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CHINA'S PSYCHIC
SAVANTS
Is an ancient form
of energy providing China's children with the
miracle of second sight?
BY MARCELLO TRUZZI
E
leven-year-old Tang Yu and
his friend Chen Xiaoming were on their way home from school
in the remote mountain village of Dazhu County when they be-
gan to wrestle. Tang brushed against Chen's coat pocket, the
story goes, and had the sudden vision of two Chinese symbols.
He described the vivid symbols to Chen, who pulled a package
of Flying Wild Goose cigarettes from his pocket. The label on
the side of the package, the boys reported, consisted of the
two symbols Tang Yu had "seen."
Tang Yu was reluctant to share his discovery with Tang Kem-
ing, his fifty-year-old peasant father. He knew his claim would
sound like a lie. Instead, he began to play guessing games with
the villagers. He asked them to write random characters on
pieces of paper, crumple the paper into balls, and let him hold
each ball in turn next to his ear. Tang then guessed the mes-
sage within; his guesses, it was said, always proved right. Word
of the boy spread beyond his small town to all of the Sichuan
province in central China.
Soon the region's science commission and its bureau of ed-
ucation and culture had asked to examine Tang, and research-
ers there confirmed his ability to identify words and colors on
small wads of paper held to his ear. News reporters and awe-
struck officials of the Sichuan Provincial Party Committee quickly
backed those results, and on March 11, 1979, this remarkable
tale was published in the Sichuan Daily. Thus began what to-
day is viewed -.- by both those in China and the West-as either
a major breakthrough in parapsychology or a remarkable out-
break of fraud and pathological science.
Indeed, over the subsequent few months, as news of Tang's
abilities spread throughout the People's Republic, more than
ten other psychic children were supposedly discovered in Bei-
PAINTING BY KEIKA NAKAJIMA
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-
Boasting a skill that Chinese researchers had
by now named extraordinary functions of the
human body, these children claimed to do
far more than read with their ears. They could,
they said, decipher hidden messages with
their fingers, palms, scalps, abdomens, feet,
armpits, and buttocks. One nine-year-old girl
even claimed she could read messages by
touching the crumpled paper with the end
of her pigtail.
Reports began coming in about children
with powers of telepathy, clairvoyance, X-ray
vision, and psychokinesis. The typical child
was between the ages of nine and fourteen,
but a few were as young as four or as old as
twenty-five; and it was estimated by Feng
Hua, a traditional Chinese physician, that
there were about 2,000 such gifted children
within the Chinese population of 1 billion.
By early 1980 these remarkable children
had made their way to the pages of China's
prestigious Nature Journal. And that Febru-
ary the surge of interest prompted Nature
Journal to sponsor a huge conference-the
First Science Symposium on the Extraordi-
nary Function of the Human Body-for par-
ticipants from more than 20 colleges and
medical schools. The proceedings were
filmed by the Shanghai Science and Edu-
cation Studio, and the film, called Do You
Believe It?, was shown over national televi-
sion to millions of Chinese.
As publicity mounted, interest spread be-
yond the mainland to Hong Kong, Japan,
and Taiwan. And it didn't take long for the
news to pique the interest of parapsycholo-
gists throughout the West. Because West-
ern researchers are less inclined to associ-
ate such abilities with the body, though, they
relabeled the supposed phenomenon ex-
ceptional human functions (EHF).
I first learned of EHF from a Los Angeles
Times article. Chinese scientists were "baf-
fled by studies of children who can 'see' ob-
jects hidden in boxes, read Chinese char-
acters tucked under their armpits, and
identify colors without using their eyes." As
a sociologist of science at Eastern Michigan
University and director of the independent
Center for Scientific Anomalies Research, I
was anxious to investigate further. Through
my center's many informants, I was able to
obtain a steady stream of Chinese articles
translated by the American government. This
documentation, often terribly vague in its
detail and usually opaquely translated by
computers, demonstrated that Chinese sci-
entists were serious about something that
seemed quite preposterous.
Before beginning an active investigation
of my own, I decided to try to glean a bit of
understanding from the past. Paranormal in-
cidents, I soon learned, were a significant
part of China's mythology. In one ancient
parable, for instance, a mystic named Kang
Gang-Zi was reputed to have seen and
heard without using his eyes or ears. In an-
other legend, two mediums were called upon
to identify the grave of a princess; they are
said to have given an accurate, clairvoyant
These ancient myths, derived from the first
few centuries of the millennium, have set the
tone for Chinese folklore and beliefs ever
since. But despite this rich tradition, the
Marxist takeover in 1949 put a clamp on be-
lief in the supernatural. China's official crit-
ics, in fact, denounced parapsychology as
superstitious and mystical nonsense, label-
ing it "religion without the cross." They even
accused the United States and the Soviet
Union of vigorously promoting psychic phe-
nomena to distract their citizens from the
world's true crises.
A softer line didn't emerge until early 1980,
around the time of the Nature Journal con-
ference. In a story on "sorcery, witchcraft,
and fortune-telling," The Beijing Review
conceded that "so long as these activities
do not affect the political and productive ac-
tivities of the collective, the government will
not prevent them by administrative means."
In other words, according to astute China
watcher Martin Ebon, the government was
6A group from
the Beijing Teacher Training
Institute announced
that its young charges could
cause an
operating radio transmitter to
disappear from one
room and show up in another.
admitting that perhaps some of the phe-
nomena could be "scientifically observed,
traced, controlled, recorded, manipulated,
or provoked." Chinese scientists would be
allowed to prove what was superstition and
what was not.
Given the go-ahead, a number of Chinese
scientists leapt to action. Researchers Chen .
Shouliang and He Muyan, of Beijing Univer-
sity, studied two sisters-Wang Qiang, thir-
teen, and Wang Bin, eleven. In a series of
eight tests, the girls placed paper with Chi-
nese symbols under their armpits; in 109
subsequent tests, the messages were sealed
in special envelopes. According to scien-
tists testing the girls, the subjects scored
correctly about 85 percent of the time-and
they did not cheat.
In another experiment, conducted by Xu
Xinfang and his group at Anhui Normal Uni-
versity, a boy and a girl said to have EHF
reportedly guessed not only hidden mes-
sages but also the color of the pencil used
to write each message. The scientists said
the children scored correctly 91 percent of
the time, but the subjects could not identify
their targets in total darkness.
The result. in May 1981, was the Second Sci-
ence Symposium on the Extraordinary
Function of the Human Body. According to
reports arriving at my Michigan office, that
conference was spectacular. A special
physics research team from the High En-
ergy Institute announced that children with
EHF could expose film in lightproof con-
lainers. When engaged in such activity,
moreover, the children seemed to emit light
quanta and electrical waves that could be
picked up with special biodelectors. A group
from the Beijing Teacher Training Institute
announced that their young charges could
cause an operating radio transmitter to dis-
appear from one room and show up in an-
other. Yet another group claimed that a
twelve-year-old girl could use psychokine-
sis to move the hands of a watch.
The stories seemed to go on forever. But
the most remarkable news to come from that
meeting was the deep involvement of Qian
Xue Sen, known in China as the Father of the
Missile. Before returning to China in 1955,
Qian had been the Goddard Professor of Jet
Propulsion at Caltech and the director of the
rocket section of the U.S. National Defense
Scientific Board. Thanks to Qian, by 1980
China had successfully launched 12 satel-
lites and fired an intercontinental ballistic
missile 10,000 kilometers. His work, in fact,
would soon make China the third nation to
send men into space.
Qian, however, had recently become a
passionate leader in the field of EHF. And to
enthralled scientists, his support made a
tremendous difference. "Every day we have
new discoveries, " he told his followers. "This
reminds us of the atmosphere when Ein-
stein's theories of relativity and quantum
mechanics were introduced onto the stage
of modern science."
Invoking the name of Einstein was oddly
appropriate, for those in China likened Qian's
influence to Einstein's influence in backing
the atom bomb during World War II. The
great space-scientist-turned-EHF-enthusi-
ast, in fact, had reportedly secured the pri-
vate support of Prime Minister Zhao Ziyang
and the public approval of the renowned
Chairman Hu Yao Bang.
The reports, coming mostly from Defense
Department translations and the journal Psi
Research, seemed to get more incredible
by the day. So early in 1981, 1 was thrilled to
get a call from my friend Stanley Krippner,
dean of the graduate school at the Saybrook
Institute, in San Francisco.
Krippner, best known for his work on te-
lepathy during dreams, is one of the most
respected-and skeptical --- parapsycholo-
gists in the United States. His trips to the
Soviet bloc have produced a fount of infor-
mation on psychic research there; so it was
no wonder that in light of recent reports, he
was planning a trip to China.
As it turned out, Krippner had planned his
two-week tour with the help of an efferves-
cent Chinese woman named Shuyin L. Mar,
of the Savant Association, in Arlington, Vir-
ginia. Mar was firmly convinced that EHF was
These experiments and a slew of others
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ApprovedForRelease2000108/11CLARDP96Q0792RQQQ300420017 there we found
legitimate.
Krippner's group to meet with China's most
committed EHF researchers and their treas-
ured child savants.
Krippner told me that he had already in-
vited physicist Harold Puthoff, of SRI Inter-
national, physicians J. Tashof Bernton and
Kenneth Zirinsky. Los Angeles psychologist
Thelma Moss: some graduate students from
Saybrook: and others. But he was still in need
of someone like me, an utter skeptic trained
as a magician --- a professional who knew just
how sleight of hand could be used to simu-
late ESP. I accepted his invitation gratefully.
delighted by the chance to get a firsthand
look at China's newest craze.
We left that October, arriving in Beijing on
the eighteenth. The thing that struck me most
was the looseness of things. The airport was
nearly empty, practically a mausoleum. And
our lodgings, named the Friendship Hotel in
honor of the once-great bond between China
and the Soviet Union, was a strange amal-
gam of the two cultures. It was a monstrous,
Soviet-like structure, something you might
find in the middle of Moscow, but with a Chi-
nese roof. The elaborate inner lobby had a
carpet patterned with little peace doves, and
the rooms had large mattresses atop mas-
sive Russian beds. In deference to the Chi-
nese, there was an impressive Oriental gar-
den out back.
It was in the conference room of the
Friendship that we had our first series of
meetings with the Chinese. The resident lu-
minaries, mostly from Beijing Medical Col-
lege, Beijing University, and the Chinese
Academy of Sciences, first explained the re-
lationship between EHF and qi (chee).
According to the researchers, qi is psychic
energy that runs through the body, just as
blood runs through the arteries and veins.
The pathways through which qi travels are
essentially points of high electrical conduc-
tivity; when the pathways are in repair and
the qi is flowing smoothly, an individual stays
healthy and strong. Acupuncture needles,
the scientists said, stimulate the main qi
channels. And a breathing exercise called
qigong (chee-gong) prevents the channels
from getting clogged.
As for EHF, why, children reading mes-
sages with their armpits are simply tapping
a little-explored tactile sense: They are
gleaning messages through the skin, which
is laced with channels and energized by the
power of qi.
I told the researchers that as far as I could
see, qi might not exist and qigong might be
nothing more than a Chinese version of
ordinary aerobics.
But the Chinese persisted. People known
as qigong masters, I was told, were capable
of extraordinary physical feats, including the
ability to emerge unscathed when struck on
the bare chest with a huge stone slab or the
blade of a sword. Moreover, I was told, out
of 3,100 chronically ill patients practicing
qigong from three to five years, 25 percent
recovered completely, 44 percent showed
marked improvement, and 22 percent
showed
machine that produced the q energy artifi-
cially. she had. she said, already used it to
cure her patients of cancer, paralysis. high
blood pressure, and heart disease.
After three days of such discussion, we
were allowed to meet the savants. The chil-
dren -- four young girls-entered the hotel,
kicking off what seemed like a three-ring cir-
cus. Fifty researchers were milling around.
and we were all so excited that we started
our tests right there in the lobby. First the
Chinese researchers gave the girls folded
pieces of paper marked with symbols. Then
they were given canisters that we had filled
and sealed in the United States. In both in-
stances, they were to guess the contents
within. But our experiments were foiled by
the chaos. Even Mar. our translator, seemed
to complicate the situation. She was so set
on seeing the girls succeed that it was hard
to trust what she did. And while we were
trying to impose tighter controls, she was
jabbering away in Chinese. For all we knew,
@Qigong masters,
I was told, were capable of
extraordinary
physical feats, including the
ability to emerge
unscathed when struck on the
chest with
the blade of a sword.
she may have been revealing the answers.
When we finally did move into the confer-
ence room for a formal demonstration, it
hardly mattered. The children were so fidg-
ety and restless, they couldn't help but ma-
nipulate the wads of paper; any skilled con-
jurer would have been able to use that
technique to take a peek.
Despite the chance for cheating, though,
the girls didn't score a single hit. Finally.
Krippner stood a few yards away from them
and drew a big red star, perhaps the most
pervasive symbol in all of China. Then he
folded his paper, handed it over, and one
girl got the answer right.
Later on, I took him aside. "Stan, why did
you do that?" I asked. "The girls probably
saw your red pen. And it would have been
simple for them to trace the movement of
your hand."
"Of course I realized the problems."
Krippner said. "But the girls and our hosts
seemed so embarrassed. I was just trying
to end the session on a friendly note."
It was on that friendly note that we left for
Xian, the Chinese city best known for the life-
size terra-cotta army now being unearthed
Ourselves in the meager three-room apart-
ment of three children said to possess EHF.
They claimed they could psychically break
a match or needle scaled in a small con-
lainer. And of course they could intuit mes-
sages on crumpled paper through the
channels of their skin.
With 25 of us sitting in the small front room,
the mother conducted the test herself. using
a method that was amazingly crude. She
merely held up playing cards and asked the
children to identify them. Now, any cheating
child could have scored hit after hit, but to
my surprise, these children got every an-
swer wrong, and that included the youngest
girl, who at one point actually left the room
and took the target card with her.
Our next target was Shanghai. We left on
a shuddering turboprop filled with a con-
vention of Americans from the Midwest, and
en route we prayed for survival. We did, of
course, touch down, only to find that our
troubles had barely begun.
We had planned a series of meetings with
the Nature Journal staff, Shanghai Univer-
sity professors interested in EHF, and faculty
at the Science and Technology Association.
But when we got to our hotel, we learned
that the meetings had been canceled.
While we were in Xian, it seems, Yu Guang
Yuan, vice-chairman of the Chinese Acad-
emy of Sciences and vice-director of the In-
stitute of Marxism, Leninism, and Thoughts
of Mao Tse-tung, had attacked parapsy-
chology in the press. Writing in the People's
Daily, he denounced EHF research as "non-
sense and superstition." His article specifi-
cally criticized He Chongyan, publisher of
Nature Journal and one of Mar's main con-
tacts in China. Moreover, he organized a
committee called the EHF Investigation and
Liaison Unit. Its purpose: to expose decep-
tion in claims of the paranormal.
With the purge of the Cultural Revolution
fresh in everyone's mind, EHF researchers
felt compelled to fade into the woodwork.
Nonetheless, some of the more enthusiastic
made quiet visits to our hotel. Of specific
interest were the claims of a husband-and-
wife team named Zhu Romlong and Zhu Yi-
yi, both of Nature Journal. They said that
children with EHF emitted infrared radiation,
unusual brain waves, and magnetic signals.
These same children reported a flashing of
the target image on the forehead before it
hit. The Zhus also told us about a four-and-
a-half-year-old who could solve complex
math problems but only when his father was
in the room. And they mentioned another
young boy who "peered" inside the womb
of a pregnant woman, only to announce that
the fetus had no head. According to the Zhus,
that diagnosis proved correct.
These incredible tales went on and on, until
I realized that the Zhus had little scientific or
conceptual sophistication. That evening,
nonetheless, we all went to the Zhus EHF
demonstration. There I found four young sa-
vants, three girls and one boy, primly seated
on a sofa. Once again, their goal was to read
their armpits. For the
Bided messages with the1
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CONTINUED ON PAGE 78

Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-007928000300420017hildren to the
. from many laboratories stead-
: Margulis's idoas. she began
· vindication. receiving plaudits
wading scientists as Lewis
volutionist Stephen Jay Gould.
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tem."
cell-symbiosis theory seems to
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the research "establishment." It's
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at it gets Pollyannaish," she says.
in versus cooperation-these
social meaning. But it's not really
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nadequate to describe the ge-
bolic, and behavioral interactions
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and son Dorion have written a
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Joks). "By survival of the fittest,"
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leave more offspring. The fat
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ian the childless aunt, no matter
otherwise socially powerful the
be. Whether each indulges in
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fecund in evolution, and compe-
always the name of the game."
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gulis regards as "fittest" is per-
animals and plants, and the planet
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PSYCHIC
COLTPUF OTROV PAGE 66
first time in two weeks. I saw these children
score several hits But with Mrs Zhu some-
times blocking our view of them, these fidg-
eting youngsters had ample opportunity to
cheat Moreover, one girl given a specially
sealed container prepared by us returned it
with the seal undone.
As the trip drew to an end, those in our
group agreed that we had seen no convinc-
ing evidence of EHF. When we confronted
our Chinese colleagues with these findings,
they insisted that we were basing our judg-
ment on mere demonstrations as opposed
to valid laboratory experiments. Of course,
children under pressure could cheat some-
times, they claimed. But that did not mean
that all children cheated all the time. "Our
new research aborts the possibility of trick-
ery." He Chongyan told us. "It concentrates
on mechanisms and explanations."
We 'replied that until we could replicate
these experiments in the West. we would
have to give them low evidential weight.
Though much has happened since we left
China. that is still where we stand.
On February 24, 1982. China's Academy
of Sciences sponsored a public hearing on
EHF Reported cases were analyzed, and in
an extensive review. experts concluded that
the great majority of them were unfounded.
The following day. People's Daily summa-
rized the criticisms and reviewed the past
several years of reports. It too concluded
that there was no evidence for the claims.
Though the attempt to discredit EHF has
been partially successful. matters remain far
from resolved. As China's official English-
language publication. China Reconstructs,
put it, "The debate goes on. and experimen-
tation continues regarding what has be-
come a highly emotional issue."
Soon after the Chinese Academy of Sci-
ences issued its decree, for instance, Chen
Hsin, vice-director of the Institute of Aero-
space Medico-Engineering, and Mei Lei,
vice-director of the Space Life-Science
Commission, attended a joint meeting of the
Parapsychological Association and the So-
ciety for Psychical Research, in Cambridge,
England. There they described their interest
in using EHF for communication in space and
told us that qigong was now part of their as-
tronauts' training program. They also out-
lined the current state of Chinese parapsy-
chological experimentation, claiming ex-
traordinary controls against fraud.
"Under strictly controlled experimental
conditions," they said, "the authenticity of
recognizing characters with the ears was
verified. The rate of absolutely correct iden-
tifications was greater than eighty percent."
These claims so far exceed those of most
Western parapsychologists that even those
who have little doubt about the existence of
ESP and psychokinesis say the reports seem
too good to be true. Psychologist John Be-
loff, a past president of the Parapsycholog-
West for testing.
Thus far, that has not happened. Accord-
ing to Paul Dong, author of The Four Major
Mysteries of Mainland China, the Commu-
nist party. angered by the constant wran-
gles, ordered parapsychologists to conduct
their research quietly. They wanted no pa-
pers, no TV shows, and no more fights.
Still, the rumors persist. Dong's sources
say that thousands of psychic children have
recently come out of the woodwork. And
these newly discovered children, no longer
content just to read messages with their
armpits, now congregate in groups, where
leaders help them use qi to break boards.
According to a newspaper report from late
1984, Dr. Lin Hosheng, of Shanghai's Insti-
tute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, can al-
legedly use qi energy to move a ball and
make a man whirl back and forth.
Whether EHF is real or whether we are wit-
nessing an extraordinary episode in collec-
tive error, sociologists of science have much
to learn from these remarkable events.
If EHF turns out to be a reality, the obvious
question will be why it took so long for sci-
entists to become convinced. One answer
might come from my colleague Ron Wes-
trum, a sociologist of science at Eastern
Michigan University. Westrum has spent
years studying what he calls hidden events ---
phenomena once denied by orthodox sci-
ence but today accepted as real. As late as
the nineteenth century, for instance, scien-
tists vehemently declared that meteorites
could not have originated in space. Today
we know that they do. It is possible that EHF
falls into a similar category.
It is, of course, far more likely that EHF will
be rejected, forcing us to ask why so many
scientists currently accept it as valid. One
reason may be that Chinese science is a rel-
atively closed system, isolated from the rest
of the world by a language barrier and ide-
ological pressures. As psychologist Irving
Janis points out in Victims of Groupthink: The
Psychological Study of Foreign Policy De-
cisions and Fiascoes, closed systems and
strong ties between people tend to produce
and to maintain conformity. Given China's in-
sulation from the West, its ancient intellec-
tual traditions, and its dependence on key
scientific leaders like Qian, the EHF phe-
nomenon seems understandable. But as in-
teraction between China and the West in-
creases, more critical appraisal may be given
to the EHF studies now available.
Most philosophers of science would agree
that there is no sharp line separating sci-
ence from pseudoscience. The reality of EHF
may be highly improbable, but science can-
not tell us that it is absolutely impossible. As
Carl Sagan says, the best antidote for pseu-
doscience is more and better science. Only
further controlled demonstrations will dem-
onstrate whether EHF is real or nonsense. If
EHF is valid after all, the payoff would be
immense. As professor Dong Taihe, of Zhe-
jiang University, observes, "A whole new
branch of science could just be waiting to
.
Approved For Release 2000908/CARD96-0079202001-1
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