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clear that the tactile images were dominating and that his hands were
of a predominantly tactile type.
Thus, according to their respective predispositions, one person
can "see," like Diamondi, figures being placed in front of him, while
another person, like Inaudi, hears his own voice calculating. Fleury,
in turn, felt the relief of cubes at the tips of his fingers. Each sensa-
tion is, therefore, with each individual complementary to the rest of
his personal mental activities.
These faculties show the extraordinary possibilities of our brains
which are even capable of competing with computers. All these
powers imply a consciously directed sensory-motor activity which,
no doubt, will interest parapsychologists by their analogies with
automatic writing and, on the level of art, with designs and pictures
executed by those who are "painters without having learned."
In short, all these synesthesias, diversely oriented and tributary
to conditions obtained without direct participation of our sight, have
shown the important role which color impressions can play in our
daily lives. Everything said up to this point, however, has been in
relation to the "normal" powers of man.
But as we have stated already, it occurs that these powers
transgress the framework of classical psychology. This happens, for
example, when there is an intrusion-often a brutal one-of data
contained in the consciousness of others or of a perception of events
that take place in the present but at a distance, and when past and
future events are "seen."
Then the doors open to the domain of the paranormal which
is always so near to the domain of art.
:
II
THE PARAPSYCHOLOGICAL LEVEL
Here we have finally arrived at the heart of our subject, From
now on, we shall consider more complicated phenomena: appearances
of colors and figurative forms evoked at a distance-by telepathy
or by clairvoyance.
As the existence of these phenomena has been confirmed by
statistical evaluations, the reading of this chapter may seem rather
dry. It is the truth, however, that these statistics are a guarantee
of the seriousness of these experiences and experiments; they stress
not only the importance of color in paranormal perception but also
the importance of the Stepanek effect, named after the subject on
whom this effect was observed.
I.
Appearance of a Color by Telepathy
1) Role of the Nature of Stimuli and Results
a) Standard Playing Cards
The proving of telepathic phenomena by statistical methods
is especially facilitated by using decks of simple playing cards and
by playing a card game.
Ever since parapsychology made its start as a science, the
psychic research societies in England and France endeavored to
establish experimental proof of the transmission at a distance of
colors and colored symbols of playing cards. This study was later
extended to other stimuli, as we shall see later.
Looking back, we will remember that Professor Charles Richet
was the first to introduce statistical methods to parapsychology, in
1874. He used card games, just as Myers did later in 1884. The
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probability of success is as easy to evaluate concerning colors and
numerals as with face cards.6
At the beginning, the experimenter was satisfied to shuffle the
cards, drawing one and asking the subject to identify it. Repeated,
this operation permitted the establishment of statistical results and
their evaluation in proportion to simple chance expectancy.
It is true that too monotonous a repetition of these trials often
lead to a decline, which was ascertained right from the beginning of
the tests. The subjects, even those very gifted, submit with difficulty
to the discipline required; this gave birth to the idea of transforming
the tests into a game.
The Game of Telepathic Encounter, invented by Rene Warcol-
lier, is one of the variants of this astute adaptation. The agent, who
acts as the "banker" has in his hands 13 cards of the same color;
another suit is handed to the percipient. The banker shuffles his 13
cards, takes one at random and looks at it while the percipient is
required to draw an identical card from his hand, placing it in the
center of the table.
Over this card, the agent places his card, face down. This is
repeated with the 12 remaining cards, each of which will then be
covered by a card from the percipient's hand. There will then be 13
stacks of two cards each. Then one can proceed to the statistical
analysis.
These tests for telepathy can just as well become tests for
clairvoyance. In the absence of a partner, a subject can very well
train himself, all alone, to pick out diamonds, hearts, clubs, spades,
face cards or numerals from a deck, the cards of which are turned
face down to the table. He could easily evaluate the results himself,
check his progress and observe if he can perceive better, para-
normally, certain forms or certain colors.
As certain colors are more predominant7 than others, it is
difficult to eliminate in these anticipated experiences the influences,
even if unconscious, of structures or colored forms which impose
themselves more particularly on the subject.
Moreover, certain predominant symbols acquire this quality due
6. However, it was Dr. J. B. Rhine's statistical work which introduced para-
psychology at Duke University in 1934.
7. Predominant is used to translate the French word: "prégnante."
to some unforeseen particularities, for example, symbols that relate
to certain customs which are characteristic of a country. Thus, in
the United States, it is the star of the Zener cards that is most pre-
dominant, as stars are displayed on the American flag.
Transmissions of colors at a distance seem to be then of a special
interest for the study of their predominancy as well as for
beir (
possible eventual relations to psychology and physiology.
One difficulty has to be faced: that of finding tests as cap ole
as possible of eliminating at one time, affective reactions as well as
the perception of too elementary stimuli.
To obtain these results, Rene Warcollier and, with him, Rene
Hardy used either decks of cards with different symbols and cabrs
or devices able to stimulate the transmission (see below).
The author herself adapted Rene Warcollier's test to her reseoch
work with subjects deprived of sight, for a comparison of @eir
results with the ones he had obtained.
b) Telepathic Decks of Symbol Cards
In order to research statistically whether it is a figure commina-
tion or only a simple element that is best transmitted, Warc lier
used successively various stimuli comprised of two receptible, ele-
ments: symbol and image, then image and color and, finally numberal
ese
and color. Different decks of 25 cards were thus prepared for
so-called double-effect tests.8 The experiments were carried out @ith
closed decks with an agent operating on a group of about a dozen
percipients, who often were of very different types and had come
for the first time to the Institut Metapsychique International.
Not only did the results permit a bringing out of the gobal
aspect of their paranormal reception, but also modifications of @iese
results, according to the affective effects of one or the other associa-
tion of the elements of the image and, in addition, notableOdif-
ferences of predominancy found in the reception of colors.
They
raised, besides, the question of the relation of paranormal percestion
with the physiology of sensory channels.
8. This test differs from the one made with colored Zener cards, which are also
used in the United States, but with the same color for each category of
geometric figures. Thus all circles are yellow and all crosses are red. The
probability remains, therefore, 1/5 for every "hit," while in R. Warcollier's
test it is 1/5 for partial hits (figure or color received separately), but it is
1/25 when there is a global reception of the figure and the color.
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In connection with this subject, the so-called "domino test"
can find its place here, going through its different stages.
The first test is a double-effect test, because there are, as men-
tioned, two elements to detect, consisting of five concepts distributed
according to distinct sensory and motor elements:
Insects
(I)
possessing: an emotive element
-Fruits
(F)
:
a gustative sensory element
Music
(M)
V
an auditive and affective
sensorial element
Geometry
(G)
: an intellectual element
-Velocity
(V)
"
: a dynamogenic element (linked
perhaps to cenesthetic and
kinesthetic impressions)
Each of these concepts comprises five concrete images such
as: apple, banana, grape, lemon, and pear for the fruits.
The first test permits the selection of not just any image or
figure, but those which, statistically, based on 100 runs with 30
untrained subjects, have been the most frequently received: ship (V),
grapes (F), trumpet (M), dragonfly (I), and triangle (G).
In a second test, René Warcollier encircled each image previ-
ously selected with a line of five different colors, thus with each of
the five dragonflies one was colored with blue, green, violet, red
or black.
On 2,550 trials conducted in 1956, there were 136 global
results which were more significant (CR - Critical Ratio - = 3.43)
for the colors than the partial results. An analysis of the global
hits of colors showed a considerable difference in predominancy of
colors: Red = 32; Black = 30; Blue = 29; Green = 26; Violet = 19.
It may be surprising that this order does not correspond at all to
our habitual scale of retinal sensitivity, which is low for red. Con-
sequently, as it is higher for yellow, another problem arises: if we
replace violet by yellow (for which the retinal sensitivity is maximal),
would the paranormal order of color reception correspond or not
correspond to the physiological order?
[30]
However that may be, several important facts are established
by this test:
1) The global results express the psi faculty much better than the
partial results.
chan
2) The partial results show that the figures are better received
the colors.
3) The colors are unequally predominant.
Finally, in a third test, the deck of cards is further modified
1) In order to appraise the inferiority of the partial results obtained
with colors in relations to the figures;
2) In order to see whether the paranormal transmission of the y@low
color does not correspond to the normal retinal sensitivity. foothis
shade of the spectrum.
Instead of simply encircling each of the figures with a color
René Warcollier colored the entire surface of the pictures with gach
of the five colors, among which violet was replaced by orange-y
HOW.
Moreover, he used fluorescent colors.
The decreasing order of hits of colors obtained in the
global
tests was: Red, Black, Green, Blue, Yellow.
The definite results of 6,250 trials can be summed up as fol-
lows:
1) The percipients received the figure-color combination stimulus
much better than separate elements. On 6,250 trials, the CROwas
3. There was one chance in 741 that this result would be a
ran-
dom one.
2) The intense coloration of the stimuli made the color partia hits
positive, depending on the forms of the figures.
3) The yellow-orange was as little predominant as violet.
The most interesting results are, of course, those that concern,
on the one hand, the coloration of the cards and, on the other Hand,
the classification of the colors when they do not correspond to the
physiological sensitivity of the eye.
An objection could be raised, however, when in a fourthtest,
other experiments with other decks voluntarily linked with affective
associations, it has been shown, for example, that, if black butter-
flies are inhibited, a red star is, on the contrary, definitely positive.
It should be recognized that, even in quantitative experiments,
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affective factors, especially those corresponding to fears and appre-
hensions, modify the global results.
We should not believe, however, that affective associations al-
ways facilitate the outcome. It happens that they play an inhibiting
part. So it is that an association of ideas such as black butterfly or
black flower inhibits the psi faculty.
c) The Domino Test
A moment ago, we alluded to the Domino Test. Now we shall
explain its scope.
For a definite elimination of the emotional charge which a pic-
ture-color association can contain, there is nothing simpler than to
make use of the numerals from 1 to 5, as René Warcollier has done
in adapting a geometric presentation of the kind seen on the faces of
dominoes. Hence the domino test terminology. Each numeral can
have, in its turn, five different colors: blue, green, yellow, red and
black-thus constituting a double effect.
5,000 trials were made and the global critical ratio (CR) was
3.1.
Here again, the double effect discloses clearly the paranormal
faculty. The classification of the 243 global-hit colors was: Red-61;
Green-55; Black-45; Blue-42; and Yellow-40; the chance average
being 40 for each color.
Not one of these colors was below the probability rating to be
applied, and black was found to be halfway between the predomi-
nant colors and those which are not predominant.
Whatever the elements may be to which they are associated, red
and yellow remain at extreme positions in telepathic transmission of
colors.
The author herself studied at the Institut Metapsychique Inter-
national the transmission of colors by using a closed-deck domino
test; the statistical analysis showed positive results for red, CR = 5.21,
next for green and black, and near to simple probability for blue and
yellow, CR = 0.31.
On the other hand, research done with blind subjects led to very
different results, which brought up the problem already mentioned:
what are the relations of paranormal perception to the sensory in-
fluences?
[32]
d) Adaptation of Certain Tests for Blind People
Considering the fact that an image has the characteristic, in
effect, of releasing the same reactions as the corresponding sensations,
one could raise the question whether subjects who lost their sighe
accidentally, but having seen colors during the period preceding theid
blindness, would be receptive to colors in the same order, going frond
red to yellow.
Among the various investigations we were able to make per
sonally since 1966, we wish to discuss those we carried out with Jad
ques Berthaux, who became a sculptor after losing his sight. As w
have seen, artistic sensitivity is a favorable condition, as it is ofte
linked with those paranormal conditions which we are studying.
Let us stress the point that in all this research work based main!
on the relations of the kinetic and motor sensations to/mental images
and colors, the agent as well as the percipient uses targets cut of
of wood, or plastic material which a blind person can identify.
We further wish to point out that the experimenter and the sul
jects are by turns agent and percipient. A realization of the reciprocal
conditions of sending and receiving actually favors the transmissio
It permits the experimenter to choose the "stimuli" in relation to the
exterior data which the subject can only receive by four sensory
channels.
The inversion of the roles also breaks the monotony and relieve
the fatigue which cannot be avoided with endeavors of this kind.
Before arriving at color transmission proper, these experience
in the case of the blind must pass through several intermediate stage
requiring first the transmission of motor and tactile stimuli.
For this purpose, geometrical figures are used again, but
out of wood: squares, rectangles, triangles and circles. They
placed in the same order before the agent and before the percipie ?.
When the sound signal is heard, the agent outlines with a pencil very
carefully the contours of one of the forms and the percipient tros
to name it.
In 1967, small disks pasted on cardboard-the so-called domio
test-furnished the stimuli for sending the numerals 1 to 5, then
Zener cards cut out in plastic material were used and, finally,
objects.
Leaving the transmission of forms behind, we started with the
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sending of colors, as Jacques Berthaux was also quite capable of pro-
ducing polychromic sculptures.
Rectangular pieces, sized 21/2 x 11/2 cm. made of galalithe-
red, green, yellow and blue-were pasted in this order on cardboard,
2 cm. apart. Tactile markings indicated the colors of the pieces placed
before the blind subject so that, in touching one, he knew which
color he was sending or receiving.
In adapting the processes of these experiments as closely as pos- .
sible to those followed with subjects with normal sight, we have used,
since October 1971, decks of 25 cards for the sending of dominoes
and decks of 20 cards for the sending of colors.
Jacques Berthaux's deck showed the name of the color embossed
on the cards with Braille characters above a plastic label of the cor-
responding color. After shuffling the cards, the sending was done
card by card, and a comparison of the sending and receiving of the
cards of the agent and percipient permitted an establishment of the
results after the emission.
Analogous experiments were conducted with another subject who
had lost his sight accidentally many years ago. The results were
added to those obtained with Jacques Berthaux and a statistical evalu-
ation was made. In these experiments, yellow CR = 6.37 took the first
place and green CR = 0.92 the last.
Perhaps a memory of luminosity made the yellow color more
predominant. Or are there physiological explanations due to the lack
of one sensory channel ??
Should they perhaps be compared with the experiments on clair-
voyance (without an agent) made by Professor Hans Bender in
1936, which demonstrated that the best received hue was yellow,
followed by black, red, green, blue and violet?
From all these comparisons, it seems to result that the para-
normal perception of color is linked with general psycho-physiological
conditions and that it can vary if these conditions are modified on a
sensory plane.
9. Analysis of pilot tests made with Daltonian subjects at the initiative of Dr.
H. C. Berendt showed the predominance of the color blue. Of 1,500 trials,
there were 78 global hits (p=1/25) with the colors distributed as follows:
Blue=21, Red == 18, Yellow == 14, Green=13, and Black=12.
[34]
e) The René Hardy Apparatus
All these statistical studies require, quite naturally, long and
tedious analyses, but parapsychology must also use modern technical
methods such as the registration of the results on electronic devices of,
processes of a direct inscription of the results on standard IBM
punch cards.
Concerning the first method, Engineer Rene Hardy, who di
research on a new statistical method for the study of unconscious
preference of colors, constructed a dial apparatus, one feature
which was the electronic registration of the calls of the percipient.
It is comprised of a dial divided into five sectors of differen
colors-Blue, Green, Yellow, Violet and Red-in front of which
turns, in five seconds, a pointer. Here, too, we have two element
of transmission: rhythm and color.
The transmission here is- realized in a manner differing greate
from the one produced with cards (case of telepathy ). Moreover,
is based on the choice of a color which is to be received in prefe
ence to the others.
Hardy considers the phenomenon of telepathy as a particular
case of telecommunication.
The velocity of the pointer turning on the dial and watched b
the agents must be transmitted biologically in perfect synchronizatig
with the percipient. The latter, located in another room, must try S
detect the precise moment at which the pointer passes in front of
color which can be chosen by the agent as well as by himself.
that moment, he pushes an interrupter which registers his call and
fixes the position of the pointer.
The statistical results showed that, even when the choice @
color was voluntary, the predominancy of red persisted.
The will, of course, can add certain modifications. Red, how-
ever, remains at the head of the classification, yellow and viglet
appear to be more difficult to transmit. Further below, we shall
analyze the results in more detail.
f) Standard IBM Port-a-Punch Cards
Concerning this second method of port-a-punch cards, it kiges
not give, of course, any results of a paranormal perception of colors,
but it offers a fast technique permitting the percipients to register
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immediately their calls on cards ready to be "taken up," i.e., to be
analyzed by a computer according to its programming.
When in 1970, we again took up the study of domino tests,
one of our collaborators, Lionel Olivyer, drew up other types of
sheets which were more practical, but the results had still to be
collected "manually" and then the statistics had to be prepared.
More recently, another of our collaborators, a consulting en-
gineer with IBM, found that the results could be "taken up" directly
by the percipients themselves on port-a-punch cards.
The essential advantage of this new process is the direct record-
ing of the results by the subject on cards all ready to be analyzed
by the computer according to a certain research program. Any in-
termediate handling has become superfluous.
We wish to point out that, on this type of port-a-punch card
the numerals 1 to 9 are vertically printed. Our collaborator had the
ingenious idea to use the numerals 1 to 5 and to divide these cards
into 5 double-entry tables.
-The Numerals are arranged in vertical columns.
-The Colors are arranged in horizontal lines.
All the percipients have to do is to punch their calls at the
intersection of a numeral column and a color line (Fig. 2).
PERCIPIENT
EXPERIMENT NO.
LINE NO.
BGYRB
B GY RB
BGY RIB
BGYRB
BGYRB
-
1 1 1 1 1|
-
11111
1
1 111 1
-
1 11 1
1
1
2
2 2 2 22
7
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 22
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
22 22
1
3 3 3 3 3
3
3 3 3 3 3
3
3 3
3
3 3 3 3
1
3
3 3 3 3
-
414 414 4
4 4 4 44
4
4 4 4 4
5
5 5 555
5 5 555
5
5
5 5 5 5
5
5 5 5 5 5
5
5 5 555
1
-
IAM 76 313
-
Fig. 2
In addition, in order to universalize this process, we have clas-
sified the colors in the order of the colors of the prism, i.e., blue,
green, yellow, red and black.
After the first tentative experiments, we realized that this tech-
nique was not only a means of simplifying the calculation of the
results, but that it presented advantages by itself on the plane of
paranormal reception. We found out that:
1) With these cards, all fraud can be avoided;
2) During training, the results can be immediately checked by a
superposition of the sending cards and the cards of reception of
information transmitted telepathically;
3) It seems that the slight relief of the port-a-punch cards is a sup-
port for the reception of numerals. Moreover, the order of the
prism, which has a natural base, seems to aid the subjects in
visualizing the colors;
4) Finally, at the time of each reception, which can sometimes be
on automatism only, it is faster to punch out the response (the
call) than to write it. Thereby the rhythm of reception could be
lowered from 20 to 10 seconds.
We may add that the port-a-punch cards, thus modified, can
also be used to advantage for the registration of the results of clair-
voyance and precognition tests.
2) Role of the Modalities of the Emission and Results
a) Experiments with a Single Agent
It is not only the nature of the stimuli which is of importance in
the telepathic transmission of colors, but also the procedure of trans
mission.
In the classical experiments, there is actually only one agent in
one room and one or several percipients in another room. They must
detect the stimuli or a run of cards which the agent, who can be
at a great distance, transmits successively by looking at them in the
room where he is isolated.
These experiments take place on the plane of information to be
transmitted, without deliberate intention to act on the motor fung
tions of the percipients.
There is, however, another type of experiment with a single
agent whereby the latter has a definite intention of influencing the
motor functions of a percipient, in making him execute a conscious!
directed act. We have then a suggestion at a distance and the cond
tions of the experimental process are different.
In this situation, the agent must "see" the subject in order to
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3
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guide his movements towards the stimulus to be detected. For this
purpose, a special device is required, for example, a closed circuit TV
set, as used in the laboratories of the United States.
b) Experiments with Two or Three Agents
In the preceding tests, a single agent sends one or several stimuli
to one or several percipients. This study permits the consideration of
several psychological aspects of transmission.
With one of our collaborators, Lionel Olivyer, who is a physicist,
we did research not on the plane of relations of psychology and physi-
ology to paranormal perception, but on the plane of possible rela-
tions of transmission with physical parameters.
In order to do so, we have tried to carry out experiments of
"interference" by sending simultaneously one and the same stimulus
or even two different stimuli, this time by two or three agents, under
determined conditions. We tried to obtain correlations between the
modifications of these external conditions and those of the number
of hits, i.e., exact calls.
These experiments took place at the Institut Métapsychique In-
ternational during the years 1970-71. The transmission of a run (the
25 cards of a deck) took 6 to 7 minutes. The distance between an
agent and the group of percipients was about 2 meters.
We used either a deck of cards of 25 colors composed of 5 blue,
5 green, 5 yellow, 5 red, and 5 black cards, or the double-effect test,
the numeral-color "domino" test introduced by Warcollier.
Here are the modalities and the results of these transmissions:
1) Transmission of an Identical Stimulus by 2 Agents
We arranged for the transmission of the same double stimulus
(numeral-color) by two agents to any number of percipients as
follows:
A deck of 25 shuffled cards is put in the hands of each agent.
The same order of cards is maintained, and at each sound signal the
two agents "send" simultaneously an identical card to the percipients.
All the results varied in the sense of an augmentation of the
correct calls and particularly of those called "global," in a propor-
tion of 9%.
[38]
2) Transmission of a Stimulus by 3 Agents
In a preliminary study, we used a simple stimulus and arranged
to send simultaneously the identical color to percipients by three
agents. While with one agent we obtained +3.7% correct responses
or hits, in the case of triple emission, the results were -13.6% of the
probability ratio.
With a double-stimulus transmission, however, we observed
a decline of 18% for the globals in proportion to the results obtained
in sending with a single agent.
The transmission-and this should be stressed-increases in
passing from one agent to two and deteriorates in passing from onec
agent to three for a given group of percipients.
c) Experiments with a Group of Agents
The preceding investigations on emission concerned the quantitat
tive variations of the results in proportion to the number of agents
independent of the group of percipients.
It is, however, possible to disregard this number, and Hard!
considers that the emissions can be effected by a "battery" of agents
in a single block as well as collectively, where the effects, on the
contrary, seem to add up.
To demonstrate these results, he invented the experimental bid
télécommunication apparatus, which we mentioned above.
The agents in an adjoining room limit themselves to hold
mind the desire that the isolated subject interrupt the movement
the pointer when it passes the color which he or they have chosen
and that he does not interfere with at other times.
To prevent the subject from falling into the habit of a deten
mined rhythm, the pointer changes randomly after a few turns.
A single stimulus among the colors of the dial is to be tran
mitted, and the percipient must, so to speak, "catch in flight" t
moment when the pointer comes into one of the colored sectors
chosen.
Another important point to bear in mind is that the percipicot
or the agents are free to choose a color, contrary to the statistical
investigations made in the United States, which is surrounded
multiple precautions so that the stimulus will be indicated by aleatory
number tables.
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In short, in the experiments of René Hardy conscious will, i.e.,
mental suggestion, intervened, and it will be of great interest to com-
pare the results obtained in this classification of colors with the one
of the experiments made with card decks arranged before the trials.
In the course of thousands of trials, the subject, isolated at a dis-
tance, gave indications of the passing of the pointer before the
chosen color a number of times above chance expectancy.
The results, according to the color chosen, established likewise
that :
-When a color has been chosen (for instance, green), it always
comes up as a positive and, on the contrary, the colors not chosen
come up as negatives, with the exception of red which always comes
up thus indicating an explanation of the phenomenon as we shall
see later.
-On the other hand, red always attracts its complementary color
green, but it is never as clear as red.
-It is the same for green, which attracts red, but only when
it is chosen by priority.
-On the other hand, yellow and violet were negative colors,
unless they were chosen, in which case they went up the scale.
-Blue presents still less paranormal success than the other colors.
It is positive only when chosen, but it is always accompanied by red
which carries along its complementary color, green, without ever
being able to dominate red. (Fig. 3.)
The observations made of all these biotelecommunications can
be summarized as follows:
1) The motor element of the pointer, far from being an ob-
stacle to the transmission, stimulates it, or as pointed out by René
Hardy, even establishes a psychic accord between the partners; the
rhythms of this are objective for the agent and subjective for the
percipient.
The ocular movements which follow the displacement of the
pointer can be communicated at a distance to the percipient, strength-
ening their biopsychic accord.
2) This method, based on the choice of the stimulus, permits
the release of the part of the will in relation to the colors best received
and puts their paranormal predominancy in evidence to the exclusion
of affectivity.
The control of the part played by conscious preferences of the
percipients for one or the other color showed that they did not inter-
vene in their results. For instance, a person who detests green per-
ceives it often against his liking.
Corollary: As affective preferences do not intervene, it is clear
that only the nature of the color and its predominancy as well as
=
=
IV
V
RBGYV
ROGYV
RBGYV
RB GYV
RBG YO
Fig. 3
The results have been adapted to the same proportional scale.
The dotted line represents the probable average.
The color chosen is surrounded by a circle.
the choice of the percipient and of the agents intervene. In spite of
trying to vary their techniques, both Warcollier and Hardy have ob-
tained the same results concerning the predominancy of the colors;
of course, an explanatory theory is still pending.
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All these statistically based experiments stress, therefore, the im-
portance of the structure of the stimulus, as well as of the uncon-
scious, but on a general plane, so to speak. Their effects are revealed
independently of the subjects of the experiment, unless they are
deprived of sight.
These experiments also show that, when the order of predomin-
ancy of the colors remains the same, the external conditioning of the
emission, for example, the one that includes a definite number of
agents participating in the experiment, can modify the total number
of successes.
In short, while all these experiments establish the existence of a
psi factor, they also indicate that it does not propagate at random.
II. Appearance of a Color by Clairvoyance
1) Color Clairvoyance
It seems, at this point, that clairvoyance wherein there is no
interference by third persons (the subject being alone in the presence
of a stimulus to be detected) does not have to face problems as
complicated as telepathy which is, of course, self-evident.
This is what actually happens in a first rescarch phasc.
Let us consider now the experiments made by M. R. Pérot on
color clairvoyance.
In his book, Parapsychologie Experimentale, PSI (Experimental
Parapsychology, PSI), René Pérot relates all the quantitative clair-
voyance experiments made by his wife over a period of ten years.
His methodology is rigorous and the record sheets he made
permit an analysis of the different aspects of this paranormal per-
ception.
His wife placed in front of her, horizontally, 5 target cards,
each representing one of the stimuli repeated 5 times in the deck
(color occurrence: yellow, blue, white, red and green) which was
on the table at which she sat. One by one, without looking at them --
and without anyone seeing them-she took the 25 cards to be iden-
tified and tried to place them in front of the key cards which she
thought were of the same color (Blind-Matching test. B.M.) The ex-
perimenter noted on the test sheet the order number of the card
placed in the compartment referring to one or the other of the five
colors.
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On 7,500 trials made by Mme. Pérot, the chance expectancy
was 1,500. The score obtained was 3,457 and, in prolonging the ex-
periment, an increase in correct returns was noted.
The results are remarkable. The "hits" were distributed as fol-
lows: Red 804; White 751; Yellow 674; Blue 655; Green 573.
Here, again, red stands ahead, while white and yellow occupy
the second and third positions. Green remains the last color to be
recognized.
Red and blue kept the same place as in the preceding experi-
ments on telepathy, in spite of the fact that black or violet had
been replaced by white.
The results were noted on test sheets developed by Rene Perot,
permitting not only an almost direct evaluation of the results, but
also the demonstration of two other elements of the "emergence of
the faculty":
-First Element-
Placing a card on one of the targets nearest to the correct one
is what one could call simply an error in localization, named by. .
René Perot, a "near hit." These errors in localization can also be
statistically evaluated.
-Second Element-
On the other hand, it sometimes happens that the subject, having
made the movement of placing her card before a certain target,
changes her mind and finally puts this card in front of another
target. This "abortive" movement is also noted, and the experimentera
can evaluate how many times these tentative efforts have succeeded
or not.
The study of this "pointing" is very interesting, because
shows, as emphasized by Perot, that the subject has "felt" her error
which is, in the last analysis according to him, the awakening mani-
festation of the function of the psi faculty outside of the mechanical
gesture directed by chance.
Recently, we ourselves were able, with the assistance of one of
our collaborators, to carry out some trials on clairvoyance with
color cards similar to those used by Perot, but placed in opaque
black envelopes; our subject was the sensitive, Uri Geller, who is at
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present being studied in the United States, mainly in respect to the
physical effects he can produce.
Very gifted subjects, having developed other capacities, can
succeed in different tests; this suggests, according to Dr. Rhine, that
telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition and psychokinesis are variants
of one and the same psi faculty.
2) The Stepanek Effect
In a second phase of the same investigations, things became more
complicated, as we shall see in examining the Stepanek effect, named
after the Czech subject who was studied by Dr. Milan Ryzl and later
by Dr. J. Gaither Pratt.
In this test, the subject perceives, as before, a stimulus hidden
from sight, but he seems to identify the cards not so much by the
color or symbol of a card, but as if by a "psychic mark" which he
projects himself, with the reservation, however, that the phenomenon
manifests, as far as the Stepanek case is concerned, under hypnosis.
The effect was detected during the following experiments:
-Dr. Milan Ryzl used first, for clairvoyance tests, Zener cards placed
in fully opaque envelopes.
-Then he submitted his subject to color tests, but Stepanek failed
with monochromatic cards.
-Finally Dr. Ryzl used bicolor cards, i.e., cards with a different
color on each of their faces.
There were 3,611 successes on 5,000 calls, distributed as follows:
White-Green:
845
White-Yellow: 792
White-Black:
685
Red-Blue:
538
White-Red:
751
Green and yellow were the colors best recognized, but blue,
which placed last, was associated with red, not with white.
The tests with white-black cards pointed to an absence of cor-
relations between the degree of blackness and the rate of success.
This was accomplished by a progressively reduced blackness of the
face, arranged without the subject realizing it, until it was indiscern-
able from the white face.
Everything happened as if another factor not perceived at first
intervened, because it was verified that the subject had a tendency
to repeat his successes as well as his errors.
Everything seemed actually as if the design or the colors of a
determined card had been identified by a reference mark invisible
to the observers. It was established that Stepanek always repeated the
same-exact or erroneous-responses for the same cards. On the
other hand, it was impossible to evoke a simple factor of memorization.
After the discovery of this Stepanek effect, Dr. Pratt went from
the United States to Czechoslovakia with the purpose of studying
it with Dr. Ryzl.
It was verified that it was not a question of an extrasensory
knowledge of certain points of reference on the cards, due for ex-
ample, to identification marks, be it ever so slight, on the envelope.
What kind of theory should be formed concerning this pro-
jection of a psychic reference mark on objects which the subject
does not see? We shall investigate that further.
Whatever it may be, according to a recent article by Dr. Pratt,
"the stronger form is," in his opinion this one of focusing, the
other remaining one is the ESP of a color hidden from the view
of the subject.
It seemed that the more the number of hidden color hits in-
creased, the more the focusing effect diminished until it could dis-
appear if the correct ESP responses were to reach the 100% level.
The paranormal perception of a stimulus is, therefore, not only
global, as preceding experiments on telepathy have shown, even if
often only fragmentary aspects become conscious, but, in addition;
subject and object are undissociable.
Clairvoyance implies the intervention of elements other than
those related to the stimulus proper.
The analysis (which is still going on) of the results of the
subject Stepanek shows that independent of the stimulus and its
objectivity, a psychic action "marks" it, so to say. It seems that the
objective information is transmitted to the subject who, in detecting
it, "subjectivizes" it.
III. Telepathy and Clairvoyance
Telepathy and clairvoyance can, finally, act together as a pair,
and it is a real difficulty to try to divide their zones of action, as
evidenced by the expression GESP.
Actually, with clairvoyance, certain subjects develop some sort
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of "psychic reference" enabling them to recognize a card outside of
what it represents and to repeat the same response when the card
passes before them again. It is no longer the card proper they recog-
nize but their own mental reference mark as in the Stepanek effect.
In telepathic experiments it is no longer the agent alone who
seems to act in transmitting a color at a distance, but the surround-
ings also play their supplementary part by clairvoyance and modify
the result.
Experiments, mostly of a qualitative nature, were carried out
by René Warcollier for the purpose of demonstrating, in particular,
the part played by environment in telepathic transmissions.
Thereby he was able to detect diverse levels in the intermingling
of telepathy with clairvoyance. Analyses made of telepathic experi-
ments in 1960, show, as a matter of fact, that the greatest number
of "hits" was obtained under conditions where the light was very
bright.
This was the fact when Warcollier used a process he called
le coup de poing rétinien (the retinal punch). The agent looks quick-
ly at perforated images before a bright light. In applying this
process 75% of the results were positive.
A 35% success was obtained with sharply contrasted images
such as black and white, and 33% with images painted in fluorescent
colors. On the other hand, images formed by lines and designs lit
from behind resulted in only 20% correct "hits."
We may add that objects were received in a proportion of
33%, but sentences read by the agent without corresponding images
obtained a percentage of reception of only 18%, i.e., near the level
of "chance coincidences." It seems, therefore, that on the paranormal
plane a thought without an image would rarely appear.
It also became apparent that the percipients received more
modifications of a transmission than the stimulus itself carried.
In 1960, for example, René Warcollier used in his office a
monochromatic lighting device which produced a yellow shadow on
a blue background on all the angles of the objects in the room. One
of the percipients "saw" then, at a distance, "oriflammes"; of yellow
and blue colors in the form of triangles. "They streak," he wrote,
"the atmosphere like lightning in a black night."
[46]
Thus, each time telepathy and clairvoyance become inter-
mingled, the latter prevails over the former. We have to keep in
mind that the subjects, with due precautions taken, were not in-
formed about the modes of operation; here we have then an effect
of surprise favoring the predominance of the conditioning.
In short, all experiments which seem on the one hand, to belong
to telepathy and, on the other hand to clairvoyance, point clearly to
an "indirect clairvoyance" involving both telepathy and clairvoyance;
and telepathic clairvoyance i.e., clairvoyance and "subjective" tele
pathy, the stimulus being itself created by the subject (Stepanek
effect).
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.
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