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PSI RESEARCH
An East -West Journal on
Parapsychology, Psychotronics
and Psychobiophysics
VOLINO
December
1982
дослідження nC BADANIAN
WINVESTIGACIONES Y WYZKUM
PSI TUTKIMUSZPSI FORSKNING!
WEPENA ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПСИ.
PSI FORSCHUNG PSI PESQUISAS
PSI RICERCA PSI:2 9704 109
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INVESTIGATIONS INTO "EXTRAORDINARY
HUMAN BODY FUNCTION" IN CHINA
Information about studies of psychic func-
tioning in China have been previously published in
Psi Research.
We continue this discussion by
publishing materials presented at the Invited
Speakers from the People's Republic of China
session of the Society for Psychical Research/
Parapsychological Association Conference which was
held at Trinity College, Cambridge, England,
August 16-20, 1982. Although some points of these
materials have been discussed our earlier
publications, we wish to provide our readers with
yet a more detailed overview. - Ed.
1
Report on Investigations into "Extraordinary Human
Body Function" in the People's Republic of China
H. E. Puthoff, PhD
Radio Physics Laboratory
SRI International
Menlo Park, California
Although interest in exceptional human functioning has
historically been part of China's tradition, recent
widespread interest was triggered by a report in the March
11, 1979, Sichuan Daily. In that report it was claimed that
a young boy, 12-year old Tang Yu, was able to read written
material placed in physical contact with his ears. Although
this claim was soon being criticized as unscientific in,
e.g., The People's Daily in May, 1979, reports began to
surface from all over China that children elsewhere were
duplicating this feat.
1
These reports caught the attention of scientists, many
of whom assumed that some form of rudimentary biological
function was at cause, since the early reports typically
involved "reading" through the skin. Thus the initial
approach to the phenomenon appears to parallel in many
respects the earlier work of Jules Romains on "eyeless
sight" [1] and similar Soviet investigations into so-called
"dermo-optic perception" [2]. From this beginning, such
functioning in China goes under a rubric which translates as
Extraordinary Human Body Function (EHBF); this phrase has
now been broadened to include the entire range of phenomena
that in the West are called "psi," since it was not long
before the reading of Chinese characters, numbers, etc.,
extended to experiments involving non-contact forms of the
phenomena (e.g., use of sealed containers, long distances,
etc.).
As a result of growing scientific interest, in February
1980 a conference on parapsychology was held in Shanghai,
sponsored by one of China's major monthly scientific
journals, Nature (Ziran Zazhi). Participants from over 20
colleges and research institutes were in attendance, along
with 14 children purported to possess EHBF skills, which
they demonstrated at the conference. As a result of these
demonstrations a number of observers returned to their
institutes to set up research programs, and rigorous
investigations began in earnest. These efforts led to a
second conference on the subject in May 1981, held in
Chongqing, and a continuing series of papers published in
Ziran Zazhi, some of which have been translated and are
available in English [3,4].
As in the West, such research activities, conferences
and reports are not without controversy. Some criticism of
methodology and reporting has appeared in the literature
[5], and in October 1981 the State Science Commission set up
a special group to study the phenomena, some of whose
reports have cited cases in which the possibility of
deception could not be ruled out. Nonetheless, vigorous
research efforts are continuing in a number of university
and research institutes, and a National Society of Human
Body Science is in the process of being formed.
October of 1981 was also the month in which a group of
American and Canadian scientists, physicians and educators,
including the author, had an opportunity to visit the
People's Republic of China, specifically for the purpose of
meeting with Chinese researchers working in the EHBF area.
The tour, organized by Dr. Stanley Krippner, took us to the
cities of Beijing (Peking), Xian and Shanghai, where we met
some of the "EHBF children," and talked to a number of
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investigators working with them.
During our visit, five
formal technical meetings were held with the scientists,
physicians, and journal editors working in the field.
The
first was at the Friendship Hotel in Beijing; the second at
the Beijing Medical College; the third, at Beijing Univer-
sity; the fourth at the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Institute of High Energy Physics in Beijing; and the fifth
at the Yanan Hotel in Shanghai with the editors and staff of
Nature.
Our first discussions, held at the Friendship Hotel in
Beijing, brought us together with researchers and educators
from the following institutions:
(1) Beijing University physicists and biologists
(2) Institute of High Energy Physics (Ch. Acad. Sci.)
(3) Institute of Biophysics (Ch. Acad. Sci.)
(4) Institute of Automation (Ch. Acad. Sci.)
(5) Beijing Astronomical Observatory (Ch. Acad. Sci.)
(6) Institute of Semiconductors (Ch. Acad. Sci.)
(7) Institute of Physics (Ch. Acad. Sci.)
(8) Physics Dept. of Beijing Teachers' College
(9) Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing
This was followed by visits to Beijing Medical College,
Beijing University, and the Chinese Academy of Science's
Institute of High Energy Physics. It was at this latter
institute that we had our first opportunity for somewhat in-
depth discussions of specific experiments.
Their basic experiment, apparently replicated many
times under widely varying conditions, consisted of the
remote viewing of Chinese characters or numbers sealed in an
opaque bakelite container, inside of which was also some
form of detector to register possible physical effects
associated with the perceptions. The detectors used in this
format included X-ray, nuclear emulsion and photographic
films, photoelectric tubes, thermoluminescent dosimeters,
and biological detectors. The claim made (supported by raw
data materials shown us, a motion picture film of the
experiments, and published papers) was that physical effects
were registered during perception, and absent in the absence
of perception. These included fogging of the film, and
!
pulses on electrical output devices of the various
detectors. The individuals carrying out the experiments
were physicists, well respected in their own fields, using
standard techniques and procedures familiar to them, as far
as apparatus and analysis are concerned. It also appears
that their work has some degree of official sanction, in
that work in this area is considered part of their official
work schedule, and in our visit we were cordially received
by two of the Institute's Deputy Directors. These factors
lend de facto credibility to their claims.
Later in the trip we met at length over a two-day
period with the staff and Editor-in-Chief (Mr. He Chongyin)
of Nature journal (Ziran Zazhi), and from him obtained an
overview of the experimentation, results, conferences, and
publication of the Chinese efforts.
It is impossible, of course, for one to evaluate
accurately a nation's progress in the scientific study of
exceptional human functioning on the basis of a visit of
less than two weeks, and the exchange of a few publications.
As in the West, the study of exceptional human functioning
is an endeavor which has provided many questions and few
answers. Since this type of research continues to be in a
state of flux throughout the world, one can say, however,
that it represents an area where China has the opportunity
to make important contributions. Those of us who visited
China were particularly impressed by their scientists'
efforts to correlate research findings with their ancient
and distinctively national Chinese concepts (especially
those of their non-Western medical traditions) on the one
hand, and the contemporary perspective of modern science on
the other hand. A well-known example is the search for
electrophysiological correlates of acupuncture points and
meridians; less well known (in the West) are the Chinese
studies on the possible relationship between EHBF and
Qigong, an ancient discipline, involving movement and deep
breathing, said to promote health and well being. Through
exploring this rich historical tradition scientifically, the
Chinese scientists may well contribute fresh ideas to the
study of exceptional human functioning.
1
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References
1. Romains, Jules.
Eyeless Sight (Secaucus, NJ: Citadel
,
Press, 1978).
2.
Goldberg, I.M.
"On Whether Tactile Sensitivity Can be
Improved by Exercise," Soviet Psychology and Psychiatry,
Vol. 2, No. 1 (Fall 1963).
3. Nature Journal (Selected Articles), Document No. FTD-
ID(RS)T-1766-80, 26 January 1981, Translation Division,
Foreign Technology Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, Ohio 45433.
4. Psi Research, Vol. 1, No. 1 (March 1982), pp. 77-83; Vol.
1, No. 2 (June 1982), pp. 4-25.
5. Shum, J.C. "Reading Without the Eyes - Report from
China," Bull. Brit. Psych. Soc., Vol. 34 (1981), pp. 125-
126.
*
*
Study of the Extraordinary Function
of the Human Body in China
Chen Xin, Mei Lei
Institute of Aerospace Medico-Engineering
Beijing, China
On March 11, 1979, it was reported for the first time
in Sichuan Ribao that a 12-year-old boy, Tang Yu, in Dazu
County, Sichuan Province, had been discovered to be able to
"recognize the characters (Chinese ideograms) with his
ears." This evoked strong repercussions at home and abroad.
Subsequently, more than ten teenagers who also had this kind
of function were discovered one after another in Beijing,
Anhui, Hubei and other places. In September, 1979, Nature
Journal (Ziran Zazhi) carried a report on "Non-visual
Pattern Recognition," written by a correspondent of the
journal on the basis of his personal observations. In this
article it was confirmed that the exceptional function of
the human body, or, as it was depicted in the newspapers,
"recognizing characters with the ears," actually existed and
is worth studying. The Journal then, in its Nos. 10-12
. .
issues, carried in succession other experimental observa-
tions [1-4] by scientists of Beijing University, Anhui
Teachers University and other units, which verified the
authenticity of the function.
In February 1980, in Shanghai, the Nature Journal
editorial department presided over the First Science
Symposium on the Extraordinary Function of the Human Body,"
attended by representatives from eight provinces and three
municipalities. After this the various exceptional
functions of the human body, including "recognizing
characters with the ears," became generally known as the
"extraordinary function of the human body," which is now the
general term being used in the Chinese literature.
With the impetus of the symposium, the research work
has developed further in various places, and in May 1981 the
"Second Science Symposium on the Extraordinary Function of
the Human Body" was held in Chongqing. Some famous
scientists submitted their papers [5] and many others read
their research reports at the symposium. Diverse thoughts
from different schools were incorporated, but no conclusion
was drawn at the symposium. Prior to the conclusion of the
symposium the Preparatory Committee of the Chinese Human
Body Science Institute was established after deliberation
and consultation. Afterward, in January 1982 the prepara-
tory committee convened a special discussion in physics.
The China Encyclopedic Almanac of 1981, published by
the China Great Encyclopedia Press, has the vocabulary entry
"extraordinary function of the human body" in its column on
science and technology, which introduces the development of
the study of the extraordinary function of the human body in
China [6], and also points out that "there are still some
people holding skeptical attitudes with respect to the
authenticity of the extraordinary function of the human
body."
The Chinese scientists have carried out experimental
studies on the following aspects during the past three
years:
Under strictly controlled experimental conditions, the
authenticity of the special inductive function of the human
body, such as "recognizing characters with the ears" was
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verified. In order to rule out possible artifacts as well
as false results, and to ensure the level of scientific
rigor while continually improving the experimental methods,
the tests have been designed in keeping with the following
requirements:
(1) A specimen ("target" for recognition and its
package) has to possess certain character-
istics of "uniqueness" to ensure that it not
be duplicated and exchanged in designed
experimental conditions.
(2) The "target" for recognition has to be sealed
in "opaque" and "irreversible" forms, so
that, under the designed experimental condi-
tions, if the package is opened it will be
destroyed and cannot be completely restored;
if it is not opened, the "target" in it
cannot be recognized with ordinary sight.
(3)
Both the experimenters and the subject should
be unaware of the content of the "target" to
ensure "double blind" conditions and to avoid
hints (cues).
(4)
Reliable on-the-spot observation by more than
one person and/ or by a video recorder, the
latter of which can be replayed for
examination.
(5) The possibility of "guess by chance" should
be ruled out statistically from the experi-
mental results; in other words, the results
should have "statistical significance."
Under these experimental conditions, some subjects
whose functions were stronger were tested with dozens of
specimens.
The rate of absolutely correct identification
was more than 80 percent [1,7], which indicated that one of
the special inductive functions, the so called "recognizing
characters with the ears," existed objectively.
Scientists in Beijing University further found in ex-
periments that among over 70 children, approximately 10 old,
there was a considerable proportion of subjects who had the
special inductive function of "recognizing characters with
the ears" [8,9]. They concluded that this kind of function
may be a general phenomenon to a certain extent among child-
ren in the relevant age group, and inferred that this func-
tion was probably a potential physiological function of the
human body. The "universality" discovered thus far also
verified the authenticity of the extraordinary function of
the human body and provided more subjects for research.
Our experimental results indicated that although the
subjects who had the extraordinary function were not rare,
there were few who had a strong stable function over the
long term. In some conditions, the experimental results
could be reproduced, but they were not as repeatable on
demand as in ordinary physical and chemical experimentation.
They often showed apparent individual differences, and an
vacillating "instability" in the case of one subject.
As some researchers reported, apart from "recognizing
characters with the ears," the human body may possess many
other extraordinary functions. The researchers have
searched after and observed such functions as psychokinesis,
teleportation and so forth. Recording the equivalence-time
curve of moving the hands of a watch by the extraordinary
function of the human body, and observing the possibility of
transferring a specimen out of a container from a hole
smaller than the specimen itself by this kind of function
are two examples.
Some researchers have also carried out experimental
investigations to determine the mechanism of the human body
extraordinary function. The main efforts in this respect
include the study of special properties of the information
carrier and human body radiation.
The "target" was
initially sealed into a container which was made of
different materials and in which there were different sized
slits. Tests were then carried out so as to discover the
effect of differences in shielding materials and the size of
slits on the test results, thereby distinguishing some
special properties of the information carrier. On the other
hand, the human body radiation of a subject in an
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extraordinary functional state was tested by the use of
modern technology. The published papers on this subject
include the effect of human body radiation on biodetectors
and photon counters [12,13] and on some photosensitive
detectors [14], as well as the determination of the magnetic
field distribution over an individual subject's body surface
[ 15].
Experiments were also conducted involving individuals
with extraordinary functions being irradiated on the ears,
hands and other sites with weak monochromatic light from a
spectrometer. They confirmed that in these sites there
existed an ability to perceive and distinguish the color of
visible light [16], and that persons who have extraordinary
functions could perceive near-infrared light [ 17].
Experiments also confirmed that such persons could
distinguish the north pole from the south pole of a magnet
[15] and could tell north from south by their extraordinary
functions [18,19]. Some researchers have also carried out
experiments to investigate the image transfer function under
bright-contrast stimulus conditions [20], the perceptibility
of an optical image in space [21], and the sensitivity to
different light waves [22].
1
Published studies of the property of information
processing and display [23-27] have shown that during the
process of recognizing targets by means of the special
inductive function of the human body the following
characteristics of perception are experienced by the
subjects: unfolding, enlarging, recognizing layer by layer,
selecting by contrast, displaying step by step, and
adjusting directions automatically.
We consider, however, that experimental studies on the
extraordinary function mechanism are preliminary, and that
they need further replication and deepening. On the basis
of the experimental investigations, some researchers in
China have made preliminary inquiries into the extraordinary
function mechanism of the human body from a theoretical
standpoint.
Information concerning extraordinary function of the
human body as recorded in the ancient Chinese literature is
now beginning to be collected for evaluation [28].
In
China, research on the extraordinary function of the human
body has already attracted the interest of many scientists
specializing in biology, physics, psychology, etc. Special
attention, dynamic support, and specific direction have also
been gained from certain famous scientists. Professor Qian
Xuesen published special papers [5,29] covering the
relationship between the extraordinary function of the human
body, qigong, and Chinese traditional medicine, and
emphasized the importance of developing the potential
capacity of the human being and exploring and developing a
fundamental discipline of human body science. In his
"Fundamental Research for Developing the Human Body Science"
he pointed out that Chinese traditional medical theory,
qigong, and extraordinary function as centered around the
qigong state are keys to research in the human body
sciences, which include the basic principles of extra-
ordinary human body function. Based on systems sciences, he
also proposed the theory of functional states of the human
body. These theoretical viewpoints have been playing an
important directive role in launching fundamental research
in the human body sciences.
We consider that, in the future study of extraordinary
functions of the human body in China, special attention
should be paid to the integration of the cream of Chinese
traditional culture with the principles of modern science
and technology, and the integration of qigong and Chinese
traditional medical theory with the research of extra-
ordinary function. This approach will bring the research
work on the human body function into the orbit of modern
science and technology.
Research into extraordinary functions of the human body
is of great importance, both theoretically and practically.
We firmly believe that there is nothing that cannot be
understood in the world; there are only things that have not
yet been understood. We are full of confidence as to the
prospect of the study of the extraordinary function of the
human body in China.
References
1. Shouliang, Chen, & Muyan, He. [ Beijing University]
"Findings Concerning One Type of Extraordinary Function
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of the Body: Part One," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 2 (1979), p.
715.
2. Xinfang, Xu, et al. [Anhui Teacher's Normal University]
"Observations Concerning the Ear's Ability to Recognize
Characters and Distinguish Colors," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 2
(1979), p. 716.
3. Dahua, He, et al. [Combined Investigation Group of Tazi
County, Sichuan Province] "Observations Concerning Tang
Yu's Ability to Distinguish Colors and Recognize Charac-
ters with the Ear," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 2 (1979), p. 780.
4. Shoullang, Chen, et al. "The Decline and Restoration of
Jiang Yan's Extraordinary Body Function," Ziran Zazhi,
Vol. 2 (1979), p. 781.
5. Xuesen, Qian. "Fundamental Research for Developing the
Human Body Science," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 4, No. 7 (July
1981), p. 483.
6. Chongyin, He. "Extraordinary Function of the Human Body,"
China Encyclopedic Almanac, China Great Encyclopedia
Press, 1981.
7. Combined Experimentation Group on Extraordinary Function
of the Human Body. Combined Experiment Report Concerning
the Validity of Certain Extraordinary Functions of the
Human Body, 1982 [ in press].
8. Shouliang, Chen, et al. "The Question of the Prevalence
of Extraordinary Human Body Functions," Ziran Zazhi, Vol.
3 (1980), p. 334.
9. Muyan, He, at al. "Further Discussion on the Question of
the Prevalence of Extraordinary Human Body Functions,"
Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 3 (1980), p. 683.
10. Study Group of Yunnan University on Extraordinary Human
Body Function. "Initial Experiments of the Mechanics
Effects of Extraordinary Human Body Function," Ziran
Zazhi, Vol. 4, No. 5 (May 1981), p. 348.
.
11. Shuhuang, Lin; Zhongqi, Zhang, et al. [Beijing Teacher's
Normal College] "Some Laboratory Tests of the Extra-
ordinary Human Body Function of Moving Objects," Ziran
Zazhi, Vol. 4 (1981), p. 652.
12. Yonjie, Zhao; Hongzhang, Xu; Jing, Shen; & Aihua, Liu.
[ High Energy Physics Institute of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences] "Biodetector Experiments on Human Body Radia-
tion Physics," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 4, No. 8 (August 1981),
p. 602 [English Translation in: Psi Research, Vol. 1, No.
1 (March 1982), pp. 77-83].
13. Yongjie, Zhao, et al. "Using the Quantum Number System
to Capture the `Fagong' radiation of Qigong and Extra-
ordinary Functions," Electronics Science and Technology,
No. 7 (1981), p. 6.
14. Tianmin, Zheng; Nianlin, Zhu; Xin, Luo [Yunnan Univer-
sity]; Hongyi, Li [ Wuhan University], et al. "Unusual
Phenomena of Extraordinary Human Body Function upon
Photosensitive Detectors," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 4, No. 8
(August 1981), p. 563.
15. Shuhuang, Lin, et al. "Magnetism and Extraordinary
Function of the Human Body," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 4, No. 2
(February 1981), p. 114.
16. Shenli, Wang, et al. [Shanghai Institute for Laser
Technology] "Laboratory Tests on the Non-Visual Recogni-
tion of the Color Spectrum," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 3, No. 5
(May 1980), p. 336.
17. Xiaoren, Fang; Yicheng, Liu, et al. [Physics Institute
of the Chinese Academy of Sciences] "The Initial Determi-
nation of Extraordinary Human Body Function Subjects in
Regard to Their Ability to Perceive Non-Visible Light,"
Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 4 (1981), p. 895.
18. Zuqi, Zhang, et al. [Beijing University] "One Example of
the Extraordinary Human Body Function of Direction Recog-
nition," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 3 (1980), p. 741.
19. Zuqi, Zhang, et al. "One Example of the Extraordinary
Human Body Function of Direction Recognition," Ziran
Zazhi, Vol. 4 (April 1981), p. 292.
20. Jianhua, Yang. [ Biophysics Institute of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences] "The Study of the Special Charac-
teristics of the Body's Perception of Light at Specific
Transmission Intensities," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 4 (1981), p.
897.
21. Yicheng, Liu, et al. "Initial Observations on the
Ability to Perceive Special Optical Phenomena with Non-
Visual Seeing," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 4 (1981), p. 900.
22. ,Yuzhi, Zhang [Biophysics Institute], et al. "Response
Sensitivity of the Human Body's Non-Visual Seeing to Four
Different Wavelengths of Light," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 5
(1982), p. 104.
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23. Chu, Wang, et al. [Beijing University] "The Process of
Unscrambling Patterns," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 3 (1980), p.
438.
24. Yi, Chen, et al. [Changchun College for Traditional
Chinese Medicine] "Results of Initial Laboratory Tests on
the Ability of the Human Body to Enlarge Objects," Ziran
Zazhi, Vol. 4 (1981), p. 185.
25. Linger, Luo, et al. [Beijing University] "The Process of
Distinguishing Multi-layered Overlapping Objects with
Extraordinary Human Body Function," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 4
(April 1981), p. 291.
26. Shaoyuan, Shao, et al. [Beijing University] "The Process
of Unscrambling for Recognition by Extraordinary Human
Body Function of Patterns on Folded and Rolled Paper,"
Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 5 (1982), p. 274.
27. Ziquan, Ye. [Biophysics Institute of the Chinese Academy
of Sciences] "The Human Body's Recognition of Non-Visible
Patterns," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 5 (1982), p. 276.
28. Taoqiu, Chen. [No. Six Factory for Radio Electronics,
Liaoyuan City] "Verification and Exploration of Remote
Mind-Reading," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 4 (1981), p. 756.
29. Xuesen, Qian. "System Science, Neuro Science, Human Body
Science," Ziran Zazhi, Vol. 4, No. 1 (January 1981), p.
3.
Institute of Space Medico-Engineering
P.O. Box 5104
Beijing, China
*
*
An Approach to Psi Radiation Signals
Xu Hongzhang, Zhao Yonjie
Institute of High Energy Physics
Beijing, China
The interaction or correlation between mind and body
has puzzled scientists for a long time. As far as the so-
called psi processes are concerned, this problem becomes
even more profound. Many subjective approaches have been
proposed in the histories of civilized nations, especially
in that of the ancient Chinese. However, such approaches
seem to be incompatible with the framework of Western
science after its Renaissance at the time of Galileo.
In recent years, we have had an excellent opportunity
to re-examine this problem scientifically.
The main
interest of the Psi-Physics Group at the Institute of High
Energy Physics is focused on whether there are any known or
unknown radiation signals associated with psi processes,
and, if there are, how to probe and understand them.
According to the ancient Chinese view:
""All forms of
matter in the universe bathe one another with information,"
and the dynamic patterns of their movements and changes give
rise to certain structures, as stated in the I Ching. There
were many penetrating and brilliant claims with regard to
psi in the ancient Chinese books. To cite a few here, Lao
Tzu: "Penetrating the void, extremely, keeping still
firmly, then everything will operate, and I can see all
aspects of a thing;" Kangcang Tzu: "When the body matches
the mind, and the mind matches the Chi (or Qi), . . . I can
see remote targets as if they were under my nose . . . ";
Chang Tzu had similar words: "Keeping in one-will, one can
hear not with the ears but with the mind; in fact, not with
the mind but with the Chi." The ancient Chinese view was
one of the most beautiful models of an integral, hologramic
and dynamic universe in ancient civilization, and one in
which the conception of Chi played a very important role.
The Chi is considered today somewhat like radiation in
modern physics, but there is a difference in that the Chi
concept emphasizes not only an energy aspect, but also an
information aspect. Thus it is emphasized that Chi makes it
possible for separated bodies to transmit information as
well as energy to one another.
Modern physics has proven that all objects in the
universe can emit radiation. Radiation phenomena associated
with non-living objects in the field of nuclear and
elementary particle physics have been intensely investigated
and are still undergoing deeper study. But what about
living objects?
Because the spontaneous radiation
associated with living objects is very weak and intricate in
their normal state, this subject has escaped physicists'
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attention for many years.
However, such radiation has been
observed in our laboratories to be rather strong as psi
processes occurred.
For some time abnormal physical and
biological disturbances have been registered on a repetitive
basis. Results obtained with the use of real-time systems
and various targets under different conditions indicated
that radiation signals may be correlated with psi process.
We have tested for psi effects with various ionization and
non-ionization detectors and found that films (X-ray,
nuclear emulsion, and photographic film), thermoluminescence
dosimeters, photomultiplier tubes and the like, and some
biological material detectors (e.g., a live plant leaf) are
apparently the most effective in the capture of psi
radiation signals.
Data obtained in our experiments are stimulating, and
provide information relevant to the following problem areas:
(1) The possibility (and necessity) for psi detection.
(2) The probability of psi events and their detection.
(3) Multifunctioning of psi and the multieffects of
its detection.
(4) The role of the observer.
(5) Target design.
(6) Psi radiation signal characteristics so far
observed:
(a)
Transient and impulsive, with observable rise
time and decay constants, high slew rate and
a broad frequency range.
(b)
Multivarious responses.
(c)
Non-locality or super-penetrating.
(d)
Strong "specks" and psi nuclei (i.e., con-
centrations).
(e)
Spatial focus effect.
(f)
Self-organization.
(7) Compatibility of detection techniques between psi
research and high-energy physics.
(8) A more comprehensive psi spectrometer system,
establishing psi radiation signal waveforms.
Although we do not as yet have any essential
understanding about psi phenomena, continuous investigative
efforts are obviously necessary.
Psi
phenomena are
widespread in the living world.
From the standpoint of
physics, living systems are quite unusual systems, and the
radiation associated with life processes might itself also
be quite unusual.
This point of view is confirmed in our
own experiments.
The characteristics of psi radiation
signals observed in our laboratories are quite different
from any other known physical radiation from non-living
systems.
We now prefer to consider this kind of radiation
as a new type of radiation unspecified before.
Our era is an era of exploration; many interesting and
fundamental discoveries have broadened our scientific
horizon. Psi research will probably not only introduce us
to a new channel for information and energy transfer, but
will also make a contribution to some fundamental problems
in quantum and modern communication theories. For example,
the role of the observer in quantum mechanics has been a
recurrent theme for many years, wherein microscopic events
are no longer independent of the experimental device and
observer. Very parallel conditions have been encountered
today with psi events. Is the role of the observer an
essential one in nature? Can we put forward a second
Uncertainty Principle for psi events at the intermediate or
macroscopic level? Can one write R x P = C, where R is the
degree of rigor of the observer system, P is the probability
of occurrence of a psi event, and C is a constant of nature?
These questions can only be answered through further
experiments designed with great precision and sophistica-
tion, as well as through the use of comprehensive and
rigorous mathematical concepts to be developed for
describing complex events.
As the SPR enters its second century, let us say
something more. The history of the successful development
of physics for nearly 400 years has shown that the
experimental method is a successful method in science. We
are convinced that psi research will establish its own
experimental methodology in the not too distant future.
With the aid of experimental methods and theoretical
considerations developed in modern physics and electronics,
one can probe psi processes more deeply.
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International Interaction and cooperation in this field
are especially important. When ancient civilization is
properly interfaced with modern technology, when the Eastern
cultural tradition is closely integrated with Western
scientific thought, a truly golden time of science will be
here, the brilliance of which will be more glorious than its
first Renaissance period.
*
*
ENBF Radiation:
Special Features of the Time Response
Zhao Yonjie and Xu Hongzhang
Institute of High Energy Physics
Beijing, China
In early experiments we used standard nuclear emulsion
film techniques to measure radiation associated with
exceptional human body function (EHBF). Results showed that
under certain special conditions of exceptional functioning,
individuals emit some type of radiation which registers on
film as would light.
To follow up these results we carried out further
experimentation using a photomultiplier tube measurement
system as a detector of EHBF radiation.
In this work,
signals were detected in measurements monitoring individuals
with special skills. The following is a summary of these
measurements.
For the first series of measurements we used a system
for which the background count rate was about 100 counts per
6-sec interval.
During experiments to measure EHBF
radiation, peak count rates reached approximately 10- counts
per 6-sec interval, an increase of 2 to 3 orders of
magnitude relative to the background. The accompanying
figure (Fig. 1) is of the output of a standard multichannel
analyzer.
With the scale set to observe count rates
associated with EHBF radiation, the background count rate
does not show in this figure because of its small magnitude.
Over the period during which we measured EHBF radiation
many times, we discovered that the radiation appeared in the
form of pulses of extremely short duration.
In order to
improve the accuracy of our measurements of EHBF radiation,
we then assembled the following system.
PHOTOMULTIPLIER
TUBE
AMPLIFIER
DISCRIMINATOR
PINSE
SILAPING
CIRCUIT
SAMPLING
CIRCUIT
MICROPROCESSOR
In this configuration, EHBF radiation detected by the
photomultiplier tube is sampled at a 1 millisecond rate.
The output of the sampling circuit is fed into a
microprocessor, which processes the data and thus acts as a
radiation monitor. Using this particular system to study
EHBF radiation, we are able to study such radiation in the
time domain.
When one examines sequences of millisecond intervals
during which EHBF radiation is detected, one observes three
kinds of typical behavior:
(1) 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 14, 0, 3, 12, 62, 1, 1, 0, 2
(2) 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 82, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1
(3) 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 13, 98, 45, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0
The above sequences were obtained during efforts of a
little girl to recognize hidden words sealed in an opaque
enclosure containing the photomultiplier tube. The changes
occurred during the time she recognized a word correctly.
For comparison, the background count rate typically does not
exceed 4 counts per millisecond interval.
The above results indicate that EHBF radiation occurs
during time intervals of only a few milliseconds, and in
some cases may occur as pulses of less than 1 msec duration.
In other words, whenever radiation appears, the appearance
is very short, and the transient change is extreme [ emphasis
added - Ed.].
Although in our experiment it would appear that we have
measured light, this does not necessarily mean that EHBF
radiation is in the form of light. All we can say is that
in this test we have obtained the particular effect
described. Since the enclosure containing a word to be
recognized is opaque to light, one possibility is that the
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EHBF radiation signal has the special property of being able
to penetrate the shielding material, whereupon the radiation
interacts with other material within the enclosure to
produce light. This signal is then registered, and it is
the measurement of the light signal which reveals the
temporal characteristics of the EHBF radiation. Therefore,
the actual carrier mechanism involved in EHBF radiation is
still an open question that requires further study.
COUNTIRATE DISTRIBUTION
COUNT-RATE AMPLITUDE
Fig. 1. Multichannel analyzer output
DECIPHERING THE NERVE CODE OF HUMAN
MENTAL ACTIVITY: SOVIET RESEARCH
Dr. Alexander Kaplunovsky
Kfar Saba, Israel
The article presented below is translated
from Tainovedenie (No. 2, 1982), an Israeli
magazine in Russian published by Avraham Shifrin
and a group of emigrants from the USSR. Though it
is not directly connected with studies of psi, we
feel that it might be of interest to our readers.
· Ed.
In the middle of the 1970's researchers in the Soviet
Union had come very close to solving the problem of
deciphering the nerve code of human mental activity.
Conducting research in this area became possible after the
implanting of multiple long-term electrodes came into
clinical practice. The theoretical purpose of the research
was the study of the neurophysiological coding and decoding
of the brain's structural and functional organization in
response to psychological tests on short and long-term
memory.
The practical goals of the research were:
I. A more precise formulation of clinical diagnosis of
cerebral lesions and a better choice of optimal methods of
treatment.
2.
The development of methods for selecting the
optimal locations in the brain for treatment and regulation
by electrostimulation.
3. Controlling memory processes.
4. Deciphering a subject's mental activity on the basis
of the statistical processing of the activity of neuron
populations in deep brain structures.
I was a direct participant in researching this topic,
first as a volunteer student (1965-1970) and later (1970-
1975) as a research associate at the Department of Human
Neurophysiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
Institute of Experimental Medicine in Leningrad. (The head
of the department and Director of the Institute is
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An East-West Journal on
Parapsychology, Psychotronics
and Psychobiophysics
Vol. 1, No. 1
March 1982
Дослідження псі/BADANIA W/
INVESTIGACIONES/4/VÝZKUM
PSI TUTKIMUS/PSI FORSKNING/
EPEYNA /ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПСИ
/PSI FORSCHUNG/PSI PESQUISAS/
PSI RICERCA/PSI 27/7777 7097

· March 1982
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Ap %
Ap
%
30 100
a
30-
C
80-
20-1
20-
60
3
1
40
-
10
10-
--
20-
1-
--
0
04 824 48 72 96
144
192
0
0 8 12 24 48 72 96
144
EpeMq, 4
30-
b
d
100-
30-2,0-
1
60-
1.6
x -- 2
20
20-
3
60
1,2-
4
-- 5
40
0,8-5
10
10-
.
20-
0,4- 4
-
0
0
812 24 60 72
20
168
time, hours
Fig. 7. The influence of the helio-geomagnetic situation on
the cellular monolayer in conditions of high latitudes.
1 - Ap index (planetary index of geomagnetic disturbance); 2
- K-index in Novosibirsk; 3 - K-index in Norilsk; a and b -
the density of the monolayer growth: 4 - in Novosibirsk, 5 -
in Norilsk; c and d - mitotic activity: 4 - in Novosibirsk,
5 - in Norilsk.
Research demonstrated that during magnetically calm days,
when the Ap was less than 10, and interplanetary magnetic
field polarity was determined as positive (+), the mono-
layers in both Norilsk and Novosibirsk were viable, and
considerable differences in their growth were not recorded.
During days of magnetic disturbance, when the index Ap
increased to 28-36, and changes in interplanetary magnetic
field polarity were observed (+), the growth of the mono-
layer was vigorous in Norilsk; and the mitotic activity of
the monolayer was 2.5 - 3.0 times higher, but its lifetime
became 1/3 shorter, i.e., the monolayer was characterized as
less viable.
BIODETECTOR EXPERIMENTS
ON HUMAN BODY RADIATION PHYSICS
Zhao Yongjie, Xu Hongzhang, Shen Jing, Liu Aihua
Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Institute of High Energy Physics
Beijing, China
(Ziran Zazhi [Nature Magazine], Vol. 4, No. 8, August 1981)
This article demonstrates an interesting
approach to studing exceptional human functioning,
yet unfortunately it lacks some important tech-
nical details and does not offer statistical
evaluation of the obtained results. Nevertheless,
we think it worthwile to present this approach to
our readers, and we will continue the discussion
of these experiments in our next issue - Ed.
1. Studies of the Physical Mechanism of Human Body
Radiation
For the past year we have concentrated our efforts on
developing physical methods for detecting radiation
associated with exceptional human functioning. We have
discovered a detection method that uses nuclear emulsion
film and negative X-ray film. Using this method, we
observed multiple exposures produced by radiation emitted
from persons who were demonstrating exceptional capa-
bilities. Among these exposures were images of written
Chinese characters that were recognized by exceptionally
gifted individuals, as well as traces and special patterns
from objects that were influenced by specially gifted
persons.
In our experiments the radiation emitted by
exceptionally gifted persons was directly detected by a
phototube, while photographic film isolated in a light-proof
box indirectly detected this same radiation. We also used a
biodetector [described below] to successfully record the
radiation of persons with exceptional energies and persons
who have learned to control their muscles and mental
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energies.
The results obtained with these different measuring
devices were positively correlated, in that each time a
character was correctly recognized, a response from the
respective detector was recorded [either the above types of
film were exposed or the biodetector produced an electric
signal]; when the characters were not recognized, there was
no response from either of the detectors. This paper
presents our experiments with the biodetector. We do not,
as yet, know what is the actual carrier of the special-
energy radiation of the human body. There are two views
concerning this problem: One view holds that we are dealing
with with a known, purely physical and chemical phenomenon.
According to the other view, the observed phenomenon is
totally unknown and is not simply physical or chemical;
rather, it is related to an unfamiliar state of matter which
is intimately connected with the phenomenon of life itself.
The radiation emitted by exceptionally gifted persons
possesses strong penetrative power, and can be willfully
controlled, directed, developed, and adapted. It also has
other peculiar properties which cannot be explained by
purely physical terms.
The latter point appears to support, to a certain
extent, the position of those who believe that the observed
phenomenon cannot be explained in known physical terms.
Yet, in order to thoroughly clarify this question, we need
to develop new types of detectors and biodetectors.
Our
experiments represent preliminary steps in this direction.
2. The Basic Structure of the Biodetector
The concept "bio" pertains to a living body. As the
primary sensitive element of the detector, we used a living
system, which was connected to an electrical circuit (Fig.
1). The entire experimental apparatus consisted of the
biodetector, an amplifier, and a recording device.
(1) The biodetector consisted of a fuqianhua [a
floating plant] leaf, a sample box and two detector needles.
Both detector needles were carefully inserted into the
leaf's main vein at a minimum depth.
As soon as the
needle's point was inserted, the attached voltmeter reacted.
If it indicated a reading of from 1 to 4 volts, this meant
the detector was suitable (since the amplifier increased the
voltage by a factor of 10, the potential of both detector
needle points in the leaf surface was from 0.1 to 0.4 volt).
If this reading was not achieved, the position of the
detector needles was considered to be inadequate. The peak
value of background pulsation on the recording apparatus
could not be higher than 0.1 volt. Experience showed that
it was not difficult to find the right needle position. We
used two sharp 0.1 mm copper needles for the detector.
The plant leaf was the key point of the detector
system. For the necessary stability, low inertia, high
sensitivity, fast ascension and reaction time, the fuqianhua
leaf, according to our experience, met the basic
requirements (although the repletion time could have even
been extended somewhat). After the detector needles were
properly inserted, the discernible hieroglyphic images
[Chinese characters] were put into the box, its cover was
closed, and the detector needles were connected with the
amplifier. Thus, the detector was ready for use. The box
cover eliminated much outside electrical noise.
(2) We used an SF-72 data amplifier, manufactured by
the Soochow plant, with a low noise level. Generally, the
amplification multiple of this unit was 10. For the input
procedure we used dual-terminal inputs. Grounding is not
necessary; outside shielding is required.
(3) The X-Y recorder from France was used with an
operating speed of 10 impulses/second [translation unclear -
Ed.] and a sensitivity of 200 mcV per scale division.
3. Test Results
After connecting the apparatus properly and warming the
circuits, we took the leaf off its stem and placed it in the
box. The detector needles were inserted carefully into the
leaf's main vein. The basic requirements were proper
adjustment of the detector and having the hieroglyphic
images ready for each trial.
When an exceptionally gifted
person correctly recognized the hieroglyphic images inside
the box, there was immediately something like a "flash" in
his brain [as described by the gifted individual]. We then
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evaluated the correlation between these tests.
Our experimental apparatus first reacted in March 1980,
while we were testing the little girl, Yen. Due to the
continuous technical improvement of our detector, the
following exceptionally gifted persons were subsequently
tested successfully:
Yu from Hebei province, little Jie
from Wuhan, Mou from Heilongjiang province, and others.
Fig. 2 presents an oscillogram of the radiation
produced by Yu's recognition of the characters "sheep" and
"oxen." Many successful tests were made with the specially
gifted persons, Cao from Beijing and Liu from Jilin
province. There was a strong correlation between the correct
recognition of the characters and the signals recorded by
the detector (see the oscillograms on Fig. 3). During the
time of mental concentration, specially trained persons
[qigongren, i.e., individuals practicing the ancient Chinese
art of Qigong, which includes movement, breath control, and
meditation] could also be tested with this detector (see
Fig. 4).
From the above experiments, we have reached the
following conclusions:
(1) The biodetector can receive signals which appear in
particular mental states and which are emitted by specially
gifted or trained persons. In order to answer the question
of whether or not the detector was influenced by known
physical energies, we conducted a number of tests: we
opened the box and lit up the detector with a strong 1,400 W
iodine-wolfram electric bulb from a distance of 1 m. We
also lit up the detector with a very wide-spectrum 60 W bulb
from a distance of 10 cm. We subjected the detector to the
influence of a strong far-infrared 100 W iron, a near-
infrared radiation source, and a gamma radiation source from
a distance of 10 cm. None of these influences produced any
noticeable response. When the recognition of characters was
tested with the box closed, even increased physical
disturbance from outside could not influence the detector.
From this we concluded that changes in the correlation
between potentials recorded by the biodetector, and the
subject's state of mind, resulted from a stimulation of the
leaf in the detector by a special human radiation which
penetrated the box cover.
(2) The radiation from exceptionally gifted persons
came in spurts, thus the oscillogram showed pulsations. The
pulsating was relatively rapid, occurring in less than a
second. If the exceptionally gifted person continued to
have "flashes" in his brain, the oscillogram [the response
of the biodetector] continued to indicate them, whereas the
oscillographic ascent was relatively slow during emission
from qigongren [specially trained persons].
(3) As to the extent of oscillation, it was much
greater during a unit of time for exceptionally gifted
persons than for others. Liu's extent of oscillation during
his strongest radiation was several volts; Yu's was about
one volt. When they recognized a Chinese character, the
extent of radiation changes could reach up to several
hundred millivolts. For qigongren, during one second the
maximum changes reached the millivolt level. This might be
the main reason why they could not recognize the Chinese
characters.
Yet, energy emissions by qigongren were
maintained for a long time and could accumulate, so that
their healing effects were satisfactory. Further study is
needed as to the healing effects of exceptionally gifted
persons.
(4) These experiments not only proved that exceptional
energy of the human body radiation represents unknown
physical matter; they also proved that this kind of matter
could be closely connected with a living body. Furthermore,
these experiments have led to a more advanced method for
studying the physics of human body radiation.
4. Important Notice
During experiments with the biodetector, attention must
be paid to the following:
(1) Although we made a repeated selection of leaves to
be used for the detector, the leaves we used still possessed
delayed reaction time, which influenced the fine structure
of the observed special radiation. This key problem must be
overcome in future experiments.
(2) Each leaf must not be used for too long. Generally,
after two hours the sensitivity of a particular leaf
decreases.
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(3) The position of the detector needles is very
important. We found inserting the needles into the leaf's
main vein to be a good approach.
(4) The detecting system must be well shielded elec-
trically. If there is excessive electrical noise, the
recording tests cannot be properly carried out. On the
whole, the disturbance oscillation patterns above our
recording apparatus did not surpass 100 millivolts.
5. Concluding Remarks
This testing method is still imperfect, and there
remain many insufficient aspects which must be improved by
further study. We have only presented a new experimental
procedure.
During the experiments we were greatly assisted by Tang
Xiaowei, Fang Deng, Zheng Zhipeng, Wang Guanyou and by the
subject Yu of Cangxian, Hebei province, the Scientific
Committee, by Liu Xiankui and the subject Liu of Jungjiang,
Jilin province, by Cao Wei and the subject Cao of the
Beijing Institute of High Energy Physics.
This paper was read and improved by scientists Zhao
Zhongyao, Xu Jianming and Tang Xiaowei.
English Translation by J.H. Paasche
Ziran Zazhi
(Nature Magazine)
Shanghai, China
+
+
1
探头
放大
**
I-F记录仪
1
2
3
4
图 1 生物探测器示意图
Fig. 1. Diagram of the biodetector
1 - detector leaf; 2 - amplifier;
3 - recorder; 4 - set at zero
V.
0
出“羊”
停止
0.5| sees "sheep"
sees
"oxen"
O
闪光特别亮
出手い
出丰
0
100
200
300
t (sec )
特异人于× ×认字时留下的波形,K=50000倍
(放在探头中的试样为:“羊牛”)
2 (a)
sees "exit" "flash"
看见“出”
2
有亮
"flash'
说话
talks
21
talks
分心
看见“山”字
1}
拇指
手心
O
100
200
.
300
10010)
2 (b)
t (ser:)
2+
sees
"middle"
0
100
200
300
t (sec)
₪ 2 (c)
Fig. 2. Oscillograms recorded during recognition of Chinese
characters by exceptionally gifted persons.
a - reading the characters "sheep" and "oxen" by a gifted
person Yu; b - reading the characters "exit", "mountain"; c
- reading the character "middle" by a gifted person Cao;
amplification factor K = 10.
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PSI RESEARCH
VI
2.5-
"flash"
sees
"flash"
闪
"Zhao"
1.5 -
闪出“走”
出亮
出“徐”
1.0-
0.5 ku
0
100
200
300
400 HB,
t (sec)
图 3 (a) K=10, 试样:徐赵
VA
sees
1.5!
"river"
sees
1.0 .-
"high'
hand removed,
talking
.0.51
手离开 说话
0
100
200
300
400元(秒)
t (sec)
图 3 (h) K=10, 试样:高川
均为特异人刘×认字时留下的辐射波形
Fig. 3. Oscillograms recorded during recognition of
characters by the gifted person Liu (K -= 10).
a - reading the characters "Xu" and "Zhao"; b - reading the
characters "high" and "river".
0.75 |
0.5
stop
停止
发功
0.25
继续
停止
stop
开始发功Start
开始发功start
0
100
200 0.
100
200
300式秒
t (sec)
Fig. 4. Oscillograms of radiation emitted by specially
trained persons (K = 10).
V.E. Zhvirblis
(Khimiya i zhizn', Moscow, No. 12, 1980)
I. To the question "What is the biofield?" most sober-
minded scientists will answer: "This is something that does
not exist and cannot exist, as equally the phenomena, which
the biofield is specially invented to explain, do not exist
and cannot exist."
Actually, the biofield is used to explain a great many
biological miracles: telepathy and telekinesis, dowsing and
healing by laying on of the hands, mitogenetic rays, and so
forth. It is difficult to believe in all these surprising
phenomena, not only because they are surprising in them-
selves, but because everything is mixed together here:
genuine scientific observations with honest results of
methodologically weak or wrongly interpreted experiments;
direct and masked deception; and the pseudo-scientific
writings of uninformed individuals. How can anyone find the
nucleus of scientific truth in this confusion?
The simplest way is not to search for anything and to
declare all these messages as pure nonsense [1]. In
scientific circles this position is distressingly popular -
distressingly because it encourages the spread of
unqualified pseudo-research and rumors of the mysterious,
miraculous essence of life. In this sense, even negative
results obtained in the cause of serious study would be
useful and worth the expenditure of energy. At the same
time, who can claim that today we know absolutely everything
about the essence of life?
However, the position of those who have no doubts about
the existence of the biofield is not convincing either.
Here, for example, is the viewpoint of corresponding member
of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, A.G. Spirkin: "Some
scientists believe that they [biofields] are a manifestation
and systematic effect of known physical fields, but others
hypothesize that they are special fields having nothing in
common with the known ones: electrical, electromagnetic,
magnetic, gravitational, sound, etc. The biofield has
special properties not possessed by other physical fields -
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ASYMMETRY VERSUS CHAOS, OR "WHAT IS THE BIOFIELD?"
2.0++
E
sees
cont 'd!
发功