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Final Report
Covering the Period January 1974 through February 1975
PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Part Two: Research Report
;
By:
HAROLD E. PUTHOFF and RUSSELL TARG
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory
Classification Determination Pending.
Protect as though classified SECRET.
.
Certain individual pages of this document are UNCLASSIFIED. However, the association and com-
pilation of this material may indicate defense information/the unauthorized disclosure of which
could reasonably be expected to cause serious damage to the national security; hence, an overall
classification of SECRET is warranted.
This document consists of 153 pages.
Copy No.
58
SRI
®
STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Menlo Park, California 94025 · U.S.A.
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SRI
STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Menlo Park, California 94025 . U.S.A.
Final Report
December 1, 1975
Covering the Period January 1974 through February 1975
PERCEPTUAL AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Part Two -- Research Report
By :
Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory
SRI Project 3183
Classification Determination Pending.
Protect as though classified SECRET.
Approved by :
Earle Jones, Director
Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory
Bonnar Cox, Executive Director
Information Science and Engineering Division
Certain individual pages of this document are UNCLASSIFIED.
However
the association and compilation of this material may indicate defense
information, the unauthorized disclosure of which could reasonably/ be
expected to cause serious damage to the national security; hende, an
overall classification of SECRET is warranted.
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RESEARCH REPORT
Page
iii
Tables
iv
I
ABSTRACT
1
II
PROGRAM RESULTS -- APPLIED RESEARCH EFFORT
3
A.
Remote Viewing
3
1. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor-Designated Targets
(Exploratory Research)
4
a. West Virginia Site (S3)
b. West Virginia Site (SI)
6
7
d.
Summary of Exploratory Research
8
8
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3. Long-Distance Remote Viewing: SRI-Designated Targets
4. Short-Distance Remote Viewing (Cipher Machine Analog)
15
5. Short-Distance Remote Viewing (Technology Series)
17
B.
Detection of Secret Writing Target Material
27
III
PROGRAM RESULTS -- BASIC RESEARCH EFFORT
35
A.
Screening Tests
35
1. Remote Viewing of Natural Targets Under Standard Protocol
Conditions
36
a.
Subject Sl (Experienced)
38
b.
Subject S4 (Learner/Controls)
40
c.
Subjects S2 and S3 (Experienced)
46
d.
Subjects S5 and S6 (Learner/Controls)
49
e.
Sponsor Subjects (Learner/Controls)
49
53
2. Four-State Electronic Random Number Generator
66
b. Data from Experiments
69
B.
Identification of Measurable Characteristics Possessed by
Gifted Subjects
76
1. Medical Evaluation
76
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12
(Exploratory Research, Costa Rica Series)
3
Illustrations
f.
Summary of Remote-Viewing Experiments (Standard
Protocol)
a. Machine Description
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Page
2. Psychological Evaluation
79
a. Evaluation by Clinical Psychologist Administering Tests
.80
b. Evaluation by Chief Clinical Psychologist
83
3. Neuropsychological Evaluation
88
c.
Identification of Neurophysiological Correlates That Relate
to Paranormal Activity
1. Remote Strobe Experiment
97
2. Mid-Experiment Monitoring of Physiological Parameters During 103
Routine Experimentation in Remote Viewing
94
D.
Identification of the Nature of Paranormal Phenomena and Energy 106
1. Experiments with Physical Apparatus
106
a.
Experiments with Geiger Counter
106
b. Experiments with Laser-Monitored Torsion Pendulum
107
c.
Experiments with Superconducting Differential Mag-
108
netometer (Gradiometer)
d.
Discussion of Physical Perturbation Effects
113
2. Discussion of Possible "Mechanisms" in Remote Viewing
117
3. Communication Theory Approach to Channel Utilization
121
4. Soviet Efforts
129
5. Conclusions
130
IV
PROGRAM SUMMARY
132
REFERENCES
135
APPENDICES
A.
Remote Viewing Transcript for Subject S6, Learner/Control,
A-1
.-
First Experiment
B.
Instructions to Subject: EEG Experiment
B-1
C.
Universal Randomization Protocol
C-1
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ILLUSTRATIONS
1.
Maps of West Virginia Site Drawn by Subject S3
2.
Map and Detail of Site Drawn by Subject S1
3.
Artist's Rendering of Site
4.
Costa Rica Site Drawings and Photographs
5.
Abacus/Clock Drawings and Photograph
6.
Video Terminal
7.
Typewriter
8.
Xerox Machine
9.
Drill Press
10.
Procedure for Card Sorting by Sequential Sampling
11.
Swimming Pool Complex (S1)
12.
Pedestrian Overpass (S4)
13.
Bicycle Shed (S4)
14.
Tennis Court (S2)
15.
Palo Alto City Hall (S3)
16.
White's Plaza, Stanford University (S6)
17.
Merry-Go-Round
18.
Windmill
..
19.
Four-State Random Number Generator Used in This Experiment
20.
Data Summary for Subject S2
21.
Drawings and Interpretations by Associative Visual Agnosia Patients
22.
Shielded Room Used for EEG Experiments
23.
Occipital EEG Frequency Spectra of Subject S4
24.
Polygraph Data from Subject S4
25.
Superconducting Differential Magnetometer (Gradiometer)
26.
Gradiometer Data
27.
Enhancement of Signal-to-Noise Ratio by Sequential Sampling Procedure
28.
Operating Characteristic Curve for Sequential Sampling Procedure
29.
Average Sample Number for Sequential Sampling Procedure
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TABLES
1.
Subject, Target Selection Procedure, and Figure Numbers for Tech-
nology Series.
2.
Rank Ordering Match of Drawings to Target Locations (Blind Judging,
Technology Series)
3.
Critical Values of Sums of Ranks for Preferential Matching
4.
The Probability of M Correct Guesses of N Distinct Items
5.
Key for Secret Writing Experiment
6.
Raw Data Call Sheet for Secret Writing Experiment
7.
Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Selection for Subject Sl, Experienced.
8.
Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Location for Subject S4, Learner/Control
9.
Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Location for Subjects S2 and S3, Experienced
10.
Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Location for Subjects S5 and S6, Learner/Control
11.
Distribution of Rankings of Transcripts Associated with Each Target
Location for Sponsor Subjects, Learner/Control
12.
Summary -- Remote Viewing of Natural Targets
13.
Four-State Electronic Random Number Generator Summary
14.
Randomness Tests for Machine Ml Output during Successful Experimental
Series
15.
Randomness Tests for Machine M2
Output during Successful Experimental
Series
16.
Randomness Tests for Entire Machine Output During Successful Experi-
mental Run
17.
Subject S2 Selections on Machine Ml during Successful Experimental
Series
18.
Subject S2 Selections on Machine M2 during Successful Experimental
Series
19.
Neuropsychology Test Battery
20.
EEG Data for Subject S4
21.
Geiger Counter Experiment Summary
22.
Five-Bit Code for Alphanumeric Characters
..
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I
ABSTRACT
As a result of exploratory research on human perception carried out
in SRI's Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory, we initiated a program
to investigate a perceptual channel whereby individuals can access by
means of mental imagery and describe randomly chosen sites remote from
their physical location. This ability appeared to be sufficiently well
developed in certain individuals to allow them to at times describe cor-
rectly -- often in great detail -- geographical or technical material, such
as buildings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the like. In this final
report (Part Two -- Research Report"), we document in detail the 12-month
study at SRI of this human information-accessing capability which we call
"remote viewing," the characteristics of which appear to fall outside the
range of well-understood perceptual or information-processing abilities.
This phenomenon is one of a broad class of abilities of certain indivi-
duals to access, by means of mental processes, and describe information
sources blocked from ordinary perception and generally accepted as secure
against access.
The phenomenon we investigated most extensively was the ability of
individuals to view remote geographical locations (up to several thousand
kilometers away), given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a
person at a location on whom to target. The development at SRI of suc-
cessful experimental procedures to elicit this capability has evolved
to the point where (a) visiting personnel of the sponsoring organization
without any previous exposure to such concepts have performed well under
controlled laboratory conditions (that is, generated target descriptions
of sufficiently high quality to permit blind matching of descriptions to
targets by independent judges), and (b) subjects trained over a two-year
period have performed well under operational conditions (that is, provided
data of operational significance later verified by independent sources) .
Our accumulated data thus indicate that both specially selected and un-
selected persons can be assisted in developing remote perceptual abilities
to a level of useful information transfer. The primary achievement of the
SRI program was thus the elicitation of high-quality remote viewing by
干
For summary, see Part One -- Executive Summary
. .
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individuals who agreed to act as subjects.
In carrying out this program we concentrated on what we considered
to be our primary responsibility -- to resolve under unambiguous conditions
the basic issue of whether this class of paranormal perception phenomenon
exists. At all times the researchers and SRI management took measures
to prevent sensory leakage and subliminal cueing and to prevent deception,
whether intentional or unintentional.
All experiments were carried out
under protocols in which target selection at the beginning of experiments
and blind judging of results at the end of experiments were handled inde-
pendently of the researchers involved in carrying out the experiments,
thus assuring evaluations independent of the belief structures of both
experimenters and judges.
The program was divided into two categories of approximately equal
effort -- applied research and basic research.
In Section II we summarize
the results of the applied research effort in which the operational
utility of the above perceptual abilities was explored.
In Section III
we Summarize the results of the basic research effort, which was directed
toward identification of the characteristics of individuals possessing
such abilities and the determination of neurophysiological correlates
and basic mechanisms involved in such functioning.
With an eye toward
selection of future subjects, individuals possessing a well-developed
natural ability in the area under investigation underwent complete
physical, psychological, and neuropsychological profiling, the results
of which suggest some hypotheses for developing a screening procedure.
The program summary is presented in Section IV.
With regard to understanding the phenomenon, the precise nature of
the information channel that couples remote locations is not yet under-
stood.
However, its general characteristics are compatible with both
quantum theory and information theory as well as with recent developments
in research on brain function.
Therefore, our working assumption is that
the phenomenon of interest does not lie outside the purview of modern
physics and with further work will yield to analysis and specification.
Finally, it is concluded by the research contractor (SRI) that the
development of experimental procedures and the accrual of experience in
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three years of successful effort constitutes an asset that could be
utilized in the future, both for operational needs and for training others
in the development and use of the remote-sensing capability.
II
PROGRAM RESULTS -- APPLIED RESEARCH EFFORT
A.
Remote Viewing
As mentioned in the Abstract, the phenomenon we investigated most
extensively was the ability of individuals to view remote geographical
locations (up to several thousand kilometers away), given only coordinates
(latitude and longitude) or a person at a location on whom to target.
Individuals exhibiting this faculty include not only SRI participants
but also visiting staff members of the sponsoring organization who par-
ticipated as subjects so as to critique the protocol.
As observed in the laboratory, the basic phenomenon appears to cover
a range of subjective experiences variously referred to in the literature
as autoscopy (in the medical literature); exteriorization or disassociation
(psychological literature) ; simple clairvoyance, traveling clairvoyance,
or out-of-body experience (parapsychological literature) ; or astral pro-
jection (occult literature). We choose the term "remote viewing" as a
neutral descriptive term free of occult assumptions or bias as to the
mechanisms involved.
We begin our report in subsections 1 and 2 with experiments under
the control of the sponsor. These experiments were designed to provide
a vehicle whereby the sponsor could establish independently of SRI, some
degree of confidence as to the existence of the long-distance remote
viewing faculty.
1.
Long-Distance Remote Viewing: Sponsor-Designated Targets
(Exploratory Research)
So as to subject the remote-viewing phenomena to a rigorous
long-distance test under external control, a request for geographical
coordinates of a site unknown to subject and experimenters was forwarded
to the sponsor's group responsible for threat analysis in this area.
In
response, an SRI experimenter received a set of coordinates identifying
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what is hereafter referred to as the West Virginia Site. The SRI experi-
menter then carried out remote-viewing experiments with two subjects on
a double-blind basis, that is, with target content blind to experimenter
as well as to subjects. (Following the experiment both subjects claimed
unfamiliarity with the West Virginia area.) The experiment had as its
goal the determination of the utility of remote viewing under conditions
approximating an operational scenario.
a.
West Virginia Site (S3)*
=
Date:
29 May 1973, 1634 to 1640 hours, Menlo Park, Cali-
fornia.
Protocol: Coordinates 38°23'45" to 48"N, 79º25'00"W, described
simply as being in West Virginia, were relayed to experimenter Dr. H.E.
Puthoff
by telephone, who then relayed this information to subject S3
to initiate experiment. No maps were permitted, and the subject was
asked to give an immediate response. The session was recorded on video
tape. The oral response is reproduced here from the tape:
This seems to be some sort of mounds or rolling hills. There
is a city to the north (I can see the taller buildings and some
smog). This seems to be a strange place, somewhat like the
lawns that one would find around a military base, but I get
the impression that there are either some old bunkers around,
or maybe this is a covered reservoir. There must be a flagpole,
some highways to the west, possibly a river over to the far east,
to the south more city.
The map in Figure 1(a) was drawn by the subject.
On the following morning, S3 submitted a written report
of a second reading, dated 30 May 1973, 0735 to 0758 hours, Mountain
View, California:
Cliffs to the east, fence to the north. There's a circular
building (a tower?), buildings to the south.
Is this a former
Nike base or something like that? This is about as far as I
could go without feedback, and perhaps guidance as to what was
wanted. There is something strange about this area, but since
I don't know particularly what to look for within the scope of
the cloudy ability, it is extremely difficult to make decisions
on what is there and what is not. Imagination seems to get in
the way. (For example, I seem to get the impression of something
*
S3 identifies a subject. A key to numerical designations for subjects
is available from the sponsor's Contracting Officer Technical Repre-
sentative (COTR) .
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trus
A depression
sort
of some
Trees
walk?
Building
1
France
Hagpole ?
Trees
--
ROAD
?
7
Something
Bound
(b) DETAIL
----
Building
trees
River
N
1
town
Targi?
Some sort of camp .
(a) OVERVIEW
Tomybily
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wi
0-
ny
S,
ea
er
Si
ca
or
10
rl
C
li
U
' I
ve
at
er
he
i
14
MAPS OF WEST VIRGINIA SITE DRAWN BY SUBJECT S3
uc
Ha
r
FIGURE 1
Town
Highway
d
S.
ni
e
0'
t
Building
N

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underground, but I'm not sure.)
However, it is apparent that
on first sighting, the general location was correctly spotted.
The map in Figure 1(b) also was drawn by the subject.
b.
West Virginia Site (S1)
As a backup test, the coordinates were given to a second
subject, Sl.
The task was presented to the second subject independently
of the first subject, both to prevent collaboration and to prevent any
sense of competition.
Date:
1 June 1973, 1700 hours, Menlo Park, California.
Protocol: Coordinates 38°23'45" to 48"N, 79º25'00"W were given (with no
further description) by experimenter Dr. H.E. Puthoff to subject S1 by
telephone to initiate experiment.
On the morning of 4 June 1973, Sl's written response
(dated 2 June 1973, 1250 to 1350 hours, Lake Tahoe, California) was re-
ceived in the mail:
Looked at general area from altitude of about 1500 ft above
highest terrain. On my left forward quadrant is a peak in a
chain of mountains, elevation approximately 4996 ft above sea
level. Slopes are greyish slate covered with variety of broad-
leaf trees, vines, shrubbery, and undergrowth. I am facing
about 3° to 5° west of north. Looking down the mountain to the
right (east) side is a roadway -- freeway, country style -- curves
then heads ENE to a fairly large city about 30 to 40 miles
distant. This area was a battleground in civil war -- low rolling
hills, creeks, few lakes or reservoirs. There is a smaller
town a little SE about 15 to 20 miles distant with small
settlements, village type, very rural, scattered around. Look-
ing across the peak, 2500 to 3000 ft mountains stretch out for
a hundred or so miles. Area is essentially wooded. Some of
the westerly slopes are eroded and gully washed -- looks like
strip mining, coal mainly.
Weather at this time is cloudy, rainy. Temperature at my
altitude about 54°F -- high cumulo nimbus clouds to about 25,000
to 30,000 ft.
Clear area, but turbulent, between that level and
some cirro stratus at 46,000 ft. Air mass in that strip moving
WNW to SE.
1318 hours -- Perceived that peak area has large underground
- storage areas. Road comes up back side of mountains (west
slopes), fairly well concealed, looks deliberately so. It's
cut under trees where possible -- would be very hard to detect
flying over area. Looks like former missile site -- bases for
launchers still there, but area now houses record storage area,
microfilm, file cabinets; as you go into underground area
:.
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through aluminum rolled up doors, first areas filled with
records, etc.
Rooms about 100-ft long, 40-ft wide, 20-ft
ceilings, with concrete supporting pilasters, flare-shaped.
Temperature cool -- fluorescent lighted. Personnel, Army 5th
Corps Engineers. M/Sgt. Long on desk placard on grey steel
desk -- file cabinets security locked -- combination locks, steel
rods through eye bolts. Beyond these rooms, heading east,
are several bays with computers, communication equipment,
large maps, display type, overlays. Personnel, Army Signal
Corps. Elevators.
1330 hours -- Looked over general area from original location
again -- valleys quite hazy, lightning about 30 miles north
along mountain ridge. Tempterature drop about 6ºF, it's about
48ºF. Looking for other significances:
see warm air mass
moving in from SW colliding with cool air mass about 100 miles
ESE from my viewpoint.
Air is very turbulent -- tornado type;
birds in my area seeking heavy cover.
There is a fairly large
river that I can see about 15 to 20 miles north and slightly
west; runs NE then curves in wide valley running SW to NE;
river then runs SE. Area to east: low rolling hills. Quite
a few Civil War monuments. A marble colonnade type: 'In this
area was fought the battle of Lynchburg where many brave men of
the Union and Confederate Armys (sic) fell. We dedicate this
area to all peace loving people of the future -- Daughters G. A. R. '
On a later date Sl was asked to return to the West Virginia
site with the goal of obtaining information on code words, if possible.
In response, S1 supplied the following information:
Top of desk had papers labeled "Flytrap" and "Minerva".
File cabinet on north wall labeled "Operation Pool ... "
(third word unreadable) .
Folders inside cabinet labeled "Cueball", "14 Ball", "4
Ball", "8 Ball", and "Rackup".
Name of site vaguely seems like Hayfork or Haystack. Per-
sonnel: Col. R.J. Hamilton, Maj. Gen. George R. Nash, Major John C.
Calhoun ( ? ? ).
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:
The two reports for the West Virginia Site, and the report
were verified by personnel in the sponsor organization
as being substantially correct. The results of the evaluation are con-
tained in a separate report filed with the COTR.
d.
Summary of Exploratory Research
The observation of such unexpectedly high-quality descrip-
tions early in our program led to a large-scale study of the phenomenon
under secure double-blind conditions (i.e., target unknown to experimenters
as well as subjects), with independent random target selection and blind
-
judging. The results, presented later, provide strong evidence for the
robustness of this phenomenon, one whereby complex remote stimuli can be
..
detected by a human perceptual modality of extreme sensitivity.
Before
discussing these results, however, we consider further examples of both
operational and operational-analog experiments.
To determine the utility of remote viewing under operational
conditions, a long-distance remote viewing experiment was carried out on
25X1
This experiment, carried out in three phases, was under direct
control of the COTR. To begin the experiment, the COTR furnished map
coordinates in degrees, minutes, and seconds. The only additional infor-
mation provided was the designation of the target as
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The experimenters then closeted themselves with subject SI, gave him the
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map coordinates and indicated the designation of the target
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A remote-viewing experiment on the target was then carried out.
This activity constituted Phase I of the experiment.
25X1
Figure 2(a) shows the subject's graphic effort for building
layout; Figure 2(b) shows the subject's particular attention to a multi-
story gantry crane he observed at the site. Both results were obtained
by the experimenters on a double-blind basis before exposure to any addi-
tional COTR-held information, thus eliminating the possibility of cueing.
These results were turned over to the client representatives for evalua-
tion. For comparison an artist's rendering of the site as known to the
COTR (but not to the experimenters until later) is shown in Figure 3(a) ,
with crane detail shown in Figure 3(b).
Were the results not promising, the experiment would have stopped
at this point. Description of the multistory crane, however, a relatively
unusual target item, was taken as indicative of possible target acquisi-
tion. Therefore, Phase II was begun, defined by the subject being made
"witting" (of the client) by client representatives who introduced them-
selves to the subject at that point; Phase II also included a second
round of experimentation
with direct participa-
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tion of client representatives in which further data were obtained and
evaluated. As preparation for this phase, client representatives purposely
kept themselves blind to all but general knowledge of the target site to
minimize the possibility of cueing. The Phase II effort was focused on
the generation of physical data that could be independently verified by
other client resources, thus providing a calibration of the process.
The end of Phase II gradually evolved into the first part of
Phase III, the generation of unverifiable data concerning
site not available to the client, but of operational interest nonetheless.
Several hours of tape transcript and a notebook full of drawings were
generated over a two-week period.
The data describing
site were evaluated by
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the sponsor, and are contained in a separate report. In general, several
details concerning the
site ap-
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peared to dovetail with data from other sources, and a number of specific
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N
RIVER .
MIL.
7
--
E
5
...
2004001
1
GANTRY
JUL 10 1F +
2
DAY
(a) SUBJECT EFFORT AT BUILDING LAYOUT
-
JUL 10 1974
(b) SUBJECT EFFORT AT CRANE CONSTRUCTION
FIGURE 2
MAP AND DETAIL OF SITE DRAWN BY SUBJECT S1
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25X1
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(b)
CRANE COMPARISON
FIGURE 3
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large structural elements were correctly described. The results contained
noise along with the signal, but were nonetheless clearly differentiated
from the chance results that were generated by control subjects in compar-
ison experiments carried out by the COTR.
3.
Long-Distance Remote Viewing: SRI-Designated Targets (Explora-
tory Research, Costa Rica Series)
The experimental procedures of Subsections 1 and 2 were designed
to provide a vehicle whereby the client could establish, independently of
SRI, some degree of confidence as to the existence of a long-distance re-
mote viewing faculty. Although the results were indicated to be positive,
from the standpoint of SRI personnel who could not participate in the
evaluation phase, it was considered necessary to supplement the above
experiments with a similar set under SRI control. Therefore, SRI-controlled
experiments were undertaken to enable the experimenters to participate
directly in the evaluation phase of the remote-viewing experiments.
Two subjects (S1 and S4) were asked to participate in a long-
distance experiment focusing on a series of targets in Costa Rica. The
subjects said they had never been to Costa Rica.
In this experiment, one of the experimenters (Dr. Puthoff) spent
ten days traveling through Costa Rica on a combination business/pleasure
trip. This information was all that was known to the subjects about the
traveler's itinerary. The experiment called for Dr. Puthoff
to keep a
detailed record of his locationand activities, including photographs,
each of seven target days at 1330 PDT. A total of 12 daily descriptions
were collected before the traveler's return: six responses from S1, five
responses from S4, and one response from an SRI experimenter, who acted
as a subject in one experiment on a day in which S4 was not available and
the other subject arrived late.
For its illustrative value we consider first the single response
submitted by the experimenter filling in as a subject. The response, a
drawing submitted for a day in the middle of the series, is shown in
Figure 4 together with photographs taken at the site. Although Costa Rica
is a mountainous country, the subject unexpectedly perceived the traveler
at a beach and ocean setting.
With some misgivings, he described an
12
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AEROPUERTO RESPUESTAS UTILITY
AIRPORT IN SAN ANDRES, COLOMBIA, USED AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET
Zuday + /12/73
1:25 -130
ocean
Hanger or
Airport BIJ,
Ramsetà
*verinæg
DARÁ
BRIGHT
grass
Sand
SA-3183-20
FIGURE 4
AIRPORT IN SAN ANDRES, COLOMBIA, USED AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET ALONG
WITH SKETCH PRODUCED BY SUBJECT IN CALIFORNIA
13
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UNCLASSIFIED
airport on a sandy beach and an airstrip with the ocean at the end (correct).
An airport building also was drawn, and shown to have a large rectangular
overhang (correct). The traveler had taken a one-day unplanned side trip
to an offshore island and at the time of the experiment had just disem-
barked from a plane at a small island airport as described, 4000 kilometers
from SRI. The sole discrepancy was that the drawing showed a Quonset-hut
type of building in place of the rectangular structure.
The above description was chosen as an example to illustrate two
major points observed a number of times throughout the program. First, in
opposition to what might be expected, a subject's description does not
necessarily portray what might reasonably be expected to be correct (an
educated or "safe" guess) but often runs counter to even the subject's
own expectations. Second, individuals other than those with putative
"paranormal ability" are able to exhibit a remote viewing faculty.
The remaining submissions provided further examples of excellent
correspondences between target and response. (A target period of pool-
side relaxation was identified, a drive through a tropical forest at the
base of a truncated volcano was described as a drive through a jungle
below a large bare table mountain, a hotel room target description, in-
cluding such details as rug color, was correct, and so on.) So as to
determine whether such matches were simply fortuitous, i.e., could rea-
sonably be expected on the basis of chance alone, when Dr. Puthoff re-
turned he was asked to blind match the 12 descriptions to the seven
target locations. On the basis of this conservative evaluation procedure,
which vastly underestimates the statistical significance of the individual
descriptions, five correct matches were obtained (two each of subjects S1
and S4, and the single submission by the experimenter). This number of
matches is significant at p = 0.02 by exact binomial calculation. *
*
The probability of a correct daily match by chance for any given tran-
script is p = 1/7. Therefore, the probability of at least five correct
matches by chance out of 12 tries can be calculated from
12
P= Z
12!
1! (12-i)!
i=5
(7) (2) 12-1 = 0.02.
14
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.
..
!
Therefore, this pilot study, completely under control of SRI, provided
confirmatory data supporting that obtained under sponsor control, indi-
cating the existence of an apparent long-distance remote viewing faculty.
4.
Short-Range Remote Viewing (Cipher Machine Analog)
As a further test of operational utility of the remote viewing
faculty, the COTR tasked the contractors with an experiment designed to
duplicate as closely as possible an operational situation of current
interest, the remote viewing of an abacus-type device. During a trip
to the East Coast, the experimenters were to proceed to New York, where
they were to purchase locally an abacus to be used as a target in a
remote viewing experiment. (The abacus was to constitute a target anal-
ogous to a cipher machine of particular interest.) Following the purchase
they were to contact a subject who lived there (S3) by telephone with
a surprise request to come to the experimenters' hotel room later that
day to participate in a remote-viewing experiment.
The above steps were carried out in preparation for the experi-
ment.
In this case the experimenters knew what the target was, an ex-
ception to the double-blind rule followed in all our other work. There-
fore, while awaiting the subject's arrival, a preamble for the experiment
was prerecorded by one of the experimenters (Targ) and carefully checked
to ensure against verbal cueing:
Hal and I have brought a present for you. We wandered around
New York this morning and we bought an object. This object is
of the type that one interacts with, and Hal will use it for
its normal purpose. Today is Friday, September 26, 1974. As
in all our remote viewing experiments, we'd like to ask you to
describe the object as you see it rather than attempting to
give the object a name.
When the subject entered the hotel room, this instruction tape
was played by one experimenter (R.T.) while the other experimenter (H.P.)
took a large locked suitcase containing the target object into an adjacent
room, locked the door, and removed the abacus, shown in Figure 5(a), actions
verified earlier as being inaudible. Thus the only available cue was an
upper bound on the size.
The subject produced the outline drawing I of Figure 5(b) in
approximately one minute. (The large purplish-silver object corresponds
15
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60
(55
12
11
1
TO - DAY IS,
24
13
2
FRIVAI
14
LIUBEX
45
[21
15
DAY- 24 HOURS
24 HOURS
60 MINUTES : 1 HOUR
I HOUR : 60 MINUTES"
60 SECONDS . MINUTE
1MINUTE -60 SECONDS
18
6
75
¥35 歲難圓 30
(a)
ABACUS/CLOCK TARGET
(TECHNOLOGY SERIES)
(b) SUBJECT S3 RESPONSES I AND II
TO ABACUS/CLOCK TARGET
He Described Target as "Game Box
with Little Balls"
FIGURE 5
SA-3183-1
UNCLASSIFIED
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compass
dial
polished
purplish-silver?
123150789|0||2|3|10|7|8|1920|21 22 23 24 25 20 2/28/29/30/31
I
16
II
MINUTES
4
HOURS
9
3
THE MONTH IS
10
4

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UNCLASSIFIED
to the suitcase interior and is not taken to be evidential. ) The experi-
menter remaining with the subject asked for more detail, and the subject
produced the drawing II of Figure 5(b), describing the object as a "game
box with little balls." The entire experiment was tape recorded and
extreme caution was taken to prevent cueing of any kind. The experiment
took place in five minutes total time.
Considering the high-strangeness factor of the target item, and
essentially total lack of restriction on the possibilities as far as the
subject was concerned, the correlation of subject drawings and target was
taken as indicative of a potential utility for remote viewing of tech-
nological targets, and resulted in a decision to experiment further in
this area.
After the target was shown to the subject, a short follow-up
experiment was carried out to determine whether the position of the balls
on the abacus could be determined by remote viewing, but this degree of
resolution was found to be beyond the subject's capability.
5.
Short-Range Remote Viewing (Technology Series)
So as to measure the resolution capability of the remote viewing
phenomenon, a series of experiments targeting on remote laboratory equip-
ment within the SRI complex was carried out.
Thirteen experiments were carried out with five different sub-
jects, two of whom were sponsor staff personnel. A subject was told that
one of the experimenters would be sent by random protocol to a laboratory
within the SRI complex and that he would interact with the equipment or
apparatus at the location. It was further explained that the experimenter
remaining with the subject was kept ignorant of the contents of the target
pool to prevent cueing during questioning. (The remaining experimenter
only knew that from time to time, on a random basis, previously used
targets would be reinserted into the target pool to provide an opportunity
for multiple responses to a given target, and that during sponsor visits
the targets might be selected by sponsor staff personnel rather than by
the established random protocol procedures. ) The subject was asked to
describe the target both verbally (tape recorded) and by means of drawings
during the time-synchronized 15-minute interval in which the outbound
experimenter interacted in an appropriate manner with the equipment in the
17
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UNCLASSIFIED
target area.
In the 13 experiments eight targets were used: a drill press,
computer-driven flight simulator (Link trainer), Xerox machine, video
terminal, chart recorder, four-state random target generator (used in
screening tests described later), typewriter, and machine shop. Three
of these were used twice (drill press, video terminal, and typewriter)
and one (Xerox machine) came up three times. As an example of drawings
generated by subjects, all of the subject outputs generated for the latter
three (video terminal, typewriter, and Xerox machine) are shown in Figures
6, 7, and 8. A summary of subject and target selection procedure is given
in Table 1.
As is apparent from the illustrations alone, certain of the ex-
periments provide circumstantial evidence for an information channel of
useful bit rate. This includes experiments (Experiments 4 and 13) in
which sponsor staff personnel participated as subjects to observe the
protocol.
To obtain independent objective judgment of the quality of
the remote viewing of technological targets, various analyses based on
blind judging were employed.
In the first judging procedure, a judge was asked to blind-match
the drawings alone (i.e., without tape transcripts) to the targets.
Multiple subject responses to a given target were stapled together, and
thus there were seven subject-drawing response packets to be matched to
the seven different targets for which drawings were made. _ (No drawings
were made for the Link trainer.) The judge did not have access to our
photographs of the target locations, used for demonstration only (as in
Figures 6 through 8), but rather proceeded to each of the target locations
by list. While standing at each target location, the judge was required
to rank order the seven subject-drawing response packets (presented in
random order) on a scale one to seven (best to worst match), as shown
in Table 2. The statistic of interest is the sum of ranks on the diagonal,
lower values indicating better matches. For seven targets, the sum of
ranks could range from seven to forty-nine. The probability that a given
sum of ranks s or less will occur by chance is given by :"
18
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:
O
ICO
TARGET: VIDEO MONITOR FOR TEXT EDITING (TECHNOLOGY SERIES)
UNCLASSIFIED
Side
all mat Black
19
Black
Tag
6
5
TI Stat 200?
SUBJECT (S4) DRAWING OF "BOX WITH LIGHT COMING OUT
OF IT . . . PAINTED FLAT BLACK AND IN
THE MIDDLE OF THE ROOM"
SECOND SUBJECT (V2) SAW A COMPUTER TERMINAL
WITH RELAY RACKS IN THE BACKGROUND
-
SA-3183-8
FIGURE 6 DRAWING BY TWO SUBJECTS OF A VIDEO MONITOR TARGET
UNCLASSIFIED
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-lever
Bright
-Window
-
10
0
107
107
10
Knobs

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UNCLASSIFIED
TECHNOLOGY SERIES
TYPEWRITER TARGET
seems to resolve into 2 parts
one sitting on top of the other -
a machine in 2 parts .
white on the side .
see the flor now - lige
11:23
slits of slots
levers
di's
metal
- huff colored
dark was
dak?
€
C
-0
0
-
the lights med hi inside
SUBJECT S3 RESPONSE
SUBJECT S4 RESPONSE
TA-760525-5
FIGURE 7 DRAWINGS OF A TYPEWRITER TARGET BY TWO SUBJECTS
20
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0
-

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-
UNCLASSIFIED
TARGET LOCATION: XEROX MACHINE
(TECHNOLOGY SERIES)
TO ADD INTEREST TO TARGET
LOCATION EXPERIMENTER WITH
HIS HEAD BEING XEROXED
21
(2)
it twins ?
dock brown of marson
0
rolling along
table
4
000000
5.2
UNCLASSIFIED
TA-760525-6
1
1
FIGURE 8
DRAWINGS BY THREE SUBJECTS (S2, S3, AND V3) FOR XEROX MACHINE TARGET
When subject (V3) was asked to describe the square at upper left, the subject said, "There
was this predominent light source which might have been a window, and a working surface
which might have been the sill, or a working surface or desk." Earlier the subject had said,
"I have the feeling that there is something silhouetted against the window." Shown at right.
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-
TABLE 1
SUBJECT AND TARGET SELECTION PROCEDURE
FOR TECHNOLOGY SERIES
Experiment
Target
Target
Selection
Procedure*
Subject
1
Link trainer
a
SRI-S4
2
2
Video terminal
a
SRI-S4
3
Drill press
a
SRI-S4
4
Xerox machine
b
Sponsor-V1
5
Xerox machine
b
SRI-S2
6
Random number
C
SRI-S4
7
Machine shop
b
SRI-S4
8
Typewriter
b
SRI-S4
9
Typewriter
C
SRI-S3
10
Chart recorder
C
SRI-S3
11
Xerox machine
C
SRI-S3
12
Drill press
c
SRI-S3
13
Video terminal
C
Sponsor-V2
i
*Target selection procedures
a.
Outbound SRI experimenter selects target site arbitrarily after
leaving subject area.
b.
Visiting sponsor staff member selects target site arbitrarily
after leaving subject area.
c.
Standard protocol, in which a target is issued to outbound
experimenter by division director who selects the target by
random number technique from a target pool stored in a secure
safe.
-
7
22
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generator

..
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TABLE 2
RANK ORDERING MATCH OF SUBJECT-DRAWING RESPONSE PACKETS
TO TARGET LOCATIONS (BLIND JUDGING, TECHNOLOGY SERIES)
Place
Visited
Subject
Drawing
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Video terminal
1
7
5
6
4
3
2
Random number
generator
4
6
5
7
2
3
1
Xerox machine
6
1
2
5
7
4
3
Machine shop
5
2
1
3
4
6
7
Drill press
7
3
5
1
2
4
6
Typewriter
3
7
5
6
1
2
4
Chart recorder
4
7
5
3
6
1
2
Note on judging procedure: When standing at target locations shown on
left, each of the seven subject-drawing response packets (originally
labeled in random order) are rank ordered one to seven (best to worst
match) by the judge. Statisitic of interest is the sum of ranks on the
diagonal, lower values indicating better matches (see text). The sum
in this case (18) is significant at p < 0.04.
..
23
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Prob(s or less)
k
Less) =]
S
Nn
i=n &=0
E (-1) (B) (1-NC-1)
n-1
where s = obtained sum of ranks
N = number of assignable ranks
n = number of occasions on which rankings were made
2
takes on values from zero to the least positive integer k
in (i-n)/n.
Table 3 is a table to enable easy application of the above
formula to those cases in which N = n. The sum in this case (18) is
significant at p < 0.04.
In the second judging procedure, another judge was given 12
Subject-response packages, which included drawings and tape transcripts,
and asked to blind match, without replacement, the 12 response packages
to 12 target locations, which he visited. (The thirteenth location, the
machine shop, included in the first judging, was left out of this judging
by an oversight. ) In the forced-choice matching without replacement,
(that is, each response packet used only once), the judge obtained four
direct hits, the Link trainer (Experiment 1), video terminal (Experiment
2), drill press (Experiment 3) and Xerox machine (Experiment 5). (The
Link trainer, for which no drawings were made, was matched on the basis
of tape-recorded transcript alone. It is a standard computer-controlled
flight simulator that resembles the cockpit of an aircraft. It was
cramped quarters for the outbound experimenter who flew the trainer ac-
cording to a printed flight plan book laid over his arm.
The windows
were frosted and translucent. Subject S4 gave a description of the ex-
perimenter crowded into a very small space illuminated by gray diffuse
light and with a long paper, such as a waiter's towel, over his arm.
Although not unambiguous, the subject's description was nevertheless
essentially devoid of incorrect statements.)
As indicated by Table 4, the probability of obtaining by chance
four direct hits out of 12 matches is p = 0.015; thus, this judging pro-
cedure also indicates that, from a statistical standpoint, there is
significant evidence of useful information transfer.
In a third judging procedure the COTR arbitrarily selected the
24
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1

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25
4
TABLE 3
Critical Values of Sums of Ranks for Preferential Matching
Number of
Assignable
Ranks (N)
Probability (One-Tailed) that the Indicated Sum of Ranks or Less Would Occur by Chance
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.04
0.025
0.01
0.005 0.002 0.001 0.0005
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
4
7
6
5
5
5
4
4
5
11
10
9
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
6
16
15
13
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
7
22
20
18
18
17
15
14
12
12
11
9
8
8
29
27
24
24
22
20
19
17
16
15
13
11
9
8
9
37
34
31
30
29
26
24
22
21
20
17
14
12
10
10
46
42
39
38
36
33
31
29
27
25
22
19
16
13
11
56
51
48
47
45
41
38
36
34
32
28
24
20
17
12
67
61
58
56
54
49
47
43
41
39
35
30
25
22
This table applies only to those special cases in which the number of occasions on which objects
are being ranked (n) is equal to the number of assignable ranks (N). Each entry represents the
largest number that is significant at the indicated p-level.
Source: R. L. Morris1
1
-
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TABLE 4
The Probabilities of M Correct Guesses of N Distinct Items
MN 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
. ..
. 5000
.3333
. 3750
. 36667
. 36806
. 36786
. 367882
. 367879
.367879
. 3678794
. 3678794
1
1.000
. . .
.5000
.3333
.37500
.36667
. 36806
. 367857
. 367882
.367879
.3678795
. 3678794
2
.5000
...
2500
.16667
.18750
.18333
.184028
.183929
.183941
.1839396
.1839397
3
.1667
...
.08333
.05556
.06250
.061111
.061343
.061310
.0613137
.0613132
4
.0417
. ..
.02083
.01389
.015625
.015278
.015336
.0153274
. 0153284
26
.00833
. . .
.00417
.002778
. 003125
.003056
. 0030671
. 0030655
.00139
. . .
. 000694
.000463
. 000521
. 0005093
. 0005112
7
.00020
.
. .
. 000099
.000066
.0000744
.0000728
8
.000025
...
.000012
.0000083
.0000093
9
.0000014
.0000009
10
-
11
. 0000000
. .
12
.0000000
Source: N. Feller2
UNCLASSIFIED
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.
UNCLASSIFIED
in o
5
6
.000003
. . .
.000000
. ..
.0000001
€
-

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SECRET
data of Experiment 3 (drill press/S4) as a test case. An analyst of the
sponsor organization, blind as to the target and given only the subject's
taped narrative and drawings (Figure 9), was able, from the subject's
description alone, to correctly classify the target as a "man-sized ver-
tical boring machine."
-
In general, it appears that use of multiple-subject responses
to a single target provides better signal-to-noise ratio than target iden-
tification by a single individual. Further, our observation is that most
of the correct information is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to shape,
form, color, and material rather than to function or name. That is, we
often observe the correct description of basic elements and patterns
coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of function. As a result,
we have learned to urge our subjects simply to describe what they see as
opposed to interpreting the perceived data. One should not infer that
analytic functioning in the remote viewing mode is never observed, however,
as indicated by codeword retrieval in the West Virginia Site experiment
discussed in Subsection 1-B above, and by the sponsor-staff-member-generated
response of Figure 6.
B.
Detection of Secret Writing (SW) Target Material
To determine whether documents containing secret writing (SW) could
be differentiated from other documents, SRI carried out a double-blind
experiment under sponsor control.
Twenty-seven numbered envelopes con-
taining target drawings of variable content and preparation, sealed and
specially secured by the sponsor, were submitted to SRI researchers for
sorting. The goal was the differentiation of the 12 envelopes containing
the SW drawings from the envelopes containing either pencil drawings (6)
or blanks (9). This distribution was the only datum given to researchers
and subject. The key, shown in Table 5, remained under sponsor control
until the experiment was completed and the data were submitted to the COTR.
A series of sorting runs to detect SW material was carried out with
SRI subject S1. The series consisted of 24 runs through the 27 cards,
choosing 12 cards each run, the goal being to choose the 12 SW cards.
Thus, each run consisted of a sort into one of two binary channels, non-
SW or SW, say (0,1). The numbered envelopes containing the target
27
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UNCLASSIFIED
BELT DRIVE FOR DRILL
PRESS (CAN BE SEEN ONLY
FROM ABOVE MACHINE)
TARGET: DRILL PRESS
(TECHNOLOGY SERIES)
-
Light canvas .
--
-
Retory
Wh .J
Black -
-
SA-3183-7
FIGURE 9
SUBJECT (S4) DRAWING OF DRILL PRESS SHOWING BELT DRIVE, STOOL AND
"VERTICAL GRAPH THAT GOES UP AND DOWN"
28
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:

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TABLE 5
KEY FOR SECRET WRITING EXPERIMENT
(Kept blind to experimenters until experiment completion)
Card No.
Target Material
Target Content _
1
Pencil
Large X
2
Pencil
Sma11 4
3
Pencil
Large 4
4
Blank
Blank
5
Blank
Blank
6
Pencil
Large 0
7
Pencil
Sma 11
8
Pencil
Small o
9
Blank
Blank
10
Blank
Blank
11
CD-294
Small A
12
CD-294
Large X
13
CD-294
Large A
14
CD-294
Sma11 o
15
Blank -
Blank
16
CD-294
Small x
17
Blank
Blank
18
CD-294
Large 0
19
CD-175
Large 0
20
Blank
Blank
21
CD-175
Large X
22
CD-175
Small 4
23
Blank
Blank
24
Blank
Blank
25
CD-175
Small o
26
CD-175
Large 4
27
CD-175
Small x
.
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material were randomized before each run and placed inside unnumbered
opaque envelopes before being presented to the subject for sorting.
The appropriate analysis technique for a binary sort (0,1) is the
method known as sequential sampling.
3
The sequential method gives a
rule of procedure for making one of three possible decisions for each
card following a given binary sort: accept 1 as the bit being carried
by the card; reject 1 as the bit being carried by the card (i.e., accept
0); or continue sampling of the card under consideration.
The sequential
sampling procedure differs from fixed-length statistical analysis procedures
in that the number of sorts required to reach a final decision on a card
bit is not fixed before sampling, but depends on the results accumulated
with each sampling run. The primary advantage of the sequential sampling
procedure as compared with the other methods is that, on the average,
fewer sorts per final decision are required for an equivalent degree of
reliability.
Use of the sequential sampling procedure requires the specification
of parameters that are determined on the basis of the following consid-
erations.
Assume that a labeling bit (0 or 1) is being carried by each
card.
From the standpoint of the sorter, the probability of correctly
identifying the bit being carried is some value p because of chance alone.
An operative sensing channel could then be expected to alter the proba-
bility of correct identification to a higher value p = p + v. Good psi
functioning on a repetitive task is observed to result in v = 0.12, as
reported by Ryz1.
4
Therefore, let us assume a baseline psi parameter
+1 = 0.12.
The question to be addressed in the case of sorting 12 SW cards from
among 27 cards is whether a given card is sorted into the SW channel at
a low rate p commensurate with the hypothesis H that the card in ques-
tion is a non-SW card, or at a higher rate p. commensurate with the hy-
pothesis H. that the card in question is indeed an SW card. The decision-
making process requires the specification of four parameters:
(1) p : The probability of sorting incorrectly a non-SW (0) card
into the SW (1) channel. In the sort of 12 SW cards from among
27, the probability of correctly sorting a non-SW (0) card into
30
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the non-SW (0) channel is p = p + v1 = 15/27 + 0.12 = 0.676.
Therefore, the probability of a non-SW (0) card being incor-
rectly sorted into the SW (1) channel is 1 - p = 0. 324 = P .
P1: The probability of sorting correctly an SW (1) card into
the SW (1) channel. In the sort of 12 SW cards from among 27,
the probability of correctly sorting an SW (1) card into the
SW (1) channel is P1 = Pc + Vp = 12/27 + 0.12 = 0.564.
(2)
(3) a: The probability of rejecting a correct identification for a
non-SW (0) card (designated in statistics as a Type 1 error) .
We shall take & = 0.1.
(4) ß: The probability of accepting an incorrect identification
for an SW (1) card (designated in statistics as a Type II error).
We shall take B = 0.1.
(Lower values for a and B result in increased accuracy, but at the ex-
pense of requiring longer runs. Therefore, a compromise must be made
between the desire to maximize reliability and to minimize redundancy. )
With the parameters thus specified, the sequential sampling procedure
provides for construction of a decision graph as shown in Figure 10. A
cumulative record of sorts of a given card is compiled run by run until
either the upper or lower limit line is reached, at which point a decision
is made to label the card as 0 (non-SW) or 1 (SW).
As indicated in Figure 10, during the 24 runs carried out, SW cards
13, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, and 27 correctly emerged through the upper limit
line to be labeled SW, along with pencil cards 1 and 2 and blank card 17,
the latter three incorrectly. We note that five of the six CD-175 cards
ended up correctly sorted. With regard to the lower limit line, pencil
cards 3, 6, and 8, and blank cards 4, 20, and 23 correctly emerged
through the lower limit line to be labeled non-SW, along with (incorrectly)
SW cards 12, 16, and 19. Thus, of the 19 cards that emerged through the
limit lines, 13 are correct. Although we cannot rule out the possibility
of obtaining 13 correct choices out of 19 labelings by chance (p = 0.09 by
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1
14
-
SW-22
SW-21
SW-18
12
P-1.
9, 10,
·14, 24
10
5,7, *
11, 15
21 = d1 + SN,
Eo = - do + SN,
SW-25
8
Where
SW-27
1-6
P-3
log -
B-4
SW-16
P1 (1-Po)
B-23
log
Po(1-P1)
4
1-@
.
SW-12
do
P1 (1-P0)
B-20
log
Po(1-P1)
P-8
0
-
log
(1-p1)
S
P1 (1-po)
log
Po(1-P1)
1
-4
2
4
6
8
** 10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
RUN NUMBER, N
TA-760582-23R
1
FIGURE 10
PROCEDURE FOR CARD SORTING BY SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING
Po = 0.324, p1 = 0.564, a = 0.1, ß = 0.1
BROKEN LINE SHOWS SAMO SAMPLING SEQUENCE FOR CARD NO. 25
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32
CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF MATCHES AGAINST
"1" TARGET MESSAGE SEQUENCE
DECISION 1
ACCEPT "1" AS
THE BIT BEING
CARRIED
B-17
DECISION 3
CONTINUE
SAMPLING
P-2
6
SW-26
SW-13
P-6
log
2
-
DECISION 2
ACCEPT "0" AS
THE BIT BEING
CARRIED
(1-Po)
SW-19
-2
-
UPPER AND LOWER LIMIT
LINES GIVEN BY:

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exact binomial calculation*), the result indicates a tendency toward cor-
rect labeling that could be explored further. With an increased number
of runs, the probabilities for a and ß errors can be reduced while still
permitting a large percentage of labelings to be made. (For completeness
we include the raw data call sheet as Table 6.)
A second shorter series of 18 sorting runs through the 27 cards to
choose the six pencil cards yielded chance results.
.-
*
Recognizing that the probability of a correct choice by chance is the
probability that an SW card is sorted into the SW channel, or a non-SW
card is sorted into the non-SW channel, we have
p (corr) = 27 x
12
: 12
27
27
+
15
x
15
27
= 0.506.
From this the probability of at least 13 correct choices by chance out
of 19 tries can be calculated from
i=13
19
i! (19-i) !
19!
(0.506)-(0.494)"
19-i
= 0.09
p =
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TABLE 6
RAW DATA CALL SHEET FOR SECRET WRITING EXPERIMENT
(SELECT 12 PER RUN)
Card Chosen
PPPBBPPP BB
SW SW SW SW B
SW B
SW SW B
SW SW B
B
SW SW SW
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Run #
1 x
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2
x
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
3
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
4
X
X
X X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
5
X
x
x
X
X
x
x
X
X
X
X
x
6
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
x
x
X
X
7
x
x
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
x
8 x x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
9 x
XXX
x
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
10
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
11 x x
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
12 x x
X
x
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
13 x
x X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
14
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
15
X
X
X
x
X
x
X
X
X
x
X
X
16
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
17
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
18
XX
X
X
X
x
x
x
X
X
x
X
19 x
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
20
×
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
x
21
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
x
X
X
22
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
23 x
x
X
XXX
x
X
X
X
x
x
24 x
x
x
x X
X
X
X
X
x
x
X
-
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III
PROGRAM RESULTS -- BASIC RESEARCH EFFORT
In addition to experimentation carried out under conditions appropri-
ate to assessing the operational utility of paranormal abilities, approx-
imately 50 percent of the program effort was devoted to a basic research
effort that included:
(1)
Identification of measurable characteristics possessed by
gifted individuals,
(2)
Identification of neurophysiological correlates that relate
to paranormal activities,
(3)
Identification of the nature of paranormal phenomena and
energy .
A.
Screening Tests
To meet the above objectives, the first prerequisite was the estab-
lishment of criteria capable of differentiating individuals apparently
gifted in paranormal functioning from those who were not. This pre-
requisite was met by carrying out a series of screening tests under fixed
protocol conditions. The tests were designed to ensure that all conven-
tional communications channels were blocked, and that the outcomes could
be sufficiently unambiguous to determine whether paranormal functioning
occurred. Individuals gifted in certain areas of paranormal functioning
could then be differentiated from those who were not on the basis of
whether their results differed significantly from chance.
Two experimental paradigms were utilized as screening tests on the
basis that these tests had been useful for such purposes prior to this
program (in the sense that certain apparently gifted individuals did
exceedingly well in at least one of these tests, whereas the results of
unselected volunteers did not differ significantly from chance expecta-
tion). The tests were (a) the remote viewing of natural targets, and (b)
the determination of the state of a four-state random target generator.
The first type of test constitutes a so-called "free-response" paradigm
in which the subject originates freely about contents of his awareness;
furthermore, the channel in general may involve both direct perception
of the remote site and perception of the mental contents of an observer
at the site. In the second type of test, on the other hand, the target
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is more abstract (an electronic state), the target is blind to all par-
ticipants, and the subject's choice is precisely constrained.
For the purpose of screening, a result is considered unambiguously
paranormal if the a priori probability for the occurrence of the result
by chance, under the null hypothesis, is p <10-6
A result with p <10-2
is taken as strongly indicative of paranormal functioning, while
a result at p < 0.05 is taken as circumstantial evidence for paranormal
functioning but requiring further exploration before assessment can be
considered secure.
Six subjects were chosen for the study, subjects S1 through S3 con-
sidered gifted or experienced, subjects S4 through S6 acting as learners/
controls. The dichotomy between gifted and learners/controls was based
on the former group having been successful in other studies prior to this
program either at SRI or elsewhere; the latter group being naive with
regard to paranormal experimentation.
An effort at parity between the two groups was a factor in subject
selection. Subject S5 (learner/control), a male, age 54, is matched by
age and sex with experienced subject S1, a male, age 55. Learner/control
subject S6, a female, age 34, is by age and background matched with ex-
perienced subject S2, a male, age 31 (both are research analysts at SRI) .
Learner/control S4 (female, age 53) and experienced subject S3 (male,
age 41) are matched on the basis of similar artistic interests, back-
grounds, and occupations (professional photographer and painter, re-
spectively) .
-
1.
Remote Viewing of Natural Targets Under a Uniform Standard
Protocol
Observations described earlier in this report (Section II-A)
suggested the hypothesis that it may be possible for a subject to access
and describe, by means of mental imagery, randomly chosen geographical
sites located several miles from the subject's position and demarcated
by some appropriate means. An experimental series was therefore set up
to test this hypothesis under rigorously controlled scientific conditions.
The experiment consisted of a series of double-blind tests with local
targets in the San Francisco Bay Area so that several independent judges
.
:
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could visit the sites to establish documentation.
The protocol was to
closet the subject with an experimenter at SRI and at an agreed-on time
to obtain from the subject a description of an undisclosed, remote site
being visited by a target team. In each of the experiments one of the six
program subjects served as remote-viewing subject, and SRI experimenters
served as a target demarcation team at the remote location chosen in a
double-blind protocol as follows.
In each experiment a target location within 30-minute driving
time from SRI was randomly chosen by SRI management from a list of targets
kept blind to subject and experimenters and used without replacement.
(A set of target locations clearly differentiated from each other had
been chosen from a target-rich environment of more than 100 targets of the
type used in the experimental series. Before the experimental series
began, the Director of the Information Science and Engineering Division,
not otherwise associated with the experiment, established the set of
locations as the target pool. The target locations were printed on cards
sealed and kept in the SRI Division office safe. They were available only
with the personal assistance of the Division Director who issued a single
randomly selected target card that constituted the traveling orders for
that experiment.)
In detail, to begin the experiment, the subject was closeted
with an experimenter at SRI to wait 30 minutes before beginning a narrative
description of the remote location.
A second experimenter then obtained
from the Division Director a target location from a set of traveling
orders previously prepared and randomized by the Director and kept under
his control. The target demarcation team, consisting of two to four SRI
experimenters and, occasionally, sponsor staff personnel, then proceeded
by automobile directly to the target without any communication with the
subject or experimenter remaining behind.
The experimenter remaining with
the subject at SRI was in ignorance of both the particular target and the
target pool so as to eliminate the possibility of subliminal cueing and
to allow him freedom in questioning the subject to clarify his descriptions.
The demarcation team remained at the target site for an agreed-on 15-
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minute period following the 30 minutes allotted for travel. *
During the
observation period, the remote-viewing subject was asked to describe his
impressions of the target site into a tape recorder and to make any draw-
ings he thought appropriate. An informal comparison was then made when
the demarcation team returned, and the subject was taken to the site to
provide feedback.
a.
Subject Sl (Experienced)
To begin the series, experienced subject Sl participated
as a subject in nine experiments. In general, Sl's ability to describe
correctly buildings, docks, roads, gardens, and the like, including
structural materials, color, ambience, and activity -- sometimes in great
detail -- indicated the functioning of a remote perceptual ability. None-
theless, the descriptions contained inaccuracies as well as correct
statements. A typical example is indicated by the subject's drawing in
Figure 11 of one of the targets in which he correctly described a park-
like area containing two pools of water:
one rectangular, 60 x 89 ft
(actual dimensions 75 x 100 ft); the other circular, diameter 120 ft
(actual diameter 110 ft). He incorrectly indicated the function, however,
as water filtration rather than recreational swimming. As discussed
earlier in connection with the technology series, we often observe es-
sentially correct descriptions of basic elements and patterns coupled
with incomplete or erroneous analysis of function. As can be seen from
his drawing, he also included some elements, such as the tanks shown in
the upper right, that are not present at the target site. We also note
an apparent left-right reversal, often observed in paranormal perception
experiments.
To obtain a numerical evaluation of the accuracy of the
remote-viewing experiment, the experimental results were subjected to
independent judging on a blind basis by an SRI research analyst not
*
The first subject (S1) was allowed 30 minutes for his descriptions, but
it was found that he fatigued and had little comment after the first
15 minutes. The viewing time was therefore reduced to 15 minutes for
subjects S2 through S6.
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AVE.
TANK
ELECT.
DIST.
TENNIS COURTS
; THOR'S
75
110
100
Boks'
MOTEL GREEN
PLAY
GROUNDS
POOL HOUSE
CONCRETE BLOCK
SERVICE
YARD
SEMBLE YARD!
SALES Of WHER - SPAM
RAINBOW Effects-
FIRE
STATION
40'
1005
PICNIC AREA/
RD.
SUNIL
-
6
(a)
(b)
TA-760525-1
FIGURE 11
SWIMMING POOL COMPLEX AS REMOTE VIEWING TARGET
(a) City map of target location, (b) Drawing by $1.
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otherwise associated with the research. The subject's response packets,
which contained the typed transcripts of the nine tape-recorded narratives
along with any associated drawings, were unlabeled and presented in random
order. While standing at each target location, visited in turn, the judge
was required to blind rank order the nine packets on a scale of one to nine
(best to worst match); the results are shown in Table 7. As mentioned in
Section II-A-5, where this procedure was used in the judging of the tech-
nology series, the statistic of interest is the sum of ranks assigned to
the target-associated transcripts, lower values indicating better matches.
For nine targets the sum of ranks could range from nine to eighty-one.
The actual sum of this case, which included seven direct hits, was 16, a
result significant at p = 2.9 x 10-5 by exact calculation.
In experiments 3, 4, and 6 through 9, the subject was
secured in a double-walled, copper-screen Faraday cage. The Faraday cage
provides 120 dB attenuation for plane wave radio frequency radiation over
a range of 15 kHz to 1 GHz. For magnetic fields the attenuation is 68
dB at 15 kHz and decreases to 3 dB at 60 Hz. The results of rank order
judging (Table 7) indicates that the use of Faraday cage electrical
shielding does not prevent high quality descriptions from being obtained.
As a backup judging procedure, a panel of five additional
SRI scientists not otherwise associated with the research were asked simply
to blind match the unedited typed transcripts (with associated drawings)
generated by the remote viewer, against the nine target locations which
they independently visited in turn. The transcripts were, of course,
unlabeled and presented in random order. A correct match consisted of
a transcript of a given date being matched to the target of that date.
Instead of the expected number of one match each per judge, the number
of correct matches obtained by the five judges was 7, 6, 5, 3, and 3,
respectively. Thus, rather than the expected number of five correct
matches from the judges, 24 such matches were obtained.
-
b.
Subject S4 (Learner/Control)
Following the first series of nine experiments with exper-
ienced subject S1, a nine-target replication series was carried out with
learner/control subject S4 who had no previous experience in paranormal
functioning.
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TABLE 7
Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated
With Each Target Location for Experienced Subject (S1)
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
Hoover Tower, Stanford
3.4
1
Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo Alto
6.4
1
Radio Telescope, Portola Valley
6.4
1
Marina, Redwood City
6.8
1
Bridge Toll Plaza, Fremont
14.5
6
Drive-in Theatre, Palo Alto
5.1
1
Arts and Crafts Plaza, Menlo Park
1.9
1
Catholic Church, Portola Valley
8.5
3
Swimming Pool Complex, Palo Alto
3.4
1
Total sum of ranks
16
(p=2.9x10-5)
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Because of this subject's artistic background, she was cap-
able of drawing and describing visual images that she could not identify
in any cognitive or analytic sense, an asset in remote viewing. (Subjects
are encouraged to make drawings of anything they visualize and associate
with the remote location, since drawings made by subjects are in general
more accurate than the subject's verbal description. ) When the target
demarcation team went to a target location which was a pedestrian overpass,
for example, the subject said that she saw "a kind of trough up in the
air," which she indicated in the upper part of her drawing in Figure 12.
She went on to explain that "If you stand where they are standing you will
see something like this," indicating the nested squares at the bottom of
Figure 12. As it turned out, a judge standing where she indicated would
have a view closely resembling what she had drawn, as can be seen from
the accompanying photographs of the target location.
In another experiment, the subject described seeing "an
open barn-like structure with a pitched roof." She also saw a "kind of
slatted side to the structure making light and dark bars on the wall."
Her drawing and a photograph of the associated bicycle shed target are
shown in Figure 13.
For the entire series of nine, the numerical evaluation
based on blind rank ordering of transcripts at each site was significant
at p = 1.8 x 10-6, and included five direct hits and four second ranks
for the target-associated transcripts (see Table 8).
Again, as a backup judging procedure, a panel of five addi-
---
tional SRI scientists not otherwise associated with the research were
asked simply to blind match the unedited typed transcripts, with associated
drawings, generated by the remote viewer, against the nine target locations
which they independently visited in turn. A correct match consisted of a
transcript of a given date being matched to the target of that date. In-
stead of the expected number of one match each per judge, the number of
correct matches obtained by the five judges was 5, 3, 3, 2, and 2, re-
spectively. Thus, rather than the expected number of five correct matches
from the judges, 15 such matches were obtained.
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-
PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS TARGET
1
Light
C
CCCC
SA-3183-5
FIGURE 12
SUBJECT S4 DRAWING, DESCRIBED AS "SOME KIND OF DIAGONAL TROUGH
UP IN THE AIR"
L
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..
-
BICYCLE SHED TARGET
DETAIL OF BICYCLE SHED
--
wood
Stone
wall
)
SA-3183-19
FIGURE 13
SUBJECT S4 RESPONSE TO BICYCLE SHED TARGET DESCRIBED AS AN OPEN
"BARN-LIKE BUILDING" WITH "SLATS ON THE SIDES" AND A "PITCHED
ROOF"
1
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TABLE 8
Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated
With Each Target Location for Learner Subject (S4)
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
Methodist Church, Palo Alto
1.9
1
Ness Auditorium, Menlo Park
0.2
1
Merry-Go-Round, Palo Alto
3.4
1
Parking Garage, Mountain View
8.1
2
SRI International Courtyard,
0.2
1
Menlo Park
Bicycle Shed, Menlo Park
0.1
2
Railroad Trestle Bridge, Palo Alto
1.3
2
Pumpkin Patch, Menlo Park
1.3
1
Pedestrian Overpass, Palo Alto
5.0
2
Total sum of ranks
13
(p=1.8x10-6)
2
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c.
Subjects S2 and S3 (Experienced)
Having completed a series of 18 remote-viewing experiments,
nine each with experienced subject S1 and learner/control subject S4, it
was apparent that the projected completion of an additional series of nine
each for experienced subjects S2 and S3 and learner/control subjects S5
and S6 was beyond the limits imposed by funding and time available.
There-
fore, on a best-effort basis, it was decided to complete four each with
the remaining subjects. To place the judging on a basis comparable to that
employed with Sl and S4, the four transcripts each of experienced subjects
S2 and S3 were combined into a group of eight for rank order judging, to
be compared with the similarly combined results of the learner/control
Subjects S5 and S6.
The series with experienced subjects S2 and S3 provided a
further example of the dichotomy between verbal and drawing responses
during an experiment in which two sponsor staff personnel (the COTR and
an associate) participated as members of the target demarcation team, the
COTR choosing the target. The target, a tennis court, is shown in Figure
14, along with the drawings generated by the subject (S2). In discussing
the drawings, the subject indicated that he was uncertain as to the action,
but had the impression that the demarcation team was located at a museum
in a particular park. In fact, the tennis court was located in that
park about 100 yards from the indicated museum. Once again we note the
characteristic (discussed earlier) of a resemblance between the target
site and certain gestalt elements of the subject's response, especially
!
as regards the drawings, coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis
of the significances. When rank ordering transcripts one through eight
at the site, this transcript was ranked second.
A second example from this group, however, indicates the
level of precision that can be attained. The target location chosen by
the standard double-blind protocol was the Palo Alto City Hall. Subject
S3 described a tall building with vertical columns and "set in" windows.
(His sketch, together with the photograph of the site is shown in Figure
15.) He said there was a fountain, "but I don't hear it." At the time
the target team was at the City Hall during the experiment, the fountain
was not running. He also made an effort to draw a replica of the designs
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TARGET-TENNIS COURTS
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1
Windows
SA-3183-18
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FIGURE 14
SUBJECT S2 DRAWINGS IN RESPONSE TO TENNIS COURT TARGET
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Preture of the miniature queforse
from yesterday ?
feed of green-
Jolige -wind
trees?
Savonn
13 1029.
10:40 am.
a corridor & come set .
a wall behind the trees
lawns.
anapon fuld .
are enclosed area of some sort.
a quad.
I long building
1
afountain.
but I don't hear of .
walk tras
holdings to the IN ?
cross walks.
basket ball avant .
filed .
wall
Section
TARGET-PALO ALTO CITY HALL
Cross
walks
1
n
SA-3183-14
FIGURE 15
SUBJECT S3 RESPONSE TO CITY HALL TARGET
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in the pavement in front of the building, and correctly indicated the
number of trees (four) in the sketch.
For the entire series of eight, four each from S2 and S3,
the numerical evaluation based on blind-rank ordering of transcripts at
each site was significant at p = 3.8 x 10-4, and included three direct
hits and three second ranks for the target-associated transcripts (see
Table 9).
d.
Subjects S5 and S6 (Learner/Control)
To complete the series, four experiments each were carried
out with learner/control subjects S5 and S6.
The results in this case, taken as a group, did not differ
significantly from chance. For the series of eight (judged as a group
of seven since one target came up twice, once for each subject) the numer-
ical evaluation based on blind-rank ordering of transcripts at each site
was nonsignificant at p = 0.08, even though there were two direct hits
and two second ranks out of the seven (see Table 10).
5
One of the direct hits, which occurred with subject S6 on
her first experiment, is an example of the "first-time effect" that has
been rigorously explored and is well-known to experimenters in the field.
In the narrative, the subject began to describe a large square with a
fountain. Two minutes into the experiment she recognized the location
and correctly identified it by name (see Figure 16). It should be noted
that in the area from which the target locations were drawn there are
several other fountains, some of which were in the target pool as well.
As an example of the style of the narratives generated during remote
viewing experiments with a naive subject, and the part played by the ex-
perimenter remaining with the subject in such a case, we have included
the entire unedited text of this experiment as Appendix A.
e.
Sponsor Subjects (Learner/Control)
Two sponsor staff personnel participated as subjects in five
experiments so as to experience the protocols from the subjects' viewpoint.
In this role they provide an additional calibration for this part of the
program with regard to:
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TABLE 9
Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated
With Each Target Location for Experienced Subjects (S2) and (S3)
Subject
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
S2
BART Station (Transit System),
Fremont
16.1
1
S2
Shielded Room, SRI, Menlo Park
0.1
2
S2
Tennis Court, Palo Alto
3.4
2
S2
Golf Course Bridge, Stanford
3.4
2
S3
City Hall, Palo Alto
2.0
1
i
S3
Miniature Golf Course, Menlo
3.0
1
Park
S3
Kiosk in Park, Menlo Park
0.3
3
S3
Baylands Nature Preserve,
Palo Alto
6.4
3
Total sum of ranks
15
(p=3.8x10-4)
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TABLE 10
Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated
With Each Target Location for Learner Subjects S5 and S6
Subject
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
S5
Pedestrian Overpass, Palo Alto
5.0
3
S5
Railroad Trestle Bridge, Palo
Alto
1.3
6
S5
Windmill, Portola Valley
8.5
2
S5,S6
White Plaza, Stanford (2)
3.8
1
S6
Airport, Palo Alto
5.5
2
S6
Kiosk in Park, Menlo Park
0.3
5
S6
Boathouse, Stanford
4.0
1
Total sum of ranks
20
(p=0.08, NS)
:
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WHITE PLAZA AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY
1
-
somewhat curry
Some landscaping
grass
small - medium trees
afew flower
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SUBJECT DREW WHAT SHE CALLED
"CURVY BENCHES" AND THEN
ANNOUNCED CORRECTLY THAT THE
PLACE WAS "WHITE PLAZA AT STANFORD"
SA-3183-4
FIGURE 16
SUBJECT S6 DRAWING OF WHITE PLAZA, STANFORD UNIVERSITY
.
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(a)
Indicating the level of proficiency that can be expected
from unselected volunteers, and,
(b)
Providing sponsor personnel with firsthand experience
against which the results contained in the report can
be evaluated.
-
The first sponsor staff member (V3) participated as a sub-
ject in a three-experiment series. All three experiments contained ele-
ments descriptive of the associated target locations, the quality of re-
sponse increasing with practice. The third response is shown in Figure
17, where again, as in the results reported previously, the pattern ele-
ments in the drawing appeared to be a closer match than the subject's
interpretation of the target object as a cupola.
The second sponsor staff member participated as a subject
in two experiments. In his first experiment he generated one of the higher
signal-to-noise results we have observed.
He began his narrative "There
is a red A-frame building and next to it is a large yellow thing (a tree
-- editor). Now further left there is another A-shape. It looks like a
swing-set, but it is pushed down in a gully so I can't see the swings."
(All correct -- see Figure 18.) He then went on to describe a lock on the
front door that he said "looks like it's made of laminated steel, so it
must be a Master lock." (Also correct.)
For the series of five, three from the first subject, two
from the second, the numerical evaluation based on blind rank ordering of
the transcripts at each site was significant at p = 0.017, and included
three direct hits and one second rank for the target-associated transcripts
(see Table 11).
f.
Summary of Remote-Viewing Experiments (Standard Protocol)
The descriptions supplied by the subjects in the experi-
ments involving remote viewing of natural targets, although containing in-
accuracies, were sufficiently accurate to permit the judges to differen-
tiate among various targets to the degree indicated. A summary tabulation
of the statistical evaluations of these experiments, carried out under
standard protocol, is presented in Table 12. The overall result, eval-
uated conservatively on the basis of a judging procedure that ignores
>
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white
NOV 8 1974
some sort of structure of
thing on top of appendage
rod in a general sense lite
Grounded done-type top
lightening rod
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54
TOP View
medium danknothing
cod blackx brassy
AA
RESPONSES OF VISITING
SPONSOR SUBJECT V3
MERRY-GO-ROUND TARGET
SA-3183-17
FIGURE 17
SUBJECT V3 DRAWING OF MERRY-GO-ROUND TARGET
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SA-3183-21
WINDMILL TARGET. SPONSOR SUBJECT V2 CORRECTLY DESCRIBED "RED A-FRAME
BUILDING WITH DECK, YELLOW TREE, A-FRAME SWING SET, AND GRAY
TRANSFORMER," ALL SHOWN IN PICTURE. HE ALSO DESCRIBED "MASTER
TYPE LOCK OF LAMINATED STEEL" WHICH IS ON FRONT
DOOR OF WINDMILL (NOT SHOWN).
FIGURE 18
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TABLE 11
Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Transcripts Associated
With Each Target Location for Visiting Sponsor Subjects V3 and V2
Subject
Target Location
Distance
(km)
Rank of
Associated
Transcript
V3
Bridge Over Stream, Menlo Park
0.3
1
V3
Baylands Nature Preserve, Palo
Alto
6.4
2
V3
Merry-Go-Round, Palo Alto
3.4
1
V2
Windmill, Portola Valley
8.5
1
V2
Apartment Swimming Pool,".
Mountain View
9.1
3
Total sum of ranks
8
(p=0.017)
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TABLE 12
Summary -- Remote Viewing of Natural Targets
Experienced Subjects
Subject
No. Experiments
p-value, rank order
judging
S1
9
p = 2.9 x 10-5
S2
4
18
p = 3.8 x 10-4
S3
4
Learner/Control Subjects
Subject
No. Experiments
p-value, rank order
judging
S4
9
p = 1.8 x 10-6
S5
4 }8
p = 0.08 (NS)
S6
Sponsor Subjects
Subject
No. Experiments
p-value, rank order
judging
V3
3
3}5
p = 0.017
V2
2
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transcript quality beyond that necessary to rank order the narratives
(vastly underestimating the statistical significance of individual descrip-
tions), clearly indicates the presence of an information channel of useful
bit rate. Furthermore, it appears that the primary difference between
experienced subjects and naive volunteers is not that the latter never
exhibit the faculty, but rather that their results are simply less reli-
able, more sporadic. Nonetheless, as described earlier, individual
transcripts from the latter group of subjects number among some of the
best obtained. Such observations indicate a hypothesis that remote view-
ing may be a latent and widely-distributed perceptual ability.
The following is quoted from a report on an analysis of
patterns observed in the remote viewing transcripts. This report was
submitted to the researchers by the judge responsible for the independent
blind rank-order judging, an individual not otherwise associated with the
research.
These observations are based on a survey of the remote viewing
transcripts from the SRI experiments. In the process of judging
-- attempting to match transcripts against targets on the basis
of the information in the transcripts -- some patterns and regu-
larities in the transcript descriptions became evident, partic-
ularly regarding individual styles in remote viewing, and in the
perceptual form of the descriptions given by the subjects.
-
Styles of Response. The transcripts were taken from several
different subjects. Comparing the transcripts of one subject
with those of another revealed that each person tended to focus
on certain aspects of the remote target complex and exclude
others, so that each had an individual pattern of response, like
a signature.
Subject S3, for example, frequently responded with topographical
descriptions, maps, and architectural features of the target
locations. Subject S2 often focused on the behavior of the
remote experimenter or the sequence of actions he carried out
at the target. The transcripts of subject S4, more than those
of other subjects, had descriptions of the feel of the location,
and experiential or sensory gestalts, e.g., light/dark elements
in the scene; indoor/outdoor and enclosed/open distinctions.
Prominent features of Sl's transcripts were detailed descriptions
of what the target persons were concretely experiencing, seeing,
"or doing, e.g., standing on asphalty blacktop overlooking water;
looking at a purple iris.
The range of any individual subject's responses was wide, and
anyone might draw a map, or describe the mood of the remote
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experimenter, but the consistency of each subject's overall
approach suggests that just as individual descriptions of a
directly viewed scene would differ, so these differences also
occur in remote viewing processes.
Nature of the descriptions. The concrete descriptions that
appear most commonly in transcripts are at the level of sub-
units of the overall scene. For example, when the target was
a Xerox copy machine, the responses included (S2) a rolling
object (the moving light), or dials and a cover that is lifted
(S3), but the machine as a whole was not identified by name
or function.
In a few transcripts the subjects correctly identified and
named the target. In the case of a computer terminal, the
subject (V2) apparently mentally saw the terminal and the
relay racks behind it.
In the case of targets which were
Hoover Tower and White Plaza, the subjects (S1 and S6,
respectively) seemed to identify the locations through
analysis of their initial images of the elements of the
target.
There were also occasional incorrect recognitions; gestalts
that were incorrectly named, e.g., swimming pools in a park
being identified as water storage tanks at a water filtration
plant (S1) .
Phenomenological descriptions, e.g., "motion past the ex-
perimenter," and "red outlining blue," occurred occasionally,
but were not frequent in the transcripts.
The most common perceptual level was thus an intermediate
one -- the individual elements and items that comprise the
target. This is suggestive of a scanning process that takes
Sample perceptions from within the overall environment.
When the subjects tried to make sense out of these frag-
mentary impressions, they often resorted to metaphors or
constructed an image with a kind of perceptual inference.
From a feeling of the target as an "august" and "solemn"
building, the subject (S4) said it might be a library.
It
was a church. A pedestrian overpass above a freeway was
described as a conduit (S4). A rapid transit station, ele-
vated above the countryside, was associated with an observatory
(S2). When the remote experimenter climbed into a Link
trainer, the subject said it was a small place, like a
bathroom; perhaps he had locked himself in a closet.
These
responses seem to be the result of attempts to process
partial information and occur similarly in other para-
psychological experiments.
When the subjects augmented the verbal transcripts with
drawings or sketches, these often expressed the target
elements more accurately than the verbal descriptions, and
sometimes corresponded with the targets more clearly and
precisely than the words of the transcript.
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The descriptions given by the subjects sometimes went beyond
what the remote experimenter experienced, at least consciously.
For example, one subject (S4) described and drew a belt drive
at the top of a drill press, which was not even visible to the
remote experimenter who was operating the machine.
Curiously, objects in motion at the remote site were rarely
mentioned in the transcript, e.g., trains crossing the rail-
road trestle target were not described (S4), though the remote
experimenter stood very close to them.
Also, in a few cases, the subject descriptions were inaccurate
regarding size of structures. A 20 foot courtyard separating
two buildings was described (S1) as 200 feet wide, and a small
shed was expanded to a barn-like structure (S4).
Blind judging of transcripts. The judging procedure involved
examining the transcripts for a given experimental series and
attempting to match the transcripts with the correct targets on
the basis of their correspondences. The transcripts varied from
coherent and accurate descriptions to mixtures of correspondences
and non-correspondences. Since a judge did not know a priori
which elements of the descriptions were correct and incorrect,
the task was complicated, and transcripts often seemed plausibly
to match more than one target. A confounding factor in these
studies is that many target locations have similarities that
seem alike at some level of perception. For example, a radio
telescope at the top of a hill, the observation deck of a
tower, and a jetty on the edge of a bay all match a transcript
description of "looking out over a long distance." A lake,
a fountain, and a creek may all result in an image of water
for the subject.
In my own judging, the procedure that was most successful was
a careful element by element comparison, testing each transcript
against every target, using the transcript descriptions and
drawings as arguments for or against assigning the transcript
to a particular target. In most cases this resulted in either
a clear conclusion or at least a ranking of probably matches,
and these matches were subjected to statistical anslyses.
A subjective viewpoint of the remote viewing process as
stated in a report to the researchers by subject S3 likens the difficulties
in remote viewing to those occurring in subliminal (low level) or tach-
istoscopic (high speed) viewing by ordinary sensory modalities. The
following is quoted from his report.
- Current Status. Experimentation in viewing of remote targets
conducted at SRI has provided data confirming the existence of
a paranormal remote viewing ability. Several breakthroughs were
needed to uncover the remote viewing possibilities. These have
accumulated and are reflected in previous clients' reports. If
breakthroughs have tended to expose such ability, subsequent
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quantitative analysis has also established the existence of
certain qualitative problems that need to be resolved if remote
viewing abilities are to move from a general to an operative
category.
The General Problem. Among the several subjects tested, dependable
data resolvable from viewing targets at remote locations seem
to have a signal-to-noise ratio in the range of approximately
25 to 75%. This percentage is an estimate and has differed
between subjects and between experiments. In experimentation
the emergence of even 25% accurate information does establish
strategic implications; the occurrence of erroneous or super-
fluous data in subject responses to the degree that it is
currently observed, however, tends to obviate tactical or
operational deployment of the discovered ability. For various
reasons as described below, the emergence of erroneous data in
subjects' responses to given targets has been given the working
name of "analytical overlay."
Definition of Analytical Overlay. Accumulated responses from
subjects' attempts to view distant targets indicates that the
target often is actually viewed, but in some way the target also
acts as a prompter for the spontaneous appearance of seemingly
irrelevant data. This is especially obvious when the subject's
drawing of the target is by observation specifically applicable
to the target, but his interpetation, either verbally or in
the form of mental image pictures, is far from the mark.
Since
verbalization, or imagery, presupposes mental analysis, it
seems reasonable to assume that we are dealing with automatic
analytical functions of some sort, and that hypothetically these
are the source of the diluted or erroneous response. Analytical
functions are associated with resolving, breaking down, and
dissecting incoming information in terms of experience and memory.
In sensory perception, this process takes place on an almost
automatic basis and is governed by learned logical necessity.
Since at the sensory level these processes are continuously
taking place at sub-awareness levels, it is often forgotten that
logical familiarity is a learned condition, governed by experi-
ence applied to memory.
This is easily demonstrable
by presenting a person with some-
thing he has never seen before. The analytical functions of the
mind spontaneously output data-rich memories that assist in
identification, either by similarity or differences, with the
unfamiliar object. Further, in determining the nature of the
unfamiliar object, the analytical processes, busily overlaying
sequences of logical possibility, are prompted by sensory
(tactile, visual, etc.) appreciation of the object. In this
manner, the person eventually is able to logically place the
unfamiliar object by means of his total fund of experience and
knowledge. In terms of objective space, time, and matter, this
entire procedure is anchored by a continual flow of sensory data
about the object. A decision-making process buttressed by sensory
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perception thus takes place.
In the paranormal sense, however, ordinary sensory buttressing
is absent since experimental safeguards ensure sensory separation
of subject and target. The subject is therefore thrown back
solely on the perception and possibilities inherent in the
unknown modes of acquiring information that are currently under
study. In such case, one of two things can now take place:
either the subject can by paranormal modes inflow accurate
information on a bit-per-second basis sufficient to allow him
to make an accurate or semi-accurate decisional response as to
the character or nature of the target; or his response to the
target and experimental situation is weak and irresolute or
perhaps displaced, at which time the content of multiple ana-
lytical processes seem to be selected. When this latter occurs,
it is identified as analytical overlay.
Some Observations. It is safe to assume that in experiments where
the response did not at all accord with the target, no psi func-
tioning took place and that mental functions of some other nature
were offered up by a subject. In examining research results,
however, one consistency can easily be identified, this consis-
tency giving rise to the term analytical overlay as contrasted
to analytical error.
Descriptors pertaining to the target can
often be found imbedded in the subject's response to a degree
beyond that expected by chance, even when the majority of the
response appears to be involved with something else.
Since
this is so, it seems relevant to hypothesize that the subject
is perceiving the target at some level of awareness sufficient
to prompt logical mental processing in the subject. The subject's
response therefore usually includes not only descriptors relevant
to the target, but also other details coming out of the logical
analytical comparison doubtlessly going on as he tries to "recog-
nize" the target.
This kind of situation is exactly one that might be expected
where a person is treated to only a momentary glance_at an unfam-
iliar object and then asked to determine what it was. A series of
analytical statements such as, "looks like this", or "looks like
that", or "it is similar to", will probably be volunteered by
the experient deprived of a continuing sensory information inflow
about the object. The sensory and parasensory situations thus
hold in common certain structures that can be studied either in
the sensory or in the parasensory function.
With regard to their differences, in ordinary sensory perception,
the decision-making response is held in place by continuous
sensory perception of the object, and logical deduction and
- decision depends upon the solidity provided by the sensory
faculties. In the paranormal sense, however, we are indeed
asking the subject to begin his perception at some as yet
unknown point and work simultaneously toward both perception
of the object and decision as to what it is.
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Since descriptors pertaining to the target can almost always
in some form be found imbedded in the subject's response, it
seems reasonable to hypothesize that perception of the target
is taking place, but in some unaccustomed modality. If this
is so, as the data suggest, then the problem is not solely one
of parasensory perception, but also one of conversion of the
contents of the psi field into constructed form.
Let us assume that a gifted subject is gifted because he can
resolve psi-field signals into recognizable mental patterns,
which are in turn then converted into experiential, logical
sequences. This kind of conversion process resembles that which
takes place in the semaphore system or that of Morse code. The
thing that is missing in the psi-field conversion process would
be, of course, familiarity with the signals emanating from the
psi-field matrix. As experiments demonstrate, these signals
typically emerge in an unaligned sequence along with the partly
logical possibilities volunteered by the analytical process.
That this is so is understandable if we observe that it is
human nature to depress or suppress the unfamiliar in favor
of the familiar; therefore such scattering of the unfamiliar
data in favor of the memory-familiar takes place both in
the sensory and parasensory functions.
In the paranormal case,
when the data are signal-wise sufficient to bypass analytical
assistance fortuitously being provided by the catalyst of
memory, the so-called psi phenomena can result in exceptionally
good data. Otherwise, a mixture is obtained.
Summary. Experimental results confirm the probability of
abilities that permit identification and description of objects
at locations at a distance. The simultaneous inflow of ex-
traneous data termed analytical overlay seems to dilue the
correctness of the overall response and detract from the oper-
ational form of the remote viewing ability. Enough data about
this difficulty has been gathered to establish that it is not
necessarily a perceptual problem but in all probability a process
problem concerned with the converting of the signal of the psi-
field matrix into a correct analytical sequence. It seems
reasonable to assume that could the process difficulties be
resolved, then the analytical overlay would convert into a
positive adjunct of the conversion process, rather than working
against it.
Any concept of utilizing remote viewing ability in an operational
form has to entertain a minimum as well as a maximum criterion for
proficiency. So far, in experimental expectation only the
maximum possibility has been entertained.
The entire onus of
responsibility of achieving the maximum has lain in the ex-
pectation of attaining precise information; whereas even
minimal efficiency of target perception by the subject might
yield enormous clues as to the nature of the target if reviewed
by professionals concerned with such a target; the target itself
may have no correlate within the subject's logical repertoire
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and may not be correctly prompted via memory.
Thus, to achieve operational status, both changes in expec-
tation of the ability, as well as an increased familiarity with
the problems associated with analytical overlay may lead to
results of increasing practical utility.
-
From the viewpoint of the researchers, we do not yet have
an understanding of the nature of the information-bearing signal that a
subject perceives. We know only that the subjects commonly report they
perceive the signal visually as though looking at the object or place
from a position in its immediate neighborhood. Furthermore, the subjects'
perceptual viewpoint has mobility in that they are able to shift their
point of view to allow them to describe elements of a scene that would
not be visible to an observer simply standing at ground level and de-
scribing what he sees. (In particular, a subject often describes cor-
rectly elements not visible to the target demarcation team. )
Finally,
motion is in general not perceived; in fact, moving objects often are not
seen at all even when nearby static objects are correctly identified.
In comparing the remote-viewing results (a so-called free-
response task) with the random number generator results discussed in
the next section, we note that from a statistical viewpoint a subject
is more likely to describe accurately a remote site, chosen at random
from nearby locations, than he is to select correctly one of four random
numbers. Our experience with these phenomena lead us to consider that
this difference in task performance may stem from fundamental signal-to-
noise considerations. Two principal sources of noise in the system
apparently are memory and imagination, both of which can give rise to
mental pictures of greater clarity than the target to be perceived. In
the random number task, a subject can create a perfect mental picture of
each of the four possible outputs in his own imagination and then attempt
to obtain the correct answer by a mental matching operation. In remote
viewing, on the other hand, the subject is apparently more like to approach
the task with a blank mind as he attempts to perceive pictorial informa-
tion from remote locations about which he may have no stored mental data.
(Subjects S1, S3, and S4 were unfamiliar with the San Francisco Bay area
at the start of experimentation, their homes having been elsewhere.)
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Finally, our observation is that most of the correct infor-
mation that subjects relate to us is of a nonanalytic nature pertaining to
shape, form, color, and material rather than to function or name. That
is, we often observe the correct description of basic elements and pat-
terns coupled with incomplete or erroneous analysis of function.
In consultation with Dr. Robert Ornstein of the Langley
Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, San Francisco, and with Dr. Ralph Kiernan
of the Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stan-
ford, California, we have formed the tentative hypothesis, based on these
observed characteristics, that remote viewing may involve a specialization
characteristic of the brain's right hemisphere. This possibility, discussed
in detail later, is derived from a variety of evidence from clinical and
neurosurgical sources, which indicate that the two hemispheres of the
human brain are specialized for different cognitive functions, the left
hemisphere being predominantly active in verbal and other analytical func-
tioning, the right hemisphere in spatial and other holistic processing.
6,7
Further research is necessary to elucidate the relation-
ship between right hemispheric function and paranormal abilities. None-
theless, we can say at this point that the remote viewing results of the
group of subjects at SRI have characteristics in common with performance
that require right hemispheric function.
The similarities include the
highly schematicized drawings of objects in a room or of remote scenes.
Verbal identification of these drawings is often highly inaccurate and the
drawings themselves are frequently left-right reversed relative to the
target configuration.
Further, written material generally is not cognized.
These characteristics have been seen in left brain-injured patients and
in callosal-sectioned patients.
As a result of the above considerations, we have learned to
urge our subjects simply to describe what they see as opposed to what
they think they are looking at. We have learned that their unanalyzed
perceptions are almost always a better guide to the true target than their
interpretations of the perceived data.
One should not infer that analytic functioning in the
remote viewing mode is never observed, however, as indicated by codeword
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retrieval in the West Virginia Site experiment discussed in Subsection 1-b,
earlier, the recognition of a computer terminal by the sponsor staff
member in the technology series, and the recognition of Hoover Tower and
White Plaza by subjects S1 and S6, respectively, in the natural target
series.
2.
Four-State Electronic Random Target Generator
This study provided an opportunity to determine whether the
remote-sensing capability could be extended to the perception of the
internal state of a piece of electronic equipment. For this purpose, an
automated experiment designed around a four-state electronic random
target generator was initiated. The solid-state machine, manufactured
by Aquarius Electronics, Mendocino, California, has no moving parts and
provides no sensory cue to the user as to its target generation.
To determine unambiguosly whether a result was meaningful, the
following strategy was used. First, so as to discriminate against sub-
ject strategies based on machine statistics, four machines were checked
for departures from randomness by a statistical analysis of over 10,000
pre-experiment trials, and only the three machines that showed no sig-
nificant departures from randomness were used. Second, the subjects
interacted with the machines to generate the data, the machines being
interchanged at arbitrary intervals without the subject's knowledge (to
interfere with possible learning strategies associated with even non-
significant departures from randomness). Third, for any subject whose
score was significant, the statistics of the machines during the successful
experiment were tabulated to ensure that the machines' outputs had not
departed from randomness in the period in which the significant result
was obtained. Fourth, even in the absence of a departure from randomness,
the optimum strategy as determined post hoc from the distribution of actual
machine outputs was compared with subject strategy. Fifth, a subject
generating a good score was asked to repeat the entire experiment one
1
month later under continuous observation by an experimenter. Finally,
the entire data analysis was carried out by an independent statistics
group at SRI under the direction of Dr. Richard Singleton.
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a.
Machine Description
The machine configuration provides as a target one of four
art slides (reproductions of paintings) chosen randomly (p = 1/4) by an
electronic random target generator. The generator does not show its
choice until the subject indicates his choice to the machine by pressing
a button (yellow, green, blue, or red) associated with each art slide
(see Figure 19). (The machine has four stable internal states. A 1.0-
MHz square-wave oscillator sends pulses to an electronic "scale-of-four"
counter which passes through each of its four states 250,000 times per
second. The state of the counter is determined by the length of time
the oscillator has run -- that is, the time between subject choices. )
As
soon as the subject indicates his choice, the target slide is illuminated
to provide visual and auditory (bell if correct) feedback as to the
correctness or incorrectness of his choice. Until that time, both sub-
ject and experimenter remain ignorant of the machine's choice, so the
experiment is of the double-blind type. Five legends at the top of the
machine face are illuminated one at a time with increasing correct choices
(6, 8, 10, ... ) to provide additional reinforcement. The machine choice,
Subject choice, cumulative trial number, and cumulative hit number are
printed automatically on continuous fanfold paper tape. After trial
number 25, the machine must be reset manually by depressing a RESET button.
A methodological feature of the machine is that the choice
of a target is not forced. That is, a subject may press a PASS button
when he wishes not to guess, in which case the machine indicates what
its choice was. The machine thus scores neither a hit nor a trial and
then goes on to make its next selection. Thus, the subject does not
have to guess at targets when he feels that he has no idea as to which
to choose.
Under the null hypothesis of random binomial choices with
probability 1/4 and no learning, the probability of observing < k successes
in n trials is approximated by the probability of a normal distribution
value, t,
t(k-뮤-글) /(3n/16)
.
12
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NY THISA
SA-2613-3
FIGURE 19
FOUR-STATE RANDOM TARGET GENERATOR USED IN THIS EXPERIMENT
An incorrect choice of target is indicated. Two of the five "encouragement lights"
at the top of the machine are illuminated. The printer to the right of the
machine records data on fan-fold paper tape.
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b.
Data from Experiments
Data were collected from subjects S1 through S6. Each sub-
ject was asked to complete 100 25-trial runs (i.e., a total of 2500
trials each). The results are tabulated in Table 13. (One subject, S3,
declined to complete the 2500-trial run, citing a lack of rapport with
the machine and, hence, a lack of motivation for the task.) Of the six
subjects, only one (S2) scored significantly above chance. For the 2500
trials, S2 averaged 29.36 hits/100 trials rather than the expected 25/100,
a result whose a priori probability under the null hypothesis is p =
3 x 10-7.
His scores are plotted in Figure 20.
TABLE 13
1
Four-State Electronic Random Target Generator Summary
Subject
Mean Score/100 Trials
over 2500 Trials
Binomial
Probability
S1
25.76
0.22
S2
29.36
3 x 10-7
S3
24.67 (750 trials)
0.60
S4
25.76
0.22
S5
25.20
0.33
S2
27.88
4.8 x 10-4
All trials
26.47
1.1 x 10-5
(15,750 trials)
The statistics of the machines during the successful run
of subject S2 were tabulated for the entire 3483 machine transitions
(2500 choices, 983 passes), both by machine and in total. The results,
shown in Tables 14 through 16, indicate no significant departures from
random expectation during the successful run, and therefore, the signifi-
cant result cannot be attributed to machine malfunction.
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MACHINE > M2 -M1-
M2
-M1
-M2-
14
-
-u + 30
12
-
-μ + 2σ
10
- - μ + σ
8
2
- - u
6
4
-μ-0
2
-μ - 2σ
=
-
1
-
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
RUN NUMBER - 25 trials/run
P = 1/4 per trial
SA-4265-1
FIGURE 20
DATA SUMMARY FOR SUBJECT S2
2500-trial experiment with four-state electronic random number generator (significant at p = 3 x 10-7).
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0
70
HITS/RUN
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TABLE 14
Randomness Tests for Machine Ml Output
During Successful Experimental Series by Subject S2
(Runs 9 through 16 and 45 through 80)
Buttons
Yellow
Green
Blue
Red
Number
of
Trials
Chi-Square
Binomial
probability
Transitions
Y
96
79
88
92
355
1.789
> 0.50
To
G
85
87
86
88
346
0.058
> 0.99
From
B
85
82
90
87
344
0.395
A
0.90
R
91
91
83
92
357
0.591
> 0.80
Initial states
8
14
9
13
44
2.364
0.50
1
All states
365
353
356
372
1446
0.622
> 0.80
Nondiagonal
261
252
257
267
1037
0.466
> 0.90
transitions
Diagonal
96
87
90
92
365
0.468
> 0.90
transitions
TABLE 15
Randomness Tests for Machine M2 Output
During Successful Experimental Series by Subject S2
(Runs 1 through 8, 17 through 44, and 81 through 100)
Buttons
Yellow
Green
Blue
Red
Number
of
Trials
Chi-Square
Binomial
probability
Transitions
Y
108
120
111
124
463
1.458
> 0.50
To
G
107
131
136
119
493
4.095
> 0.20
From
B
126
124
138
135
523
1.061
V
0.70
R
118
115
140
129
502
3.100
> 0.30
Initial states
16
15
13
12
56
0.714
> 0.80
All states
475
505
538
519
2037
4.149
V
0.20
Nondiagonal
351
359
387
378
1475
2.247
V
0.50
Diagonal
transitions
108
131
138
129
506
3.960
1
0.20
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TABLE 16
RANDOMNESS TESTS FOR ENTIRE MACHINE
OUTPUT DURING SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTAL RUN
Buttons
Chi-Square
Binomial
probability
Yellow
Green
Blue
Red
Transtions
Y
204
199
199
216
818
0.944
> 0.80
To
G
192
218
222
207
839
2.578
> 0.30
From
B
211
206
228
222
867
1.397
> 0.70
R
209
206
223
221
859
1.009
> 0.70
Initial states
24
29
22
25
100
1.040
> 0.70
All states
840
858
894
891
3483
2.364
> 0.50
Nondiagonal
transitions
612
611
644
645
2512
1.736
> 0.50
Diagonal
transitions
204
218
228
221
871
1.399
> 0.70
-
-
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With regard to the possibility that the subject developed
an optimum strategy based on slight, even though nonsignificant, machine
departures from chance expectation, it is sufficient to determine the
most favorable strategy based on machine statistics and examine whether
use of such a strategy would be capable in principle of producing a re-
sult as significant as that produced by the subject.
For machine Ml the optimum strategy, according to Table
17 is: if in the initial state, press green; if yellow, press yellow;
otherwise, pass. Use of such a strategy would, in the 44 runs carried
out, result in 14 correct initial state selections and a scoring fraction
96/355 = 0.2704 on the remaining 44 x 24 = 1056 transitions, resulting
in 300 hits.
For machine M2 the optimum strategy, according to Table
18, is: if in the initial state, press yellow; if red, press blue; other-
wise pass. Use of such a strategy would, in the 56 runs carried out,
result in 16 correct initial state selections and a scoring fraction
140/502 = 0.2789 on the remaining 56 x 24 = 1344 transitions, resulting
in 391 hits. Thus, an optimum strategy derived from the machine distri-
bution post hoc yields a scoring fraction 691/2500 = 0.2764, significantly
less than the observed scoring fraction 0.2936. In any case, it is clear
from an examination of the compilation of subject choices (Tables 17 and
18) that subject selections, although extremely nonrandom, differed
widely from those strategies favorable to the production of results based
on machine statistics. Further, there is no evidence of learning to sup-
port the hypothesis that a successful strategy was developed. A more
detailed analysis of strategies, confirming these conclusions, was carried
out by the sponsor under the direction of the COTR.
When subject S2 was asked to repeat the entire experiment
at a later time, he was able to replicate successfully a high mean scoring
rate (27.88/100 average over 2500 trials, a result whose a priori proba-
bility under the null hypothesis is p = 4.8 x 10-4) .
We thus conclude from the machine study that of the six
Subjects tested, one subject (S2) was able to generate a significant and
replicable result. From these results, we conclude that there is evidence
for the existence of a human perceptual capability whereby electronically
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TABLE 17
SUBJECT S2 SELECTIONS ON MACHINE M1
DURING SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTAL SERIES
(Runs 9 through 16 and 45 through 80)
Buttons
Yellow
Green
Blue
Red
Pass
Transitions
Y
51
47
35
141
73
To
G
45
12
13
70
30
From
B
30
17
2
38
16
R
149
58
37
82
110
Pass
73
36
13
108
116
Initial states
14
4
6
19
1
All states
362
174
106
458
346
TABLE 18
SUBJECT S2 SELECTIONS ON MACHINE M2
DURING SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTAL SERIES
(Runs 1 through 8, 17 through 44, and 81 through 100)
Buttons
1
Yellow
Green
Blue
Red
Pass
Transitions
Y
67
77
54
179
125
To
G
68
2
14
107
38
From
B
50
22
2
40
15
R
208
96
38
31
111
Pass
105
33
22
129
348
Initial states
21
7
1
27
0
All states
519
237
131
513
637
-
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stored information can be accessed by means of a perceptual modality not
mediated by physical parameters as yet identified.
The characteristics of such a channel can be specified in
accordance with the precepts of communication theory. The bit rate asso-
ciated with the information channel is calculated from
8
R = H(x) = H, (x)
(1)
,
where H(x) is the uncertainty of the source message containing symbols
with an a priori probability P.
H (x) =
-
2
-
i=1
Pilog2P1
(2)
and H (x) is the conditional entropy based on the a posteriori probabil-
y
ities that a received signal was actually transmitted,
2
H (x) =- =
i,j=1
p(i, j).log2 Pę (j)
.
(3)
For $2's first run, with Pi = 1/4, Pi (j) = 0.2936, and an
average of 30 s/choice, we have a source uncertainty H(x) = 2 bits and a
calculated bit rate
R = 0.007 bits/symbol
or
R/T = 2 x 10-4 bits/s
In a larger study for NASA, devoted specifically to the
question of whether learning could take place, 147 subjects were screened.
9
Of these subjects, six showed a positive learning slope significant at
the 0.01 level or better; the binomial probability of this occurring by
chance is 3.8 x 10-3. At the other extreme, no subjects had a negative
slope at the 0.01 level or better, in contrast to those six who had a
positive slope at the 0.01 level. The slopes of the remaining 141 subjects
(448,000 trials) were found to be normally distributed.
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B.
Identification of Measurable Characteristics Possessed by Gifted
Subjects
1.
Medical Evaluation
The medical evaluation of program participants was assigned to
the Palo Alto Medical Clinic.
Coordination of the program was handled
by Dr. Robert Armbruster, Director of the Clinic's Department of Environ-
mental Medicine.
The testing procedures fall into six categories:
(1)
General physical examination, including complete medical
and family history.
(2)
Laboratory examinations, including SMA-12 panel blood chem-
istries, protein electrophoresis, blood lipid profile,
urinalysis, serology, blood type and factor, pulmonary
function screening, and 12-lead electrocardiogram.
(3)
Neurological examination, including comprehensive and
electroencephalogram (sleeping and routine) .
(4)
Audiometric examination, including comprehensive, Bekesy
bone conduction, speech discrimination, and impedance
bridge test.
(5)
Ophthalmologist examination, including comprehensive,
card testing, peripheral field test, muscle test, dilation
funduscope, and indirect ophthalmoscopic and fundus
examination.
-
(6)
EMI brain scan.
The detailed subject-by-subject test results are on file with
the sponsor.
Following are the summary evaluations prepared by Dr.
Armbruster.
SGFOIA3
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SGFOIA3
g .
Summary of Medical Evaluation
In summary, it appears that the medical profiling is noncontributory
to the study, all subjects showing essentially normal medical
profiles without any discernible spread among the subjects.
2.
Psychological Evaluation
The psychological evaluation of the program participants was
assigned to the Palo Alto Medical Clinic.
Coordination of the program
was handled by Dr. J. E. Heenan, Chief Clinical Psychologist of the Clinic's
Department of Psychiatry. The testing itself was carried out by Dr.
Karen Nelson, Clinical Psychologist at the Clinic.
The tests administered included :
(1)
In-depth interviews, including objective events and
subjective views relating to the discovery and enhance-
ment of paranormal capacities; socioeconomic, cultural,
familial, religious environment; outstanding emotional
peaks, traumas; values, motivation, interpersonal style.
(2)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
(3)
Bender Gestalt Visual Motor Test
(4)
Benton Visual Memory Test
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(5)
Wechsler Memory Scale
(6)
Luscher Color Test
(7)
Strong Vocational Interest Blank
(8)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
(9)
Edwards Personality Preference Schedule (EPPS)
(10)
Rorschach Inkblot
(11)
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The detailed test results for each subject are on file with the
COTR.
Due to the personal nature of the data we present here only the
Summary evaluations, first by the clinical psychologist who administered
the tests and interviewed the subjects in depth, and second by the chief
clinical psychologist who analyzed the data on a blind basis.
a.
Evaluation by Clinical Psychologist Administering Tests
The following is quoted from the psychologist's report:
During late summer and early fall, 1974, six subjects were re-
ferred to the Clinic for testing for the parapsychology study at
Stanford Research Institute. Three of the subjects were desig-
nated as sensitive subjects and three of the subjects were desig-
nated as controls. It was planned that I would do the testing
without knowledge of which subjects were considered sensitive and
which subjects were considered controls. However, in the course
of my contacts with these subjects, it proved impossible not to
know which subjects belonged to which group, since I was to inter-
view each person in depth. Since personal experience with appar-
ently extrasensory perception is a fairly dramatic event, subjects
could not avoid talking about these events and still be honest in
an in-depth interview.
Consequently, a secondary plan was
developed in which I would do the psychological testing and write
individual reports for each subject, and the Chief Clinical Psychol-
ogist, Dr. Heenan, would read the test blind and see whether he
could pick out three test records which seemed more similar to
each other than the rest, thereby discriminating between sensitive
and non-sensitive subjects.
Intellectual Functioning
All of the subjects in this study displayed distinctly above-
average intellectual abilities. Most subjects reached the superior
range, and several of the subjects reached the gifted range. As
it happened, the control subjects tended to show higher average
intellectual functioning scores than did sensitive subjects,
although the difference could not be said to be significant,
given that there were only three subjects in each group.
Two
of the subjects from the sensitive group showed highly variable
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Subtest scores within their intelligence test battery. That
is, some of the subskills would be extremely high and other
subskills would be extremely low.
The variable patterns shown
are consistent with ambivalent motivation as regards learning
tasks and academic situations. I was able to spot no consistent
trends as to which subskills tended to be high and which sub-
skills tended to be low.
For all six subjects, verbal and per-
formance skills tended to be about evenly balanced, and memory
skills were approximately what would be expected, given the in-
telligence scores attained. The number scores on memory tests as
well as the performances of the subjects themselves reflect a
slight tendency toward better memory for material which is
organized logically or which appears in a meaningful context
than for rote memory material. In the control group, this
tendency seems less pronounced and in fact one subject showed
a clear preference for rote memory material. The subjects
themselves did not feel that any of the intelligence test
material tapped skills or propensities on their part which might
be linked to their extrasensory capabilities, and since the
patterns of strength and weakness within the test profiles
varied so widely, I am inclined to accept their judgment with
one possible exception. It is possible that sensitive subjects
tend to be holistic perceivers rather than analytic perceivers;
that is, to perceive in Gestalt rather than analytic elements.
This might underlie the tendency for better short term memory
of contextual logical material. Psychological tests which are
directly relevant to this difference in perceptual style appear
not be standardized as yet and so it is difficult to follow this
lead.
Personality Functioning
When looked at from the point of view of psychopathology, the
indicators both in projective and in objective testing do not
appear to me to show marked trends, either for the six subjects
taken together or for the subjects in each group. There does
appear to be an interesting similarity in defensive style, par-
ticularly when this is taken together with a similarity in
interests and vocational aptitude, which can be seen in a
large number of the subjects both in sensitive and control
groups. To elaborate, all six subjects tended to have high
feminine scores on the masculinity-feminity scale of the MMPI.
That scale does not measure sexual orientation but rather sex
role stereotype. For example, a person who is highly active
in expressing his aggression, who is self assertive and who
adopts "masculine" interest in, say, sports, mechanics, etc.,
is likely to get a high masculine score; a person who tends
to be fairly passive in expressing aggression, even manipulative,
who tends to be interested in the arts, in music, in aesthetic
sensitivities, is likely to gain a high feminine score. Both
the men and women in this group of subjects tended to have high
feminine scores. The trend is seen again in the vocational
aptitude survey, the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, wherein
all of the subjects tended to achieve high scores in music, art
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and writing, but particularly in writing was this consistent.
The score on writing aptitude appeared to be above average for
the general population in each subject and for several of the
subjects it was one of the highest scores obtained. These two
trends in the objective personality test data can be compared with
another trend found in the projective test data, namely on the
Rorschach. Here, the responses of the subjects tended to emphasize
animal or human movement and to de-emphasize color. This pattern
is common in people who tend to be introspective, to have a rich
inner fantasy life, and in fact to prefer that kind of expression
of their emotions to interpersonal expression. The capacity to
stand back from one's feelings, observe them, analyze them, even
to savor them, is common among artists and particularly among
writers.
Unfortunately, two of the subjects (S1 and S3) from the sensitive
group were highly defensive about test-taking and their defen-
siveness was most pronounced in the projective personality tests.
The result was that they gave very minimal records, very few
responses, and were close-mouthed in talking about their responses.
Hence, the pattern to which I refer can be seen more clearly in
the control subjects than in the sensitive subjects even though
it appears to occur for all six subjects.
In the course of the testing, the control subjects began to tell
me that as they participated in the SRI study, they appeared to
be developing more and more sensitivity on the experiments per-
formed and each was not certain that he should be properly
classified as a control subject. In talking with Dr. Puthoff,
I learned that they did appear to be showing some sensitivity
but that their performances were not reliable and so they still
could be said to be importantly different from the sensitive
subjects. If the sensitive subjects could be induced to be
less defensive in test-taking, it is possible that their records
would show a pattern which could be distinguished from that of
the control subjects. Since that is not the case, we are left
with a dilemna. A tendency toward artistic interests, a rich
fantasy life and an introversive style of emotional expression
may be accidental in all of these six subjects. It may be
characteristic of persons who are willing to participate in
parapsychological studies. It may be characteristic of persons
who have some extrasensory capacity, whether great or small, or
it may relate to some other variable which happens to be common
to these six subjects.
Should the pattern of emotional style and aesthetic interest
prove relevant to extrasensory capacity, it would seem that the
-Rorschach gets at the most fundamental level of this quality.
The objective tests are more likely to be measuring the end
products of that fundamental level of emotional expression.
Since my reading of projective test material is likely to be
colored by my acquaintance with the subjects and what they said
about themselves, I will be interested to see whether Dr. Heenan
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can discern the same pattern, and for my own curiosity I would
like to be able to test the sensitive subjects again, without
them having read this report, to see whether I could put them
more at ease on a second contact and get more productive records
from them. Two of these subjects (S1 and S3) said frankly that
they were alienated at the thought of psychological testing
because their experience was that people with extrasensory capac-
ity were written off as nuts and that psychologists and psychi-
atrists always examined them with an eye toward any pathology
they could discover. If they could be reassured that that was
not the point of interest and at the same time not be coached
as to what kinds of responses I was interested in, another
session of projective testing might be productive.
Karen L. Nelson, PhD
Clinical Psychologist
Palo Alto Medical Clinic
b.
Evaluation by Chief Clinical Psychologist (On a Blind
Basis
An effort complementary to the overall analysis performed
by Dr. K. Nelson was carried out by Dr. J. Heenan, Chief Clinical Psychol-
ogist, Department of Psychiatry, Palo Alto Medical Clinic.
He took on
as a task the ferreting out of responses to specific test items to deter-
mine whether a particular cluster of items might serve as the core of a
screening procedure. Dr. Heenan's analysis was carried out on a blind
basis, that is, without knowledge of which subjects were labeled sensitive
and which were labeled control. The following is quoted from Dr. Heenan's
report :
I have finished going over the psychological test data on the six
subjects tested and this is a summary of my thoughts, impressions,
clinical judgments, guesses and comparisons of various dimensions.
The six persons tested are labeled S1 through S6. Subject S1
would not take the TAT test and did not return the EPPS test, and
there is not a Strong vocational interest test in the file on him.
I included him in the comparisons on the tests which he did take.
What I did was formulate some hypotheses and then examine the test
data, ranking people according to what their tests reflected on
those hypotheses, and from that arrived at which subjects might
have, according to the hypothesis, a more than ordinary ability
to communicate by non-ordinary means. First of all, I examined
all the test data rather carefully from a clinical psychologist's
point of view and without any specific hypotheses -- that is, on
the basis of my overall intuition -- made guesses, for each battery
of tests, whether or not I thought this person would be likely
to have unusual abilities. On this basis I guessed subjects S3,
S6 and S4 as the most likely ones to have been high achievers
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in your experiments.
The following is a series of hypotheses on the Rorschach Ink
Blot Test and following each hypothesis are the three subjects
who best fit that hypothesis from the test data.
HYPOTHESIS #1. White space responses reflect lower ability to
use non-ordinary means of communication.
Results: Subjects S3, S6 and S4 have the fewest white
space responses and therefore, according to this hypothesis,
would have the higher ability among this group.
HYPOTHESIS #2. Preoccupation with minor details (Dd) will be
inconsistent with the ability to communicate by non-ordinary
means.
Results :
Subjects S3, S6 and S4 reflect the least use
of minor details in Rorschach responses.
HYPOTHESIS #3.
Those persons with the highest percentage of
human movement responses will be those most likely to be able
to communicate by non-ordinary means.
Results: Subjects S4, S6 and S2 are the three highest in
this regard.
HYPOTHESIS #4. The use of instant whole responses will be
greater in those persons with the ability to communicate by
non-ordinary means.
Results: Subjects S3, S6 and S4 are the highest in this
regard.
HYPOTHESIS #5.
Using shading responses as an index for anxiety,
those who have the most shading responses will do the least well
in communicating by non-ordinary means.
Results :
Subjects S4, S1 and S2 have the most shading
responses .
HYPOTHESIS #6.
Those subjects able to communicate best by
non-ordinary means will tend to be more childlike in their
general approach to life and this will be reflected by higher
animal content percent on the Rorschach test.
Results :
Subjects S5, S4 and Sl.
HYPOTHESIS #7. (This hypothesis is relevant to Hypothesis #6.)
Those subjects with the most animal movement responses will
tend to be able to communicate more by non-ordinary means.
Results:
Subjects S4, S6 and S2.
HYPOTHESIS #8. The persons who most use color in their re-
sponses will be most likely to be able to communicate better
by non-ordinary means.
Results :
There is no spread among the subjects on this
particular scoring determinant.
HYPOTHESIS #9. Those subjects using the most emotional deter-
minants will be most likely to be able to communicate by
non-ordinary means.
Results :
Subjects S3, S6 and S4 have the most use of
emotional determinants on the Rorschach Test.
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On the MMPI, the following hypotheses were checked out.
HYPOTHESIS #1. Subjects who show the most unusual configurations
on the MMPI will be those most likely to be able to communicate
by non-ordinary means (scores above 70).
Results :
Subjects S3, S6 and S2.
HYPOTHESIS #2. Those subjects who reflect the most emotional
energy as measured by the Ma score will be most likely to com-
municate by non-ordinary means.
Results: Subjects S6, S3 and S2 -- the opposite of this
hypothesis is that those with the lowest Ma scores were
Subjects S1, S5 and S4.
HYPOTHESIS #3. Those subjects who show the most interest in human
interaction will be most likely to do well in non-ordinary com-
munication as measured by the Si score; the rank among the sub-
jects from highest to lowest is S5, S4, S6, S2, S1, S3. There-
fore, subjects S5, S4 and S6, according to this hypothesis,
would be the successful ones.
HYPOTHESIS #4. Those subjects showing the most depression would
be least likely to be able to communicate by non-ordinary means;
the rank on the depression score among the subjects is from
highest to lowest -- S6, S4, S3, S2, S1, S5, with S6, S4, and S3
being the predicted least likely to do well at your tasks, and
subjects S2, S1 and S5 the most likely.
The Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale hypotheses were simple
and easy to check. The first hypothesis on the results of the
Wechsler, HYPOTHESIS #1, is that higher intelligence as measured
by the IQ score will reflect higher ability to communicate by
non-ordinary means. Using the Full Scale IQ score, the rank from
highest to lowest on IQ is subjects S5, S2, S6, S4, S1, and S3.
Therefore, S5, S2, S6, according to this hypothesis, would be
the subjects most likely to have succeeded.
There is very little
difference in the ranking in general, using the verbal IQ and
the performance IQ. Taking a closer look at the subtest scores
of the Wechsler, the following hypotheses were checked out.
HYPOTHESIS #2 on the subtest scores: Persons with the highest
ability in visual motor coordination. as reflected by the Block
Design subtest, will be most likely to be able to communicate
by non-ordinary means. The rank on the Block Design subtest
from high to low is S5, S3, S6, S4, S2, and Sl.
HYPOTHESIS #3. Those with the best immediate memory as reflected
by the Digit Span subtest will be the most likely to achieve in
the non-ordinary communication modality. The rank for subjects
from highest to lowest on Digit Span is S3, S6, S4, S5, S2, and
S1 with very little spread among them.
Other aspects of the Wechsler which were specifically checked
out were the Picture Completion subtest and the Arithmetic
subtest. The rank from highest to lowest in Picture Completion
is S1, S2, S5, S3, S4, S6, and the rank on the Arithmetic sub-
test is S5, S4, S2, S3, S1, and S6. I did not have a hypothesis
about these particular subtests since they are reflections of
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higher IQ, which was already covered before.
Careful review of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank results,
tabulating various scored categories and profile configuration,
revealed no pattern that separated any group of subjects from
any other group of subjects. This, however, is a multi-dimensional
test with many variables and perhaps a more complex statistical
analysis, such as analysis of variants, may show some clusters not
visible to this examiner.
On the Bender Gestalt Visual Motor test, the simple hypothesis
was made that the higher the ability to reproduce better designs,
the more likely would be the person's ability to communicate by
non-ordinary means. The Bender test results were ranked according
to quality in form, Gestalt and accuracy, and the following ranks
were obtained. From highest to lowest, subjects S4, S3, S6, S5,
S1, and S2.
No other evident material was reflected on the Bender
designs.
It appears to me that according to most of the hypotheses I came
up with, subjects S3, S6 and S4 are the most likely candidates.
The results of the Luscher and TAT tests, after careful examina-
tion, do not suggest any systematic means for breaking this
group of six into two groups of three. However, on the TAT
subjects S3, S6 and S5 appeared to this examiner to reflect
more spontaneity and childlike exuberance for living and there-
fore might be inferred to possess more sensitivity or awareness
to non-cognitive dimensions of experience; therefore, I think
subjects S3, S6, and S4 are the most likely ones to have done
the experiments well. I also note that those who couldn't
apparently were learning how, and therefore apparently whatever
this ability is, it is a learnable one -- of course, if such com-
munication does exist, that should be true since we all come
with essentially the same basic equipment.
1
J. E. Heenan, PhD
:
Chief Clinical Psychologist
Palo Alto Medical Clinic
On a post hoc basis, we can examine the various hypotheses
suggested by Dr. Heenan and determine which ones tend to correlate with
observable paranormal functioning. However, given the small sample size,
no significant conclusions can be drawn -- rather, these points simply
suggest hypotheses to be examined in future testing.
On the basis of the remote viewing and random target generator
experiments, experienced subjects S1 through S3 and learner/control S4
performed reliably in contrast to learner/control subjects S5 and S6.
There were four tests which tended to correlate with this partition in
the sense that three of the four successful subjects lacked a trait
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0
.
51
which was possessed by both of the unsuccessful subjects. These were
the traits considered in Rorschach Hypothesis #5, MMPI Hypothesis #3,
and WBIS Hypotheses #1 and #2; the four hypotheses suggested by Dr. Heenan
were all counterindicated, that is, the responses suggested as probable
for successful subjects were found to hold for the unsuccessful ones.
On the basis of this small sample, therefore, one might consider investi-
gating the following traits as potentially indicating a lesser ability
in paranormal functioning: low anxiety index as indicated by low degree
of shading response in the Rorschach, a high degree of interest in human
interaction as measured by the Si score of the MMPI, an exceptionally high
IQ (gifted range) as measured by the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale,
and excellent visual motor coordination as reflected in the Block Design
subtest of the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale. It must be emphasized,
however, that although subjects scoring highest with regard to the above
factors did least well in the tests of paranormal functioning, all sub-
jects scored higher than the norm in these psychological factors, so it
would be erroneous to extrapolate on the basis of these data that low
scoring might indicate paranormal ability. It is simply that extremely
high scores are observed to correlate negatively with success on the
particular paranormal tasks investigated. Finally, we reiterate that the
correlation as observed on the basis of such a small sample may be gratui-
tous and should therefore only be considered as a basis for further hy-
pothesis testing.
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3.
Neuropsychological Evaluation
Neuropsychological profiles on the six subjects were obtained
by the administration of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Test Battery
as well as other tests known to be sensitive to brain dysfunction. These
tests have proven useful in predicting, for example, both the presence
and location of brain damage in a variety of neurological diseases.
Since, when no damage is present these tests also reflect abilities
dependent on brain function, it was hoped that some meaningful pattern
of test performance would emerge for the program subjects. The testing
and evaluation was handled by Dr. Ralph Kiernan, Clinical Neuropsy-
chologist, Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center,
Stanford, California.
The following is his evaluation;
All subjects were given the folowing tests:
(1)
Halstead Category Test
(2)
Tactual Performance Test
(3)
Speech Perception Test
(4)
Seashore Rhythm Test
(5)
Finger Tapping Test
(6)
Trail Making Test
(7)
Knox Cube Test
(8)
Raven Progressive Matrices
(9)
Verbal Concept Attainment Test
(10)
Buschke Memory Test
(11)
Grooved Pegboard Tests
Two additional tests were added after several subjects had
been tested and were not administered to all subjects. These
were :
(12)
The Gottschaldt Hidden-Figures Test
(13)
The spatial relations subtest of the SRA Primary
Mental Abilities Test.
A description of these tests along with subject scores is
given in Table 19.
Since other psychological testing was completed previously
on these same subjects at the Palo Alto Medical Clinic,
-
the results of two of these tests (The Wechsler Adult In-
telligence Scale and the Benton Visual Retention Test) were
consulted in the overall neuropsychological evaluation.
Very few of the results are common to all six subjects.
In fact, the only ones that are common involve general
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Test
Description
Scoring
SI
S2
S3
S4
S5
$6
Y
0
Halstead Category
Test
Nonverbal test requiring abstraction of conceptual relationships.
Score: Total errors.
7
14
33
26
0
6
28
15
15
5'
Tactual Performance
Test
Requires placement of 10 geometrically shaped blocks in their
correct locations on a formboard while blindfolded.
Separate RT, LT, and bimanual trials.
Score: Total time (minutes).
16.4
11.8
7.7
7.7
11.4
6.9
SD
11.4
3.6
14.7
4.8
Speech Perception
Test
Discrimination of nonword speech sounds.
Score: Total errors.
4
2
0
2
5
3
SD
MAX
0
Seashore Rhythm Test
Discrimination of nonverbal rhythms. Score: Number correct.
27
25
28
29
26
29
SD
MAX
3
30
3
30
Finger Tapping Test
Measure of finger oscillation rate for 10-second period,
both RT and LT hand trials. Score: Number taps per 10 seconds.
RT/LT
53/50
RT/LT
53/49
RT/LT
48/47
RT/LT
54/53
RT/LT
47/47
RT/LT
48/43
μ
SD
50/43
6/6
44/39
11/10
Trail Making Test
(Part A)
Requires connecting numbered circles in order from 1 to 25.
Paper and pencil task.
Score: Total times (seconds).
40
16
18
19
30
27
SD
26
11
33
9
Trail Making Test
(Part B)
Requires connecting alphabetic and numbered circles by alterna-
ting 1+A+2+B, and so on. Score: Total time (seconds).
56
50
55
50
54
53
SD
62
16
79.5
31.0
Knox Cube Test
Measure of attention span and immediate visual memory.
Score: Number correct.
13
14
13
16
17
17
4
SD
MAX 18
4
18
Raven Progressive
Matrices
Nonverbal intelligence test involving spatial matrices.
Score: Number correct.
39
53
49
55
60
54
SD
MAX
35
10
60
42
10
60
Verbal Concept
Attainment Test
Requires abstraction of verbal conceptual relationships.
Score:
Number correct.
22
24
27
23
21
24
μ
ST
MAX 27
21
5.4
27
Buschke Memory
Test
Requires learning a 20-word list in a maximum of 12 trials with
repetition of words omitted after each trial. Score: Maximum
number words correctly remembered; List: Number words consis-
tently remembered.
Total:
14/20
List:
8/20
17/20 18/20
19/20
20/20
20/20
SD
MAX
Grooved Pegboard
Test
Requires insertion of 25 pegs in their holes in a pegboard.
Both RT and LT hand trials. Score: Total time (seconds).
RT/LT
76/74
RT/LT RT/LT
69/70
58/67
RT/LT
59/67
RT/LT
72/70
RT/LT
48/50
61/66
9/9
70/76
10/11
Spatial Relations
Subtest of the PMA
Requires mental rotation and identification of figures rotated
in two dimensions. Score: Number correct minus number of errors.
-
60
52
SD
28
14
28
14
Gottschaldt Hidden
Figures Test
Requires tracing outline of simple figure hidden within lines
of more complex figure. Score: Time and number correct.
Poor
Avg.
V. good Outst.
Outst.
None
Available
4
3
5.5
2.5
0
μ
26
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13
21
5.4
Total / List
. 18/12
3/2*
20/20
14/20
11/20
16/20
15/20
(8 trials) (7 trials)
16/20
SD
*Approximate; Y,Age <35 ;. 0,Age >35.
TABLE 19. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY TEST BATTERY
μ
SD
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intelligence as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence
Scale. All subjects were in the bright average to very
superior range of intelligence with full scale IQ's ranging
from 116 to 134, the average IQ being 125. Performance IQ's
tended to be slightly higher than Verbal IQ's (126 average ver-
Sus 123). All other test performances ranged widely from
the mildly below average to the very superior range.
A consistent pattern of test results does emerge, however,
when four of the subjects are looked at in a single group.
These four subjects are S3 through S6. All tests which
depended heavily on spatial abilities were extremely well
performed by these subjects.
The block design subtest of
the WAIS is the most sensitive
subtest to brain injuries
which disrupt spatial abilities.
Although these subjects
obtained excellent WAIS scores in general, their near-per-
fect performances on this subtest are significantly better
than most of the other subtest scores. The Tactual Per-
formance Test (TPT) is also very sensitive to brain dys-
function involving spatial abilities.
This test was ex-
tremely well performed by these subjects with three of
them obtaining total times of 7.7 minutes or less. Times
of less than eight minutes are very rarely achieved on this
test. The TPT and block designs are two of the most sensi-
tive tests to variations in spatial ability. A third test,
the spatial relations subtest of the Primary Mental Abilities
test, was given to only two of the four subjects in this
group. Again, very superior scores (quotient scores greater
than 130) were obtained by each. This test is not highly
correlated with general intelligence, and high scores in-
dicate special proficiency in visual-spatial ability.
Two additional tests which appear to measure general
ability but which depend upon visual-perceptual ability for
their correct performance were performed in the superior
range.
These are the Raven's Progressive Matrices and the
Gottschaldt Hidden Figures.
Other test performances varied substantially among these four
subjects. Three of the four had difficulty on the Category
Test and on the Buschke Memory Test. No sensible interpre-
tation of these results is readily apparent.
1
The two remaining subjects, Sl and S2, were quite different
in their test performances from the above group.
S2, who
obtained the second highest full scale IQ, did well on the
spatial tests described above but not as well as any of the
four above.
His spatial abilities appeared to be less well
developed than his verbal skills. Sl was even less like
the group than S2. His spatial test performances were only
average for his age, and the TPT and Gottschaldt tests were
poorly performed.
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In summary, the single, most compelling conclusion from the
test data is that six subjects studied are of significantly
above-average intellectual ability.
In addition,
there is
consistent evidence that four of the six subjects were parti-
cularly proficient on measures of visual and tactual spatial
ability. The performance of tests which measure this ability
is most seriously impaired by lesions which involve the
right, posterior cerebral hemisphere.
There is more than
presumptive evidence that normal performance of these tests
is mediated by the right hemisphere. Therefore, at least
four of the subjects obtained test results consistent
with proficiency on these right hemisphere related tasks.
It should be pointed out that this finding can be, at best,
considered as a basis for hypothesis formation regarding
paranormal ability.
Verification of such hypotheses would
depend on the results of future research.
The test results for S2 are not in conflict with the above -
interpretation.
Those obtained for S1, however, are in
conflict with this hypothesis and are not readily reconciled
with it.
As pointed out above, further research is necessary to
elucidate the relationship between spatial abilities, the
right hemisphere and paranormal abilities.
Nonetheless,
it can be said at this point that many of the tasks per-
formed by the group of subjects at SRI have at least a
superficial resemblance to performances which require
right hemisphere function. The"similarities include the
highly schematicized drawings of objects in a room or of
remote scenes. Verbal identification of these drawings
is often highly inaccurate, and the drawings themselves
are frequently left-right reversed relative to the target
configuration. Further, written material is generally not
cognized. These characteristics have been seen in left
brain-injured patients and in callosal sectioned patients.
More relevant, perhaps, than right hemisphere functioning
per se are the resemblances to a class of functioning known
as associative visual agnosia. Associative visual agnosia
involves the inability of a patient to name or otherwise
identify objects which he is capable of seeing. Such patients
who do not have more generalized intellectual impairment
are rare, and only a few have been described in the neuro-
logical literature. Several of these patients have demon-
strated the ability to copy with pencil and paper the pic-
ture or object which they failed to name. It is this
quality which impressed me as being similar to the remote
viewing performances of the SRI subjects.
In a recent review of such cases
,10
five patients were
found who had the ability to draw an object without being
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able to name it.
These are the patients reported by Mack
et al. (1975)10, Albert et al. (1975)11, Davidenkov (1956) 12
Rubens and Benson (1971)13, and Lhermitte and Beauvois (1973) 14.
Drawings and attempted namings of pictured material for one
of the patients in the studies is shown in Figure 21.
In attempting to name an object, these patients would gen-
erally produce inappropriate names which, nevertheless,
reflected some visual form characteristics of the object
in question. Their attempts seem forced and made in piece-
meal fashion to various characteristics of the picture
rather than to the picture as a whole.
In similar fashion
Teuber's patient (1975) 15 described the figure below as an
apple with a worm and wormholes in it.
The above description and many of those in the references
clearly illustrate that the patient sees the object and is
able to respond to at least some of its visual characteris-
tics. Most of the drawings in the references are sufficiently
complete so that an observer would be able to name the object
represented. Yet the author of the drawing cannot do this.
This type of defective performance was frequently seen in
the SRI subjects when they were producing drawings in the
remote viewing experiments. Two obvious differences exist,
however, between the patients with associative visual
agnosia and the SRI subjects. The SRI subjects are able
to name objects appropriately when pictures are presented
directly to the visual modality. The patients cannot do
this, and, in addition, these patients have a variety of
other visual disabilities.
The latter difference is to be
expected since the patients have substantial brain injury.
The location of brain damage in associative visual agnosia
is fairly well established.
Two disconnections appear
necessary in order to produce this symptom. One involves
destruction of the left visual area as evidenced by the
right homomonous hemianopia invariably found in these
patients. The second involves isolation of the right
visual area from speech areas in the left hemisphere.
can be the result of extensive destruction of left visual
association areas or of damage to the posterior portion
of the corpus callosum. The net result of these injuries
is that objects can be seen because of visual input to the
right hemisphere visual area but that they cannot be named
because of isolation of this area from left hemisphere
language areas. Use of these objects and the drawing of
pictures of them can be accomplished because of intact
pathways within the right hemisphere.
This
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:
1
C
FIGURE 21
DRAWINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS BY ASSOCIATIVE VISUAL
AGNOSIA PATIENTS
Copies of line drawings. Patient was unable to identify any before copying. After
making copy, his identifications were top left, key - "I still don't know"; top
right, pig - "Could be a dog or any other animal"; bottom left, bird - "Could
be a beach stump"; bottom right, locomotive - "A wagon or a car of some kind.
The larger vehicle is being pulled by the smaller one."
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It remains to speculate on the meaning of the similarity
between the patients described above and the SRI subjects.
It should first be noted that the similarities are more than
superficial in that the verbal descriptions attempted by
some of the SRI subjects bear a striking resemblance in
kind to those of the patient shown in Figure 21. It is as
if they are struggling with similar difficulties in verbal-
izing the image which they can readily draw.
In this regard
the lateralization involved is consistent with other indica-
tions of right hemisphere function in the SRI subjects.
A
highly speculative hypothesis is that during remote viewing
the subjects "see" a grossly degraded image which is not
distinct enough to encode directly into a verbal label.
Hence the piecemeal verbalization similar to that found in
patients with associative visual agnosia.
In summary, it would appear that the neuropsychological
data are compatible with the hypotheses that (1) information received
in a putative remote viewing mode is processed piecemeal in pattern form
(consistent with a low bit rate process but not necessarily requiring
it) and (2) the errors arise in the processes of attempted integration
of the data into larger patterns directed toward verbal labeling.
C.
Identification of Neurophysiological Correlates That Relate to
Paranormal Activities
This part of the program had as its goal the identification of
neurophysiological correlates of paranormal activity. The existence of
such correlates is hypothesized on the expectation that, in addition to
obtaining overt responses such as verbalizations or 'key presses from a
subject, it should be possible to obtain objective evidence of informa-
tion transfer by direct measurement of some physiological parameter of
a subject. Kamiya, Lindsley, Pribram, Silverman, Walter, and others
brought together to discuss physiological methods to detect ESP function-
ing, for example, have suggested that a whole range of electroencephalo-
gram (EEG) responses -- such as evoked potentials (EPs), spontaneous EEG,
and the contingent negative variation (CNV) -- might be sensitive indi-
cators of the detection of remote stimuli not mediated by usual sensory
processes. 16
The purpose of this part of the study was twofold:
(a) to obtain
information about the neurophysiological state associated with paranormal
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activity in general, and (b) to determine whether physiological
correlates could be used as an indicator of paranormal functioning,
hopefully to provide indicators that differentiate between correct
and incorrect responses to a paranormally applied stimulus so that_
an independently-determined bias factor could be applied during the
generation of data by a subject.
Early experimentation of this type was carried out by Douglas
Dean at the Newark College of Engineering. In his search for physio-
logical correlates of information transfer, he used the plethysmograph
to measure changes in the blood volume in a finger, a sensitive indica-
tor of autonomic nervous system functioning.
17
A plethysmographic
measurement was made on the finger of a subject during paranormal-
communication experiments. A sender looked at randomly selected target
cards consisting of names known to the subject, together with names
unknown to him (selected at random from a telephone book). The names
of the known people were contributed by the subject and were to be of
emotional significance to him.
Dean found significant changes in the
chart recording of finger blood volume when the remote sender was
looking at those names known to the subject as compared with those names
randomly chosen.
Two other early experiments using the physiological approach were
also published. The first work by Tart-º
and the later work by Lloyd
19
both follow a similar pattern. Basically, a subject is closeted in an
electrically shielded room while his EEG is recorded. Meanwhile, in
another laboratory, a second person is stimulated from time to time,
and the time for that stimulus is marked on the magnetic tape recording
of the subject's EEG. The subject does not know when the remote
stimulus periods occur.
At SRI three facilities are in use for the purpose described above.
One is a standard EEG facility under the direction of Dr. Charles
Rebert, Life Sciences Division. This facility consists of a visually
opaque, acoustically and electrically shielded, double-walled steel
room, as shown in Figure 22, a Grass Model 5 polygraph, and an Ampex
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FIGURE 22 SHIELDED ROOM USED FOR EEG EXPERIMENTS
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SP-300 magnetic tape recorder. The second facility is a standard EEG
facility under the direction of Dr. Jerry Lukas, head of SRI's Sleep Studies
program. This facility consists of two sound-isolated rooms with
appropriate signal lead connections, an eight-channel polygraph for
recording visually, and a magnetic tape/computer processing/printer
readout that provides on-line processing of the polygraph data. In our
configuration we obtain a hardcopy printout of five-second averages of eight
channels of polygraph information 15 minutes following a 15-minute run.
At present we monitor broad band alpha (7 to 14 Hz) and beta (14 to 34 Hz)
brainwave components from the left and right occipital regions, galvanic
skin response, and two channels of plethysmograph data (blood volume and
pulse height).
The third facility is a smaller, semiportable four-channel polygraph
with a GSR channel, reflected-light plethysmograph indicating blood
volume/pulse height, one channel of unfiltered EEG activity, and a
fourth EEG channel with zero-crossing digital filtering. The last
permits percent-time measurements in any band, with upper and lower band
edge settings in one-hertz increments.
Two lines of investigation were pursued in the SRI program. The
first was basic in nature, an effort to determine whether, in a re-
peatable experiment under laboratory conditions, the remote viewing of
a specific stimulus (strobe light in another laboratory) would provide
any evidence of EEG correlates. The second involved mid-experiment
monitoring of a number of physiological parameters during routine
experimentation in remote viewing.
1.
Remote Strobe Experiment
The following is a description of the first line of experi-
mentation, the remote viewing of a strobe light stimulus. With regard
to choice of stimulus, it was noted that in previous work others had
attempted, without success, to detect evoked potential changes in a
subject's EEG in response to a single flash stimulus observed by
another subject.
20
In a discussion of that experiment, Kamiya suggested
that because of the unknown temporal characteristics of the information
channel, it might be more appropriate to use repetitive bursts of light
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to increase the probablility of detecting information transfer.
21
There-
fore, in our study we chose to use a stroboscopic flash train of ten seconds
duration as the remote stimulus.
In the design of the study, we assumed that the application of
the remote stimulus would result in responses similar to those obtained
under conditions of direct stimulation. For example, when an individual
is stimulated with a low-frequency (< 30 Hz) flashing light, the EEG
typically shows a decrease in the amplitude of the resting rhythm and a
driving of the brain waves at the frequency of the flashes.
We hypo-
22
thesized that if we stimulated one subject in this manner (a putative sender)
the EEG of another subject in a remote room with no flash present (a
receiver) might show changes in narrow band alpha (9 to 11 Hz) activity
and possibly an EEG driving similar to that of the sender, either by
coupling to the sender's EEG, -
23
or by coupling directly to the stimulus.
We informed our subject (S4) that at certain times a light
was to be flashed in a sender's eyes in a distant room, and if the subject
perceived that event, consciously or unconsciously, it might be evident
from changes in his EEG output. The instructions to the subject are
in accordance with requirements governing activities with human subjects
(see Appendix B). The receiver was seated in the visually opaque,
acoustically and electrically shielded double-walled steel room shown in
Figure 22. The sender was seated in room about seven meters from the
receiver.
A Grass PS-2 photostimulator placed about one meter in front
of the sender was used to present flash trains of ten seconds duration.
The receiver's EEG activity from the occipital region (Oz), referenced
to linked mastoids, was amplified with a Grass 5P-1 preamplifier and
associated driver amplifier with a bandpass of 1 to 120 Hz. The EEG
data were recorded on magnetic tape with an Ampex SP 300 recorder.
On each trial, a tone burst of fixed frequency was presented
to both sender and receiver and was followed in one second by either a
ten second train of flashes or a null flash interval presented to the sender.
Thirty-six such trials were given in an experimental session, consisting
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of 12 null trials -- no flashes following the tone -- 12 trials of flashes
at 6 fps and 12 trials of flashes at 16 fps, all randomly intermixed,
determined by entries from a table of random numbers. Each of the trials
generated an 11 second EEG epoch. The last 4 seconds of the epoch was
selected for analysis to minimize the desynchronising action of the warning
cue. This 4 second segment was subjected to Fourier analysis on a LINC
8 computer.
Spectrum analyses gave no evidence of EEG driving in any
receiver, although in control runs the receivers did exhibit driving
when physically stimulated with the flashes.
Data from seven sets of 36 trials each were collected from
the subject on three separate days. This comprises all the data collected
with this subject . under the test conditions described above. The alpha
band was identified from average spectra, then scores of average power
and peak power were obtained from individual trials and subjected to
statistical analysis.
Figure 23 shows an overlay of the three averaged spectra from
one of the subject's 36-trial runs, displaying differences in alpha
activity for the three stimulus conditions.
Mean values for the average power and peak power for each of
the seven experimental sets are given in Table 20. The power measures
were less in the 16 fps case than in the 0 fps in all seven peak-power
measures and in six out of seven average-power measures. Note also the
reduced effect in the case in which the subject was informed that no sender
was present (Run 3). It seems that overall alpha production was
reduced for this run in conjunction with the subject's expressed appre-
hension about conducting the experiment without a sender. This is in
contrast to the case (Run 7) in which the subject was not informed.
Siegel's two-tailed t approximation to the nonparametric
randomization test
24
was applied to the data from all sets, which in-
cluded the two sessions in which the sender was removed. Average power
on trials associated with the occurrence of 16 fps was significantly less
(-24%) than when there were no flashes (t = 2.09, d.f. = 118, P < 0.04).
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0
VOLTAGE - arbitrary units
6
16
·
5 Hz
10 Hz
15 Hz
THREE CASES - 0, 6 and 16 Hz flashes (12 trial averages)
SA-2613-15
FIGURE 23
OCCIPITAL EEG FREQUENCY SPECTRA, 0 TO 20 Hz, OF SUBJECT S4
ACTING AS RECEIVER, SHOWING AMPLITUDE CHANGES IN THE 9 TO
11-Hz BAND AS A FUNCTION OF STROBE FREQUENCY
-
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TABLE 20
EEG Data for Subject S4 Showing Average Power and Peak Power in the
9- to 11-Hz Band, as a Function of Flash Frequency and Sender.
(Each Table Entry is an Average Over 12 Trials)
.
Flash
Frequency
Peak Power
Sender
0
Average Power
6
16
0
6
16
J.L.
94.8
84.1
76.8
357.7
329.2
289.6
R.T.
41.3
45.5
37.0
160.7
161.0
125.0
No Sender
25.1
35.7
28.2
87.5
95.7
81.7
(Subject
informed)
J.L.
54.2
55.3
44.8
191.4
170.5
149.3
J.L.
56.8
50.9
32.8
240.6
178.0
104.6
R.T.
39.8
24.9
30.3
145.2
74.2
122.1
No Sender
86.0
53.0
52.1
318.1
180.6
202.3
(Subject not
informed)
Averages
56.8
49.9
43.1
214.5
169.8
153.5
-12%
-24%
-21%
-28%
(p <. 04)
(p <. 03)
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The second measure, peak power, was also significantly less (-28%) in the
16 fps conditions than in the null condition (t = 2.16, d.f. = 118,
P < 0.03). The average response in the 6 fps condition was in the same
direction as that associated with 16 fps (-12% in average power, -21%
in peak power) but the effect did not reach statistical significance.
As part of the experimental protocol, the subject was asked
to indicate a conscious assessment for each trial (via telegraph key)
as to the nature of the stimulus; analysis showed these guesses to be
at chance. Thus, arousal as evidenced by significant alpha blocking
occurred only at the noncognitive level of physiological response.
Hence, the experiment provided direct physiological (EEG) evidence of
perception of remote stimuli even in the absence of overt cognitive
response.
Several control procedures were undertaken to determine if
these results were produced by system artifacts or by subtle cueing of
the subject. Low-level recordings were made from saline of 12 kl resis-
tance in place of the subject, with and without the introduction of 10-Hz,
50-uV signals from a battery-operated generator. The standard experi-
mental protocol was adhered to and spectral analysis of the results
was
carried out.
There was no evidence in the spectra of activity
associated with the flash frequencies, and the 10-Hz signal was not
perturbed by the remote occurrence flicker.
In another control prodecure, a 5-ft pair of leads was draped
across the subject's chair (subject absent). The leads were connected to
a Grass P-5 amplifier via its high-impedance input probe. The bandwidth
was set 0.1 Hz to 30 KHz with a minimum gain of 200,000. The output
of the amplifier was connected to one input of a C.A.T. 400C "averager."
Two-second sweeps, triggered at onset of the tone, were taken once every
13 seconds for approximately two hours, for about 550 samples. No
difference in noise level between the fore period and the onset of
flicker was observed.
Finally, no sounds associated with flicker could be detected
in the receiver's chamber.
Three further experimental runs were carried out in the sleep
lab under the direction of Dr. Lukas, this time with monitoring of
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right and left occipital regions. Each experiment consisted of 20
15-second trials, with 10 no-flash trials, and 10 16-Hz trials randomly
intermixed. Reduction of alpha activity (arousal response) correlated
with remote stimuli was observed as in previous experiments, but essen-
tially only in the right hemisphere (average alpha reduction 16% in
right hemisphere, 2% in left, during the 16-Hz trials as compared with
the no-flash trials). This tends to support the hypothesis that para-
normal functioning might involve right hemispheric specialization, but
the sample is too small to provide confirmation without further work.
In comparing the results of our work with that of others, we
note that whereas in our experiments we used a remote light flash as a
stimulus, Tart
18
in his work used an electrical shock to himself as sender,
and Lloyd
19
simply told the sender to think of a red triangle each time
a red warning light was illuminated within his view. Lloyd observed a
consistent, evoked potential in his subjects; whereas in our experi-
ments and in Tart's, a reduction in amplitude and a desynchronization of
alpha was observed, an arousal response. (If a subject is resting in
an alpha-dominant condition and he is then stimulated, for example in
any direct manner, one will observe a decrease and desynchronization
in alpha power.) We consider that these combined results thus provide
evidence for the existence of noncognitive awareness of a remote
stimulus, and the EEG procedures described appear to be sensitive
techniques for detecting the occurrence of such information transfer,
even in the absence of overt cognitive response, at least when used to
detect discrete arousing stimuli.
2.
Mid-Experiment Monitoring of Physiological Parameters During
Routine Experimentation in Remote Viewing
In this series of experiments measurements were obtained during
a random selection of seven remote viewing experiments. The subject was
connected to the physiological recording instruments of the smaller,
semiportable four-channel polygraph described above. Baseline and
experimental measures of the following observables were made:
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(1)
Galvanic skin response (GSR) was recorded using
finger electrodes taped in place on second and fourth fingers
(2)
Blood volume/pulse height was recorded using a
reflected-light plethysmograph
(3)
Unfiltered EEG was recorded from the right occipital
region
(4)
Percent-time in alpha (8 to 12 Hz) was recorded on
the fourth channel; the alpha filter was a sharp cutoff
digital type with essentially zero-pass outside the prescribed
bandpass limits.
A sample chart record is shown in Figure 24. (Time runs from right to
left.) The traces, top to bottom, are the unfiltered EEG, blood volume/
pulse height, GSR, and filtered (alpha) EEG.
During the course of an experiment, the subject was asked to
describe his perceptions as to the nature of the remote target. His
comments were tape-recorded and noted on the polygraph, along with the
time. A correlation was then attempted between those descriptions
that were found to be uniquely correct and accurate, and the corresponding
sections of polygraph recording.
-
Seven experiments of this type were carried out.
In our inves-
tigations we did not find any significant correlations between the observed
physiological parameters and the indicators of accuracy in the data.
-
The failure co observe any physiological correlates of a
putative "state" associated with paranormal functioning thus parallels
the similar failure to observe any physiological correlates of the
putative hypnotic state reported by others. In a survey of the major
literature on hyponsis by Sarbin and Slagle, entitled "Hypnosis and
Psychophysiological Outcomes"->
,
they cataloged experiments dealing
with measurements of heart rate, hemodynamics and vasomotor functioning,
genitourinary functions, gastrointestinal functions, endocrine and metabolic
functions, cutaneous functions, dermal excretions, skin temperature,
electrodermal changes, evoked potentials, spontaneous EEG activity,
rapid eye movements, slow eye movements, optokinetic nystagmus, changes
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8
(a) PERCENT ALPHA (5 sec INTEGRATION)
(b) GSR
82
AREBILLY
8
(c) PLETHYSMOGRAPH
(d) RAW EEG
t
AB
SA-3183-10
FIGURE 24
POLYGRAPH DATA
Correct verbal description given during time interval tAB.
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in pupillary diameter, and ocular anatomy. Their conclusion is that
"there is no evidence for a physiological process that could serve as
an independent criterion of the postulated hypnotic state." Similarly,
we found no evidence in the physiological processes that we monitored
that could serve as an indicator of the postulated paranormal state
beyond the general EEG arousal response observed for discrete stimulus
conditions.
D.
Identification of the Nature of Paranormal Phenomena and Energy
This portion of the program was devoted to efforts to understand
the nature and scope of paranormal phenomena, including investigation
of the physical laws underlying the phenomena.
1.
Experiments with Physical Apparatus
a.
Experiments with Geiger Counter
A series of experiments were conducted with subject Sl
to determine whether a Geiger counter in the y-ray mode (i.e., beta
shield in place) would register subject-directed efforts.
The output of a Geiger counter,* fed into a Monsanto
Model 1020 counter/timer, indicated that the background count due to
cosmic rays was approximately 35 counts/minute. Experimental protocol
required the subject to try to change the registered count by concen-
tration on the Geiger counter probe from a distance of about 0.5 m. Each
run consisted of 15 60-s trials, with 10-s separations between the trials.
Preceding each run was a control run of equal duration.
The results, shown in Table 21, indicate no effect of
statistical significance, either in the mean or standard deviation of counts.
Table 21
GEIGER COUNTER EXPERIMENT SUMMARY
Control Runs
Experimental Runs
Run
Mean
Standard Deviation
Mean
Standard Deviation
1
1
36.07
5.73
35.33
6.00
2
34.87
6.23
33.87
7.27
3
33.87
5.88
34.00
5.25
4
35.20
5.09
35.67
5.77
*
OCDM Item No. CD V-700, Model No. 66, Electro-Neutronics, Inc., Oakland,
California.
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b.
Experiments with Laser-Monitored Torsion Pendulum
In this series of experiments we examined the possibility
that a subject may be able to exert a physical influence on a remotely
located mechanical system. The target was a torsion pendulum suspended
by a metal fiber inside a sealed glass bell jar. The pendulum consists
of three 100-g balls arranged symmetrically at 120° angles on a 2-cm
radius. The entire apparatus is shock mounted, and protected from air
currents by the bell jar.
The angular position of the pendulum is measured by means
of an optical readout system.
The system consists of a laser beam from
a low-power argon laser* reflected from a small mirror on the pendulum
onto a position-sensing silicon detector' 1.5 m from the pendulum. The
detector yields an output voltage proportional to spot position.
The
output from the detector is monitored by a chart recorder+, which
provides a continuous sine wave record of pendulum position.
The system exhibits a sensitivity of approximately 10urad.
Under typical experimental conditions, random acoustical fluctuations
drive the pendulum in its torsional normal mode of 10-s period to a
level ~100grad angular deviation. During control runs the pendulum
executes harmonic motion with a maximum variation in amplitude of ±10%
over an hour period.
Sudden vibrational perturbations in the environ-
ment (artifacts) produce oscillation of the pendulum in the vertical
plane at 0.1 Hz.
The subject is asked, as a mental task, to affect the
pendulum motion, the results of which are available as feedback from
the chart recorder. The subject is then encouraged to work with the
pendulum from a distance of 1 m, observing effects being produced.
If
satisfied that there is a possibility of producing effects, the subject
is removed to a room 22 m down the hall with three intervening office
spaces to determine whether effects can be produced from a remote loca-
tion.
The subject is provided feedback at the remote location either
by closed circuit video or by a second chart recorder in parallel with
*
Spectra Physical Model 262.
+
United Detector Technology Model SC/10.
+
Brush Model Mark 200.
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the recorder in the enclosed target laboratory. The remote aspect was
instituted both to prevent artifactual effects from body heat, motion,
and the like, and also to determine whether energy can be coupled via
the remote-viewing channel to a remote location. *
In an experiment, timing of subject efforts to increase
or decrease oscillation amplitude are determined by an experimenter
utilizing a randomization protocol described in Appendix C. Each ex-
periment lasts one hour and consists of six five-minute work periods
alternated with six five-minute rest periods.
Although there appeared to be some evidence in pilot
studies that a subject could, by concentration, increase or decrease
pendulum motion on command, data taken in three controlled experiments
produced 11 changes in the correct direction out of 18 tries, a result
nonsignificant at p = 0.24 by exact binomial calculation.
c.
Experiments with Superconducting Differential
Magnetometer (Gradiometer)
One of the first psychoenergetically produced physical
effects observed by SRI personnel in early research (1972) was the
apparent perturbation of a Josephson effect magnetometer.
The
27
conditions of that pilot study, involving a few hours use of an instru-
ment committed to other research, prevented a proper investigation.
The number of data samples was too few to permit meaningful statistical
analysis, and the lack of readily available multiple recording equipment
prevented investigation of possible "recorder only" effects.
At the suggestion of the sponsor, a series of experiments
was carried out using the superconducting second-derivative gradiometert
shown in Figure 25.
*
Both experimental evidence and theoretical work indicate that distance
may not be a strong factor in paranormal phenomena. See, for example,
"Foundations of Paraphysical and Parapsychological Phenomena," by E.H.
Walker, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Maryland. 26
+
Develco Model 8805, Develco, Inc., Mountain View, California.
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DOVECO
CECIAL CRADIOMETER
FIGURE 25 SUPERCONDUCTING DIFFERENTIAL MAGNETOMETER
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Basically, the gradiometer is a four-coil Josephson effect
magnetometer device consisting of a pair of coil pairs wound so as to
provide a series connection of two opposing first-derivative gradiometers,
yielding a second-derivative gradiometer (that is, a device sensitive
only to second- and higher-order derivative fields). As a result, the
device is relatively insensitive to uniform fields and to uniform gradi-
ents. This arrangement allows for sensitive measurement of fields from
nearby sources while discriminating against relatively uniform magnetic
fields produced by remote sources. The device is ordinarily used to
measure magnetic fields originating from processes within the human body,
such as action currents in the heart that produce magnetocardiograms.
The sensitive tip of the instrument is simply placed near the body area
of interest.
In our application, however, the subject is located in
an adjoining laboratory at a distance of 4 m from the gradiometer probe.
As a result the subject is located in a zone of relative insensitivity;
for example, standing up, sitting down, leaning forward, and arm and leg
movements produce no signals. From this location the subject is asked,
as a mental task, to affect the probe. The results of his efforts are
available to him as feedback from three sources:
an oscilloscope, a
panel meter, and a chart recorder, the latter providing a permanent
record.
A protocol for subject participation was instituted as
follows.
The subject removes all metal objects from his clothing and body,
and the effects of body movements are checked at the start of each ex-
perimental period. The subject then works with the machine in a learning
mode, observing effects being produced, if any, via feedback from the
instrumentation. Once satisfied that a possibility exists of producing
effects on command under experimenter control, the experimenter announces
the start of the experiments. A randomization protocol (discussed in
Appendix C) is then used to generate ten ON (subject activity) and OFF
(subject no activity) periods of equal length (e.g., 25 s each as
determined by the experimenter.
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The trace from the chart recording of a sample run (Run
1, Subject S1) is shown in Figure 26. The randomly generated ON (activity) trials
occurred in periods 2, 8, and 9. As observed, signals appear in each of
these three periods. The signal appearing in period 9 was strong enough
to cause loss of continuous tracking. This latter type of signal can
be the result of an exceptionally strong flux change or an RF burst,
whether subject-generated or artifactual*, and is handled on the basis
of statistical correlation as discussed below. An artifact due to the
passage of a truck in the parking lot adjacent to the laboratory (under
continuous surveillance by the experimenter) is noted in period 6. The
signals recorded in periods 2 and 8 correspond to an input of approxi-
mately 1.6 x 10 9 Gauss/cm2 (second derivative a-By/az-), which is equiva-
lent to approximately 3.5 x 10
7
Gauss referred to one pickup coil.
The interpretation of such observations must be subjected
to careful analysis. For example, the emphasis on "corresponds to" is
based on the following: although the probe is designed to register
magnetic fields, and the simplest hypothesis is that an observed signal
is such, in a task as potentially complex as willed perturbation effects
one must be cautious about assigning a given observed effect to a specific
cause. One can only conclude that generation of a magnetic field is
the most probable cause, without presuming to identify a particular source.
With regard to signal display, the signal was observed simultaneously
on three recording devices at different stages of the electronics, and
thus a "recorder only" effect can be considered low probability, although
an electronics interference effect ahead of all display cannot be ruled
out. We therefore treat the magnetic cause as tentative, although most
probable, and concentrate our attention on whether a correlation exists
between system disturbances and subject efforts.
Thirteen ten-trial runs were obtained with S1.
Each of
the ten trials in the run lasted 50 seconds", the activity/no-activity
:
*
RF interference effects are sometimes in evidence due to noise bursts
from other instrumentation.
tWith the exception of the first run where 25-second trials were used.
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SA-3183-13R
PERIODS
BASELINE
-
-
-
- END
-
-
10
-
- OFF
9
- ON
8
ON
7
-
-
OFF
-
6
-
TRUCK
-
- OFF
5
-
-
- OFF
4
+
-
-
- OFF
3
!
-
- OFF
2
-
- ON
1
-
- OFF
- BASELINE
-
+-
- START
+
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-
-
-
FIGURE 26
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..
command for each trial being identified by the randomization technique
discussed in Appendix C. In the 13 x 10 = 130 trials, consisting of
a random distribution of 64 activity and 66 no-activity periods, 63
events of signal-to-noise ratio greater than unity were observed. Of
these 63 events, 42 were distributed among the activity periods, 21
among the no-activity periods, a correlation significant at the p =
0.004 level.
Subjects S2 and S6 also interacted with the device.
Although subject efforts and observed perturbations sometimes coincided,
activity was generally low and did not appear to be the signature of
correlated activity under control. A controlled ten-trial run with
Subjects S2 and two such runs with Subject S6 yielded nonsignificant
results.
We therefore conclude that for Subject Sl the observed
number of precisely timed events in pilot work coupled with the statis-
tically significant (p - 0.004) correlation between subject effort and
signal output in controlled runs indicate a highly probable cause-effect
relationship.
Thus it appears that a subject can interact with a
second derivative magnetic gradiometer of sensitivity on the order of
10
-9
2
Gauss/cm" from a distance of 4 m. Further work would be required to
determine the precise nature of the interaction, although given the equip-
ment design the generation of a magnetic field is the most probable
mechanism.
A successful independent replication of this experiment
has been carried out by Dr. Richard Jarrard, Geology Department, University
of California, Santa Barbara, using a single-coil cryogenic magnetometer .*
The experiments, carried out with the subject in a room located 50 ft
diagonally across a courtyard from the magnetometer room, resulted in
events distributed across work and rest periods in ratio >3:1, re-
spectively, paralleling our results.
28
d.
Discussion of Physical Perturbation Effects
One significance of the perturbation of remote sensitive
equipment lies in the indication that the remote-sensing channel may
*
Superconducting Technology Cryogenic Magnetometer.
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possess a bilateral aspect. That is, there is the possibility that an
information-bearing signal can be coupled from an individual to a re-
mote location as well as in reverse, thus implying that the information
channel under consideration may sustain information transfer in either
direction.
-
i
The above concept has a rigorous basis in quantum theory
in the so-called "observer problem," the effect of an observer on experi-
mental measurement.
In quantum theory it is recognized that although
the evolution of a physical system proceeds deterministically on the basis
of Schrodinger's equation (or its equivalent), the result of a calcula-
tion is not in general the prediction of a well-defined value for some
experimental variable. Rather, it is the prediction of a range of
possibilities with a certain distribution of probabilities.
In a given
measurement, however, some particular value for a variable is actually
obtained, which implies that an additional event -- so-called state vector
collapse -- must take place during the measurement process itself and in
a manner that is unpredictable except probabilistically. Analysis of
the significance of this latter process leads inescapably to the conclusion
that to the degree that consciousness is involved in observation and measure-
ment (and it always is), to that degree consciousness must also be seen
to interact with the physical environment and to participate in the collapse
of the state vector. Efforts to extract quantum theory from this conclu-
sion by, for example, an infinite regression of measuring apparatus,
have proved unsuccessful. These conclusions, arrived at by theorists
such as Wigner,
29
imply the possibility of nontrivial coupling between
consciousness and quantum states of the physical environment at an
extremely fundamental level.
Such a realization has led to theories
of paranormal phenomena modeled on the basis of this so-called "ob-
server problem" in quantum theory.
26
The phenomena implied by the observer problem are generally
unobservable on the gross macroscopic scale for statistical reasons.
This is codified in the thermodynamic concept that for an isolated
system entropy (disorder) on the average increases, effectively masking
the microscopic observer effects.
It is just this requirement of
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4
isolation, however, that can be expected to be weakened under conditions
of efforts at paranormal perturbation via the remote-sensing channel,
and it can be argued that observer effects would be maximally operative
in just those situations where the intrusion of consciousness as an
ordering phenomenon could result in a significant local reversal of
entropy increase.
These considerations lead to the following series of
conceptualizations or hypotheses around which future experiments can
be designed.
(1) Researchers in the area of willed pertur-
bation effects appear to be plagued by results
whose amplitudes have a signal-to-noise ratio
near unity, regardless of the process or mechanism
involved. This may indicate that, rather than
simple perversity, what is being articulated by
the experimental results is a coherence pheno-
mena involving partial mobilization of system noise,
as if the components of the noise spectrum had been
brought into phase coherence, and thus the mag-
nitude constraint. The subject would thus appear
to act as a local negentropic (that is, entropy-
decreasing) source. If true, it may be more
advantageous as a practical matter to work with
extremely noisy systems, rather than with highly
constrained or organized systems, so as to maxi-
mize possible effects due to the introduction
of order.
(2) Willed perturbation effects often appear to
be more the result of coincidence that the effect
of a well-defined cause. Again, rather than being
the result of the perversity of nature, the ob-
served goal-oriented synchronicity may indicate
that physical systems are more easily manipulated
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at the global level of boundary conditions and
constraints rather than at the level of mechan-
ism. Thus, the apparency that a given result
may be explained away by a coincidental but
"natural" event needs to be explored more fully.
Unexpected but natural causes may be the effect
of a series of causal links, outside the defined
experimental boundaries but representing an un-
foreseen line of least resistance. At worst, such
causal links may in fact be unobservable in the
sense of the hidden variables concept in quan-
tum theory, but nevertheless act as instruments
of the will.
(3) Willed perturbation effects appear to be
intrinsically spontaneous; i.e., it is difficult
to evoke such effects "on cue," with the result
that the phenomenon is often considered to not be
under good control, and therefore not amenable
to controlled experimentation. This difficulty
is so pronounced that it is likely that we are
observing some macroscopic analog of a quantum
transition, an event similarly unpredictable in
time except as a probability function. If the
analogy is correct, experimentation in this area
simply needs to be treated in the manner of, for
example, weak photon experiments.
-
(4) Possibly related to Item (3), the more closely
one attempts to observe willed perturbation effects,
the less likely one is to see them, a factor con-
sidered by many to support hypotheses of poor
observation, fraud, and the like. To a sophis-
ticated observer, however, simple dismissal does
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not stand up under scrutiny.
Invoking again
the idea of a microscopic analog of a quantum
-
transition, we may, as observers of delicate
phenomena, be witnesses to observer effects
generally associated with the uncertainty prin-
ciple. Paradoxically, from the subject's view-
point, the production of the phenomena may also
be an observer effect, perturbing as it does the
expected behavior of a piece of instrumentation.
In this model the scrutiny of psychokinetic pheno-
mena under laboratory conditions could in prin-
ciple be considered to be a collective phenomena
involving interfering observer effects in a manner
known to occur at the microscopic quantum level.
(5) Finally, it may be useful as a guiding prin-
ciple to continually recognize that all of the
phenomena we deal with in macroscopic psycho-
energetics are totally permissible at the micro-
scopic level within the framework of physics as
presently understood.
It is simply that time
reversibility, tunneling through barriers, simul-
taneous multiple-state occupation, and so on are
generally unobservable as gross macroscopic phen-
omena for statistical reasons only, as codified
in the concept of increasing disorder (entropy) .
Therefore, it may be appropriate to consider an
individual with psychokinetic abilities primarily
as a source of ordering phenomena of sufficient
magnitude so as to restructure the otherwise
random statistics of the macroscopic environment.
2.
Disscussion of Possible "Mechanisms" in Remote Viewing
With regard to the wider problem of the remote-viewing channel
itself, beyond the specific aspects of equipment perturbation via
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this channel there is considerable current interest in quantum theory
in the implications brought on by the observation
of nonlocal
30,31
correlation or "quantum interconnectedness" (to use Bohm's term -) of
32,
distant parts of quantum systems of macroscopic dimensions.
Bell's
theorem
33
emphasizes that no theory of reality compatible with quantum
34
theory can require spatially separated events to be independent,
but must permit interconnectedness of distant events in a manner that
is "contrary" to "commonsense" concepts.
35,36
This prediction has been
experimentally tested and confirmed in the recent experiments of, for
example, Freedman and Clauser.
30,31
E. H. Walker and 0. Costa de Beauregard,
independently proposing theories of paranormal functioning based on
quantum concepts, argue that observer effects open the door to the
possibility of nontrivial coupling between consciousness and the environ-
ment, and that the nonlocality principle permits such coupling to
transcend spatial and temporal barriers.
26,37
An alternative hypothesis (that is, alternative to the
specifically quantum hypothesis) has been put forward by I.M. Kogan,
Chairman of the Bioinformation Section of the Moscow Board of the
Popov Society, USSR. He is a Soviet engineer who until 1969 published
extensively in the open literature on the theory of paranormal communi-
cation.
38-41
His hypothesis is that information transfer under con-
ditions of sensory shielding is mediated by extremely-low-frequency (ELF)
electromagnetic waves in the 300- to 1000-km region, a proposal which does
not seem to be ruled out by any obvious physical or biological facts.
Experimental support for the hypothesis is claimed on the basis of:
slower than inverse-square attenuation, compatible with source-per-
cipient distances lying in the induction field range as opposed to the
radiation field range; observed low bit rates (0.005 to 0.1 bit/s)
compatible with the information-carrying capacity of ELF waves; apparent
ineffectiveness of ordinary electromagnetic shielding as an attenuator;
and standard antenna calculations entailing biologically generated
currents yielding results compatible with observed signal-to-noise
ratios.
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M. Persinger, Psychophysiology Laboratory, Laurentian University,
Toronto, Canada, has narrowed the ELF hypothesis to the suggestion
that the 7.8-Hz "Shumann waves", and their harmonics propagating along
the earth-ionosphere waveguide duct, may be responsible. Such an -
hypothesis is compatible with driving by brain-wave currents, and leads
to certain hypotheses, such as asymmetry between east-west and west-east
propagation, preferred experimental times (midnight to 4 a.m. ) , and expected
negative correlation between success and the U index (a measure of geo-
magnetic disturbance throughout the world). Persinger claims initial
support for these factors on the basis of a literature search.
42,43
On the negative side with regard to a straightforward ELF
interpretation as a blanket hypothesis are: (a) apparent real-time
descriptions of remote activities in sufficient detail to require a
channel capacity in all probability greater than that allowed by a
conventional modulation of an ELF signal :
(b) lack of a proposed
mechanism for coding and decoding the information onto the proposed
ELF carrier; and (c) apparent precognition data. The hypothesis must
nonetheless remain open at this stage of research, since it is con-
ceivable that counterindication (a) may eventually be circumvented on
the basis that the apparent high bit rate results from a mixture of low-
bit-rate input and high-bit-rate "filling in the blanks" from imagina-
tion; counterindication (b) is common to a number of normal perceptual
tasks and may therefore simply reflect a lack of sophistication on our
part with regard to perceptual functioning;
44
and counterindication
(c) may be accommodated by an ELF hypothesis if advanced waves as
well as retarded waves are admitted.
27,45
Experimentation to determine
whether the ELF hypothesis is viable can be carried out by the use of
ELF sources as targets, by the study of parametric dependence on pro-
pagational directions and diurnal timing, and by the exploration of
interference effects caused by creation of a high-intensity ELF environ-
ment during experimentation, all of which are under consideration as part
of a proposed follow-up program in our laboratory.
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The above arguments are not intended to indicate that we
understand the precise nature of the information channel coupling remote
events and human perception. Rather, we intend only to show that modern
theory is not without resources that can be brought to bear on the pro-
blems at hand, and it is our expectation that these problems will,
with further work, yield to analysis and specification.
-
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3.
Communication Theory Approach to Channel Utilization
Independent of the mechanisms that may be involved in remote
sensing, observation of the phenomenon implies the existence of an infor-
mation channel in the information-theoretic sense. Since such channels
are amenable to analysis on the basis of communication theory techniques,
channel characteristics, such as bit rate, can be determined independent
of a well-defined underlying theory in the sense that thermodynamic con-
cepts can be applied to the analysis of systems independent of underlying
mechanisms. Therefore, the collection of data under specified conditions
permits headway to be made despite the formidable work that needs to be
done to clarify the underlying bases of the phenomena.
One useful application of the communication channel concept was
the utilization of such a channel for error-free transmission of informa-
tion by the use of, redundancy coding. The experiment was carried out by
Dr. Milan Ryzl, a chemist with the Institute of Biology of the Czecho-
slovakian Academy of Science. He reasoned that a paranormal channel
exhibits the attributes of a communication channel perturbed by noise,
and that redundancy coding could be used to combat the effects of the
noisy channel in a straightforward application of communication theory.
8
Ryzl had an assistant randomly select five groups of three decimal digits
each. These 15 digits were then encoded into binary form and translated
into a sequence of green and white cards sealed in opaque envelopes.
With the use of a subject who has produced highly significant results
with many contemporary researchers,
46-51
he was able, by means of redun-
dant calling and an elaborate majority vote protocol, to correctly
identify all 15 numbers, a result significant at p = 10-15.
The experi-
ment required 19,350 calls, averaging nine seconds per call. The hit
rate for individual calls was 61.9 percent, 11,978 hits and 7,372 misses.
4+
+
Note added in proof.
It has been brought to our attention that a similar
procedure was used to transmit without error the word "peace," in Inter-
national Morse Code; J.C. Carpenter "Toward the Effective Utilization of
Enhanced Weak-Signal ESP Effects," presented at the annual meeting of -
the American Association for the Advancement of Science, New York,
Jan. 27, 1975.
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As discussed in the section on the random target generator, the
bit rate is calculated from
R = H(x) - H (x)
y
,
where H(x) is the uncertainty of the source message containing symbols
with a priori probability PÅ
2
H(x) = -
E
P.1og2Pi '
i=1
and H (x) is the conditional entropy based on the a posteriori probabil-
y
ities that a received signal was actually transmitted,
2
H (x) = -
`y'
i,j=1
p(i, j)log2Pj (j)
.
For the above run, with p. = 1/2, P4 (j) = 0.619, and an average time of
nine seconds per choice, we have a source uncertainty H(x) = 1 bit and a
calculated bit rate
R= 0.041 bits/symbol
or
R/T = 0.0046 bits/second.
Since the 15-digit number (49.8 bits) was actually transmitted at the
rate of 2.9 x 10-4 bits per second, an increase in bit rate by a factor
of about 20 could be expected on the basis of a coding scheme more optimum
than that used in the experiments. The actual bit rate is roughly the
same as that observed in our random target generator experiment discussed
earlier.
An excellent redundancy coding technique for a communication
channel is the sequential sampling procedure used earlier in Section II-B
for the sorting of SW from non-SW cards. In this application of the se-
quential sampling procedure, one would first express the message to be
sent as a series of binary digits, encoded, for example, as shown in
Table 22. The sequential method then gives a rule of procedure for making
one of three possible decisions following the receipt of each bit:
accept 1 as the bit being transmitted; reject 1 as the bit being transmitted
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TABLE 22
Five-Bit Code for Alphanumeric Characters
AHZAHO4
0
00000
Y
01000
11111
G, J
10111
N
00001
W
01001
R
11110
V
10110
I
00010
B
01010
11101
Ø
10101
A
00011
1
01011
S,X, Z
11100
2
10100
D
00100
3
01100
H
11011
4
10011
L
;
00101
5
01101
C,K.Q
11010
6
10010
F
00110
7
01110
P
11001
8
10001
U
00111
9
01111
M
11000
.
10000
1
Note: Alphabet characters listed in order of decreasing frequency in
English text. See, for example, A. Sinkov, Elementary Cryptanalysis
-- A Mathematical Approach. 52
(The low frequency letters, X, Z, K, Q,
and J have been grouped with similar characters to provide space
for numerics in a five-bit code.) In consideration of the uneven
distribution of letter frequencies in English text, this code is
chosen such that 0 and 1 have equal probability.
(i.e., accept 0); or continue transmission of the bit under consideration.
As discussed earlier, use of the sequential sampling procedure
requires the specification of parameters that are determined on the basis
of the following considerations. Assume that a message bit (0 or 1) is
being transmitted. In the absence of a priori knowledge, we may assume
equal probability (p = 0.5) for the two possibilities (0,1) if an encoding
procedure like that of Table 22 is used. Therefore, from the standpoint
of the receiver, the probability of correctly identifying the bit being
transmitted is p = 0.5 because of chance alone. An operative remote
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sensing channel could then be expected to alter the probability of cor-
rect identification to a value p = 0.5 + v, where the parameter v satis-
fies 0 < |v| < 0.5. (The quantity may be positive or negative, depending
on whether the paranormal channel results in so-called psi-hitting or psi-
missing.) Good psi functioning on a repetitive task is observed to result
in v = 0.12, as reported by Ryz1.
4
Therefore, to indicate the design
procedure, let us assume a baseline psi parameter v1 = 0.1 and design a
communication system on this basis.
The question to be addressed is whether, upon repeated trans-
mission, a given message bit is labeled a "1" at a low rate p commensurate
with the hypothesis H that the bit in question is a "0", or at a higher
rate P
commensurate with the hypothesis H, that the bit in question is
indeed a "1". The decision making process requires the specification of
four parameters :
· p : The probability of labeling incorrectly a "0" message
bit as a "1". The probability of labeling correctly a
"0" as a "0" is p = 0.5 + V = 0.6. Therefore, the
probability of labeling incorrectly a "0" as a "l" is
1-p = 0.4 = Po.
· P1: The probability of labeling correctly a "1" message bit
as a "1", given by p1 = 0.5 + v = 0.6.
· a :
The probability of rejecting a correct identification
for a "0" (Type I error). We shall take a = 0.01.
. B: The probability of accepting an incorrect identification
for a "1" (Type II error). We shall take B = 0.01.
With the parameters thus specified, the sequential sampling pro-
cedure provides for construction of a decision graph as shown in Figure
27. The equations for the upper and lower limit lines are, respectively,
E1 = d1 + sn ,
Lo = - do + sn
,
where
1og
log-
1-B
a
d1
=
P1 1-Po
Po
1-P1
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1
DECISION 1
Accept "1" as
30
the Bit Being
DECISION 3
Transmitted
Continue
20
Transmission
DECISION 2
Accept "O" as
10
the Bit Being
Transmitted
1
-
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
NUMBER OF TRIALS
TA-760525-8
FIGURE 27
ENHANCEMENT OF SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO BY
SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PROCEDURE (Po = 0.4,
p1 = 0.6, a = 0.01, ß = 0.01)
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.
CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF MATCHES AGAINST
"1" TARGET MESSAGE SEQUENCE
50
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1-x
B
-
do =
1og
1og-
P1 1-Po
"Po
1-P1
1-Po
10g I-P1
1og
Po 1-P1
P1 1-Po
A cumulative record of receiver-generated responses to the target bit is
compiled until either the upper or lower limit line is reached, at which
point a decision is made to accept 0 or 1 as the bit being transmitted.
Channel reliability (probability of correctly determining
message being transmitted) as a function of operative psi parameter v is
plotted in Figure 28. As observed, the sequential sampling procedure
can result in 90 percent or greater reliability with psi parameters of
the order of a few percent. Figure 29 indicates the average number of
trials required to reach a decision on a given message bit. The average
number of trials falls off rapidly as a function of increasing psi param-
eters v .
Implementation of the sequential sampling procedure requires
the transmission of a message coded in binary digits. Therefore, the
target space must consist of dichotomous elements such as the white and
green cards used in the experiments by Ryzl.
In operation, a sequence corresponding to the target bit (0
or 1) is sent and the cumulative entries are made (Figure 27) until a
decision is reached to accept either a 1 or 0 as the bit being transmitted.
At a prearranged time, the next sequence is begun and continues as above
until the entire message has been received. A useful alternative,
which relieves the percipient of the burden of being aware of his self-
contradiction from trial to trial, consists of cycling through the entire
message repetitively, entering each response on its associated graph
until a decision has been reached on all message bits.
From the results obtained in such experiments, the channel bit
rate can be ascertained for the system configuration under consideration.
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1.0
RELIABILITY (probability of correctly
determining message being transmitted)
0.8
-
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
+0.4 +0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4
v (psi parameter)
TA-760525-9
FIGURE 28
RELIABILITY CURVE FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING
PROCEDURE (Po = 0.4, p = 0.6, « = 0.01, ß = 0.01)
1
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140
AVERAGE NUMBER OF TRIALS
BEFORE A DECISION IS OBTAINED
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
+0.4
+0.2
0
-0.2 -0.4
v (psi parameter)
!
FIGURE 29
AVERAGE SAMPLE NUMBER
FOR SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING
PROCEDURE (Po = 0.4, p1 = 0.6,
« = 0.01, 8 = 0.01)
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Furthermore, bit rates for other degrees of reliability (i.e., for other
Po' P], ", and B) can be estimated by construction of other decision curves
over the same data base and thus provide a measure of the bit rate per
degree of reliability.
In summary, the procedures described here can provide a speci-
fication of the characteristics of a remote sensing channel under well-
defined conditions. These procedures also provide for a determination
of the feasibility of such a channel for particular applications.
4.
Soviet Efforts
This discussion would be incomplete if we did not mention certain
aspects of the current state of research in the USSR. Since the 1930s
in the laboratory of L. Vasiliev (Leningrad Institute for Brain Research) ,
there has been an interest in the use of paranormal communication as a
method of influencing the behavior of a person at a distance. In Vasiliev's
book Experiments in Mental Suggestion,
53
he makes it clear that the bulk
of his laboratory's experiments were aimed at long-distance communication
and what we would today call behavior modification; for example, putting
people to sleep at a distance through hypnosis.
The behavior modification type of experiment has been carried
out in recent times by I.M. Kogan. He was concerned with three principal
kinds of experiments: mental suggestion without hypnosis over short
distances, in which the percipient attempts to identify an object;
mental awakening over short distances, in which a subject is awakened
from a hypnotic sleep at the "beamed" suggestion from the hypnotist;
and long-range (intercity) paranormal communication.
39
Kogan's main
interest has been to quantify the channel capacity of the paranormal
channel. He finds that the bit rate decreases from 0.1 bits per second
for laboratory experiments to 0.005 bits per second for his 1000-km
intercity experiments.
As indicated earlier, in the USSR serious consideration is given
to the hypothesis that paranormal communication is mediated by extremely-
low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic propagation. In general, the entire
field of paranormal research in the USSR is part of a larger one concerned
with the interaction between electromagnetic fields and living organisms.
54,55
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At the First International Congress on Parapsychology and Psychotronics
in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1973, for example, Kholodov spoke at length
about the susceptibility of living systems to extremely low-level ac and
dc fields. He described conditioning effects on the behavior of fish from
the application of 10 to 100 uW of RF to their tank.
56
The USSR take
these data seriously in that the Soviet safety requirements for steady-
state microwave exposure set limits at 10 uW/cm-, whereas the United
2
States has set a steady-state limit of 10 mW/cm2.
2 57
Kholodov spoke also
about the nonthermal effects of microwaves on animals' central nervous
systems. His experiments were very carefully carried out and are char-
acteristic of a new dimension in paranormal research both in the USSR
and elsewhere.
The increasing importance of this area in Soviet research was
indicated recently when the Soviet Psychological Association issued an
unprecedented position paper calling on the Soviet Academy of Sciences
to step up efforts in this area.
58
The Association recommended that the
newly formed Psychological Institute within the Soviet Academy of Sciences
and the Psychological Institute of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences
review the area and consider the creation of a new laboratory within one
of the institutes to study persons with unusual abilities. They also
recommended a comprehensive evaluation of experiments and theory by the
Academy of Sciences' Institute of Biophysics and Institute for the
Problems of Information Transmission.
5.
Conclusions
"It is the province of natural science to investigate nature,
impartially and without prejudice.'
1,59
Nowhere in scientific inquiry has
this dictum met as great a challenge as in the area of so-called para-
normal perception, the detection of remote stimuli not mediated by the
usual sensory processes. Such phenomena, although under scientific con-
sideration for over a century, have historically been fraught with unre-
liability and controversy, and validation of the phenomena by accepted
scientific methodology has been slow in coming. Even so, a recent survey
conducted by the British publication New Scientist revealed that 67 percent
of nearly 1500 responding readers (the majority of whom are working
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Scientists and technologists) considered paranormal perception to be an
established fact or a likely possibility, and 88 percent held the investi-
gation of paranormal perception to be a legitimate scientific under-
taking.
60
A review of the literature reveals that although well-conducted
experiments by reputable researchers yielding reproducible results were
begun over a century ago (e.g., Sir William Crookes' study of D.D. Home,
1860s), 61,62
many consider the study of these phenomena as only recently
emerging from the realm of quasi-science. One reason for this is that,
despite experimental results, no satisfactory theoretical construct had
been advanced to correlate data or to predict new experimental outcomes.
Consequently, the area in question remained for a long time in the
recipe state reminiscent of electrodynamics before the unification brought
;
about by the work of Ampere, Faraday, and Maxwell.
Since the early work,
however, we have seen the development of quantum theory, information
theory, and neurophysiological research, and these disciplines provide
powerful conceptual tools that appear to bear directly on the issue.
In
fact, several leading physicists are now of the opinion that, contrary
to "common sense" notions, these phenomena are not at all inconsistent
with the framework of modern physics: the often-held view that observa-
tions of this type are a priori incompatible with known laws is erroneous,
such a concept being based on the naive realism prevalent before the
development of quantum theory.
In the emerging view it is accepted that
research in this area can be conducted so as to uncover not just a catalog
of interesting events, but rather patterns of cause-effect relationships
of the type that lend themselves to analysis and hypothesis in the forms
with which we are familiar in the physical sciences.
Accordingly, we consider it important to continue data collection
and to encourage others to do likewise; investigations such as those
reported here need replication and extension under as wide a variety of
rigorously controlled conditions as possible.
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IV
PROGRAM SUMMARY
-
-
As a result of exploratory research on human perception carried out
in SRI's Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory, we initiated an inves-
tigation of a perceptual channel whereby individuals can access by means
of mental imagery and describe randomly-chosen remote sites located
several miles or more away.
63
In this final report, we document the
study at SRI of this human information-accessing capability that we call
"remote viewing," the characteristics of which appear to fall outside the
range of well-understood perceptual or information-processing abilities.
This phenomenon is one of a broad class of abilities of certain individuals
to access by means of mental processes and describe information sources
blocked from ordinary perception and generally accepted as secure against
such access.
Individuals exhibiting this faculty include not only SRI
subjects, but visiting staff members of the sponsoring organization who
participated as subjects so as to critique the protocol.
The program was divided into two categories of approximately equal
effort -- applied research and basic research. The applied research effort
explored the operational utility of the above perceptual abilities. The
basic research effort was directed toward identification of the charac-
teristics of individuals possessing such abilities and the determination
of neurophysiological correlates and basic mechanisms involved in such
functioning.
The phenomenon we investigated most extensively was the ability of
individuals to view remote geographical locations (up to several thousand
kilometers away), given only coordinates (latitude and longitude) or a
person on whom to target.
We have worked with a number of individuals,
including sponsor personnel, whose remote perceptual abilities have
been developed sufficiently to allow them at times to describe correctly
-- often in great detail -- geographical or technical material, such as
buildings, roads, laboratory apparatus, and the like.
The development at SRI of successful experimental procedures to elicit
this capability has evolved to the point where (a) visiting personnel
of the sponsoring organization without any previous exposure to such
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concepts have performed well under controlled laboratory conditions (that
is, generated target descriptions of sufficiently high quality to permit
blind matching of descriptions to targets by independent judges), and
(b) subjects trained over a two-year period have performed well under
operational conditions (that is, provided data of operational significance
later verified by independent sources). Our data thus indicate that both
specially selected and unselected persons can be assisted in developing
remote perceptual abilities to a level of useful information transfer.
Furthermore, the data, accumulated from over 50 experiments with
more than a half dozen subjects, indicates the following: a) the phen-
omenon is not a sensitive function of distance over a several-km range
and is still operative over a several thousand km range; b) Faraday cage
shielding does not appear to degrade the quality or accuracy of perception;
c) most of the correct information that subjects relate is of a nonanalytic
nature pertaining to shape, form, color, and material rather than to func-
tion or name -- (this aspect suggests a hypothesis that information trans-
mission under conditions of sensory shielding may be mediated primarily
by the brain's right hemisphere); and d) the principal difference between
experienced subjects and naive volunteers is not that the naive never
exhibit the faculty, but rather that their results are simply less re-
liable -- (this observation suggests the hypothesis that remote viewing may
be a latent and widely distributed though repressed perceptual ability).
The primary achievement of the SRI program was thus the elicitation
of high-quality remote viewing by individuals who agreed to act as sub-
jects. Criticism of this claim could in principle be put forward on
the basis of three potential flaws :
(1) the study could involve naivete
in protocol that permits various forms of cueing, intentional or unin-
tentional; (2) the experiments discussed could be selected out of a larger
pool of experiments of which many are of poorer quality; (3) data for
the reported experiments could be edited to show only the matching ele-
ments, the nonmatching elements being discarded.
All three criticisms, however, are invalid. First, with regard to
cueing, the use of double-blind protocols ensures that none of the persons
in contact with the subject can be aware of the target. Second, selection
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of experiments for reporting did not take place; every experiment was
entered as performed on a master log and is included in the statistical
evaluations. Third, data associated with a given experiment remain un-
edited; all data associated with an experiment are tape recorded and in-
cluded unedited in the data package to be judged, evaluated, and so on.
Finally, the entire unedited file of tape recordings, transcripts, and
drawings for every experiment is available to the COTR and others in
the scientific community for independent analysis.
*
Although the precise nature of the information channel coupling
remote events and human perception is not yet understood, certain concepts
in information theory, quantum theory, and neurophysiological research
appear to bear directly on the issue. Therefore, our working assumption
is that the phenomenon of interest is consistent with modern scientific
thought, and can therefore be expected to yield to the scientific method.
Further, it is recognized that communication theory provides powerful
techniques, such as the use of redundancy coding to improve signal-to-
noise ratio, which can be employed to pursue special purpose application
of the remote sensing channel independent of an understanding of the
underlying mechanisms.
Finally, it is concluded by the research contractors (SRI) that the
development of experimental procedures and the accrual of experience in
three years of successful effort constitutes an asset that could be
utilized in the future both for operational needs and for training others
in the development and use of the remote-sensing capability.
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..
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1 :
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APPENDIX A
Remote Viewing Transcript
for Subject S6 Learner/Control, First Experiment
Following is the unedited transcript of the first experiment with
learner/control S6, an SRI volunteer, a mathematician in the computer
science laboratory, without any previous experience in remote viewing.
The target, determined by random procedure, was White's Plaza, a plaza
with a fountain at Stanford University. The capitalized words are the
experimenter's statements and questions. As is our standard protocol, the
experiment with the subject is kept ignorant of the specific target visited
as well as of the contents of the target pool.
*
*
TODAY IS MONDAY, OCTOBER 7TH. IT IS 11:00 AND THIS IS A REMOTE
VIEWING EXPERIMENT WITH RUSS TARG, S6, AND HAL PUTHOFF.
IN THIS
EXPERIMENT HAL WILL DRIVE TO A REMOTE SITE CHOSEN BY A RANDOM
PROCESS, S6 WILL BE THE REMOTE VIEWER, AND RUSS TARG IS THE
MONITOR (EXPERIMENTER) .
WE EXPECT THIS EXPERIMENT TO START AT
TWENTY MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN AND RUN FOR FIFTEEN MINUTES.
IT IS JUST ABOUT TWENTY MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN AND HAL SHOULD BE
AT HIS TARGET LOCATION BY NOW.
WHY DON'T YOU TELL ME WHAT KIND OF PICTURE
YOU SEE AND WHAT
YOU THINK HE MIGHT BE DOING OR EXPERIENCING.
The first thing that came to mind was some sort of a large, square
kind of a shape.
Like Hal was in front of it. It was a ... not a
building or something, it was a square. I don't know if it was a
window, but something like that so that the bottom line of it
was not at the ground. About where his waist was, at least.
That's what it seemed to me.
It seems outdoors somehow.
Tree.
DOES HAL SEEM TO BE LOOKING AT THAT SQUARE?
I don't know. The first impression was that he wasn't, but I
have a sense that whatever it was was something one might look
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at.
I don't know if it would be a sign, but something that one
might look at.
CAN YOU TELL IF IT IS ON THE GROUND OR VERTICAL?
It seemed vertical.
I don't have a sense that it was part of anything particular.
It
might be on a building or part of a building, but I don't know.
There was a tree outside, but I also got the impression of cement.
I don't have the impression of very many people or traffic either.
I have the sense that he is sort of walking back and forth.
I
don't have any more explicit picture than that.
CAN YOU MOVE INTO WHERE HE IS STANDING AND TRY TO SEE WHAT HE IS
LOOKING AT?
I picked up he was touching something -- something rough.
Maybe warm
and rough.
Something possibly like cement.
IT IS TWENTY-FOUR MINUTES AFTER ELEVEN.
CAN YOU CHANGE YOUR POINT OF VIEW AND MOVE ABOVE THE SCENE SO YOU
CAN GET A BIGGER PICTURE OF WHAT'S THERE?
I still see some trees and some sort of pavement or something
like that. Might be a courtyard. The thing that came to mind
was it might be one of the plazas at Stanford campus or something
like that, cement. Some kinds of landscaping.
-1
I said Stanford campus when I started to see some things in White
Plaza, but I think that is misleading.
I have the sense that he's not moving around too much. That it's
in a small area.
I guess I'll go ahead and say it, but I'm afraid I'm just putting
on my impressions from Stanford campus. I had the impression of
_a fountain. There are two in the plaza, and it seemed that Hal
was possibly near the, what they call Mem Claw.
WHAT IS THAT?
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It's a fountain that looks rather like a claw. It's a black
sculpture. And it has benches around it made of cement.
ARE THERE ANY BUILDINGS AT THE PLACE YOU WERE LOOKING AT?
ARE
THERE ANY BUILDINGS?
YOU DESCRIBED A KIND OF A COURTYARD.
USUALLY
AT SOME PLACES THERE SHOULD BE A BUILDING, LARGE OR SMALL THAT THE
COURTYARD IS ABOUT.
LOOK AT THE END OR THE SIDES OF THE COURTYARD.
IS THERE ANYTHING
TO BE SEEN?
I have a sense that there are buildings. It's not solid buildings.
I mean there are some around the periphery and I have a sense that
none of them are very tall. Maybe mostly one story, maybe an
occasional two-story one.
-
;
DO YOU HAVE ANY BETTER IDEA OF WHAT YOUR SQUARE WAS THAT YOU SAW
AT THE OUTSET?
No.
I could hazard different kinds of guesses.
DOES IT SEEM PART OF THIS SCENE?
It.
. I think it could be.
It could almost be a bulletin board
or something with notices on it maybe.
Or something that people were expected to look at. Maybe a window
with things in it that people were expected to look at.
WHAT KIND OF TREES DO YOU SEE IN THIS PLACE?
I don't know what kind they are. The impression was that they
were shade trees and not terribly big. Maybe 12 feet of trunk
and then a certain amount of branches above that. So that the
branches have maybe a 12-foot diameter, or something.
Not real
big trees.
NEW TREES RATHER THAN OLD TREES?
Yeah, maybe five or ten years old, but not real old ones.
IS THERE ANYTHING INTERESTING ABOUT THE PAVEMENT?
No.
It seems to be not terribly new or terribly old.
Not very
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interesting.
There seems to be some bits of landscaping around.
Little patches of grass around the edges and peripheries. Maybe
some flowers. But, not lush.
YOU SAW SOME BENCHES.
DO YOU WANT TO TELL ME ABOUT THEM?
Well, that's my unsure feeling about this fountain.
There was
some kind of benches of cement.
Curved benches, it felt like.
They
were of rough cement.
WHAT DO YOU THINK HAL IS DOING WHILE HE IS THERE?
I have a sense that he is looking at things trying to project
them.
Looking at different things and sort of walking back and
forth not covering a whole lot of territory.
Sometimes standing
still while he looks around.
I just had the impression of him talking, and I almost sense that
it was being recorded or something. I don't know if he has a
tape recorder, but if it's not that, then he is saying something
because it needed to be remembered.
IT'S 11:33. HE'S JUST PROBABLY GETTING READY TO COME BACK.
!
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.
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APPENDIX B
INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBJECT:
EEG EXPERIMENT*
The purpose of these experiments is to determine whether stimuli
(flashing lights, geographical locations, and so on) located in adjoining
laboratories or at more distant locales can be perceived, even though the
signals are so low due to intervening walls, distance, and the like, as
ordinarily to be considered blocked from the visual modes of perception.
In addition to obtaining oral responses, we will also from time to time
be measuring physiological parameters with standard apparatus (for example,
EEG) to determine whether there is evidence for subliminal perception as
registered by physiological correlates, even in the absence of conscious
perception.
;
There is no risk associated with these tests, and the only discomfort
expected is that attendant to sitting quietly in a darkened room for 30-
minute test intervals.
During the experimentation feel free to ask any questions that come
to mind as to the procedures, purposes, results, and so on associated with
the study.
As with all our activity you are free to withdraw consent and to
discontinue participation in the project at any time without prejudice.
*This statement is required by the SRI Administration Manual Topic 812,
"Requirements Governing Activities with Human Subjects."
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APPENDIX C
UNIVERSAL RANDOMIZATION PROTOCOL
It was deemed desirable in our work to establish a universal random-
ization protocol independent of the particular experiment under considera-
tion.
The only exceptions were to be automated experiments where target
selection is determined by radioactive decay or electronic randomization.
The randomization procedure is designed around a ten-unit base, e.g.,
ten targets, ten work periods, and so on. A ten-digit sequence governing
an experiment is blind to both experimenter and subject, and is uncovered
by means of the following procedure. A three-page RAND Table of Random
Digits (Table C-1) is entered to obtain a ten-digit sequence, the entrance
point being determined by throws of a die,* the first 1, 2, or 3 deter-
mining page, the next 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining column block, the follow-
ing 1, 2, 3, or 4 determining row block, and the final throw determining
from which of the first six rows in the block the ten-digit sequence is
to be taken. An opaque card with a single-digit window is then moved
across the row to uncover digits one at a time. If a multiplicity of
targets exist, the digits 0 through 9 are employed directly. If a binary
command is required (e.g., increase/decrease or activity/no activity)
the parity of the digit (even or odd) is employed.
*A technique found in control runs to produce a distribution of die faces
differing nonsignificantly from chance expectation.
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TABLE C-1
Table of Random Digits
11 16 43 63 18
75 06 13 76 74
40 60 31 61 52
83 23 53 73 61
21 21 59 17 91
76 83 15 86 78
40 94 15 35 85
69 95 86 09 16
10 43 84 44 82
66 55 83 76 49
73 50 58 34 72
55 95 31 79 57
36 79 22 62 36
33 26 66 65 83
39 41 21 60 13
11 44 28 93 20
73 94 40 47 73
12 03 25 14 14
57 99 47 67 48
54 62 74 85 11
49 56 31 28 72
14 06 39 31 04
61 83 45 91 99
15 46 98 22 85
64 20 84 82 37
41 70 17 31 17
91 40 27 72 27
79 51 62 10 07
51 48 67 28 75
38 60 52 93 41
58 29 98 38 80
20 12 51 07 94
99 75 62 63 60
64 51 61 79 71
40 68 49 99 48
33 88 07 64 13
71 32 55 52 17
13 01 57 29 07
75 97 86 42 98
08 07 46 20 55
65 28 59 71 98
12 13 85 30 10
34 55 63 98 61
88 26 77 60 68
17 26 45 73 27
38 22 42 93 01
65 99 05 70 48
25 06 77 75 71
95 63 99 97 54
31 19 99 25 58
16 38 11 50 69
25 41 68 78 75
61 55 57 64 04
86 21 01 18 08
52 45 88 88 80
78 35 26 79 13
78 13 79 87 68
04 68 98 71 30
84 98 72 87 59
38 71 23 15 12
08 58 86 14 90
19 18 66 96 02
24 21 66 34 44
21 28 30 70 44
58 72 20 36 78
26 18 86 94 97
51 35 14 77 99
59 13 83 95 42
71 16 85 76 09
12 89 35 40 48
07 25 58 61 49
29 47 85 96 52
50 41 43 19 66
33 18 68 13 46
85 09 53 72 82
96 15 59 50 09
27 42 97 29 18
79 89 32 94 48
88 39 25 42 11
29 62 16 65 83
62 96 61 24 68
48 44 91 51 02
44 12 61 94 38
12 63 97 52 91
71 02 01 72 65
94 20 50 42 59
68 98 35 05 61
14 54 43 71 34
54 71 40 24 01
38 64 80 92 78
81 31 37 74 00
83 40 38. 88 27
09 83 41 13 33
04 29 24 60 28
75 66 62 69 54
67 64 20 52 04
30 69 74 48 06
17 02 64 97 37
85 87 51 21 39
02 53 19 77 37
64 04 19 90 11
61 04 02 73 09
48 07 07 68 48
83 77 84 61 15
93 03 98 94 16
52 79 51 06 31
12 14 89 22 31
31 36 16 06 50
82 24 43 43 92
96 60 71 72 20
73 83 87 70 67
24 86 39 75 76
4
96 99 05 52 44
70 69 32 52 55
73 54 74 37 59
95 63 23 95 55
09 11 97 48 03
97 30 38 87 01
07 27 79 32 17
79 42 12 17 69
57 66 64 12 04
47 58 97 83 64
65 12 84 83 34
07 49 32 80 98
46 49 26 15 94
26 72 95 82 72
38 71 66 13 80
60 21 20 50 99
08 43 31 91 72
08 32 02 08 39
31 92 17 64 58
73 72 00 86 57
10 01 17 50 04
86 05 44 11 90
57 23 82 74 64
61 48 75 23 29
92 42 06 54 31
16 53 00 55 47
24 21 94 10 90 .
31 30 94 93 87
08 53 16 15 78
35 54 25 58 65
07 30 44 70 10
18 55 22 94 91
20 75 09 70 24
72 61 96 66 28
72 11 53 49 85
58 03 69 91 37
28 53 78 43 95
26 65 43 78 51
Source: The RAND Corporation
1
1
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33 00 78 56 07
92 00 84 48 97
62 49 09 92 15
16 97 59 54 28
33 22 65 59 03
17 04 89 45 23
97 44 45 99 04
30 15 99 54 50
02 33 00 24 76
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TABLE C-1 (Continued)
07 42 85 88 63
96 02 38 89 36
97 92 94 12 20
86 43 19 44 85
35 37 92 79 22
28 90 65 50 13
40 56 83 32 22
40 48 69 11 22
10 98 22 28 07
10 92 02 62 99
41 48 39 29 35
17 06 17 82 52
90 12 73 33 41
77 80 61 24 46
93 04 06 64 76
24 99 04 10 99
63 00 21 29 90
23 51 06 87 74
76 86 93 93 00
84 97 80 75 04
40 77 98 63 82
48 45 46 52 69
02 98 25 79 91
50 76 59 19 30
43 21 61 26 08
18 16 78 46 31
94 47 97 65 00
39 17 00 66 29
96 16 76 43 75
74 10 89 36 43
52 29 17 58 22
95 96 69 09 47
70 97 56 26 93
35 68 47 26 07
03 68 40 36 00
52 83 15 53 81
85 81 26 18 75
23 57 07 57 54
58 93 92 83 66
86 76 56 74 65
37 10 06 24 92
63 64 24 76 38
54 72 35 65 27
53 07 63 82 35
53 40 61 38 55
38 51 92 95 00
84 82 88 12 48
25 54 83 40 75
55 17 28 15 56
18 85 65 90 43
65 79 90 19 14
81 36 30 51 73
40 35 38;48 07
47 76 74 68 90
87 91 73 85 49
48 21 37 17 08
18 89 90 96 12
77 54 15 76 75
26 90 78 81 73
71 18 92 83 77
68 14 12 53 40
92 55 11 13 26
68 05 26 54 22
88 46 00 63 52
51 55 99 11 59
81 31 06 32 51
42 58 76 81 49
88 14 79 97 00
92 21 43 33 86
73 45 97 93 59
97 17 65 54 16
67 64 20 50 51
15 08 95 05 57
33 16 68 70 94
53 29 58 71 33
38 26 49 47 08
96 46 10 06 04
11 12 02 22 54
23 01 19 41 08
29 19 66 51 87
28 17 74 41 11
15 70 57 38 35
75 76 84 95 49
24 54 36 32 85
66 95 34 47 37
81 12 70 74 93
86 66 87 03 41
66 46 07 56 48
19 71 22 72 63
84 57 54 98 20
56 72 77 20 36
50 34 73 35 21
68 75 66 47 57
19 98 79 22 22
27 93 67 80 10
09 61 70 44 08
75 02 26 53 32
98 60 62 94 51
31 99 46 90 72
37 35 49 30 25
11 32 37 00 69
90 26 98 92 66
02 98 59 53 03
15 18 25 01 66
55 20 86 34 70
18 15 82 52 83
89 96 51 02 06
95 83 09 54 06
11 47 40 87 86
05 59 46 70 45
45 58 72 96 11
98 57 94 24 81
81 42 28 68 42
60 99 77 96 69
01 07 10 85 30
74 30 57 75 09
21 77 17 59 63
23 15 19 02 74
90 20 96 85 21
14 29 33 91 94
42 27 81 21 60
32 57 61 42 78
04 98 26 84 70
27 87 51 54 80
17 69 76 01 14
63 24 73 20 96
19 74 02 46 37
97 37 73 21 12
05 68 63 02 43
34 13 40 29 36
50 19 77 98 69
86 49 76 87 09
52 99 24 66 50
89 91 05 73 95
46 95 46 75 36
28 96 88 19 36
94 51 89 39 84
81 47 86 77 50
82 54 96 26 76
31 12 34 98 99
00 18 47 21 86
78 90 67 54 80
61 79 88 16 00
80 01 88 47 42
87 46 26 31 65
79 81 66 16 30
57 66 62 90 55
46 51 80 14 87
88 69 25 87 16
12 27 34 81 76
29 80 56 49 94
66 87. 26 22 30
20 09 44 29 62
41 38 21 67 68
06 71 13 49 39
19 59 97 62 47
60 93 58 15 04
50 52 08 21 53
13 93 44 68 85
58 31 58 83 66
1
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TABLE C-1 (Continued)
51 39 28 59 36
43 89 85 05 96
28 54 99 83 27
99 94 32 53 77
54 23 94 19 18
79 52 64 62 74
40 87 16 18 03
25 76 75 54 84
57 89 27 33 94
07 16 09 02 62
47 70 43 83 55
71 70 88 01 17
02 33 07 47 36
53 27 44 44 68
62 61 11 96 98
09 30 42 92 65
76 11 52 92 47
55 34 25 12 99
03 04 78 39 81
11 91 60 92 67
63 31 28 18 86
29 08 52 01 01
26 46 05 05 01
31 73 11 89 38
27 63 22 15 70
34 27 45 64 26
01 76 42 59 59
69 29 38 98 75
06 33 56 21 11
44 01 45 25 67
11 76 25 48 06
02 65 15 29 12
64 14 28 76 76
21 35 88 87 73
31 73 63 16 95
11 52 36 42 13
28 43 62 54 68
75 23 57 53 70
97 15 54 87 06
52 23 92 18 31
09 52 28 38 55
85 97 31 58 88
31 18 14 96 72
17 23 70 40 24
93 71 41 54 14
93 71 20 27 42
32 11 58 26 83
67 18 28 90 30
15 68 15 35 99
58 18 57 38 40
07 06 87 59 47
71 74 36 92 85
77 71 22 39 14
08 90 74 37 68
61 50 90 12 45
02 80 55 26 76
22 51 94 78 48
24 86 06 82 84
19 36 72 90 73
32 30 15 87 01
04 19 33 01 42
37 28 40 68 44
78 88 75 72 76
26 33 95 69 09
39 33 14 21 01
35 48 85 24 73
37 63 43 25 69
95 27 40 95 08
81 01 24 24 13
51 59 55 99 09
35 22 34 49 91
24 27 53 96 32
09 77 79 88 00
90 66 03 51 71
30 02 19 11 20
36 11 64 21 28
65 40 19 41 99
47 50 50 20 08
20 30 08 71 88
96 19 50 70 59
13 26 63 13 89
13 35 00 84 14
64 04 99 43 77
22 40 89 49 58
19 09 55 80 35
33 00 69 26 90
69 24 89 74 43
53 89 62 35 08
16 22 75 69 29
55 21 66 38 86
06 80 41 18 61
14 80 11 91 92
49 43 82 07 72
60 84 66 97 32
71 02 52 82 12
10 47 42 75 22
65 62 03 46 84
20 24 62 69 41
41 29 80 47 63
27 97 55 49 23
90 65 00 61 70
09 43 30 91 67
35 16 63 27 31
07 30 00 97 04
36 09 96 15 77
95 55 27 34 56
16 57 88 81 40
54 35 71 36 89
19 56 90 38 14
76 05 30 51 50
69 12 56 94 42
-
00 97 70 44 81
42 04 40 86 49
34 82 23 58 43
13 92 07 87 61
12 31 19 28 08
07 75 30 40 73
78 46 88 23 80
58 52 08 00 22
08 39 53 70 43
37 88 03 41 72
04 20 49 44 34
62 79 88 19 02
46. 16 66 72 06
01 61 94 37 69
96 77 01 94 40
29 70 04 20 93
87 76 77 76 07
03 74 20 16 13
65 98 96 28 43
10 91 73 44 58
29 88 09 52 88
21 64 44 65 87
06 64 49 47 84
66 99 56 18 12
36 24 83 66 66
14 89 45 92 73
88 95 04 60 77
34 65 11 20 38
12 38 62 96 56
30 47 42 59 64
52 18 81 94 91
21 48 29 54 22
02 00 23 36 71
52 06 87 38 01
55 13 76 10 39
02 00 66 99 13
41 72 75 21 71
56 71 90 60 54
98 44 18 15 29
59 60 76 52 25
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22 56 50 24 75
00 25 87 90 18
21 99 12 62 28
00 21 00 48 63
65 52 21 52 42
84 55 47 45 60
26 62 27 41 84
75 16 69 67 48
78 45 35 48 44