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Interim Report -- Objective E, Task 1
Covering the Period 1 October 1985 to 30 September 1986
December 1986
AN EXPERIMENT TO EXPLORE POSSIBLE
ANOMALISTIC BEHAVIOR OF A PHOTON DETECTION
SYSTEM DURING A REMOTE VIEWING TEST
By:
G. SCOTT HUBBARD
EDWIN C. MAY
Prepared for:
PETER J. McNELIS, DSW
CONTRACTING OFFICER'S TECHNICAL REPRESENTATIVE
CONTRACT DAMD 17-85-C-5130
SRI Project 1291
Approved by:
ROBERT S. LEONARD, Executive Director
Geoscience and Engineering Center
-Copy
6
of 15 Copies .
This document consists of 20 pages.
-SRI/GF-0296
SAICMP91.431
SR
International
333 Ravenswood Avenue . Menlo Park, California 94025 . U.S.A.
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ABSTRACT
We conducted a replication of work published in FY 1984 in which
we experimentally examined the possibility that light is emitted in the
vicinity of correctly identified remote viewing (RV) target material.
In
that earlier experiment, a state-of-the-art, ambient temperature, photon
counting system was used to monitor the target material (35-mm slides of
National Geographic Magazine photographs). The statistical measure derived
from the photon counting apparatus in that study showed a significant
positive correlation with the RV results (p < 0.035). That is, when the
remote viewing was good, there was an increase in the signal detected by
the photon counting system. In addition, we observed two anomolous pulses
having a signal-to-noise ratio of about 20-40:1. In the present experiment
(FY 1986), we improved all hardware aspects of the previous work,
substantially reducing the background noise level, and improving shielding
against artifact. In addition, analysis of the remote viewing indicates
that three out of the four viewers produced independently significant
results. If the probability of success is p < 0.05, the binomial
probability of obtaining three out of four successful results by chance is
p ≤ 0.00048. These RV results are substantially better than those
achieved in the FY 1984 study. At this time, we have not completed the
detailed statistical analysis comparing the photomultiplier tube (PMT)
output with the RV results. However, all data collection is complete and
visual inspection of the RV trials does not reveal any large anomalous
pulses. Our preliminary conclusion is that the two anomalous pulses
observed earlier were the result of transients in the experimental
apparatus arising from normal sources.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
ii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
iv
I
INTRODUCTION
1
II
METHOD OF APPROACH
3
A.
Hypotheses and Variables
3
B.
PMT Hardware
3
C.
Signal Processing
4
D.
Experimental Methodology
6
E.
Control Sessions
8
F.
PMT Data
8
III
RESULTS
10
A.
Remote Viewing Results
10
B.
PMT/RV Correlation Results
13
C.
PMT Anomalies
13
IV
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
14
REFERENCES
16
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LIST OF FIGURES
1.
Schematic Diagram for the Photon Production Experiment
7
LIST OF TABLES
1.
Remote Viewing Results for Viewer 009
10
2.
Remote Viewing Results for Viewer 105
11
3.
Remote Viewing Results for Viewer 177
11
4.
Remote Viewing Results for Viewer 807
12
...
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I INTRODUCTION
We have conducted an experiment to determine whether there may be detectable
physical effects correlated with remote viewing. *
A remote viewing (RV) experiment consists of four basic elements:
·
A target consisting of outdoor scenes, including natural and manmade
features. For convenience, experimental targets are pictures taken from
National Geographic Magazine.
.
An individual who intends to describe (by mental means alone) the tar-
get.
· A feedback procedure which displays the target.
.
An a priori defined analysis procedure to determine if the target has
been accurately described.
A single trial that encompasses these elements might proceed as follows. Using a
random number generator, four targets are chosen from a pool of 112. One target of the
four selected is chosen blind and the viewer is asked to give a description. After the session,
the target photograph is displayed to the viewer as feedback. The description is analyzed
using a Figure of Merit (FM) technique to provide a statistically meaningful evaluation. 1, 2+
The experiment described later is a follow-on to an FY 1984 program that
investigated photon production during a remote viewing task.3 In the FY 1984 program, we
conducted a conceptual replication of work published by the People's Republic of China. It
was claimed that anomalous signals from photomultiplier tubes (PMT) are observed during
sessions in which "exceptional vision" was successfully employed to identify Chinese language
characters concealed in the PMT housing.4,5 Specifically, we experimentally examined the
possibility that light is emitted in the vicinity of correctly identified remote viewing target
material. The experiment consisted of a brief pilot phase in order to refine the protocol; a
formal phase utilizing the same four individuals from the pilot phase; and a control phase
consisting of two types of controls.
*
This report constitutes Objective E, Task 1, detailing an experiment to determine
fundamental parameters of feedback, shielding and limits of spatial resolution for RV.
+
References are listed at the end of this report.
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During the first study, four viewers were asked to contribute six viewings each.
The targets were 35-mm slides of National Geographic pictures of outdoor scenes concealed
within a PMT housing. Our experiments produced two apparent anomalies during RV .
periods, and a significant positive correlation (p < 0.035) between the quality of the remote
viewing and the output of the PMT. Quality assessments of the remote viewing were
performed using FM analysis. In our discussion of the FY 1984 results, we pointed out that a
follow-on experiment was required, which would remove possible sources of artifact and would
yield even better remote viewing. We addressed both areas in the present experiment. This
interim report describes the progress that has been made.
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II METHOD OF APPROACH
A.
Hypotheses and Variables
In the absence of light leaks or environmental interference, we postulate that the
output of a PMT which is focused on the RV target slide is positively correlated with the
quality of RV, as determined by Figure of Merit analysis. The dependent variable in the RV
portion of this experiment is the overall measure of the remote viewing, i.e., the Figure of
Merit. The dependent variable for the correlation portion of the experiment is the linear
correlation coefficient between the FM and PMT output.
In order to demonstrate that statistically significant remote viewing has occurred, we
required that the FM for a given session exceed a critical value for which the associated
probablity is ≤ 0.05. The critical value of the FM was determined from the
mean-chance-expectation for each viewer's session.2 To claim evidence for a statistical
anomaly, we require that the observed linear correlation coefficient between the FM and the
PMT output be significantly different from the expected lack of correlation. To declare that
the experiment has confirmed the hypothesis, the probability of observing the linear
correlation coefficient calculated for the data from 24 viewings (four viewers, six viewings
each) must be p ≤ 0.05.
B.
PMT Hardware
We utilized the photomultiplier tube light detector system and remote viewing
procedure from our previous study, incorporating certain improvements as described below.
The set of 112 35-mm slides of National Geographic Magazine sites was again used as our
target material.
The PMT housing and slide holder were light-tight and constructed of metal that
was grounded and shielded against rf, magnetic, and electrostatic fields. Our entire PMT
housing was further enclosed in a standard photographer's film changing bag so that the slide
selection and insertion could be accomplished on a blind basis.
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A light-tight slide holder, which could be opened and closed easily, had been
fabricated and fitted to the end flange of the PM tube housing. The slide was positioned
within approximately 2.5 cm of the active surface of the tube. This distance is 1.5 cm greater
than in the previous study because the cooled tube housing was constructed with a quartz
window to provide thermal insulation while allowing optical transparency into the UV.
The PM tube was selected to have an active area equal to or greater than the film
area of the slide. In addition, we required the tube to be sufficiently broad band and
sensitive so as to equal or surpass the device used in the first experiments by the Chinese.
We also required the dark count (background) rate to be as low as possible. To achieve this
goal, the PMT was cooled and the temperature stabilized at -20℃ (=1º). This
modification reduced the dark count noise by a factor of approximately 50 from the earlier
study, and eliminated slow changes in the count rate caused by temperature drift.
All critical electrical apparatus (MCA, NIM bins and modules, PMT) were isolated
from common mode and differential mode noise, and were protected from line surges by a
Topaz power conditioner. Because the power requirements for the key experimental
apparatus were too great to easily employ batteries, we surveyed the available ac voltage
regulators and transient suppressors. The Topaz unit was selected as having the most modern
design and providing the best specifications for transient suppression (1 kHz to 10 MHz per
IEEE Standard 587), for voltage regulation (+4% to -8% for a +15% to -25% variation about
120 V), and noise rejection (130-dB common mode, 58-dB normal mode at 10 kHz).
Low level signals from the PMT to the preamplifier and preamplifier to amplifier
were more heavily shielded than earlier; the preamp was close coupled to the PMT and the
signal from the preamp was conducted through semi-rigid coaxial cable. (Semi-rigid coax
provides good electromagnetic interference attenuation up to GHz frequencies.)
C.
Signal Processing
The output of the PM tube was processed and displayed by state-of-the-art
instrumentation used in nuclear radiation spectroscopy. We selected the multichannel scaling
(MCS) mode of signal processing as the most appropriate for our experiment. In this type of
data acquisition, the amplified pulses from the PM tube were counted for a specific length of
time (dwell time), and the resulting total was stored and displayed in a single bin (channel).
This process was repeated for each of 1024 channels. In this fashion, a histogram was
accumulated showing the count rate of the tube as a function of time over the duration of a
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single viewing trial (~17 minutes). For the sake of clarity, we shall define this particular time
record of PM tube output as a spectrum.
Because the voltage output of a photomultiplier tube is directly proportional to the
intensity of the incident light source, we decided to set two "windows" on the PM tube signal.
One window displayed the entire voltage range output which is dominated by numerous small
amplitude background pulses. We designated this window Region I. The window for Region
II was adjusted to show only large voltage pulses. In this fashion, we were able to monitor
the system for either of two possible outcomes:
· A significant increase in the number of small amplitude pulses.
· An increase in the frequency of relatively rare, large amplitude events.
The original Chinese claim was that an individual having "exceptional vision" (an
ability roughly equivalent to remote viewing) could produce an anomalous signal from the PM
tube consisting of mainly large amplitude pulses. .
Because the PM tube was in total darkness and no light emitting materials were
included in the sample chamber, all background counts were due to thermionic emission at
the photocathode or dynodes.6 A photon striking the photocathode will produce a signal that
is indistinguishable from that resulting from thermionic emission. Therefore, one cannot say
conclusively whether a statistically significant increase in count rate (above background) is
caused by enhanced thermionic emission or photon production. For simplicity in this report,
we have referred to the putative effect as "photon production," and have calculated our
results assuming that photons are striking the photocathode in the PM tube.
A multichannel analyzer (MCA) with three signal inputs received, sorted and
stored the signals coming from the two windows. The third input was connected to a signal
generator that could be triggered by a microswitch in the adjoining RV room. That switch was
used to mark the beginning and end of data taking in the RV session. Details of the session
are contained in the methodology section later in this Chapter. A schematic of the equipment
used is shown in Figure 1.
Following an experimental session, the data collected by the MCA were transferred
to a Sun Microsystems 3/160 computer via an RS-232 interface. In our FY 1984 study, the
count rates during control periods in our two regions of interest were approximately
300/seconds and 10/seconds, respectively. By cooling the tube to -20℃, we were able to
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reduce the average count rates in the regions of interest to 5/seconds and 0.7/seconds,
respectively. Because a single photon can produce a count, we were sensitive to an increase
of approximately \ N photons, where N is the count rate. This figure would correspond to
about 2 to 3 excess counts in Region I and <1 excess counts in Region II.
D.
Experimental Methodology
The slides that served as the targets during the session were prepared from a pool
of 112 National Geographic Magazine photographs. Each slide was placed in a separate
opaque envelope marked with an identification number. Prior to each session, four slides
were selected from the target pool by a computer generated pseudorandom number generator
(PRNG). All four slide envelopes were placed in the changing bag with the PM tube housing,
then shuffled. One envelope was selected in a blind fashion; the slide was removed and then
placed into the special holder covering the PMT. That procedure ensured that the slide
selected was unknown to the viewer and experimenter.
The photomultiplier tube and preamplifier, the instrumentation for amplifying and
counting the PM tube signals, and the computer were all located in a locked instrumentation
room adjacent to the RV session room. The only form of instrumentation in the RV room
was the microswitch used to signal the start and finish of an RV data acquisition period.
Prior to the arrival of a viewer, the experimenter selected the four slides using the
PRNG, checked the equipment for proper functioning, shuffled the envelopes inside the PM
tube bag, and loaded the target slide. In addition, the experimenter recorded a control
session under exactly the same conditions as an experimental session except for the absence
of the viewer. We designated these as "local" control sessions. In the planned statistical
analysis, these control sessions (taken before and after the RV session) will serve as the
baseline against which the experimental session will be compared.
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COOLED HOUSING
PREAMPLIFIER
SWITCH
PHOTOMULTIPLIER
TUBE
AMPLIFIER
35-mm SLIDE
PULSER
SINGLE
CHANNEL
ANALYZER
1
SINGLE
CHANNEL
ANALYZER
2
All Amplitude
Pulses
High Amplitude
Pulses
MULTICHANNEL
Session Marker
Pulses
ANALYZER AND DISPLAY
SUN 3/160
COMPUTER
RS-232
INTERFACE
FIGURE 1
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR THE PHOTON PRODUCTION EXPERIMENT
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After the arrival of the viewer, three minutes of data were collected before
beginning the RV session. Each time the viewer was ready to give a response in the RV
session, the experimenter marked that time with a press of a microswitch. Closing the switch
briefly sent a series of TTL logic pulses which were registered in the MCA memory. After
the response, the experimenter again closed the switch for 1 to 2 seconds. These two bursts
of pulses clearly defined the period of RV effort for future analysis of the PMT output. A
series of several such efforts using corresponding marker pairs was typically generated during
each 17-minute viewing. This procedure was followed twice (i.e., viewings were conducted
two at a time). Following the session, the accumulated data were automatically read out into
the computer memory. Once this process was begun, the experimenter removed the target
slide from its holder and displayed it to the viewer by means of a slide projector.
Following the departure of the viewer, the experimenter recorded another local
control session, and then transferred all data from the computer hard disk to magnetic tape.
Following the manufacturer's recommendations, all of the principal hardware (PM tube,
amplifier, MCA, etc.) remained on continuously. .
E.
Control Sessions
Prior to any RV data collection, 50 control sessions were recorded with no one
present in the experimental area. After the completion of all RV sessions, another 50 control
sessions were recorded. We have chosen to call these "global" control sessions to distinguish
them from the data collected before and after each RV session. As discussed elsewhere in
this report, these 100 sessions will allow a very precise analysis of the parent distribution of
dark counts, and will provide a good record of the maximum count rates observed under
normal conditions.
As described earlier, the experimenter also recorded a control session under
exactly the same conditions as an experimental session except for the absence of the viewer,
before and after the RV session. These sessions were designated as "local" controls and will
serve as the baseline against which the experimental session will be compared.
F.
PMT Data
During a 17-minute RV trial, the typical data recorded from the PMT consist of
three count rate records; we are designating these as spectra for convenience. These three
spectra are displayed concurrently. Each spectrum has a common x-axis of 1024 channels.
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In order to accommodate a 17-minute trial, the dwell time was set at 1 second/channel. The
first spectrum displayed all pulses from the PMT, regardless of their amplitude, that were
detected during each 1-second counting period. The second spectrum displayed only those
pulses -- detected in the same 1-second interval -- whose amplitude exceeded a preset threshold
which was adjusted to. eliminate all but the largest of pulses. The remaining spectrum
represented RV session dependent timing markers. For the all-amplitude pulse case, the
average counting rate was about 5 counts per channel (1 second). Average rates in the
high-amplitude spectrum were about 0.7/channel.
With the dark count stability provided by the temperature controlled PMT, it was
possible to collect meaningful baseline data. We accumulated one baseline for each RV
session. Because there were always two viewings carried out at each meeting, one control
session was taken before and one after the entire RV period.
Our planned statistical analysis procedure will be very similar to that used
previously: a linear correlation coefficient will be computed between the FM and the number
of excess (statistically significant) pulses from the all-pass and high-pass PMT data. Many
viewers report perceiving RV data during rest periods as well as ostensible effort periods.
Accordingly, we will look for correlations between FMs and the entire RV session PMT
output, as well as the RV data acquisition periods indicated by the microswitch closures.
Because the average pulse rate during this experiment was considerably less than before, a
t-test comparing the average count rates in the control trials and RV trials will serve to
determine whether there was any significant increase in the count rate. A second analysis
program can search the RV sessions for unusually high or low pulse rates (as compared with
the baseline data).
In addition, the global control data will yield the expected distribution of dark
counts. These data will allow us to calculate the probability for observing a given count rate
during any collection period.
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III RESULTS
A.
Remote Viewing Results
Four viewers were asked to contribute six viewings each. In this experiment, the
personnel consisted of four of the best viewers participating in ongoing RV programs at SRI.
Each RV session was judged using a figure of merit analysis. The FM is defined as
the product of two measures: accuracy and reliability. The accuracy of an RV response is the
fraction of the target material that is described correctly. Reliability is the fraction of the
response that is correct. 1,2 Tables 1 through 4 show the RV results for each trial. The
session number (9001.cr, etc.) incorporates a code for each viewer as well as the
chronological sequence of viewings.
Table 1
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 009
Session
Figure-of-Merit
p-value
9001.1g
0.5714
0.0238
9002.1g
0.3810
0.1961
9003.1g
0.4444
0.0497
9004.1g
0.3333
0.3650
9005.1g
0.0667
0.9233
9006.1g
0.3556
0.2697
Overall p ≤ 0.0450
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Table 2
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 105
Session
Figure-of-Merit
p-value
9001.rs
0.4571
0.0412
9002.rs
0.1667
0.3486
9003.rs
0.1600
0.3618
9004.rs
0.3333
0.1039
9005.rs
0.0000
1.0000
9006.rs
0.3810
0.0475
Overall p ≤ 0.0488
. .
Table 3
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 177
Session
Figure-of-Merit
p-value
9001.hs
0.4444
0.2430
9002.hs
0.1143
0.9579
9003.hs
0.3810
0.2978
9004.hs
0.5000
0.2392
9005.hs
0.5952
0.0677
9006.hs
0.6429
0.0136
Overall p ≤ 0.0385
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Table 4
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 807
Session
Figure-of-Merit
p-value
9001.cr
0.0000
1.0000
9002.cr
0.3333
0.2267
9003.cr
0.5208
0.0240
9004.cr
0.0833
0.7494
9005.cr
0.3750
0.1321
9006.cr
0.1333
0.5911
Overall p
≤ 0.1895, n.s.
(U) From the FM analysis performed for our FY 1984 experiment, we determined that
by computing the p-value for each FM we could determine an average p for each viewer and
for all sessions combined. The overall probability of obtaining that average p-value was then
calculated, either by an exact method for small numbers of sessions7 or by using the central
limit theorem for greater than 20 sessions.8 In the current analysis, an additional test of
significance, the Fisher Chi-square technique, has been added to supplement the probability
associated with average p-value for a given series.
The overall p-values given for each viewer's series as shown in
Tables 1 through 4 were calculated using the Fisher Chi-square technique.
Averaging all p-values for all sessions yielded p(avg. ) = 0.3437. Using
the central-limit theorem, the probability associated with that average
value is p < 0.004. Using the Fisher Chi-square method, a p-value of S
0.0036 was calculated for all 24 sessions, indicating good agreement
between techniques. We observed that three out of the four viewers
independently produced significant results. This outcome is an extremely
rare event. If the probability of success is p ≤ 0.05, the binomial
probability of obtaining three out of four successful results is p <
0.00048. These individual and overall results are substantially better
than achieved in the FY 1984 study. 3
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B.
PMT/RV Correlation Results
At this time, we have not yet performed the planned detailed statistical analysis of
the correlations between the FMs for the RV data and the output of the PMT. Those
calculations will be contained in the final report.
C.
PMT Anomalies
In the present experiment, we improved all aspects of the previous work, including
quality of remote viewing, background noise level, and shielding against artifact. As
mentioned above, we have not yet completed the detailed statistical analysis comparing the
PMT output with the RV results. However, all data collection is complete and visual
inspection of the RV trials does not reveal any anomalous pulses.
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IV DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
We conducted a replication of work published in FY 1984 in which we
experimentally examined the possibility that light is emitted in the vicinity of correctly
identified remote viewing target material. In that earlier experiment, a state-of-the-art,
ambient temperature, photon counting system was used to monitor the target material (35-mm
slides of National Geographic Magazine photographs). The statistical measure derived from
the photon counting apparatus showed a significant correlation with the RV results (p ≤
0.035). That is, when the remote viewing was good, there was an increase in the signal
detected by the photon counting system. When the viewing was less accurate, a smaller signal
was detected by the counting system. Out of 22 viewings, we recorded two which contained a
photon counting anomaly having a signal-to-noise ratio of about 20-40:1, far below the
100-1000:1 anomalies reported in the Chinese literature that motivated our original study.
In our FY 1984 experiment we concluded that:
"Since we observed both statistical correlations and two suggestive anomalies, we
have concluded that there is sufficient evidence to justify another set of experi-
ments. To carry out a more definitive investigation, those experiments should be
conducted with the following improvements:
. Add more-experienced viewers to the initial group.
· Cool and temperature stabilize the PM tube to reduce background noise
count rates.
· Introduce yet more stringent electrical isolation from the environment to
further reduce the possibility of artifacts from electrical transients."
In our present experiment we have satisfied all of the foregoing recommendations
and have improved all aspects of the previous work -- including the quality of remote viewing,
background noise level, and shielding against artifact. At this time, we have not completed
the detailed statistical analysis comparing the PMT output with the RV results. However, all
data collection is complete and visual inspection of the PMT output during RV sessions does
not reveal any large anomalous pulses. Our preliminary conclusion is that the pulses observed
in our earlier experiments and in the Chinese work were the result of transients in the
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experimental apparatus, which have now been suppressed through the use of power
conditioning, EMI hardening, and temperature stabilization.
.
. .
£
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REFERENCES
1.
Humphrey, B. S., May, E. C., Trask, V. V., and Thomson, M. J., "Remote
Viewing Evaluation Techniques,
" Final Report, SRI Project 1291 SRI
International, Menlo Park, California (October, 1986)
2.
May, E. C., Humphrey, B. S., Mathews, C., and Puthoff, H. E., "Figure of
Merit Analysis for Free Response Data," Proceedings of the 28th Annual
Convention of the Parapsychological Association, Tufts University, Medford,
Massachusetts, pp. 343-354, (August 12-16, 1985)
3.
Hubbard, G. S., May, E. C. and Puthoff, H. E., "Possible Production of
Photons During a Remote Viewing Task: Preliminary Results," Proceedings of
the 28th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association, Tufts
University, Medford, Massachusetts, pp. 355-372 (August 12-16, 1985)
4.
Chinese Academy of Sciences, High Energy Institute, Special Physics Research
Team, Exceptional Human Body Radiation. PSI Research (June 16, 1982)
5.1
Yonjie, Zhao and Hongzhang, Xu, "EHBF Radiation: Special Features of
the Time Response," Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, Peoples
Republic of China, PSI Research (December 20, 1982)
6.
Knoll, G. F., Radiation Detection and Measurement, John Wiley & Sons, New
York (1979)
7.
Mood, Graybill, and Boes, Introduction to Theory of Statistics, McGraw Hill,
New York (1973)
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Rosenthal, R., Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research, Sage
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