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Parapsychology
Volume 44
Number 4
December 1980
TRANSCONTINENTAL REMOTE VIEWING
By MARILYN SCHLITZ AND ELMAR GRUBER
ABSTRACT: Two experimenters carried out a long-distance remote-viewing experiment,
with one of them, in Detroit, Michigan, acting as percipient and the other, in Rome, Italy,
as the agent. From a pool of 40 geographical target locations in Rome, 10 were randomly
chosen without replacement, and the agent visited them one at a time for 15 minutes on each
of 10 consecutive days. The percipient, at the same time, recorded in words and sketches
her impressions of the agent's location. Later, five independent judges received copies of
these sketches, and the impressions translated into Italian. They visited the locations and
judged the protocols with respect to their correspondence to the target sites. Analysis of the
results by a direct-count-of-permutations method yielded a p of 4.7 x 10 6 for judges' ratings
and 5.8 x 10 6 for rankings. The authors point out that free-response remote viewing may be
a psi-conducive procedure, but that the results may also have been influenced by
exceptionally high motivation on the part of the two experimenters.
INTRODUCTION
Experimental parapsychology basically utilizes two forms of ESP
testing: forced-choice, in which the range of target/responses is
restricted, and free-response, which allows for a vast scope of
target/response possibilities. The forced-choice paradigm has been
highly influential in establishing parapsychology within the scientific
framework. This is largely due to the ease with which statistical
methods are applied to it. The early free-response work by such
researchers as Thaw (1892), Sinclair (1930), and Warcollier (1938),
however, provided great quantities of rich qualitative materials.
Although these early studies are devoid of any true form of statistical
assessment, the available protocols are provocative, to say the least.
This paper is a modified version of one presented at the twenty-third annual
convention of the Parapsychological Association at the University of Iceland in
Reykjavik, August 13-16, 1980. The authors would like to thank Debra Weiner, K.
Ramakrishna Rao, and Robert Morris for their useful suggestions at various stages in
the preparation of the paper, and would like to give special thanks to James Kennedy
for his invaluable help and encouragement throughout.
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Recognizing the usefulness of free response, investigators such as
Carington (1940), Stuart (1942), and Marsh (reported in Fisk, 1960)
attempted to incorporate quantitative approaches within their de-
signs. Unfortunately, these initiatives were limited by the cumber-
some methods of evaluation available at that time. Today we are
equipped with simpler, more refined methods of quantitative analy-
sis, which allow us to go further in exploring the potential advantages
of free response without sacrificing scientific rigor.
From the authors' point of view, there are a number of possible
advantages to the free-response method. One such advantage lies in
the richness and complexity of the targets. Participants in free-
response studies are able to freely express a wide variety of impres-
sions, feelings, and hunches. As pointed out by Carington (1940), the
difference between free response and forced choice becomes more a
question of what, rather than which, for a given subject.
In this way, free response has strong ties with reported psi events
in daily life. For one, spontaneous manifestations generally do not
occur in a forced-choice, decision-making context, but result from a
broad range of stimuli. Child and Levi (1979) caution that generaliza-
tions to most of everyday life from the classical forced-choice meth-
ods, which restrict the possibilities to a task so clear as guessing a card,
is somewhat risky. As noted by Haight (1979), a gap has existed
between spontaneous cases of psi and those which occur under
controlled, quantitatively assessable conditions. The resurgence of
interest in free response may well serve to bridge this gap. As stated
by Burdick and Kelly (1977):
Many investigators have felt that something vital was lost in the transpor-
tation of psi from its natural setting into the forced-choice paradigm and
have sought ways of extending quantitative techniques back into situa-
tions which more nearly resemble the conditions of spontaneous psi
occurrences. (p. 109)
Another feature of the free-response procedures is the great
investment of time. Although this can be thought of as a disadvan-
tage, it has several advantages as well. For instance, it requires a great
deal of involvement on the part of the experimenters, which possibly
serves to enhance the subject's feeling for the importance of individ-
ual trials.
Perhaps the most powerful asset of free-response methods lies in
the subjective realm of personal evaluation. For many people, a
strong qualitative "hit" is more impressive than a successful outcome
based totally on statistical probability. There are also dangers in this
Transcontinental Remote Viewing
307
approach, of course; for, as noted by Child (1980), one must use
caution when jumping to conclusions based on single selected cases:
This error is paralleled in [the] study of spontaneous cases by the danger
of concluding merely from very obvious similarity between a person's
imagery and a distant event that the coincidence must be an instanceof
psi. (p. 177)
We are now, however, in a position to explore the best of both words,
with free response giving us rich qualitative data as well as statistically
quantitative evidence for psi.
Although there are several free-response procedures in use tod
the present study was designed as an attempted replication of Be
remote-viewing work developed by Puthoff and Targ (1975). Witgn
this controlled laboratory design, the percipient is asked to descibe
the whereabouts of an outside experimenter (the agent) whose ex
location at the time is unknown to the percipient.
Despite recent acceptance of the term remote viewing, it is interet-
ing to note that the implied phenomenon has been discussed impa
broad range of literature throughout the years. As pointed out By
Targ and Puthoff (1977):
The basic phenomenon appears to cover a range of subjective experience
variously referred to in the literature as astral projection (occult); simate
clairvoyance, traveling clairvoyance, or out-of-body experiences
(parapsychological); exteriorization (psychological); or autoscopy (medi-
cal). (p. 5)
Remote viewing was chosen then as a descriptive term, free of
prejudice and occult assumptions. It is often a matter of taste to fater
a specific term and henceforth a slightly different concept. This sage
discussion may be applied to other areas of psi research as well; for
example, the distinction between precognition and backward cau@-
tion.
Conditions for remote viewing have been diverse. Although
studies have involved real-time situations, whereby the design
quired simultaneous viewing of a target location by the agent and
descriptions by the percipient (Puthoff & Targ, 1975; Puthoff et Q.,
1979; Schlitz & Deacon, 1980), some studies have also explored
possibilities of precognition1 (Dunne & Bisaha, 1978, 1979) as well@
the effects of distance on the remote-viewing process (Puthoff
Targ, 1976).
-
In any discussion of precognition, alternative explanations such as psychokinetic
effects on the random number generator must be considered.
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In exploring the remote-viewing design, it was decided to attempt
a replication of the long-distance work. Throughout the history of
parapsychology, there has been evidence, although usually informal,
that distance has no effect on the psi process. As stated by Warcollier
(1938):
We sought telepathically to transmit drawings from one room to another,
from one quarter of Paris to another, from one city to another, and from
one country to another. Distance never seemed to affect the results. (p. 5)
In a different light, Rao (1966) noted:
Several of the spontaneous cases of psi experiences in which the subjects
and the ostensible target objects were widely separated by long distances
not only suggested the relative independence of psi and distance, but this
observation led to the strengthening of the conviction that psi is extrasen-
sory. (p. 63)
PROCEDURE
In conducting the present experiment, carried out in November
1979, the percipient, E1 (M. S.), remained in Detroit, Michigan, while
the agent, E2 (E. R. G.), visited the target sites in Rome, Italy. The
experimenters acted as percipient and agent in order to provide the
opportunity of observing a remote-viewing experience first-hand. It
was felt that this might lead to greater insights which could be of some
help in the design of future studies of the remote-viewing type.
Target Pool and Target Selection
E2, together with a colleague in Italy, A. M. Turi, selected 40 target
sites in Rome. The target pool was carefully constructed to contain
several targets of given types (i.e., fountains, churches, parks, etc.). It
was furthermore decided to include indoor as well as outdoor targets
within the pool. Indoor targets included rooms, churches, sports
halls, museum exhibits, and so on.
On each experimental day at 2:00 P.M. central European time
(CET) corresponding to 8:00 A.M. eastern standard time (EST), the
target for the day was randomly selected from the pool, without
replacement, by means of a random number generator. No attempt
was made to avoid similar targets within the pool. It was originally
decided to perform 12 trials on 12 consecutive days (November 3-14).
However, due to external problems on the part of the subject, only 10
Transcontinental Remote Viewing
309
protocols were generated and 10 trials completed. The 10 target sites
finally chosen were: the view from the roof of St. Peter's cathedral;
the Spanish Steps; the interior of an apartment in the Via Vittoria; a
room in the Academia Tiberina; view from a hill outside the Rome
International Airport; the ruins of the Caracalla baths; the park of
the Villa Borghese; a room filled with paintings in the Vatican
museum; and an overlook from the Sports Palace in Rome-Eur.
Outbound Experimenter Behavior
E2 arrived at the target location by 5:00 P.M. (CET), 11:00 A.C
Detroit time. At the target site, E2 was free to walk around or s
observing the surroundings. He carried a tape recorder with him arg
recorded thoughts, impressions of the scene, or specific street scene
and situations at the site. This was done for a period of 15 minutes.
visited all target locations alone except the flat in Via Vittoria
(November 6).
Following the experimental period, E2 sent the final target orden
as well as transcripts of his impressions, to two colleagues, both &
whom were blind to the nature of the experiment.
Inbound Experimenter Behavior
At 11:00 A.M. (EST) on each of 10 consecutive days, E1 sat ina
dimly lit room and attempted to describe the whereabouts of the
distant agent. Although she was in a calm state throughout the series
no formal relaxation procedure was utilized. When making a 1@
sponse, M. S. made an effort to think constantly about 118
target/agent-trying not to allow other thoughts, such as those
concerning daily activities, to intrude. The impressions were recorded
on paper, with both sketches and thoughts being written out as the
protocol for a given trial.
Following completion of the 10 trials, E1 prepared two photocola
ies of the protocols. One set was sent to E. R. G., who was then 0
Austria, for judging preparation, and the other to Hans Bender
Germany for safekeeping. No trial-by-trial feedback was given in this
study, and, in fact, no feedback was available to the percipient fow
several months following the series.
Judging Preparation
After receiving the transcripts from E1, E. R. G. and another
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person, blind to the correct targets, translated the transcripts into
Italian. The translators then checked the transcripts for phrases from
which one might infer temporal order of the transcript target
sequence (see criticisms by Marks & Kammann, 1978; discussion by
Puthoff, Targ, & May, 1979), although no editing was found to be
necessary. The lack of trial-by-trial feedback to the percipient and
agent also served to control for such a criticism. As E. R. G. was not
blind to the correct target sites while aiding in the translation of the
transcripts into Italian, the translation was reexamined for accuracy
by a professional translator, P. Giovetti, in Modena, Italy. During this
time, she was blind to the correct target sites. In the course of her
double-checking, several small changes were made, although nothing
of major significance.
The Italian transcripts were typed, each on a separate sheet. E2
then cut out photocopies of the sketches and attached them to the
respective transcripts. The translated transcripts, together with the
drawings, were finally photocopied and given to a set of judges.
As a follow-up of a previous work (Schlitz & Deacon, 1980), it was
decided to use several judges. For this study, each of five judges
scored all protocols against all target sites visited during the experi-
mental period. In this way, the free-response procedure adopted a
forced-choice judging process where all the target possibilities were
known to the judges. In so doing, judges were asked to rank each
transcript to each target site on a scale of 1 to 10. In addition, judges
rated the degree of correspondence between protocol and site by
making a slash along a line, with one end designating zero correspon-
dence and the other end representing total correspondence. Proto-
cols were presented to each judge in random order, this order being
different for each judge. This was done to avoid any potential
stacking effect. Judges visited the target locations independently and
in the order of their choice. For each target site, judges were also
provided with the impressions E2, the agent, had recorded while
visiting the target sites during the control period.
After receiving the judges' responses, E2 sent the materials to E| at
the FRNM for statistical evaluation.
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
After receiving the judges' responses, E1 prepared the ratings and -
rankings for analysis. To do this, she first measured the lines for
ratings and then summed the ratings for all judges for each transcript
target. The same procedure of summing the judges' responses was
Transcontinental Remote Viewing
311
used for rankings, with both sets of scores being double-checked by
two independent assistants. Following this, E, arranged the scores
into two 10 x 10 matrices, one for ratings and one for rankings. In
this way all of the five judges' responses were added together to
represent one score in the matrix (see Table 1).
Table 1
COMBINED JUDGES' RANKINGS AND RATINGS OF PROTOCOLS
Rankings
(42)
62
56
88
42
24
. 66
68
50
6
34
(30)
61
67
81
66
50
58
70,
5
67
54
(10)
36
69
69
32
69
71
62
81
51
64
62
(10)
43
93
56
52
998
P
24
77
81
77
46
(34)
91
34
40
74
44
30
34
76
76
(12)
78
71
R
54
60
64
80
62
28
70
(36)
50
68
76
81
66
42
54
68
22
(44)
36
78
68
68
64
56
76
58
32
(16)
p = 5.8 x 10-
Ratings
(288)
192
181
68
260
367
164
174
269
398
(343)
182
162
96
.174
258
195
157
148
262
(498)
355
135
153
368
143
93
18
136
171
373
(426)
125
61
304
134
157
84
203
162
179
(500)
277
37
190
160
282
378
105
76
92
264
(317)
40
319
293
28,
156
248
380
333
92
136
(458)
112
132
287
242
141
152
89
147
369
140
(308)
223
166
118
110
164
298
227
192
369
(290)
313
87
141
119
149
213
86
184
352
29
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In deriving an appropriate statistical evaluation for this "closed
deck" series, we assumed nonindependence of target protocols (Kennedy,
1979a). We then utilized the direct-count-of-permutations method to
assess the statistical significance of the given matrices (Burdick &
Kelly, 1977; Puthoff et al., 1979; Scott, 1972). This statistic computed
an exact p by scoring and counting all possible permutations of targets
while keeping the response matrix fixed. The permutations method
yielded a p of 5.8 x 10-6 for rankings and 4.7 x 10-6 for ratings.2
In addition to the combined judging, we also looked at each
judge's scoring separately. This was done in an attempt to observe the
degree of consistency within judges. Since four out of five judges
showed significant scoring based on the permutations method for
both rankings and ratings, we must conclude that there appears to be
a general consistency between judges (see Table 2). It is interesting to
note, however, that one judge produced nonsignificant results over-
all, indicating the importance of multiple judges.
Table 2
RESULTS OF JUDGES TAKEN INDIVIDUALLY
Ranking
Rating
Judge I
9.4 × 10-6
3.6 × 10-6
Judge 2
1.2 × 10-4
1.8 × 10-3
Judge 3
5.4 × 10-7
1.8 × 10-6
Judge 4
.22
.83
Judge 5
1.7 × 10-3
1.7 × 10-3
DISCUSSION
In view of the highly successful results of the present study, we
might again stress the value of free-response remote viewing as a
psi-conducive procedure, which is seemingly unaffected by distance.
However, since both experimenters have obtained significant results
in previous psi experiments (Gruber, 1979; Schlitz & Deacon, 1980),
it may well be that the results are not necessarily due to a psi-
conducive procedure but to the subjects/experimenters themselves,
who, moreover, are the most highly motivated persons to want a
positive outcome from the experiment. This is in line with observa-
tions made by Puthoff et al. (1979) where they stress thatShe
seriousness of purpose on the part of the subjects may be one fator
serving to enhance success in remote viewing.
Another issue which is in question with relation to the present
study is the importance of immediate trial-by-trial feedback, sthce
delayed feedback seemed in no way to impair the psi process. Itovas
even noted (Morris, Robblee, Neville, & Bailey, 1978) that triasby-
trial feedback, both positive and negative, had a detrimental effectjon
the participants. Work by Puthoff et al. (1979), however, seeng to
show no such apparent problem. Therefore we suggest that a doect
comparison be made to gain greater insight into the role of feedback
in the experimental setting.
A potential area of controversy should also be pointed ou
in
regard to the present study. This involves the inclusion of the agent's
subjective impressions in the judges' descriptions of the target sites.
While the authors feel that any criticism based on this point is
ill-founded in the present work, the argument goes as follows. A
certain amount of shared experience can be expected between two
persons with similar interests. This would therefore allow for a
potential non-psi factor to contribute to the results. Such a critigsm
might be especially applicable if reference to weather or news events
were included. However, given the great distances in the pr@ent
study and the fact that neither experimenter was noting weatheror
news events in the distant location, the number of contribu@ry
factors would seem to have been greatly reduced.
It was the authors' feeling that elimination of the agent's imples-
sions from the information received by the judges narrows the role of
telepathy in the experimental design. If the agent is important, then it
would make sense that his impressions of the site, as well as activRies
going on at the location during the trial period, would influence the
impressions gained by the distant percipient. It is for this reason That
the agent's impressions were included. However, since the issuegan
be seen as potentially controversial, we are now planning to haveshe
transcripts rejudged without inclusion of the agent's responses. o is
our firm conviction that the correspondences between the percipiekt's
2 While the permutations of rankings and ratings were the planned method of
analysis, we also looked at the number of direct matches on the diagonal (see Puthoff et
al., 1979). It is interesting to note that this method was, as expected, less sensitive than
the permutations method, although it was still significant, with 6 direct hits out of 10,
yielding a p of 6 x 10 4.
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3
protocols and the geographical target sites is clear enough that the
results will not be influenced to any noticeable degree.
In the future, the authors would like to see a greater concern in
experimental reporting for the "method of response." Perhaps we
should take stock of the earlier work in free response, in which we are
able to observe such an interest. Upton Sinclair (1930), for instance,
devoted an entire chapter to describing the ways in which Mrs.
Sinclair formulated her impressions about an ESP target. Carlson (see
White, 1964) reported her impressions in the following way:
At first ... very dark shadowy lines could be perceived which, when the
drawing was opened, proved to be fragments of the drawing-and, later
on, the complete drawing. The lines were often very faint and there was a
certain strain experienced in trying to see. (p. 38)
Thaw (1892) reported quite differently:
For myself, I cannot describe my sensation as a visualization of any kind.
It seemed rather to be by some wholly subjective process that I knew what
the agents were looking at. (p. 430)
By subjective, we would assume that he was referring to an intuitive
sort of reasoning when making his responses.
Although no formal attempt to describe such an area was under-
taken within the present study, a brief discussion will be given to E1's
method of response throughout the session. It should be noted that
11:00 A.M. was usually not a good time for E1 and she would often sit
down for the session at the very last minute, taking no time to induce
any form of relaxation. In some ways, M. S. has noted that her
strategy was very similar to that of Mrs. Sinclair, who used a focal
image of a rose to begin each session. In the present case, E1 used the
face of E. R. G. as a starting point with which to focus her attention.
She would then use a game-type strategy, asking over and over in her
mind: "Where is he?". It should be noted that this effort may be
considered as something of a state-altering procedure although the
remote-viewing design does not require a formal manipulation of
one's state of consciousness.
Impressions developed in several ways. Often it was as Carlson
described her impressions-the appearance of faint lines frequently
followed by a more complete picture. On several occasions, impres-
sions triggered a distinct memory, which was then recounted as the
response. It was tempting, in such cases, to avoid an analytical
response to the impressions, as the images appeared to be too
complete. This was in line with Targ and Puthoff's (1977) warning to
...
avoid an analysis of information. As an example, we have included
the verbal description of the transcript from November 8, 1979,
which reads as follows:
Flight path? Red lights. Strong depth of field. Elmar seems detachsd,
cold. A hole in the ground. A candle-shaped thing. Flower-maybe hot
real. Maybe painted. Outdoors. See sky dark. Windy and cold. Some-
thing shooting upward.
After the 15-minute period, the percipient expanded further on
her impressions:
[For some reason a boat comes to mind.] The impressions that I had ore
of outdoors and Elmar was at some type of-I don't know if institutis
is
the right word-but some place. Not a private home or anythingdike
that-something-a public facility. He was standing away from
ne
main structure, although he could see it. He might have been
a
parking lot or field connected to the structure that identifies the place. I
want to say an airport but that just seems too specific. There was activity
and people but no one real close to Elmar.
In this example, M. S. obtained a clear picture of an airport dravg
she had seen several months earlier. In fact, the target site wasthe
Rome International Airport, where the outbound experimenter b
been standing on a little hill aside from the structure. Near the Till
were holes in the ground, where clandestine diggers searched .for
Roman coins. Although this is a striking protocol, many of the
transcripts contained equally provoking content, as is reflected in the
statistical analysis.
In order to further our investigation into individual method@of
response, we suggest that a phenomenological approach might prove
useful. A possible means of incorporating this approach into the
experimental design would be an inventory, aimed at an understand-
ing of how the experience of each participant (whether percipift,
agent, or experimenter) is organized. That is, it should attemptto
establish a foundation for describing the basic structures of Can-
sciousness involved in the remote-viewing experience.
A final point should be made in relation to the present work.
Although the protocols from this series indicate strong evidence for
ESP, we cannot neglect the hypothesis that PK may have played a ole
in the experimental outcome. As pointed out by Stanford (1981)@n
experimenter influence on the RNG used to generate the targetson
each experimental day cannot be eliminated from consideration. This
would be especially true if psi is, in fact, goal-oriented-detached, as
it were, from the complexity of the task (Kennedy, 1978, 1979b).
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Therefore, any conclusion about the fruitfulness of the free-response
remote-viewing procedure must take this factor into account.
In conclusion: the study provides further evidence for the exis-
tence of psi. The results are strong and certainly warrant further
investigations into the remote-viewing procedure. Perhaps this design
may offer a productive avenue into more process-oriented investiga-
tions. The authors are therefore looking forward to a follow-up of the
present ideas.
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