987, 1985
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ASPECTS OF THE REGULATION OF HUMAN LOCOMOTOR
MOVEMENTS*
V. A. BOGDANOV
Institute of Problems of Information Transmission, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow
(Received 18 September 1984)
Transforming the experimental kinematic data to normal coordinates and calculating
the moments of the muscular forces during walking the author found that the locomotor
movements for each degree of freedom of the leg are regulated almost discretely so that the
two bit constant control parameters are switched a small number of times in the cycle of the
step. Therefore, the musculature acts like switchable elastic links and the energy expenditure
depends significantly less on the trajectories of movement than on the kinematic conditions
at fixed moments of switching.
Posing of problem. Earlier, it was shown [1] that muscular actions are theoretically
possible for which the energy expenditure depends on the goal of the movement but
not on the trajectories along which the goal is reached. The control of such muscular
actions is characterized by parameters instantly changed when the next goal of move-
ment arises and constant until the goal is reached. This priniple of control was called
iso-energetic and the changes in the parameters termed switching. It was found [2]
that iso-energetic control is used in rhythmic movements of the arm in the elbow joint.
Similarly during locomotions of man and animals the goal of movement consisting
in the displacement of the body to the necessary point in space appears more important
than the trajectories of movement. Statistical analysis of the published data showed
that during walking by man the muscular actions in the joints resemble the actions
of switched elastic links [3]. Let us see whether the intermediate goals of movement
* Biofizika 30: No. 5, 900-904, 1985.
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