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UNCLASSIFIED
INDEX
SUBJECT:
Proposed Downgrading of Classified Documents for Cognitive Sciences
Laboratory, Volume 1 & 2.
DOCUMENT #
ORIG
DOC CONTROL
TITLE
1
SRI
SAICMP91.388
Targeting Requirements Task (U)
2
SRI
SAICMP91.398
Special Orientation Techniques (U)
3
SRI
SAICMP91.385
RV Reliability, Enhancement, and
Evaluation (U)
4
SRI
SAICMP91.390
Feasibility Study on the Use of RV
Detection Techniques to Determine
Location of Targets (U)
5
SRI
SAICMP91.396
Countermeasures:
Evaluation (U)
A Survey and
6
SRI
SAICMP91.386
Audiolinguistic Correlations with the
Quality of Remote Viewing
Sessions (U)
7
SRI
SAICMP91.419
RV Reliability, Enhancement, and
Evaluation (U)
8
SRI
SAICMP91.447
Review of the Research Conducted at
SRI International (1973-1988) (U)
9
SRI
SAICMP91.436
Screening and Selection of Personnel:
The Personality Assessment System
(PAS) (U)
10
SRI
SAICMP91.478
The Effects of Hypnosis on Remote
Viewing Quality (U)
11
SRI
SAICMP91.481
Photon Production (Chinese
Replication) (U)
12
SRI
SAICMP91.438
Remote Viewing Evaluation
Techniques (U)
UNCLASSIFIED
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SAICMP94.009
Copy
1 of 2
Proposed Downgrading of
Classified Documents
for Cognitive Sciences Laboratory
Volume 1 of 2 (U)
June 9, 1994
.
SG1J
Presented to:
Contract MDA908-93-C-0004
Submitted by:
Edwin C. May, Ph.D.
Science Applications International Corporation
Cognitive Sciences Laboratory
P.O. Box 1412
Menlo Park, CA 94025
.........
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Cul 4

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1
Final Report
Covering the Period October 1980 to October 1981
May 1982
TARGETING REQUIREMENTS TASK (U)
1
.
SRI Internationa
... ..
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CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES.
iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
iv
I
OBJECTIVE.
1
II
INTRODUCTION
2
-
III
PROTOCOLS.
4
A.
General Protocol.
4
B.
Viewer Selection.
4
c.
Distribution of Trials Across Session Conditions
5
D.
Transcript Evaluation
6
IV
RESULTS.
8
A.
Trial Collection.
8
B.
Data Summaries
8
c.
Overall Findings
8
1.
Evidence for Remote Viewing.
15
2.
Distribution of Results across Targeting Modes
15
3.
Effects of Mid-Session Feedback.
17
4.
Caveats.
18
V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.
21
REFERENCES
24
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.
.
.

I
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TABLES
1
Distribution of Trials in Targeting Study.
5
2
0-to-7 Point Evaluation Scale for Target/Transcript
Correspondence
7
3
Summary of RV Data for Viewer 557
9
4
Summary of RV Data for Viewer 753.
10
5
Summary of RV Data for Viewer 688.
11
6
Summary of RV Data for Viewer 807.
12
... ...
7
All Data from 48 RV Trials, with Mean Values for Each
13
Viewer and Each Session Category
.
8
Summary of Coordinate RV Trials with Mid-Session Feedback. .
14
--
=
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In this report we present the results of a four-month investigation,
carried out by SRI International, to determine the relative effectiveness
of various targeting procedures in use in remote viewing (RV). Three such
procedures were investigated:
(1)
Beacon targeting, in which the viewer has had some
personal contact with, or is given the photograph of,
an individual at the target site.
(2) Coordinate targeting, in which the viewer is given the
geographical coordinates of the target site.
.
(3) Abstract targeting, in which the viewer is only told
that there is a target site to be described.
In our experiments with four remote viewers, three of whom performed
reliably in the RV task (RV of San Francisco Bay Area sites), we did not
find any overall significant differences in the efficacy of three targeting
modes, subject to some variation because of individual preferences. In-
stead, reliable RV functioning with results of comparable accuracy was
obtained with all three techniques.
As an additional task, we investigated the usefulness of giving the
viewer limited mid-session feedback as to the general nature of the target
site. We found that this procedure did not result in increased accuracy
of description.
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1
I
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the "Targeting Requirements Task" was to determine
the relative effectiveness of various targeting procedures for use in
remote viewing (RV). If differences in relative effectiveness were found,
SRI International was also to determine whether such differences depend
on the characteristics of individual remote viewers or are widespread in
nature.
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II
INTRODUCTION
-
In[
SRI
studies in RV over the past decade, several
methods have been used to target the remote viewer on the site. Much of
the early work used a person located at the target site as a target for
the remote viewer.
1-3*
We refer to this as Beacon RV, because in some
sense the individual at the site can be said to act as a "homing" beacon.
A second technique, which has often been used in
RV, and around
which a training program is being developed,
is Coordinate RV. In this
procedure, the target site coordinates (latitude and longitude in degrees,
..
minutes, and seconds) are given (with no further information) to the remote
viewer who is to view the site. A third technique, which has been used
occasionally with good success both in laboratory work and in
viewing, we call Abstract RV. In this approach, the remote viewer is
simply told that there is a target site to be described; no further infor-
mation is given.
These three techniques, with variations, have been used success-
+
fully, at SRI,
and elsewhere. However, no
systematic comparison of their relative effectiveness has been made to date.
This study compares the results of the use of the targeting techniques
as described above under otherwise uniform RV conditions. The results are
examined to determine whether significant quantitative differences exist
as far as the quality of the RV product is concerned.
These three
*
References are listed at the end of the report.
+
For example, in Beacon RV, the remote viewer may be introduced to the
outbound person who is to act as a beacon, or simply be shown his
photograph.
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2

representative techniques were chosen for this study because they span
the range, from the concrete to the abstract, of the targeting techniques
typically required in
tasks.
Specifically, the targeting mode is varied over the three techniques.
These techniques are designated here as Techniques A, B, and C (for Abstract,
Beacon, and Coordinate, respectively). A variation of Technique C,
designated C', is also incorporated into the study to examine whether
modest feedback given to the viewer at mid-session about the general
nature of the site increases accuracy in the remainder of the session.
..
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c

representative techniques were chosen for this study because they span
the range, from the concrete to the abstract, of the targeting techniques
typically required in
tasks.
Specifically, the targeting mode is varied over the three techniques.
These techniques are designated here as Techniques A, B, and C (for Abstract,
Beacon, and Coordinate, respectively). A variation of Technique C,
designated C', is also incorporated into the study to examine whether
modest feedback given to the viewer at mid-session about the general
nature of the site increases accuracy in the remainder of the session.
pass
repeat
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III
PROTOCOLS
A.
General Protocol
The general protocol for the study is to closet a remote viewer with
an experimenter at SRI, and, at a prearranged time, have the viewer describe
an undisclosed remote site using the required targeting technique. The
target site, one of sixty located in the San Francisco Bay Area within a
30-min driving radius of SRI, is selected by random number access to a
target pool by a second experimenter in charge of overall protocol. For
each viewer, target sites are used without replacement as the series
progresses, so that no individual viewer has the same site twice. In all
cases, the interviewer is blind to the target so that he is free to question
the remote viewer to clarify his descriptions without fear of leading.
During the prearranged viewing period lasting 15-min, the viewer
makes drawings of and records on tape his impressions of the target site.
At the end of this viewing period, the interviewer collects the data for
the file, finds out from the protocol experimenter what the target site
was, and then takes the viewer to the site for feedback.
B.
Viewer Selection
To evaluate fairly the effects of varying the target conditions, we
chose to carry out the study with four relatively inexperienced SRI viewers,
as opposed to the more experienced viewers who exhibit strong preferences
for certain targeting techniques.
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c.
Distribution of Trials Across Session Conditions
Each of the four remote viewers chosen was asked to contribute twelve
trials apiece, three trials each for each of the four techniques, A, B,
C, and C'. This method provides a total of 48 trials, 12 in each of the
four categories, distributed as shown in Table 1 below. Each of the
viewers used the four techniques in a balanced, random intermixed order
(e.g., BACC'ACB ... ) as is usual in psychological studies with several
stimulus categories.
Table 1
DISTRIBUTION OF TRIALS IN TARGETING STUDY
Category
Viewer
A
B
C
C'
557
3
3
3
3
753
3
3
3
3
807
3
3
3
3
688
3
3
3
3
The protocol experimenter tells the interviewer at the beginning of
the session which technique is to be used. For Technique A, the interviewer
simply informs the viewer that there is a target site to be described; no
further information is given.
For Technique B, the viewer is either introduced in person to the
outwardbound experimenter who will act as a beacon (Beacon Trial One),
or is simply shown a photograph of an otherwise unknown outwardbound
experimenter (Beacon Trials Two and Three). The reason for this inter-
trial variation is to obtain additional information about the amount of
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For Technique C and C', the viewer is read the coordinates (in
degrees, minutes, and seconds ) for the site. For Technique C', the
interviewer obtains from the protocol experimenter before session start
an envelope containing general information about the site (e.g., "target
site is a building exterior," "target site is an open outdoor area," and
so forth.) In mid-session. ater the viewer has described the site to
the best of his ability,
de interviewer opens the feedback envelope and
gives this additional information to determine whether it stimulates
increased accuracy and detail in the viewer's subsequent images of the
site.
D.
Transcript Evaluation
In early programs, transcript analysis was carried out exclusively
on the basis of blind judging (matching) of transcripts to target sites.1, 3
This technique, although excellent with regard to demonstrating the
presence or absence of a viable RV function, did not provide a uniform
measure from transcript to transcript of the quality of RV functioning.
In the previous program, SRI,
developed
a 0-to-7 point rating scale to be applied "nonblind", post hoc to the
evaluation of transcripts.3 For no .correspondence between transcript and
target site, a 0 is assigned; for excellent correspondence a 7; and for
intermediate correspondence an intermediate rating. The precise criteria
for each rating is shown below in Table 2. A comparison (in the previous
program) of the ratings produced with this approach against the ratings
produced by the blind-judging approach for a 36-trial series showed sta-
tistically significant positive correlation between the two techniques.
Furthermore, application of the 0-to-7 point scale to randomly matched
transcripts and targets from that study yielded chance results. These
two findings taken together establish that application of the 0-to-7
point scale provides a reliable, objective measure of RV quality. This
6
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Table 2
0-TO-7 POINT EVALUATION SCALE FOR TARGET/TRANSCRIPT CORRESPONDENCE
Point
1
Value Assigned to the Point
7
Excellent correspondence, including good analytical detail
(e.g., naming the site by name), and with essentially no
incorrect information.
6
Good correspondence with good analytical information (e.g.,
naming the function) and relatively little incorrect
information.
5
Good correspondence with unambiguous unique matchable elements,
but some incorrect information.
4
Good correspondence with several matchable elements intermixed
with incorrect information.
3
Mixture of correct and incorrect elements, but enough of the
former to indicate viewer has made contact with the site.
2
Some correct elements, but not sufficient to suggest results
beyond chance expectation.
1
Little correspondence.
0
No correspondence.
method was, therefore, chosen for evaluation of the transcripts for this
targeting study.
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IV
RESULTS
.
A.
Trial Collection
...
In accord with the protocols outlined in Section III, a total of 48
trials were carried out, 12 with each of four remote viewers. As summarized
in Table 1, each viewer contributed three trials for each of the four
techniques.
B.
Data Summaries
Data summaries for each of the four remote viewers are tabulated in
Tables 3 through 6, and a collective summary is provided in Table 7.
Listed in the individual viewer Tables 3 through 6 are the trial numbers
(1 through 12) and associated sites, targeting techniques and 0-to-7 point-
scale accuracy ratings.
(Two columns appear in the accuracy ratings for
Category C'. Ratings in the first column were assigned on the basis of
material produced before feedback only, while those in the second column
apply to the transcript as a whole, including material generated following
feedback. The effects of mid-session feedback are treated in detail in
Table 8, in which we present a detailed session-by-session summary. )
c.
Overall Findings
Most of the findings of this study are obtained by examination of
Table 7. We, therefore, turn our attention for a moment to a detailed
examination of this table.
The transcript ratings for each of the remote viewers, for each of
the session categories, are shown in the individual boxes in the table.
The techniques, listed across the top, are Abstract (A), Beacon (B),
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Table 3
SUMMARY OF RV DATA FOR VIEWER 557
(Overall mean = 2.3 -- Does not show evidence for RV)
Trial
Number
Target Site
Targeting
Technique
Accuracy Rating
2
Allied Arts
A
5
7
Cabana Hotel
A
2
Abstract
3.3
12
Bubble Building
A
3
1
Padre Statue
B
1.5
6
Baylands
B
3
Beacon
1.5
10
Depot Tunnel
B
0
3
Mausoleum
C
3
5
Railroad Trestle
c
1
Coordinates
1.8
9
Boathouse
C
1.5)
4
Pool Complex
c'
4
4
8
Grocery Store
2
3
Coordinates with
Mid-Session Feedback
*
2.5; 3.0
11
Underground Garage
c'
1.5
2
*
First set of evaluations are made on the basis of material generated before
feedback; second set , on the basis of the entire transcript.
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Mean
Rating/
Mode

Table 4
SUMMARY OF RV DATA FOR VIEWER 753
*
(Overall mean = 3.3 -- Indicates contact with target sites)
Trial
Number
Target Site
Targeting
Technique
Accuracy Rating
Mean
Rating/
Mode
2
Dome House
A
0
8
Bridge in Park
A
1
Abstract
1
9
Salt Pile
A
2
1
Children's Playground
B
6.5
5
Swimming Pool
B
5.5
Beacon
6
10
Church on Hill
B
6
3
Varsity Theatre
c
5
7
Banana Records Building
c
0
Coordinates
2.7
11
Tennis Courts
c
3
4
Cemetery
Miniature Golf
c'
C'
C'
1
2
-
Coordinates with
Mid-session Feedback
+
3.5; 3.5
12
Victorian House
3.5
3
*
The viewer shows significant differences between conditions A, B, C (one-way analysis of
variance; df1 = 2, df2 = 6: F = 7.69 -- F = 5.14 required for p < 0.05).
+
First set of evaluations are made on the basis of material generated before feedback;
second set, on the basis of the entire transcript.
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6
5.5

L
Table 5
SUMMARY OF RV DATA FOR VIEWER 688
(Overall mean = 4.0 -- Indicates contact with target sites with good correspondences)
Trial
Number
Target Site
Targeting
Technique
Accuracy Rating
Mean
Rating/
Mode
2
Church on Hill
A
6
5
Locomotive Playground
A
6
Abstract
5.2
8
Ely Chevrolet
A
3.5
1
Mills Florist
B
5
7
Salt Pile
B
3.5
Bea con
3.8
12
SRI Bike Shed
B
3
3
Stanford Shopping Center
Boy Scout Fire Circle
C
3
6
c
3
Coordinates
2.7
9
Palo Alto City Hall
c
2
4
Underground Garage
Methodist Church
Art Museum
c'
c'
5
3.5
10
5
4.5
Coordinates with
Mid-Session Feedback
*
4.2; 3.5
c'
2.5
2.5
-
11
*
First set of evaluations are made on the basis of material generated before feedback;
second set, on the basis of the entire transcript.
11
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T
7
!
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Table 6
SUMMARY OF RV DATA FOR VIEWER 807
(Overall mean = 4.1 -- Indicates contact with target sites with good correspondences)
Trial
Number
Target Site
Targeting
Technique
Accuracy Rating
Mean
Rating/
Mode
2
Wallbanger's
A
6.5
7
Shielded Room
A
2.5
Abstract
4.2
10
Baylands
A
3.5
1
Mills Florist
B
3.5
9
Bubble Building
B
2
Bea con
3.5
12
Miniature Golf
B
5
3
Hoover Tower
C
3.5
4
Tennis Courts
c
5.5
Coordinates
4.7
5
Mausoleum
C
5
6
Glass Slipper Motel
Victorian House
c'
c'
4.5
3.5
3
11
Varsity Theatre
c'
4
3.5
Coordinates with
Mid-Session Feedback
4; 3.3
8
3.5
*
First set of evaluations are made on the basis of material generated before feedback;
second set, on the basis of the entire transcript.
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Table 7
ALL DATA FROM 48 RV TRIALS, WITH MEAN VALUES FOR EACH VIEWER AND EACH SESSION CATEGORY
C
(Coordinates plus Feedback)
Viewer
(Abstract)
B
(Beacon)
c
(Coordinates)
Before
Feedback
Including
Feedback
Viewer
Mean*
557
523
1.5
3
4
2
1.5
432
x = 3.3
x = 1.5
x = 1.8
x = 2.5
* = 3
2.3
(non-RV)
753 +
2
6
5.5
3
x = 1
x = 6
x = 2.7
x = 3.5
x = 3.5
3.3
688
662
3.5
332
2.5
2.5
x = 5.2
x = 3.8
x = 2.7
x = 4.2
x = 3.5
4
807
6.5
2.5
3.5
3.5
4,5
3.5
3
3.5
5
4
3.5
x = 4.2
x = 3.5
x = 4.7
x = 4
x = 3.3
4.1
Category
Mean
3.4
3.7
3.0
3.5
3.3
Category
Mean of 3
Showing RV
Function
3.4
4.4
3.3
3.9
3.4
*
Mode C' entry before feedback only used in calculating viewer mean.
The viewer shows significant differences between conditions A, B, C (one-way analysis of variance;
df1 = 2, df2 = 6; F = 7.69 -- F = 5,14 required for p < 0.05).
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A
6.5
5.5
6
503
3.5
3.5
4.5
3.5
3
25
5.5
3.5
30
1
1.5
1

Table 8
SUMMARY OF COORDINATE RV TRIALS WITH MID-SESSION FEEDBACK
(Type C' Trials)
Viewer
Site
Rating
Before
Feedback
Rating
Including
Feedback
Postfeedback
557
Pool Complex
Grocery Store
4
4
Some additional AOL," but no significant further detail.
2
3
Some additional correct detail: sign above entrance overhang, planters, benches,
wall.
Underground Garage
1.5
2
Some additional AOL, plus additional correct detail about columns and a description
of entrance ramp inside garage.
753
Cemetery
1
2
Some additional AOL, but also good feeling tones: formal, garden sense with someone
working on it, as additional detail.
Miniature Golf
6
5.5
A few sparse further correct details (large sphere, concrete) and some additional
AOL.
Victorian House
3.5
3
Brought in AOL from another target site.
807
Glass Slipper Motel
4.5
3.5
Detail of tree in wooden planter is good additional detail, but feedback called up
a lot of additional AOL.
Victorial House
3.5
3
AOL descriptions of Macy's and other places were elicited by feedback. No further
correct detail was provided.
Varsity Theatre
4
3.5
Confirmed original perceptions, and added AOL about office buildings and grass.
688
Underground
5
3.5
Feedback led to further mention of items already named, called up AOL and created
confusion. No new correct details elicited by feedback.
Methodist Church
5
4,5
Further mention of details previously provided, along with some additional bits of
AOL.
Art Museum
2.5
2.5
After feedback, AOL details of specific building details provided -- these were not
correct.
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AOL pertains to Analytical Overlay of memory and imagination.
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T
Coordinates (C) and Coordinates with Feedback (C'). The latter (C')
technique has two columns of transcript evaluation numbers; those made on
the basis of material up to the point of mid-session feedback (first
column), and those made for the entire transcript, including material
generated after feedback (second column).
The bottom row shows the mean transcript numbers for each targeting
technique averaged both for all four viewers and for the three viewers who
showed evidence for reliable RV (discussed below). The right-hand column
shows each viewer's twelve-trial mean. For Technique C', the numbers
before feedback only are used in the calculation of these means so that
they are not contaminated by the effects of feedback.
..
1.
Evidence for Remote Viewing
The first overall result of the study is obtained by noting each
viewer's twelve-trial mean (Table 7, right-hand column). The twelve-trial
means for the four viewers are 2.3, 3.3, 4.0, and 4.1, respectively.
Reference to the rating-scale definitions in Table 2 indicates that the
last three of the four viewers in Table 7 produced means high enough to
constitute evidence for relatively reliable remote viewing, while Viewer 557,
the first viewer, did not do so. (For this viewer evidence for RV was not
totally lacking because five of the twelve trials rated a 3 or higher;
rather, trial-to-trial reliability was lacking. ) We conclude, therefore,
that robust RV was obtained with three of the four remote viewers.
2.
Distribution of Results across Targeting Modes
.....
To evaluate the results of using the alternative targeting
techniques, A, B, and C, we examine the A, B, and C columns of Table 7.
Examination of the means in the bottom row shows little difference between
alternative targeting strategies. This is confirmed in detail by
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statistical analysis of all the transcript rating numbers, both in the
three-cateogry X four-viewer matrix, and in the three-category X three-
viewer matrix confined to the three remote viewers showing reliable RV
functioning.
*
Therefore, the results obtained for Target Techniques A,
B, and C were essentially the same.
As we examine the fine structure of individual viewer performance
profiles, we find that the above conclusion for the group as a whole is
especially reflected in the individual responses of the two stronger
remote viewers, 688 and 807, who essentially did equally well with each
of the three targeting techniques, as did the unreliable viewer, 557.
+
...
Only in the case of the remaining successful remote viewer (753)
do we find significant differences in the alternative targeting conditions;
the Beacon (B) ratings are elevated, and the Abstract (A) ratings depressed,
as compared with mean performance.
+
In this case, the viewer expressed
from the beginning a strong preference for targeting on a beacon person,
which seemed "natural," as compared with the increasing abstraction of the
Coordinate (C) and Abstract (A) targeting technique. This preference for
a particular targeting technique, correlated with better performance for
that technique, can be contrasted with the lack of expressed preference
on the part of the other viewers plus their relatively stable performance
using the alternative techniques.
These results, taken together, lead us to conclude that there
are no inherent differences in the use of Abstract (A), Beacon (B) or
One-way analysis of variance: 3 x 4; df] = 2, df2 = 33; F = 0.47 (F = 3.29
required for p < 0.05). 3 x 3; df] = 2, df2 = 24; F = 0.95 (F = 3.40
required for p < 0.05).
+
One-way analysis of variance: df1 = 2., df2 = 6 (F = 5.14 required for
p < 0.05). F(688) = 4.02; F(807) = 0.40; F(557) = 1.51; F(753) = 7.69.
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Coordinate (C) targeting techniques, but personal bias or preference on
the part of a viewer can skew the relative effectiveness of these alterna-
tive targeting techniques in practice.
-
Finally, no differences of note were observed in Technique B
(Beacon) between the first trial, in which the remote viewer is introduced
in person to the individual who is to act as a beacon, and the second and
third trials, in which the remote viewer is simply shown the photograph
of an otherwise unknown beacon person.
*
3.
Effects of Mid-Session Feedback
In a series of twelve Coordinate Trials (labeled C'), three each
.
contributed by'each of the four remote viewers, viewers were given rudi-
mentary mid-session feedback after providing initial descriptions on the
basis of coordinate targeting (as in a C Trial). The interviewer then
encouraged further response from the remote viewer.
The feedback material used was prepared in advance by the ex-
perimenter in charge of overall protocol, and was unknown to the inter-
viewer until that moment in the RV session when he opened an envelope
containing feedback information and disclosed its contents to the viewer.
!
The type of feedback given was designed to be as "nonleading"
as possible, meant only to give the viewer some verification if he were
already on the right track. The feedback was in the form of a single
phrase, such as "an expansive interior location" for an underground
garage, or "an outdoor open area with structures" for a cemetery.
The data from the twelve C' trials with mid-session feedback are
summarized in two columns of Table 7 and in Table 8. Comparison of the
One-way analysis of variance: df] = 1, df2 = 6; F = 0.25 (F = 4.96
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means in the bottom row for the results with feedback (second C' column)
against the results, either of the same session before feedback (first c'
:
column), or the Coordinates targeting without feedback (C column), shows
no significant differences, either enhancement or degradation. This holds
considering all the viewers, or just the three with reliable functioning.
*
Specific session-by-session detail is presented in Table 8. It
is clear from these data that feedback, presented in the form described,
was not generally helpful in increasing the accuracy of postfeedback
elaboration. Instead, in the majority of trials, the feedback appeared
to trigger Analytical Overlay (AOL) of images from memory and imagination,
resulting in some (though not significant) degradation of the description
provided before feedback, at least in those cases where the initial
description was good. In the few cases where the rating improved after
feedback, the improvement can be attributed to leading from the feedback,
because the results in those cases still showed little evidence for RV
functioning.
Overall, then, there was no evidence that mid-session feedback
led to improved accuracy. Instead, there was a trend (though statistically
insignificant) toward degradation of the result by AOL.
4.
Caveats
In regard to the effects of mid-session feedback just described,
care must be taken not to generalize that intrasession feedback in any
form is necessarily unproductive; only that there was no evidence that
feedback in the form given was useful. Evidence is emerging in another
*
All viewers, one-way analysis of variance: df] = 1, df2 = 22, F = 4.3
required for p < 0.05: F(C' before and after feedback) = 0.16, F(C, C'
after feedback) = 0.44. Three reliable viewers: df1 = 1, df2 = 16,
F = 4.49 required for p < 0.05: F(C' before and after feedback) = 0.53,
F(C, C' after feedback) = 0.03.
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r
study," for example, that simple statements of "correct," given in
immediate response to correct viewer statements can be helpful, parallelling
similar evidence in computer "guessing game" studies in which immediate
feedback appears to lead to increasingly elevated performance profiles.º
We have shown, however, that descriptive statements of fact about a site,
given after a lengthy narrative by a viewer, may not be helpful.
With regard to the effects of a different kind of feedback,
post-session access to information about the site, the targeting study
was designed to parallel as closely as possible protocols that hold under
operational conditions. As such, because feedback to the remote viewer
is often made available at some future time, in our study we also provided
feedback.
In this case we took the viewer to the site following each
session. Such post-experiment feedback provides, however, a confounding
factor, both in our study and in
tasking in general: namely,
the possibility of obtaining information via a precognition channel. At
this point we have no data on whether a significant portion of the infor-
mation is transferred via this channel in a typical RV session. It is
-
only known, primarily from RV data generated in other laboratories," that
a precognitive channel can provide significant amounts of information in
studies designed to focus on this aspect.
To determine as best we could whether there was any evidence in
this study for precognitive effects, we examined the transcripts and
flagged references to future site visitation that might in principle
trigger use of a precognitive channel. An average of approximately one
reference per transcript met this criterion (49 references in 48 transcripts).
To determine first whether any potential effects of feedback
precognition might be distributed unevenly across the session categories,
and thereby possibly compromise the effort to compare targeting techniques,
a statistical analysis of the distribution of future feedback references
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in the transcripts was done.
(The number of references totalled 16, 11,
and 14 for Targeting Techniques A, B, and C, respectively.) No evidence
was found for an uneven distribution across session conditions, indicating
no evidence for compromise caused by an uneven distribution of future-
feedback references.
To check the matter further, we investigated whether there was
any evidence that references to future feedback resulted in higher individual
transcript ratings, because a positive correlation between references and
ratings might indicate that triggered precognition played a major role.
Altogether, with 49 such references distributed across 48 transcripts, we
found by statistical test that the correlation coefficient between number
..
of references per transcript and transcript ratings was not significant
(r = 0.08, p = 0.70).
Thus, we find no evidence that statements that might in principle
encourage use of a precognitive channel had any effect, either for indi-
vidual transcript ratings or for the differential comparisons between
targeting conditions. The possibility of precognitive influence is,
therefore, limited to the global possibility that a significant amount of
information comes via the precognitive mode when it is available, simply
because it is available. A separate study with feedback withheld on a
random basis is required to resolve this global question.
:
:
*
One-way analysis of variance: df = 2, df2 = 33, F = 0.52 (F = 3.29
required for
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T
7
V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
In this study, "Targeting Requirements Task", we investigated the
relative effectiveness of three alternative RV targeting techniques in
use at the present time. The techniques are:
(1)
Beacon targeting, in which the remote viewer has
had personal contact with, or is given a photograph
of an individual located at the target site at the time
of viewing.
(2) Coordinate targeting, in which the remote viewer is
given the geographical coordinates (latitude and
longitude, in degrees, minutes and seconds) of the
remote site to be described.
(3)
Abstract targeting, in which the remote viewer is
told only that there is a site to be described.
In addition, as a secondary task we also investigated the efficacy
of giving the remote viewer limited mid-session feedback as to the general
nature of the target site whose more detailed description we were seeking.
To address these issues, we collected a total of 48 RV trials over
a four-month period, using San Francisco Bay Area locations as the target
sites.
These 48 trials, twelve from each of four remote viewers, were
divided into two groups:
thirty-six trials evenly distributed across the
three targeting techniques (Beacon, Coordinate and Abstract), and an
additional twelve coordinate trials in which mid-session feedback was
given, to be compared with those coordinate trials without mid-session
feedback. Relatively inexperienced viewers were used to minimize a priori
bias with regard to the efficacy of one targeting technique over another.
Before discussing the specific results of the study we note that the
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typical?
RV sessions, which include the possibility of eventual
future feedback to the viewer as to "ground truth." The results obtained
in this study, as in many
tasks, are, therefore, subject to the
caveat that a global precognitive channel could be operative, and it is
recommended that this issue be examined separately in future work.
The results of this study are summarized as follows:
. Three of the four viewers exhibited reliable RV
functioning.
. For the viewers as a group (and for the successful
viewers as a subgroup), no significant differences
as to the efficiacy of one targeting technique over
another emerged; all three techniques provided useful
data of comparable accuracy, indicating that there is
little, if any, intrinsic difference between the modes.
. For one of the successful viewers, who quickly developed
an order of preference for targeting techniques, sig-
nificant differences were noted, aligned with the expressed
preferences; we take this to indicate that the apparent
intrinsic equality of the technique evidenced in the
overall results of the study can be modulated by personal
preference or bias, and so the choice of targeting must be
tempered by this factor.
. In the case of Beacon Targeting, no significant
difference between personal contact and the use of a
photograph was evident.
. Mid-session feedback in the form given (limited feedback
as to the general nature of the site, following the
development of a coherent 15- or 20-min narration by
the viewer) yielded no significant improvement in
accuracy, and some (though statistically nonsignificant)
evidence for degradation of accuracy, at least in the
better transcripts.
We, therefore, conclude that remote viewers can describe remote sites
of interest with equal accuracy, using Beacon, Coordinate, or Abstract
Targeting Techniques, subject only to their individual preferences.
Attempts
to increase the accuracy of such results by providing mid-session
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descriptive feedback as to the general nature of the site, are, however,
not likely to be successful.
·
I
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....
REFERENCES
1. H. E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information
Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent
Research," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 64, pp. 329-354 (March 1976), UNCLASSIFIED.
2. H. E. Puthoff, R. Targ, and E. C. May, "Experimental Psi Research :
Implications for Physics," in The Role of Consciousness in the
Physical World, Ed. R. Jahn, AAAS Selected Symposium 57 (Westview
Press, Inc., Boulder, 00, 1981), UNCLASSIFIED.
3. R. Targ; H. E. Puthoff, B. S. Humphrey, and E. C. May, "Special
Orientation Techniques (U)," Final Report,
SRI
International, Menlo Park, CA (June 1980),
4. H. E. Puthoff, "RV Reliability, Enhancement, and Evaluation (U),"
Final Report,
SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
(February 1982)
5. C. T. Tart, Learning to Use Extrasensory Perception (University of
Chicago Press, Chicago, Il, 1976), UNCLASSIFIED.
6. J. P. Bisaha and B. J. Dunne, "Multiple Subject and Long-Distance
Precognitive Remote Viewing of Geographical Location," in Mind At
Large: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Symposia
on the Nature of Extrasensory Perception, Ed. C. T. Tart, H. E.
Puthoff, R. Targ (Praeger Press, New York, NY, 1979), UNCLASSIFIED.
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Final Report
June 1980
Covering the Period 1 May 1979 to 31 March 1980
SPECIAL ORIENTATION TECHNIQUES (U)
SRI Internationa
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CONTENTS (U)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (U)
V
LIST OF TABLES (U).
vii
I
OBJECTIVE (U).
1
II
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY (U)
3
A.
Basic Program Structure (U)
3
B.
Task Summary (U).
6
c.
Report Organization (U)
.
8
:
III
BACKGROUND (U)
9
A.
Screening (U)
9
B.
Remote Viewing Protocols for the Description of Local
(San Francisco Bay Area) Target Sites (U)
11
1.
Basic Procedural Design (U).
12
2.,
Remote Viewer/Interviewer Roles
14
3.
Target Pool Selection (U).
14
4.
Target Storage and Access (U).
15
5.
Remote Viewer Orientation (U).
16
6.
Interviewer Behavior (U)
17
7.
Target Person ("Beacon") Behavior
(U).
18
8.
Post-Experiment Feedback (U)
19
9.
Evaluation Procedure (U)
19
IV
ORIENTATION PROGRAM -- PHASE ONE (U)
25
A.
Remote Viewing of Local Target Sites (U).
25
B.
Summary of the Six Series (U)
26
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1.
Viewer No. 155 (U)
2.
Viewer No. 292 (U)
3.
Viewer No. 372 (U)
4.
Viewer No. 468 (U)
5.
Viewer No. 518 (U)
6.
Viewer No. 690 (U)
c.
Analysis of Transcript Correlations (U)
D.
Summary of Judging Results for Local Target
Sites (U)
E.
Phase-One Conclusions (U)
V
ORIENTATION PROGRAM -- PHASE TWO (U)
A.
Remote Viewing (RV) of 35-mm Slides (U)
1.
Viewer No. 372 RV (U).
2.
Viewer No. 518 RV (U).
3.
Comparison of Blind Judging and Accuracy Ratings
for 35-mm Slides (U)
B.
Future Remote Viewing (FRV) (U)
1.
Viewer No. 468, RV and. FRV of 35-mm Slides (U)
2.
Viewer No. 292, RV and FRV of 35-mm Slides (U)
3.
Viewer No. 155, RV and FRV of 35-mm Slides (U)
4.
Viewer No. 155, FRV of Local Target Sites (U).
c.
Extended Remote Viewing (ERV), Viewer No. 518 (U)
1.
Background (U)
2.
Pilot Effort (U)
3.
Formal Series (Six Trials) (U)
4.
Discussion (U)
D.
Remote Viewing of Alphabet Letters (U).
E.
Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV) with Immediate
Feedback (U)
VI
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (U)
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ILLUSTRATIONS (U)
1
Stanford Art Museum Target (a), and Response (b), by
Viewer 372 (U)
5
2
Beacon Tower in Vicinity of Control Tower Target at Palo
Alto Airport (a), and Response by Viewer No. 292 (b) (U) . .
33
3
Windmill Target and Responses by Viewers S5 (a) and
No. 468 (b) (U).
45
4
Redwood City Cross Target, and Responses of Viewers 372 (a)
and 155 (b) (U).
46
5
Pedestrian Overpass Target, and Responses of S4 (a) and
No. 155 (b) (U).
48
6
Distribution of 36 Target/Transcript Correspondences for
Local Target Sites (6 subjects, 6 transcripts each), Showing
More than 50% First-Place Matches (U).
49
7
Comparison Between Blind-Judge Rankings and Accuracy
Assessments (U)
51
--
8
Ultra Modern Dome House -- Target, and Viewer 372
Drawing (U).
61
9
Mount Alverno Conference Center, and Viewer 372
62
Drawing (U).
10
Stanford Shopping Center -- Target, and Viewer 372
Drawing (U).
63
11
Varsity Theatre Arcade -- Target, and Viewer 518
Drawing (U).
64
12
Victorian House -- Target, and Viewer 518 Drawing (U).
65
13
Glass Slipper Motel -- Target, and Viewer 518 Drawing (U).
. .
66
14
Stanford Shopping Center -- Target, and Response of
Viewer No. 468 (U)
72
15
Target Slide, and Viewer 292 Response Fifteen Minutes Before
Random Selection of Target (U)
76
16
Target Slide, and Viewer 272 Response Fifteen Minutes Before
Random Selection of Target (U)
77
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17
Copper Pitcher and Viewer No. 518 ERV Response (U).
Food Mill Target and Viewer No. 518 ERV Response (U)
Straw Hat Target and Viewer No. 518 ERV Response (U)
18
19
20
Tripod Target and Viewer No. 518 ERV Response (U).
21
Antenna and Viewer No. 518 ERV Response (U).
22
Globe Target and Viewer No. 518 ERV Response (U)
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TABLES (U)
1
Results of Transcript Concept Analysis of a Remote Viewing
22
Experiment (U)
2
0-7 Point Accuracy Rating Scale for Target/Transcript
Correspondence (U)
27
3
Total Scores for Each of the Six Viewers in Phase-One
52
Orientation Program (U).
4
Distribution of CRV Target/Response Matchings (U).
98
5
Program Summary (U).
100
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I
OBJECTIVE (U)
The objectives of this program are the optimization of remote
viewing (RV) protocols, the orientation of selected individuals to reach
enhanced levels of ability, and the establishment of screening procedures
to enlarge the population from which individuals are selected.
.
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II INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY (U)
A.
Basic Program Structure (U)
In this report we present results and assessments of a one-year
program for the optimization of remote viewing
The objective of this program was to familiarize these
individuals with the SRI remote viewing protocols, to produce enhanced
levels of ability, and to establish screening tests and procedures for
enlarging the population from which such individuals are selected.
(U)
For the past seven years SRI International has been investigating
a human perceptual/processing ability called remote viewing (RV). This
is the subject matter of the current study, and it pertains to the
acquisition and description, by mental means, of information blocked from
ordinary perception by distance or shielding and generally considered to
be secure from such access.
.
At the start of this program, six individuals were chosen
to participate in an RV technology transfer
With the exception of one of the six who had participated in an ESP study
several years earlier, these participants when selected were inexperienced
with regard to paranormal perception in general, and RV in particular.
A variety of different training protocols were examined with the goal of
helping the participants familiarize themselves with the SRI RV techniques.
Formal assessment and transfer series were carried out with each of the
six participants, in which they were asked to use mental imagery processes
to describe distant geographic locations (bridges, roads, buildings, etc. ),
hidden 35-mm slides of similar sites, and objects placed in a controlled-
access location. Several other information series were carried out. These
are all
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(U) Four of the six participants each produced results that de-
parted significantly from chance expectation in assessment series that
were formally judged by very strict criteria. The other two produced
results in the assessment series that were also suggestive of paranormal
perception. Overall, this result constitutes highly significant per-
formance (p = 4 × 10
-5
, or odds of one in 25,000 of such a result occurring
by chance).
We are including in this introduction one illustrative example
of an RV trial for a real-time San Francisco Bay Area outdoor target.
The viewer, No. 372, who contributed this data, produced a mixture of
responses', some excellent and some noncorresponding, in his two series
at SRI.
Several of his descriptions were among the best obtained in the
program, and his overall consistency in performance resulted in both of
his individual series reaching statistical significance.
(U) Current and proposed programs are directed at training partici-
pants to bring their RV ability under more conscious control, and to learn
to recognize and overcome the factors that limit RV reliability. These
limiting factors center around the generation of erroneous data by the
viewer from his memory and imagination. An example of the successful
resolution of such noise is the following.
(U) The viewer was closeted with an interviewer in the laboratory
at SRI to await the target team's arrival at their destination. The
target was the Stanford Art Museum on the Stanford campus. The viewer
made several tentative outline sketches of different shapes that he said
were "associated with the face of a building." Finally, he made a careful
perspective drawing of the building he was visualizing. A photograph of
the target is shown in Figure 1(a), and the viewer's drawing is shown for
comparison in Figure 1(b). The viewer's narrative described the face of
the building as follows:
"There is a white and black pattern, a white
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...
(U)
and black striped pattern." ... "It's like an inverted rectangle, wit
square fastened to the back, or a rectangle laid down behind it." L
two buildings in one. One building." "I have the sense that there i
dirt by the walls
=
He went on to talk about trees, flowers, &d
bicycles, all of which can be found directly in front of the target
building.
B.
Task Summary (U)
(U) In the following we briefly summarize results of the variou
perceptual tasks that were undertaken:
.
(U) Bay Area Target Site Remote Viewing. In the Phase One
activities, six RV trials with local San Francisco Bay Area
sites as targets were carried out with each of the six
viewers. In these six series, four of the viewers each
produced results that were independently significant
(p < 0.05), making the series as a whole strongly
significant (p = 4 × 10-5; odds of one in 25,000).
.
(U)
Remote Viewing of 35-mm Slides. These trials
were carried out under varying conditions for five
viewers in Phase Two. One viewer, who generated
significant results in Phase One, was again independently
significant in his description of distant slides. A
second viewer, also producing significant results in
Phase One, produced drawings in Phase Two that were
formally judged to have significant correlations with
the slide targets, although his verbal material did not.
A third viewer was asked to describe slides before they
were chosen, that would be shown to him at a later time.
His results were suggestive of success (p = 0.1) but not
statistically significant. Similar trials with two other
viewers were also encouraging but nonsignificant.
Remote Viewing in
a Room
A viewer who was
successful in the slide viewing trials also carried out a
series using extended remote viewing, in which he spent
more than an hour on each of six attempts to describe
objects held in a room
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Two judges evaluated this
viewer's responses: one judged it significant (p = 0.05),
and one just missed significance.
.
(U) Alphabet Targets. A viewer successful in both Bay Area
remote viewing and slide trials also participated in a
series in which he attempted to describe alphabet letters
in a distant location. This was not a formal series, since
the protocol, which was exploratory in nature, was changed
several times during the series. However, the percentage
hits result indicates that the viewer was in contact with
the target letters at a rate higher than would be expected
by chance. These data, taken in conjunction with data
generated on another program, show promise that this ability
can be developed.
(U)
Correlated Responses. In the course of the year's
work, 'targets were repeated from time to time as a result
of random selection from a target pool of sixty. In some
cases we obtained strikingly similar responses (even when
incorrect) from the different viewers who encountered these
repeated targets. These responses also corr lated well
with responses obtained from other viewers over past years
of research. The observation of such a result indicates
the possibility that given target stimuli trigger charac-
teristic responses, which could be tabulated in a "dictionary"
of site attributes.
Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV). Three of the viewers
took part in CRV exercises in which they were asked to
describe distant locations anywhere on the globe, given
only the geographical coordinates of latitude and longitude.
This is an ability that has been well demonstrated by some
of our experienced participants, and similar encouraging
results were obtained in these trials
One exercise which was sufficiently lengthy to justify
analysis was found to be statistically significant at
p = 0.0083 (odds of one in 120).
From these studies we find evidence that the SRI RV technology
is transferable; one of the
viewers turned in clearly superior
performances, and three others produced successful (statistically signifi-
cant) remote viewing at a level to indicate useful information transfer.
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C.
Report Organization (U)
(U) In Section III we describe the SRI RV protocols, including
results from the past, and our expectations for the present program.
also discuss the screening procedures used to select viewers and the
judging procedures used to evaluate the results of the investigations
ATE:
carried out in the current program.
(U)
In Section IV we describe the first phase of the study, in
which we systematically carried out RV trials with the participants
obtain baseline data from each under similar experimental conditions.
In Section V we present the exploratory work carried out ir
Phase Two in an effort to extend the repertoire of RV tools available
personnel.
(U) Our conclusions and recommendations are presented in Sectic
:
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III
BACKGROUND (U)
(U)
With the overall objective of improving the reliability of
psychoenergetic functioning, we have in the past investigated several
different screening procedures, familiarization/training protocols, and
judging techniques, both with the goal of developing procedures useful in
identifying gifted remote viewers, and of providing the most optimal
strategies to permit individuals to exploit the RV phenomenon to useful
ends. In this section we provide background data on each of these areas.
A.
Screening
(U)
One of the goals of the program was to pursue the question of
the establishment of screening procedures to enlarge the population from
which individuals are selected for RV work.
(U) In the psychoenergetics field in general, two approaches to
screening have been pursued; screening by profile, and screening by
performance. Both have been examined to a limited degree in this program.
(U) In screening by profile, 'one attempts to establish physiological
and/or psychological parameters which differentiate high-performance from
low-performance individuals!
In an early program SRI carried out an
extensive profiling program on gifted individuals and controls. The tests
included a comprehensive medical evaluation, including X-ray scans
6f
the
brain, and comprehensive psychological and neuropsychological profiling.
The following list of tests administered gives an idea as to the thorough-
ness of the evaluations: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Bender
Gestalt Visual Motor Test, Benton Visual Memory Test, Wechsler Memory
Scale, Luscher Color Test, Strong Vocational Interest Blank, Minnesota
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(U)
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Edwards Personality Preference
Schedule (EPPS), Rorschach Inkblot, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT),
Halstead Category Test, Tactual Performance Test, Speech Perception Test
Seashore Rhythm Test, Finger Tapping Test, Trail Making Test, Knox Cube
Test, Raven Progressive Matrices, Verbal Concept Attainment Test, Buschke
Memory Test, Grooved Pegboard Tests, Gottschaldt Hidden-Figures Test, and
the spatial relations subtest of the SRA Primary Mental Abilities Test
The overall result of this testing was that no clear profile parameters
*
emerged on which an a priori screening procedure could be based.
In contrast to formal testing, however, several years observati
of remote viewers by SRI researchers has led to an informal guide baser o
subjective evaluation of the personality traits of successful viewers.
This rule-of-thumb guide is based on the observation that successful re lio
viewers tend to be confident, outgoing, adventurous, broadly successful
individuals with some artistic bent.
With this as a guide, the sponsor
considered a population of 250 potential candidates for the RV program
Of these, 117 were interviewed, resulting in a pool of 30-35 individual_
for potential active use in the program. With regard to the SRI orient
tion program, ten of these were selected for interview by the SRI team,
of which six were chosen for active participation in the SRI program.
This constitutes the level of screening by profile.
(U)
In screening by performance, a number of unselected or pre-
selected individuals are given a psychoenergetics task to perform. Those
performing successfully are then said to be screened by the task, and & e
then graduated to further tasking.
*
(U) H. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Perceptual Augmentation Techniques (U),
Final Report, SRI Project 3183, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
(December 1, 1975),
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(
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In this study, the six individuals pre-screened by interview
were then screened by performance on a six-trial RV series involving
local San Francisco Bay Area locations as target sites. Four of the six
participants produced results that individually were statistically sig-
nificant. Since this overall result is itself statistically significant
we take as evidence that the interview selection (screening) procedure
based on the SRI-supplied informal guidelines was successful, keeping in
mind that the sample is too small to make an absolutely definitive
statement.
Furthermore, taking the initial six-trial series as a performance-
screening instrument, we found that the four high-performance individuals
in this series continued to perform with good success in additional tasks,
while the two lower-performance individuals were also less successful in
later tasks. We consider this to be an important finding.
(U) From these overall results we conclude that pre-screening on
the basis of interview, following the informal SRI guideline criteria,
and screening by performance, using the SRI Standard RV Protocols, both
constitute basic screening tools that in this program provided reliable
indicators of success in psychoenergetic performance.
B.
Remote Viewing Protocols for the Description of Local
(San Francisco Bay Area) Target Sites (U)
(U) As a result of efforts over the years to develop an optimum
psychoenergetic task appropriate for screening and training, we have
settled on a standard remote-viewing (RV) procedure which is a refined
*
version of that described in our Proc. IEEE paper.
The elements of the
*
(U) H. E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information
Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent
Research," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 64, pp. 329-354 (March 1976).
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2.
Remote Viewer/Interviewer Roles (U)
(U) An important methodological aspect of the SRI RV protocols
is based on the fact that the remote viewer/interviewer team constitutes
a single information gathering unit in which the remote viewer's role is
designed to be that of perceiver/information source, and the interviewer's
role is designed to be that of analytical control.
This division of labor is designed to mirror the two
primary modes of cerebral functioning; namely, the nonanalytic cognitive
style (related to brain function) that predominates in spatial pattern
recognition and other holistic processing (and is hypothesized to pre-
dominate in psi functioning), and the analytical cognitive style that
*
predominates in verbal and other analytical functioning.
(Only very
experienced remote viewers appear to have the ability to handle both
cognitive styles simultaneously. ) The interviewer role, removing as it
does the burden of analytical functioning during exercise of the RV faculty,
appears to be a key element in generating the level of success required
in operational programs, and we attribute the success of the SRI RV
protocols in large part to this innovative
design which appears to provide
an appropriate match to the required functioning.
3.
Target Pool Selection (U)
(U) Target locations in the San Francisco Bay Area are selected
by a team of two Radio Physics Laboratory personnel who are not involved
*
(U) See, e.g., J. Ehrenwald, "Cerebral Localization and the Psi Syndrome,"
J. of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 161, No. 6, pp. 393-398; R. Ornstein,
The Nature of Human Consciousness, San Francisco, CA: Freeman, 1973,
Ch. 7 and 8; and R. W. Sperry, "Cerebral Organization and Behavior,"
Science, Vol. 133, pp. 1749-1757 (1961).
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(U)
in our view such (novel) environmental factors would divert some of the
subject's much-needed attention.
6.
Interviewer Behavior (U)
(U) The interviewer arranges ahead of time to have pen and paper
available for drawing, and a tape recorder. The room lighting is somewhat
subdued to prevent after-image highlights, shadows on eyelids, etc.
(U)
When the agreed-upon RV trial time arrives, the interviewer
simply asks the remote viewer to "describe the impressions that come to
mind with regard to where the target person is." The interviewer does not
pressure the remote viewer to verbalize continuously; if he were to, the
remote viewer might tend to embroider descriptions to please the interviewer,
a well-known syndrome in behavioral studies of this type. If the remote
viewer tends toward being analytical ("I see Macy's") the interviewer
gently leads him into description, not analysis. ("You don't have to tell
me where it is, just describe what you sees") This is the most important
and difficult task of the interviewer, but is apparently necessary for
good results, especially with inexperienced remote viewers.
(U) It is also useful for the interviewer to "surprise" the
remote viewer with new viewpoints. ("Go above the scene and look down --
what do you see? If you look to the left, what do you see?") The remote
viewer's viewpoint appears to shift rapidly with a question like this, and
the data come through before the viewer's defenses activate to block it out.
The interviewer role described here, applicable to the familiariza-
tion/screening task at hand, is appropriately modified for
gan experienced remote viewer. In the SRI
procedure the interviewer is typically more "muzzled" in general, although,
if not blind to the target, supplying positive feedback at certain key points
for correct target-related responses.
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IV ORIENTATION PROGRAM -- PHASE ONE (U)
In this section we describe the six remote viewing series carried
out with each of the
volunteers. All series have been
assessed as to the amount of remote viewing exhibited in each. Four of
these series were found, by blind judging, to depart significantly from
chance expectation. Finding four such significant series, in a group
of six, is sufficient to make the group as a whole statistically signifi-
cant (p = 4 X 10->). A description of each trial in each of the series
will be presented below.
A.
Remote Viewing of Local Target Sites (U)
During the months of May, June, and July, six one-week remote
viewing series were conducted, one week with each of the six
par-
ticipants. These series were carried out at the rate of two series per
month. The purpose of these initial training activities was to obtain
baseline data on each of the participants taking part in a uniform series
of trials, and to provide a basis for later evaluation and comparison of
their performance in more diverse tasks.
(U) The six remote viewing sessions for each participant were con-
ducted at a rate of one per day, except for Thursdays, when there were
two sessions. The project directors divided the interviewing tasks, with
RT remaining with the viewer for the first four trials, and HP acting as
interviewer for the last two, in every case.
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B.
Summary of the Six Series (U)
:
The following summarizes our impressions of the thirty-six remote
viewing trials carried out in our laboratory, May through July 1979,
by the six
participants.
(U) In order to present a coherent assessment of the sessions in
this summary, we rate each session individually by a measure we call
Accuracy Rating. This is our evaluation as to the correspondences between
viewer-generated transcripts and the intended target site. This assess-
ment is carried out on a post hoc basis with knowledge of the target site,
and so is not intended to be the equivalent of "blind judging."
Its
utility is, that it provides a relative measure from our standpoint as to
the success of the various participants. We rate each transcript on a
0 to 7 scale, with a 0 for no correspondence, and a 7 for a transcript
that shows excellent correspondence with essentially no incorrect infor-
mation, and including good analytical detail (for example, naming the
target by name). The scale is shown in Table 2. Again, the 0 to 7 rating
is not a blind measure of the level of RV functioning, but rather a
procedure for comparing the relative performance of the participants. As
we see later, however, the correlation or agreement between our Accuracy
Rating system and the results of formal blind judging is high.
1.
Viewer No. 155 (U)
(U) Target 1: White Plaza at Stanford University. This trial
was the first in the overall group of thirty-six, and also was in our
opinion (and that of the blind judge) one of the very best in the series
of six with this remote viewer. The viewer correctly identified the main
feature of the site as being a plaza with a fountain. He also had a tall
column dominating the scene, which could be a match to Hoover Tower, a
looming structure nearby. Additionally described were a series of arches,
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(U)
representation of the arched entrance to the overpass. Again, however,
there were so many extraneous elements to the viewer's output that our
judge ranked this transcript fourth out of six. Rating it only with
regard to the individual target, we assigned it an Accuracy Rating = 3.
This remote viewing series was the first to be conducted
with a
volunteer. It was judged in accordance with the detailed
concept analysis described earlier. The final tally revealed only one
correct first-place assignment, and all others fourth-place or less. The
series was therefore statistically nonsignificant, according to our
evaluation criteria. Our Accuracy Rating assessment agreed fairly well
.
with the blind judging results, both being relatively low because of the
viewer's frequent inclusion of erroneous elements along with strongly
correct ones in a given transcript/drawing package, a combination that
made judging difficult. (Our sum of Accuracy Ratings was 16, the next
to the lowest of the six. ) In engineering terms this would be a good
example of a signal-to-noise problem. There were occasional good examples
of signal, but it was generally overwhelmed by the noise.
2.
Viewer No. 292 (U)
(U) Target 1: SRI Courtyard. The central feature of this
large, enclosed courtyard is a fountain in a square concrete base. The
viewer described a number of different architectual forms including domes
and columns, which are not at the target site. He also described a small
waterfall, however, which is in fact at the site, in a form well illustrated
by one of his drawings. In addition, another drawing shows an eight-lobed
circular structure that closely resembles the inner portion of the fountain.
Because of the many nonapplicable elements of the description, however,
this transcript only merits an Accuracy Rating = 3.
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(U)
type devised by the client. In this approach one rates as "perfect"
(e.g., 7 on a 0-to-7 scale) a transcript in which the target is unequivo-
cally identified. If there is no apparent relationship between the
transcript and the intended target, on the other hand, the transcript is
rated 0. For intermediate results, an intermediate rating is assigned,
as indicated earlier in Table 2. All transcripts were given a numerical
Accuracy Rating, using the 0-to-7 scale, in the presence of the contract
monitor. The summary data for the two judging processes are tabulated
in Table 3.
(U) We are now in a position to compare mathematically our Accuracy
Rating of the transcripts (post hoc evaluation scale) with the formal
ratings of. the same transcripts by a blind judge. In Figure 7 we have
plotted a comparison of the Accuracy Ratings (vertical scale) and the
blind- judge rankings (horizontal scale). We have also calculated the
correlation coefficient between these two sets of ratings for the 36
transcripts/target pairs evaluated by both procedures. For the 36 pairs,
the correlation coefficient is r = 0.59. The numerical probability of a
correlation this high or higher occurring by chance between "uncorrelated"
data over the same range of values is only one in twenty thousand
(p = 5 × 10-5).
(U) This important result shows that a post hoc Accuracy Rating
technique similar to that used by the client organization to evaluate
transcripts and viewer performance is very well correlated with objective
blind matching normally used in psychology to evaluate data of this type.
E.
Phase-One Conclusions (U)
7
In the first phase
we have
carried out six series of remote viewing trials, one series with each of
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Table 3 (concluded)
Viewer No. 690
Target
Blind Place Match
Accuracy
Rating
Alta Mesa Cemetery
1
2
Four Seasons Restaurant Arch
1
4
Shielded Room
1
5
Automobile Showroom
1
4
Palo Alto Library Stacks
5
0
Methodist Church
1
4
-
p < 0.002
19
. 1
Note:
The probability of obtaining 4 significant series out of
6 by chance is itself significant at odds of less than
one in ten thousand.
the six
-
volunteers .
All but one of these individuals had
little experience with psychic functioning in general, and all had only
limited introductory experience with the remote viewing protocols of SRI
in particular before their participation in the SRI program. The goal of
this program was to familiarize the individuals with these protocols and
attempt to achieve enhanced levels of functioning (as compared with chance
expectation).
Of the six viewers taking part in the trials, four carried out
series that showed success sufficient to reach individual statistically
significant departure from chance expectation, as measured by blind matchi ?
of each of the viewer's six responses against the six target locations
used in his series. Finding four participants out of six reaching
--
statistical significance at p < 0.05 results in the entire group of trials
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being significant (p = 4 X 10 ).
We therefore conclude from the Phase-
One results that the
participants as a group showed remote sensing
abilities that departed strongly from chance expectation.
.
.
·
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B.
Future Remote Viewing (FRV) (U)
In the course of our remote viewing experiments we have occa-
sionally been directed
to have subjects describe a target
location or event as it would appear at some future time. We have also
asked viewers to describe target locations that would not be chosen until
after the end of their description. Our assessment
is that the quality of these (admittedly few) future
remote viewings is approximately comparable to that the the remote viewings
1
carried out with real-time targets. It appears that if the FRV process
can be developed further it would offer a new and stunning array of
possibilities.
(U) In addition to our own experience with FRV in the laboratory,
the principal remote viewing replications in the academic community,
which have been carried out at Mundelein College in Chicago by Bisaha
and Dunne, have all been of the FRV type, with the target selection
following the viewer description, often by several hours. These were
successful even when the viewers were in Chicago, and the outbound experi-
menter was in the Soviet Union.
*
(U)
We recognize that there is no current physical explanation for
future remote viewing, although theories have been put forward by physicists
Feinberg and de Beauregard, among others. However, even in the absence
of a good understanding, these phenomena appear to occur with some relia-
bility, and therefore lend themselves to utilitarian purpose.
(U) In the past year, future remote viewing scans have been carried
out using as targets both 35-mm slides and local Bay Area locations being
*
(U) J. Bisaha and B. Dunne, "Mind at Large," Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers Symposia on the Nature of Extrasensory Per-
ception, C. T. Tart, H. E. Puthoff, and R. Targ, Eds. (Praeger, New
York, N.Y., 1979).
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(U)
describe into a tape recorder his impressions of a target object.
Each
session was terminated either by the monitor who indicated that the
(approximate) three-hour period was up, or by the remote viewer himself
at a somewhat earlier time. The remote viewer was then taken to the
target location for feedback.
For the first four trials the targets
were
placed on display on a conference room table in that
facility
As part of the first trial the remote viewer was
asked to describe the facility as well as the target object; for the
.
remaining three trials he was asked to describe the target object only.
(U) Before the fifth trial, it was decided by the remote viewer
and monitor that the target location for the remaining two trials should
be changed so as to avoid analytical overlay problems associated with
target-site familiarity. The site chosen by the monitor was the roof of
the Radio Physics Laboratory building, directly above the ceiling of the
room in which the remote viewer was located.
(U)
Trial 1. The target object for Trial 1 was a copper ewer
(pitcher) placed on a dark brown wood-grained table (see Figure 17).
The remote viewer sketched an object that evolved into a table-lamp base,
finally topped by a lampshade.
The description of the facility rendered by the remote
viewer had many matching elements, although it appears that the remote
viewer combined the two primary rooms into one; because of this, however,
the description is ambiguous and cannot be taken as evidential.
(U)
Trial 2. The target object for Trial 2 was a metal food
mill with red handle shown in Figure 18. In response the remote viewer
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(U)
sketched a silver-grey object with a handle on it that looked first like
a fireplace scoop (most correct ), and then evolved into a bellows.
(U)
Trial 3. The target for Trial 3 was a straw hat with
curled up brim and dimpled top (Figure 19). The remote viewer's response
is shown in the same figure.
(U)
Trial 4. Target 4 was a photographic tripod (Figure 20).
The remote viewer's response, shown in the same figure, consisted essen-
tially of a silver teapot-like object sitting on a tripod.
Trial 5. Following the first four trials, the monitor and
remote viewer agreed that the target location for the
remaining two trials
should be elsewhere
Several altern-
ative locations were discussed, with the final decision to be made by the
monitor.
The monitor chose the roof of the Radio Physics Laboratory and
intended to place a target there. Due to an error in timing, the remote
viewer began the fifth session without having met with the monitor to
learn which of the discussed alternative locations was to be used.
In
the absence of this communication there was no overtly agreed-upon target
location and no special target was set up. Nonetheless, we observe post
hoc that the remote viewer described an outside, brightly lit gravel-based
area, and provided a response that resembled the intended roof target
area (see Figure 21). Because of the ambiguity of target location and
absence of a specific intended target, however, this trial is set aside
and not included in the package of results to be blind judged.
(U) Trial 6. The target chosen for the final trial was a world
globe (Figure 22). In response the remote viewer drew a sphere mounted
on a stand, but did not cognize the map aspect. He also shows the roof
line, but this cannot be taken as evidential since it was known that the
target was to be on the roof
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An orientation program for CRV has been designed at SRI, and
is being applied with success with RVers inexperienced in CRV. The
details are as follows.
(U) A target pool of more than 100 geographical sites from around
the globe has been prepared and is being continually expanded. The loca-
tions are chosen to embody some particular well-defined characteristic
(e.g., mountains, oceans, deserts, lakes, cities, islands, rivers). The
coordinates of these locations, obtained from standard reference atlases,
are each written on one side of a 3-by-5-inch file card, on the other side
of which is a descriptor (e.g., Mt. Hekla volcano, Iceland), along with
an atlas reference. The cards are then placed in envelopes, coordinates
facing the back, and randomized.
(U)
The CRV orientation procedure is as follows:
(1)
RVer and facilitator seat themselves at opposite onds
a table in a special environment,
+
the former with a
supply of paper and a pen, the latter with target envelopes
(contents unknown) and the reference atlases.
(2)
The CRVer is instructed that the facilitator will
begin the CRV process by selecting an envelope and
reading aloud the target coordinates. The CRVer is
to note down on paper any immediate impressions (which
he may also express aloud) and then, rather than
embellishing on his first impressions, to ask for
the coordinates to be read aloud again so that the
original process may be repeated, etc., until a coherent
picture of the site emerges.
(U) The Times Atlas of the World, Hougton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1971.
People's Republic of China Atlas, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.
+
(U) The RV environment has been optimized during testing on another
program to be quiet, dimly lit, and to provide a relatively homogeneous
monochrome visual field, free of strong features and peripheral clutter.
95
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......
(3)
Following these instructions, the facilitator
selects an envelope at random, opens it from the
rear so as to be exposed to the coordinates only,
and then begins the process described above.
(4)
After one or more repetitions of the coordinates
(each followed by a CRV response) leads to a
recognizable target characteristic, the card is
turned over by the facilitator, and the atlas consulted
(if necessary) in order to give feedback. A line
is drawn on the CRVer's data sheet to separate the
data thus generated from further data, since up to
this point the data were generated in a double-blind
protocol and can be objectively evaluated later as a test
of target acquisition.
.... ..
(5)
Having terminated the target acquisition "test"
phase, feedback can now be given and/or further data
solicited. The feedback given at this point is non-
negative, ranging from "that's the target," through
"near the target," to "you are at another target"
(giving the CRVer the benefit of the doubt). The
facilitator then has the option of terminating the
viewing, asking for more detail ("there's something
ten miles north that should be visible") or restarting
the process when the viewer's original description
did not correspond to the target site. In the latter
case the facilitator can, of course, guide or cue the
CRVer into a correct response; (a) this is acceptable
in the nontest part of the sequence, (b) this can be
checked for by asking for detail in the surrounding
region, and (c) this provides an opportunity to
investigate whether such cueing procedures can be
useful
(e.g.,
guiding the CRVer onto the target site with cues
"a," "b," ... "f," and then asking for "g").
...
RVer 518 was exposed to this protocol, a few targets per session
over a several-day period, resulting in a data pool of 26 CRV target
viewings. They were: Salt Lake Desert, Utah; Lake Erie; Chicago;
Mono Lake; Aruba Island; Lake Okeechobee; Yount's Peak, Wyoming; Pitcairn
Island; Pike's Peak; Los Angeles; Atlantic Ocean; Rio de Janeiro; Kansas
plains, St. Peter and Paul Islands; Randall Dam, South Dakota;
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Lake Titicaca; Cape May; Niagara Falls; Munich; Amazon River; Midwestern
plains; Venezuelan Peninsula; Sierra Blanca Mountain; Oregon Desert;
Panama Canal; Puerto Rico.
Following the first pilot session of five, in which essentially
immediate feedback was given, the remaining twenty-one were carried out
with delayed feedback and thus provided material that could be assessed
objectively. Categorizing the targets into five groups (mountains,
flats, water, cities, islands/peninsulas), the target/response matrix
is as shown in Table 4. The probability of such an alignment occurring
by chance alone can be calculated by the direct-count-of-permutations
method discussed earlier, and leads to p = 0.0083. The distribution of
responses is therefore statistically significant. Furthermore, beyond
simple statistics, certain individual responses were exceptionally
accurate during the acquisition "test" phase. In the final trial in this
series, for example, when the target coordinates were for Guayama in
Puerto Rico, the viewer described a "fishing village on the southeast
coast of a boat-shaped island," which is an entirely correct description
of the locale at the target coordinates. He then drew an island, resembling
Puerto Rico in both shape and orientation. A few orientation sessions
were carried out with Viewers 155 and 292, with similar results.
(U) The above procedure is the first stage of a multi-stage training
procedure developed on another program. The methodology centers around
use of a specially-designed acoustic-tiled featureless room with homogeneous
coloring to minimize environmental overlay; adoption of a uniform, limited
monitor behavior role to minimize monitor overlay; and the use of a strictly
specified CRV procedure involving repeated coordinate presentation and
quick-reaction response -- a procedure designed to minimize "imaginative"
overlays. The effectiveness of this procedure is in the process of being
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Table 4
DISTRIBUTION OF CRV TARGET/RESPONSE MATCHINGS (U)
Transcripts
Targets
Mountains
Flats
Water
Cities
Islands/
Peninsulas
Mountains
3
0
0
0
0
Flats
0
1
1
1
0
Water
0
0
6
0
0
Cities
0
0
0
2
1
Islands/Peninsulas
1
0
0
0
5
(U)
confirmed with a number of remote viewers in another program, and the
results to date indicate that a significant step forward in accuracy
and reliability has been made.
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VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (U)
In this report we have presented the results and assessments
of a one-year program for the optimization of remote viewing with
selected individuals. To meet the objectives of the program we have
familiarized these individuals with the SRI RV protocol; pursued the
development of enhanced levels of RV ability through exposure to several
different orientation/training strategies, and established screening
tests and procedures for enlarging the population from which such in-
dividuals are selected.
Our principal observation in working with the six
volunteers is that we have found considerable evidence for remote viewing
functioning among them. In the basic local-site RV-familiarization task
(Phase-One study), four of the six participants produces results that
*
were individually statistically significant (p < 0.05), rendering the
series strongly significant as a whole (p = 4 X 10,
-5
or odds of one in
25,000). (An entire summary of program data is shown in Table 5.)
A second observation from that study is that in general, there
is more variability from trial to trial for a given viewer than there is
between the viewers themselves. There are no viewers in the group who
have not shown some evidence for remote viewing, even though some of
their individual series may not have reached the p < 0.05 level of
departure from chance expectation.
(U) In fact, each of these four series exceeded this requirement by
more than an order of magnitude, reaching significance at the p = 0.003
level or better.
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Table 5
PROGRAM SUMMARY (U)
Remote
Viewer
Local
Bay Area
Sites
Real Time Slides
Future
RV
Slides
Extended
RV
(Objects)
Alphabet
Coordinate
RV
155
*
NS
NS
NS
--
--
--
292
NS
NS
NS
--
--
--
372
<0.003+
0.017
--
--
cs#
--
468
<0.003
--
NS
--
--
--
(p = 0.1)
518
<0.003
1 0.04
1 0.075
(pictorial)
(verbal &
pictorial)
--
-
(p = 0.05 (one judge)
NS
(2nd judge)
.
--
0.008
690
<0.002
--
--
--
--
--
*
Nonsignificant result.
+
Probability of obtaining result by chance. p $ 0.05 is accepted standard threshold for
labeling a result significant, that is, non-chance.
Clearly significant, but difficult to obtain precise probability value.
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With regard to screening:
(1)
The individuals chosen to participate in the program
were pre-screened
from a population of
250 potential candidates, using broad personality
profile guidelines recommended by SRI, with final
selection determined on the basis of interview by the
SRI project leaders (R. T. and H. P.). The fact that
the overall study was successful lends support to the
effectiveness of this initial screening-by-profile
procedure.
(2) The details of the results of the program indicate that
a half dozen local-site RV trials may constitute a
meaningful screening-by-performance procedure to
separate the more reliable from the less reliable
viewers. In order for screening-by-performance to be
successful, it is necessary that the performance of
1
a viewer be relatively consistent. We find that those
individuals who were the most successful in the Phase-
One trials, were also the most successful in Phase-Two,
even though different remote viewing tasks were pursued.
Of the four successful viewers in Phase-One, two produced
significant results and one near-significant (the fourth
was not available for the Phase-Two study). The two
viewers from Phase-One that were least successful there
(not reaching significance) again did not reach signifi-
cance in Phase-Two. Although the sample is too small
to be definitive, it appears that the Phase-One local-
site RV series itself offers evidence of constituting a
useful screening-by-performance procedure.
The data indicating that a viewer can describe an individual
slide as it is shown on a screen shows that targeting on high-resolution
transient targets (charts, maps, etc. ) is not out of the question. This,
coupled with our findings that a viewer may be able to describe and identify
alphabet letters is a most encouraging development, and one deserving of
further work. Extension of the RV process to include high-resolution
material, especially with a reading ability, would constitute a significant
breakthrough
101
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Certain of the individual responses in the FRV (future remote
viewing) series, both with slides and with local sites as targets,
appeared to give striking evidence of contact with the target. However,
the trial-to-trial reliability was low and no series reached statistical
significance. Therefore, although individual results were encouraging,
no definitive statement can be made on the basis of this short study.
Given its obvious applications potential, should its existence be capable
of unambiguous verification, we consider it a high-priority item for
further exploration.
In the extended remote viewing (ERV) trials a viewer was able
in each trial of the series to identify significant elements of an object
placed in various locations
In these experiments the remote viewer worked alone over
extended periods of time (up to three hours). At a minimum, the good
results indicate that the RV process is not so fragile that it must be
carried out under rigidly-specified conditions, since in this case an
alternative style was in use and the results continued to be reliable.
Further work would be required, however, before a definitive comparison
of RV and ERV could be made.
Finally, the encouraging results obtained in the CRV (coordinate
remote viewing) trials indicates that comparable accuracy and reliability
can be expected from experienced viewers targeting either on the basis of
a beacon person at the target, or on the basis of geographical latitude
and longitude alone. As a by-product of the CRV study, which involved
the use of special procedures being developed in another program for
reliability enhancement, the high-quality output provided additional
confirmation as to the effectiveness of certain new approaches being
taken with regard to monitor/viewer interaction and control of the RV
environment.
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To take advantage of the most recent developments in remote
viewing, and to achieve the goal of continuing to develop remote viewing
we strongly recommend further development
of capabilities in the following areas:
. Applications of Remote Viewing. A training procedure has
been developed that appeares to greatly increase both the
accuracy and reliability of remote viewing by coordinates.
This technique should continue to be examined, and applied
to targets of
nterest
.
Effects of Feedback. An extensive examination should be made
of the necessity for providing feedback in remote viewing
trials, A systematic variation in the presence or absence
of feedback should be used to determine the importance of
this factor.
·
Target Demarcation. Coordinate remote viewing experiments
should be carried out in which the target is demarcated by
means of various types of coordinates (e.g., geographic,
and arbitrary). This should be done in order to
discover the part played by the target coordinate in
determining remote viewing accuracy.
. Audio Analysis. In an effort to separate correct from
incorrect data available from taped subject descriptions
of remote viewing target sites, the use of speech and
audio analysis techniques should be investigated as a tool
to provide selective editing. This should include semantic
analysis, in which analysis of written transcripts are.
carried out to look for variations in grammar, style, or
vocabulary to help separate correct from incorrect statements
in the RV transcript.
·
Tracking. Further effort should be pursued to perfect the
RV process whereby, instead of demarcating a location to
obtain a target description, one provides a target description
and asks for location
SRI has under development certain
strategies involving FRV feedback, computer averaging of
multiple trials, and so forth, which appear from pilot
efforts to hold promise.
· Spatial Resolution. A study should be carried out to
determine the extent to which it is possible to aid
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viewers in learning to read hidden and distant printed
material that is blocked from ordinary perception.
· Temporal Resolution: An ERV effort should be pursued
to determine the accuracy of remote viewing as a function
of time for future targets.
. ELF Experiments. Since one of the prevalent hypotheses
for paranormal perception requires the use of an ELF
electromagnetic carrier, we suggest carrying out
definitive experiments to examine this hypothesis
(e.g., by using ELF generators as beacons), and to
provide analyses correlating data from our past data
base with the daily record of geophysical parameters
known to affect ELF propagation.
/
.
Theoretical Studies. Modern physics offers several
mathematical descriptions of reality that may also
prove to be testable descriptions of paranormal
perception in general, and remote viewing in particular.
We recommend work with leading physicists who have
agreed to consult for SRI on these theoretical problems,
in an effort to develop a physical understanding of the
phenomena we observe in the laboratory and in the field,
and to apply this knowledge to improve remote viewing
functioning.
·
Technical Meetings. SRI proposes to host private quarterly
conferences to bring together selected U.S. scientists
who are concerned with the
technical issues in psychoenergetic research.
Successful pursuit of the above priority items could be expected
to result in an increased reliability and breadth of utility of the RV
function-
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1
1
(
0
D
SRI International
Final Report
Covering the Period October 1980 to September 1981
February 1982
RV RELIABILITY, ENHANCEMENT, AND
EVALUATION (U)
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nternational

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CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
V
LIST OF TABLES.
V
I
OBJECTIVE.
1
II
INTRODUCTION
.
3
III
RV ENHANCEMENT TASK.
7
A.
Tasking
7
B.
Coordinate RV (CRV)
7
c.
Overview of the RV Enhancement Procedure.
8
D.
Transfer of RV Enhancement Technology
11
E.
Summary of the RV Enhancement Technique
13
IV
RV TASKS
15
A.
RV Tasking.
15
B.
RV Session Format
15
:
c.
Pre- and Post!
Task Calibration.
15
16
E.
Evaluation of the
RV Task
20
V
SUMMARY OF THE FY 1981 RV ENHANCEMENT TASK
21
Appendices
A
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF CRV PRACTICE SITES
23
B
TASK SUMMARY SHEETS
27
C
AN EXAMPLE OF A REMOTE VIEWING RESPONSE
53
D
RV EVALUATION PROTOCOLS
61
E
A SAMPLE RETURNED EVALUATION PROTOCOL
69
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D.
FY 1981
RV Sites.

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ILLUSTRATIONS
1
RV Enhancement Program
4
2
Schematic Representation of Remote Viewer Response to CRV
Situation.
9
3
Stage 3 Remote Viewing (Wot je Atoll)
12
4
Presession Calibration Trial (Mount Kilimanjaro) (a) Site,
(b) RV Response.
17
5
Postsession Calibration Trial (Canyonlands National Park)
(a) Site, (b) RV Response.
18
TABLES
1
Stages in Remote Viewing .
10
2
Remote Viewing Tasks (FY 1981)
19
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I
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the RV Reliability, Enhancement, and Evaluation Task
is to develop techniques to enhance remote viewing (RV), both to enhance
the potential for
applications
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1
II
INTRODUCTION
£
SRI International is tasked with assessing the potential of RV for
applications.
*
In this task, as defined for fiscal years
(FY) 1981 through 1983, special emphasis is placed on the possibility that
enhancement techniques can be developed that will significantly increase
levels of accuracy and reliability.
The three-year effort focuses on (1) the development of techniques to
enhance the accuracy and reliability of RV, (2) the application of RV
(3) the evaluation of such techniques and applications,
and (4) the integration of RV
The apportionment of these efforts over the three-year period is
shown in Figure 1.
Investigation of the RV phenomenon at SRI International over the past
decade has ranged from basic research for proof or the lack of proof of
the existence of the phenomenon to
applications in which the
existence of the phenomenon is assumed. The present study emphasizing
applicability is the latter type -- proof of the phenomenon is not explicitly
pursued here. Some pragmatic measure of demonstration of existence is
provided, however, by assessment of the quality of results obtained in
tests carried out under double-blind conditions.
In this report we discuss the effort for FY'81.
This effort con-
sisted of :
*
RV is the acquisition and description, by mental means, of information
blocked from ordinary perception by distance or shielding.
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-
INTEGRATION OF RV
1
EVALUATION
-
TASKING
DEVELOPMENT OF ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES
1981
1982
FISCAL YEAR
1983
FIGURE 1
(U) RV ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM
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(1) The development of a six-stage RV training procedure,
which we hypothesized would lead to improved RV
performance.
(2) The beginning of orientation/application/testing
of the procedure with four experienced and one
novice remote viewer.
(3) The generation of data by the experienced remote
viewers
(4)
The development of a first-generation series of
evaluation sheets (and an associated computerized
data-base management system) for use by analysts
in providing numerical estimates of various aspects
of the RV product.
.
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III RV ENHANCEMENT TASK
A.
Tasking
SRI International is tasked with working toward the development of
RV enhancement procedures
Of
particular interest are the development of procedures that can be transmitted
to others in a structured fashion (i.e., "training" procedures), and that
can be used in targeting on distant sites
B.
Coordinate RV (CRV)
One targeting procedure, which we have been investigating at SRI
since 1972, is an abstract procedure known as "coordinate remote viewing
(CRV)." In this procedure, the target site coordinates (latitude and
longitude in degrees, minutes, and seconds ) are given (with no further
information) to the individual who is to view the site. The remote viewer
*
is then asked simply to proceed on the basis of the coordinates alone.
*
Admittedly, such an abstract targeting procedure seems without basis,
at least with regard to the present scientific paradigm. As a result
we can make no claim for the technique other than the purely pragmatic
one that it appears to work. It can only be pointed out that the possi-
bility of success in such a protocol is in accord with an observed "goal-
oriented" nature of the laws that appear to govern such functioning.
An investigation into the general problem of target acquisition has been
carried out and reported in R. Targ, H. Puthoff, B. Humphrey, and
C. Tart, "Investigations of Target Acquisition," Research in Parapsychology,
1979 (Scarecrow Press, Inc., Metuchen, N.J., 1980).
7
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c.
Overview of the RV Enhancement Procedure
Specifically under investigation at the present time is an RV
enhancement procedure developed by I. Swann, an SRI consultant. The
procedure focuses on improving reliability of remote viewing by controlling
those factors that tend to introduce noise into the RV product. Following
is a summary overview of the Swann CRV procedure. A detailed historical
and technical summary is being prepared as a separate technical report.
Two major sources of noise have been found: (1) noise caused by
factors in the environment of the remote viewer, and (2) noise arising
within the viewer as a result of cognitive processes (analysis/
interpretation).
Noise from the environment, peripheral visual clutter or sounds in
the environment (even subliminal) can intrude on perceptual and thought
processes and degrade the RV response. Actions or statements by the
session monitor can similarly distract the remote viewer.
"Internally generated" noise seems to be produced in the remote
viewer himself. With the application of a "stimulus" (e.g., the reading
of a coordinate) a momentary burst of "signal" appears to enter into
awareness for a few seconds and then fade away. At this point memory
and imagination appear to fill in the void, thus producing "noise" in
the RV product. This effect is presumably produced by a need to resolve
the ambiguity associated with the fragmentary nature of emerging percep-
tions. (This relationship is schematically diagrammed in Figure 2.) To
prevent this effect disciplined rejection of premature interpretations
and conclusions is necessary.
The techniques designed to handle these noise problems involve
(1) repeated coordinate presentation and quick-reaction response on the
part of the remote viewer to minimize the imaginative overlays, (2) the
use of a specially designed, acoustic-tiled, featureless room with
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homogeneous coloring, to minimize environmental overlay, and (3) the
adoption of a strictly prescribed, limited monitor behavior to minimize
monitor overlay.
The training protocol as presently structured proceeds through a
series of six stages of proficiency, hypothesized to correspond to six
stages of increasing contact with the target site. These are outlined
in Table 1.
Table 1
STAGES IN REMOTE VIEWING
Stage
Example
(1)
Major gestalt
(2)
Sensory contact
Land surrounded by water, an island
Cold sensation, wind-swept feelim
Rising up, a panoramic view
(3)
Dimension, motion, mobility
(4)
Quantitative aspects
Three large buildings, clustered
...
together as a facility.
-
(5)
Special qualitative aspects
Scientific research, live organisms
(6)
Significant analytical aspects
1 Size of
site
During FY 1981, Swann worked on developing the details of the six-
stage RV enhancement procedure under investigation by serving as a remote
viewer himself for over 200 training trials for sites from around the gld
e
Coordinates for site acquisition and data for feedback and analysis were
obtained from National Geographic, World Aeronautical Charts, USGS topo-
graphical maps and the like. To indicate the range and type of sites
employed, a representative sample of sites used in CRV practice from
November 1980 are listed in Appendix A.
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D.
Transfer of RV Enhancement Technology
Swann instructed three other experienced remote viewers (#009, #131,
and #504) in theory classes. Application of the theory was carried out
on the basis of practice RV training trials on around-the-globe sites
(over 60 each) by the remote viewers. Toward the end of the FY 1981 effort,
the first novice remote viewer (#622) was introduced into the training
task so that we could begin to obtain data on the response of inexperienced
personnel to the training program as structured. This remote viewer had
over 50 RV trials.
the program leader
H. Puthoff
observed the theory classes and acted as^monitor
a
for several of the
practice sessions to monitor the progress of the RV enhancement program.
Both also acted as monitors for
RV tasks, which provided
additional data on progress of the program (Section IV).
Although detailed formal evaluation of the training program is not
scheduled until mid FY 1982, some general observations of progress in
RV enhancement can be made. The experienced remote viewers (#009, #131,
#504) were taken through Stage 3 in the theory, orientation sessions, and
reliable data were obtained through Stage 2 into Stage 3 in the RV training
trials. The remote viewers experienced some difficulty in adjusting to
this "retraining" because some of the experienced remote viewers had to
modify the style which they had developed. This adoption of style did not,
however, appear to interfere with their ability to perform well using the
RV enhancement techniques under study.
Figure 3 is an example of what is meant by Stage 3 Remote Viewing
(dimension, motion, mobility). The (blind) target site was Wot je Atoll
in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific. For a good rendition an ability
to "move" around the site is required to outline the shape of the island,
associated reef, buildings, and so forth.
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The novice remote viewer was given orientation through Stage 2, and
has produced reliable data through Stage 1 to date. In contrast with the
experienced remote viewers, the novice viewer experienced no particular
difficulty in becoming familiar with the codified RV enhancement procedure.
....
E.
Summary of the RV Enhancement Technique
The RV enhancement techniques may be summarized as follows :
(1) The codified multistage approach to data acquisition
inherent in the RV enhancement procedure appears to
"slow down" the incoming data successfully, thereby
providing some safeguard against the natural
tendencies of the remote viewer to interpret and
analyze prematurely.
(2)
The data being generated within the structure being
investigated appear to result in briefer transcripts
with higher signal-to-noise ratios compared to previous
results. The gain appears to be both in the quality
of individual trials and in the reliability from
trial to trial.
(3)
Knowledge of the hypothesized multistage process of
site acquisition appears to provide some predictive
value about the quality of the RV product. The data
that do not emerge more or less in the staged order
tend to have a higher percentage of overlay.
..
.
-....
....
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IV
RV TASKS
A.
RV Tasking
SRI International is tasked with investigating
applied RV, both to determine the potential for application
and to provide data
In response to this requirement, SRI
has pursued application tasks of interest
responding to quick-reaction requirements set by representatives monitoring
the progress of the work.
B.
RV Session Format
The format for carrying out these tasks during FY 1981 is as follows.
A request for information is forwarded to
COTR in residence at SRI. He then provides targeting information
(e.g., coordinates ) to an SRI RV session monitor at start of session, who
then works with a remote viewer to obtain data.
In this format, SRI
personnel are generally blind to the source of the request and the type
of site or event of interest. In many cases the COTR monitors the RV
session, or even conducts the session himself.
c.
Pre- and Post
Task Calibration
In an effort to determine whether a remote viewer is "on-line" before
attempting an
task, a presession calibration trial of a site
of the kind selected from the National Geographic is carried out.
If the
results are good, the
task is engaged; if not, the task is
aborted. In like fashion, a postsession calibration trial is carried out
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to provide an estimate of whether the viewer remained "on-line" during
the
task.
Examples of pre- and post-session calibration trials for
Site
J.S. #17
are shown in Figures 4 and 5. In these
examples the characteristics of the new technique under consideration
can be noted: brevity of response from repeated coordinate presentation;
physical sensations associated with the site; labeling of analytical
overlays (AOL) to distinguish them from signal; and general progression
through the stages.
In the case of these calibration trials accompanying
Site J.S. #17,
good results obtained in the calibration trials correlated well with good
results on the
task. Based on these kinds of results, data
will be collected throughout the program to determine whether pre- and
post-
session calibration trials can reliably provide useful'
indicators for estimating the quality of data obtained in the
RV task.
D.
FY 1981
RV Sites
The tasks carried out during FY 1981 are listed in Table 2. Additional
detailed data are provided in the
Task Summary Sheets provided
in Appendix B. Complete documentation (transcripts, evaluations, etc.)
can be made available
An example of a RV response is given in Appendix C.
16
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Table 2
OPERATIONAL REMOTE VIEWING TASKS (FY 1981)
Target
Date
Viewer
J.S. #8,
7/1/80, 9/30/80
10/12/80
J.S. #9
12/19/80
#131, #009
(15 December 1980, 0947Z)
12/22/80
#131
J.S. #10,
1/16/81, 1/17/81
#131, #009
J.S. #11,
1/17/81
#009, #131
J.S. #12
4/2/81
#002
J.S. #13
4/3/81
#002
J.S. #14,
4/7/81
#002
J.S. #15
4/8/81
#002
J.S. #16,
4/8/81
#002
J.S. #17
4/9/81
#002
J.S. #18
4/21/81
#009
4/24/81
#009
J.S. #19
6/22/79, 7/5/79
#009
J.S. #20,0
6/8/81, 6/9/81
#002
7/30/81, 8/3/81
#002
8/4/81, 8/5/81
#002
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Table 2 (concluded)
Target
Date
Viewer
J.S. #21,
8/6/81
#002
J.S. #22
9/15/81
#009
E.
Evaluation of the
RV Task
A first-generation series of evaluation protocols were developed f
use by analysts in providing numerical estimates of various aspects
RV product generated in
RV tasks. The returned protocols
constitute the basis for contractor evaluation, feedback to the remot
viewer, and as input for the computerized data-base management (DBM),
The evaluation protocols submitted to analysts for their completion a
provided in Appendix D. A sample returned evaluation protocol (for
Site J.S. #17) is included as Appendix E.
While awaiting the bulk of evaluation protocols, the contractor
es
begun development of a computerized data-base management system to hat .. l
this material. This system, programmed on a stand-alone LSI 11/23 syste
located in a project classified space, will provide a library/catalog'
function of data-base readout by date, site, viewer, etc., and trend
analysis functions.
20
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1

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-00789R003200200001-4
V
SUMMARY OF THE FY 1981 RV ENHANCEMENT TASK
Progress in the FY 1981 RV Enhancement Task can be summarized as
follows :
(1)
Efforts completed:
.
CRV enhancement procedure developed.
- All six stages researched
*%.
- Over 200 CRV practice trials with Swann
- Orientation through Stage 3 into Stages 4
and 5 completed.
. Procedure transmitted to three experienced remote viewers.
- Over 60 CRV practice trials each
- Orientation through Stage 3 completed
. Procedure transmitted to one novice remote viewer
- Over 50 CRV practice trials
- Orientation through Stage 1 completed
· Data obtained on
through J.S. #22.
Sites J.S. #8
. First-generation evaluation protocols developed,
distributed to
nalysts.
(2) Findings to date:
· Subject to formal evaluation in FY 1982, the multistage
approach to RV in the procedure under evaluation
appears to be successful in "slowing down" the incoming
data, thereby providing some safeguard against natural
tendencies toward premature interpretation and analysis
on the part of the remote viewer.
. The use of pre- and post-
calibration trials
appears to provide useful indicators for bracketing the
quality of data obtained in
tasks.
21
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-
I

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. Results labeled
as useful are being
obtained in
asks, where the enhancement
procedure under evaluation is being employed.
:
.
1
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003200200001-4

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Appendix A
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF CRV PRACTICE SITES
(Swann, 3 through 7 November 1980)
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I
7
7
7
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Appendix A
Table A-1
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF CRV PRACTICE SITES
(Swann, 3 through 7 November 1980)
Date
Coordinates
Site
3 Nov 1980
35° 42 ' 23 "N
51º25 '22"E
U.S. Embassy-Tehran, Iran
3 Nov 1980
37°59' 04"N
23º 43'53"E
Acropolis-Athens, Greece
4 Nov 1980
17º 13'00"N
89º24'00"W
Tikal, Guatemala
4 Nov 1980
43º16'00"N
06°39' 00"E
St. Tropez, France
4 Nov 1980
מ״2702000
88º39'00"E
Gangtok-Sikkim, India
4 Nov 1980
22º19'00"N
31°38'00"E
Abu Simbel Temple, Egypt
5 Nov 1980
א״5504500
37º37'36"E
St. Basil Cathedral-Red Square, Moscow
5 Nov 1980
14º45' 05"S
75°05' 46"W
Nazca Plain, Peru
5 Nov 1980
47º35'00"N
122°2.0'00"W
Seattle, Washington
5 Nov 1980
מ״00 62000
06' 45 "00"W
Torshavn, Faeroe Islands
5 Nov 1980
א׳ 15 ' 42 400
73º56'58"W
Williamsburg-Brooklyn, New York
-
5 Nov 1980
א״29 51030
00° 04'26"W
Tower of London, England
5 Nov 1980
29º57'00"N
52º59' 00"E
Persepolis, Iran
5 Nov 1980
19º 42 ' 00"N
98°51'00"W
Teotihuacan, Mexico
5 Nov 1980
41º35'07"N
01° 49'33"E
Sacred Citadel-Montserrat, Spain
7 Nov 1980
37°57'57"N
78°25 ' 12"W
Monticello, Virginia
7 Nov 1980
47°50'00"N
54°12'00"W
Cape St. Mary's, Newfoundland
7 Nov 1980
48°51'30"N
02° 17 ' 41"E
Eiffel Tower-Paris, France
7 Nov 1980
46°50'00"N
54°12'00"W
Cape St. Mary's, Newfoundland
7 Nov 1980
28°33' 00"N
33º58'00"E
Monastery of St. Catherine, Egypt
1
1
1
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Appendix B
TASK SUMMARY SHEETS
27
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SRI
International
Appendix B
Date
1 July 1980; 0900 hrs
Series
Session No.
1
Target No.
J.S. #8
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
#32
Comments :
1.
Remote viewing session carried out
with SRI RVer #002.
No SRI personnel were involved.
2.
Session interviewer.
iwas blind as to the target.
3.
Pre- and post-session calibration experiments were carried out
with targets Oahu, Hawaii and the Dead Sea, respectively.
--
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29
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park, CA 94025 . (415) 326-6200 . Cable: SRI INTL MNP . TWX: 910-3-3-1246
=
-

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SRI
International
Date
30 September 1980; 0911 hrs
Series
Session No.
2
Target No.
J.S. #8 (continued)
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV
Tape Cassette
43
Comments :
1.
Saw large earthworks.
2. Followed up with a National Geographic calibration (Belfast,
Ireland), which was successful.
SRI International
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-
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SRI
International
Date
2 October 1980; 0825 hrs
Series
Session No.
3
Target No.
J.S. #8 (completed)
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV
Tape Cassette
45
Comments :
- . i.
1.
Pre-session and post-session calibration scans of San Juan, Puerto
Rico and Stornoway, Scotland were successful.
2.
Continued description of immense facility, both overground and
underground.
SRI International
31
333 R
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6-00789R003200200001-4
&
1
=1

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SRI
International
Date
19 December 1980; 1823 hrs
Series
Session No.
1
Target No.
J.S. #9
Target
Remote Viewer
#131
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
100 & 101
Comments :
1.
Coordinate supplied to interviewer Puthoff
on this da
2.
Remote viewer blind as to target location, event, etc. Interviewer
knowledgeable only that event was suspected nuclear, but blind as to
target, country, etc.
3.
Two calibration experiments with Nat'l Geographic targets were carried
out to determine whether remote viewer was "on-line," one prior to
target (Yosemite Park, CA), and one mid-session on
(Muscat, Oman); both were excellent.
4.
Without prompting or cue, remote viewer described location as an islan
and outlined its topography (correctly),
SRI International
32
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SRI
International
Date
22 December 1980; 1555 hrs
Series
Session No.
2 (completed)
Target No.
J.S. #9
Target
Remote Viewer
#131
Interviewer
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
102
Comments :
1. Continuation of Session 16 -- see comments there.
2.
Coordinates ofd
given.
3.
Purpose of session primarily to obtain answers to questions on
first session
.
%
-
-
33
-
-
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33ApproveddFor Release2000/08/08: GIARD206-00789R60820020000x4910-373-1246
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SRI
International
Date
17 January 1981; 1230 hrs
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #11
Target
Remote Viewer
#131
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
109
Comments :
1. Coordinate supplied to interviewer Puthoff
on 16 Jant
2,
At session start remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target
location and target activity of interest. Mid-session, interviewer
consulted atlas and became thereby knowledgeable as to target countr
this was not made known to the remote viewer.
3. Calibration experiment with Nat'l Geographic target carried out just
prior to
target (calib., Flores, Guatemala); result good
indicating remote viewer "on-line."
SRI International
36
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SRI
International
-
Date
17 January 1981; 1230 hrs
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #11
Target
Remote Viewer
#009
. ..
Interviewer
Beacon (s) CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing) (Coordinates not given to viewer; "Target'
phrase used instead)
Tape Cassette
107
Comments :
1. At session start remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target
location and target activity of interest. Mid-session, interviewer
consulted atlas and became thereby knowledgeable as to target
country -- this was not made known to remote viewer.
2.
SRI International
37
8 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
333 Rapproved FonRelease794025 9 (45) 326-6200 . Cable: SRI INTL MNP . TWX: 910-373-1246;
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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-
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SRI
International
Date
2 April 1981; 0912 hrs
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #12
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
110
Comments :
1. Coordinate supplied to interviewer Puthoff
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and
target activity of interest.
3. Pre-session. calibration experiment with Nat'l Geographic target
(Buenos Aires, Argentina) yielded good results, indicating high
probability that remote viewer "on-line" to start. Post-session
calibration (Dusky Sound, New Zealand) was equivocal, indicating
that the remote viewer may have gone "off-line" during or after
the
viewing. Caution is therefore advised.
4.
Viewer described a "science-city" type of site, with radio towers,
chemical storage, and medical facilities.
38
SRI International
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333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park. C
.

-----
. :
i
Date
3 April 1981; 0905 hrs
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #13
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
111
Comments :
1. Coordinate supplied to interviewer
2. Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and target
activity of interest.
3. Pre-session calibration experiment with Nat'l Geographic target
(Istanbul, Turkey) yielded good results, indicating high probability
that remote viewer "on-line" to start. Post-session calibration
(Mt. Ararat, Turkey) "off-line," indicating possibility that target
of interest might be equivocal. Remote viewer's confidence low, aborts.
4. Viewer describes large noisy factory with cranes, and water contained
by stone walls.
39
333 Ra Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
Park, CA 94025 . (415) 326-6200 . Cable: SRI INTL MNP . TWX: 910-373-1246
1
1
1
1
1
1
SRI International
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SRI
International
...
:
-
.. . ..... .....

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SRI
International
Date
7 April 1981; 0928 hrs
Series.
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #14
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
112
Comments :
1. Coordinate supplied to interviewer Puthoff
2. Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and target
activity.
3.
Pre-session calibration experiment with Nat'l Geographic targets
(Zagreb, Yugoslavia, and Monument Valley, Utah) yielded good results,
indicating high probability that remote viewer "on-line" to start.
Post-session calibrations (Jordan River; San Antonio, Texas) good and
poor, respectively, indicating some fatigue in functioning toward end
Some caution with regard to
target should therefore be
exercised.
4. Remote viewer described vast structures, partly subterranean, with
storage function.
SRI International
40
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park, CA 94025
· (415) 326-6200
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SRI
International
Date
8 April 1981; 0827 hrs
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #15
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
.
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
113
Comments :
1. Coordinate supplied to interviewer Puthoff
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and target
activity.
3.
Pre-session calibration experiments with Nat'l Geographic targets
(Mt. Mckinley, Sea of Galilee, Grand Canyon, St. Vincent Island)
yielded acceptable results, indicating fair probability that remote
viewer on-line to start. Mid-session calibration (Chapala dry lake
bed, Mexico) of medium quality. Post-session calibrations (Great Salt
Lake, Utah, Robinson Crusoe Island, Mt. Ararat) of good quality. Overall
expectation for
target -- medium quality.
4.
Remote viewer described what appears to be a
facility.
41
SRI International
333 Ravenswood Ave ._.
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TWX: 910-373-1246
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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......
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SRI
International
Date
8 April 1981; 1055 hrs
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #16
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
114
Comments :
1.
Coordinate supplied to interviewer Puthoff
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and
target activity.
3.
Remote viewer described large facility, energy producing, perhaps
nuclear reactor.
SRI International
42
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park. CA 94025 . (415) 326-6200 .
Cable: SRI INTL MNP
· TWX: 910-3.3.
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-
SRI
International
-
1
Date
9 April 1981; 0853 - 0919 hrs
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #17
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
115
Comments :
1. Coordinate supplied to interviewer Puthoff
Coordinate
was supposed to be that of J.S. #16
but the
latitude number was 18" off, being given as 02" instead of 20", somewhat
less than 600 yards off.
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and target
activity of interest.
3. Pre- and post-session calibration experiments with Nat'l Geographic
target material (Mount Kilimanjaro and Canyonlands Nat'l Park, Utah,
respectively) yielded good results, indicating with high probability
that remote viewer was "on-line" throughout
viewing.
4.
SRI International
43
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333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park. CA 94025
(415) 326-6200
Cable. SHR92328
RA80200001-4
CRVX: 910-373-1246
I
-

B200200001-4
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SRI
International
Date
21 April 1981; 0900 hrs
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #18
Target
Remote Viewer
#009
Interviewer
·
Beacon (s)
"Target"
Tape Cassette
116
Comments :
1.
RV session run by
COTR,
SRI personnel not involved.
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and target
activity of interest.
3. Pre-session calibration experiment with Nat'l Geographic target
material (a site in Ireland) yielded good results, indicating remote
viewer "on-line" at session start,
[
-
SRI International
44
1
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park, CA 94025
.
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.

-
SRI
International
Date
24 April 1981; 0835 hrs
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #19
Target
Remote Viewer
#009
Interviewer
Beacon (s )
"Target"
Tape Cassette
117
Comments :
1.
RV session run by
COTR,
SRI personnel not involved.
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and
target activity of interest.
3.
Pre- and post-session calibration experiments with Nat'l Geographic
target material (Sea of Galilee area; St. Vincent Is., Windward Is.,
respectively) yielded good results, indicating with good probability
that remote viewer "on-line" during
viewing.
4.
Remote viewer described experimental site, high-energy technology.
--
45
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33 RApproved For Release 229829
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(415) 326-6200
Cable: SRI INTL MNP . TWX: 910-373-1246
1
1
-
....
:
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1.4

1
T
T
I
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SRI
International
03200200001-4
Date
8 June 1981, 0859 hrs (Session 1); 9 June, 0854 hrs (Session 2)
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #20
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
118
Comments :
1. Coordinate supplied to interviewer
at beginning of
Session 1.
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and target
activity of interest.
3.
Pre- and post-calibration experiments with Nat'l Geographic target
materials yielded good results, indicating with good probability that
remote viewer was "on-line" during
viewings.
*
4.
*
Session 1:
Pre-
Valdez, Alaska; Bora Bora; Port-Said; Post-
Sitankai
Session 2:
Pre
Beachway, RI; Post-
Mount Rainier.
SRI International
46
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TWX: 910-37

Approved For Release 2000/
1
1
SRI
International
P96-00789R003200200001-4
Date
30 July 1981; 0907 hrs (Session 3)
Series
Session No.
3
Target No.
J.S. #20
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
#119
Comments :
1.
Continuation of scans carried out on 6/8/81, 6/9/81.
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and activity
of interest.
3.
Pre- and post-session calibration experiments with Nat'l. Geographic
materials yielded good results (although post-session somewhat weaker),
indicating with good probability that remote viewer was "on-line"
during
viewings, although not with great depth of contact.
*
Pre-session calibration:
Mt. Kilimanjaro, Aruba Island;
Post-session calibration:
Seattle, Washington.
SRI International
47
333 RavArsJA Ved For Release /2000/08/085) 124A2RDP96-00739R006200200001-4-3-1246
4
:

[
LILI
T
- 1
- 1-
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1
SRI
International
Date
3 August 1981, 0815 hrs (Session 4)
Series
Session No.
4
Target No.
J.S. #20
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
#120
Comments :
1.
Continuation of scans carried out on 6/8/81, 6/9/81, 7/30/81.
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and
activity of interest.
3.
Pre- and post-session calibration experiments with Nat'l. Geographic
materials yielded good results, indicating with good probability that
remote viewer was "on-line" during
Diewings .*
4.
*
Pre-session calibrations :
Antwerp, Belgium; Bora Bora Island
Post-session calibration:
Erciyas Dagi (Mountain), Turkey.
48
SRI International
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park, CA 94025
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03200200001-4

,
Approved For Release 2000
RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
1
SRI
International
1
Date
4 August 1981, 0825 hrs (Session 5)
Series
Session No.
5
Target No.
J.S. #20
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
#121
Comments :
1. Continuation of scans carried out on 6/8/81, 6/9/81, 7/30/81, 8/3/81.
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and activity
of interest.
3.
Pre-session calibration experiments with Nat'l. Geographic materials
yielded good results; post-session calibration experiments yielded
correct descriptions but weak interpretations, indicating viewer went
somewhat "off-line" during overall sequence .*
4.
*
Pre-session calibrations :
Agung volcano; Florence, Italy
Post-session calibrations:
Robinson Crusoe Island; Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia.
SRI International
49
333 Approved For Release 2000108/08 (46) ** BP96-00789R003200200061-4
TWX: 910-353-1246
7
1
1
-

LLLLLLLL
T
T
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-F.
SRI
International
BR003200200001-4
Date
5 August 1981, 0825 hrs (Session 6)
Series
Session No.
6
Target No.
J.S. #20
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
#122
Comments :
1. Continuation of scans carried out on 6/8/81, 6/9/81, 7/30/81, 8/3/81,
8/4/81.
2. Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and activity
of interest.
3. Pre- and post-session calibration experiments with Nat'l. Geographic
materials yielded good results, indicating with good probability that
remote viewer was "on-line" during
viewings.
*
4.
*
Pre-session calibration:
Mt. Shasta
Post-session calibration: Vienna, Austria.
-
SRI International
50
1
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park, CA 94025 . (415) 326-6200 . Cable: SRI INTL MNP . TWX: 910-
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RADO
003200200001-4
.

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
SRI
International
Date
6 August 1981; 0810 hrs
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #21
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
123
Comments :
1. Coordinate supplied to interviewer Puthoff at session start
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and target
activity of interest.
3. Pre-, mid-, and post-session calibration experiments with Nat'l.
Geographic target material (Hong Kong; Mt. Hood; and Kotor, Yugoslavia,
respectively) yielded good results.
4. Remote viewer describes complex of buildings, with site having to
do with high-energy, high-technology activity.
SRI Intepnationfor Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park. CA 94025 . (415) 326-6200 . Cable: SRI INTL MNP . TWX: 910-3.3-1246

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I
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9R003200200001-4
SRI
International
Date
15 September 1981; 0858 hrs
Series
Session No.
1
Target No.
J.S. #22
Target
Remote Viewer
#009
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
"Target"
Tape Cassette
124
Comments :
1. Session monitored
2.
Remote viewer, interviewer and monitor blind as to target location
and target activity of interest.
3.
Site accessed by abstract "Target," taken to correspond with a site
chosen
by COTR
and known only to him at time of session.
4.
Pre-session calibration with Nat'l. Geographic target site (Dubrovnik
Yugoslavia) good, indicating good conditions going into:
session.
5.
Remote viewer described airfield location and associated buildings,
including some interiors.
SRI International
52
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·

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Appendix C
AN EXAMPLE OF A REMOTE VIEWING RESPONSE
:
1
.
53
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International
P96-00789R003200200001-4
Appendix C
.
Date
9 April 1981; 0853 - 0919 hrs
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #17
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s )
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Tape Cassette
115
Comments :
1.
Coordinate supplied to interviewer Puthoff
Coordinate
was supposed to be that of J.S. #16
but the
latitude number was 18" off, being given as 02" instead of 20",
somewhat less than 600 yards off.
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and target
activity of interest.
3.
Pre- and post-session calibration experiments with Nat'l. Geographic
target material (Mount Kilimanjaro and Canyonlands Nat'l. Park, Utah,
respectively) yielded good results, indicating with high probability
that remote viewer was "on-line" throughout
viewing.
4.
SRI International
55
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.
.

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J.S. #17
Remote Viewer: 002
Monitor:
Hal Puthoff
....
9 April 1981
H:
Today is April 9, 1981, Remote Viewer 002 and Hal Puthoff monitoring
J.S. #17.
It is 8:53.
-.
1
F
B
windows
Brown
flat rooffed .
Break
9
? Alan
BREG
valley -.
-
cold
frost
frozen ground
56
.
-
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lake to N/a
flat avec to south
Seems isolated-
A very high
B ?
Break
aol? " air ship?
TV ou communications
relay - ?
*AOL - Analytical Overlay; images thought to be erroneous, being triggered imagination.
Possibly relevant, but not taken to be primary data.
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1
V:
This is a terrible place for some reason. I am having words like
biological, research, human use, human guinea pigs rather, prison far
H:
V:
Chemicals and gas, a biological warfare place. This is like a
decompression chamber. Maybe those are contamination chambers.
Oh dear, what did we find. Who gave this coordinate?
I came across -
it seems to be five rather complex chambers in a very large hangar
like building. They remind me of the decompression chamber that we
saw down at that marine research base on Catalina. A decompression-
place where people went if they came up from diving too fast. A
complex chamber made of reinforced steel and concrete and things and
it has tanks. They have tanks of various kinds leading into them.
chenneals & gasses
Biological warfares.
--
aos: Mustardgas WWI -
-- ----
*AOL - See
previous page
like decompression chambers
in a large hangar-Extra
building
58
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V: There is the smell of disinfectant and ultra violet lights, purple light,
lavendar light, inside this large hangar like building. The floor seems
wet. People wear boots, very large rubber boots. There seem to be inside
stairs going down. This place is maybe 40 ft high at least. There are
these chamber units there, but there are stairs and an elevator going down.
And a ramp and lift forks, so this is underground too. It's funny, there
seems to be windows on the outside, but there aren't any windows on the
inside. Fake windows. I seem to see what looks like a guard cubicle
.
because it has all glass around, it is inside the building. It has, by
comparison to the other cold lavendar lights, it has yellow illumination
in it. There are six men there. There is a big panel, it seems to be a
voltage control panel for some sort of electronics system. Down the ramp
are very long corridors. It looks like storage. There are signs everywhere.
I can't read the characters but the phonetics is sort of
T
+
1
There are blinking red lights over some doors here and there. I think
these are exit markers.
.
- naup down
chaubus
-
- quand
lose
door
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V:
Outside the ground isn't
flat, it is sort of like there are hills or artificially made mounds
that sort of divide up this compound in a way. Buildings that look
like barracks. A whole series of buildings that look like prefabricat
boxes, that are sort of all stacked together. Water tank on the hi
Large tower I think and in the area there is an airstrip. It is
about 2 miles to the NE I think. I am going to end there. I don't
like this place.
At that Class A site there was a tall thing that I couldn't make out
. ...
I bet that that is a chimmney. I bet those are large furnaces.
60
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Appendix D
RV EVALUATION PROTOCOLS
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-LLI
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1

1
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Appendix D
INSTRUCTIONS TO ANALYSTS (U)
(U) The information provided as enclosure to this report was obtained in
response to a collection requirement provided by
This information was acquired from a new and potentially valuable source,
Work is currently being pursued to determine the accuracy,
reliability, and improvement potential of this source. Your remarks and
attention to the evaluation sheet will be the basis for our assessment of this
new collection technique. Therefore, the effort you expend will greatly assist
us and will ultimately result in you receiving more data of increasing accuracy
and reliability.
(U)
While formulating your judgements concerning the data, the following
comments concerning this new source of information may be helpful.
(U) Foremost, the data is likely to consist of a mixture of correct and
incorrect elements. Specifically:
(1)
The descriptive elements are generally of higher
reliability than judgements or labels as to what is
being described (recreational swimming pool may be
mistaken for water purification pools, an aircraft
hull may be mistaken for a submarine hull, etc.).
Therefore, seemingly appropriate descriptive elements
should not be rejected because of mislabeling.
(2)
The data often contain gaps (in a 3-building complex,
for example, perhaps only two of the buildings may be
described, and an airfield may be added that isn't there).
Such gaps or additions should not be taken to mean that the
rest of the data is necessarily inaccurate.
Therefore, a recommended approach is to first examine the entire
information packet to obtain an overall "flavor" of the response, reserving
final judgement even in the face of certain errors, and then go back through
for detailed analysis.
(U) If you have questions regarding the data you have received or on its
evaluation please feel free to contact me at any time. Thank you.
63
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:

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PSYCHOENERGETICS PROGRAM
TARGET FILE
(SRI Internal Use Only)
(U) Project Name
Viewer
Monitor
Date
Time of Start
Time of Finish
Client
Priority
Urgent
Routine
(U)
Target Key
( )
Variance from Standard Protocol
(U) Target ID No.
( ) Information Provided by Requestor
( )
Information Provided to the Monitor
( ) Information Provided to the Source
( ) Information Requested by Analyst
Date Information Delivered to Client
Additional Data Request by Client
Yes
No
Dates Additional Data Requests Met
(
Remarks
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(U)
SUMMARY EVALUATION SHEET (U)
For the summary evaluation, please check the following boxes as to the accuracy of the submitted material.
*
ACCURACY
Approved
ase 2 0/08 GIA-RDP 96-00789R003200200001-4
Little
Correspondence
Site Contact,
with
Mixed Results
Good
Excellent
Unknown
Not
Applicable
0
1
2
3
Geographical locale descrip-
tion (terrain, water, etc.)
R
Large-scale manmade elements
(cities, buildings, silos,
docks, railroad lines,
airfields, etc.)
Small-scale manmade elements
(antennas, computers,
offices, etc.)
General target ambience (re-
search, production, adminis-
tration, storage.
etc. )
Relevant specific activities
Personality information
(physical descriptions,
actions, responsibilities,
plans, etc.)
Overall utility
None
Marginal
Useful
Very Useful
Cannot be de-
termined at this time
*
(U) Definitions for the accuracy scale:
0 - Little correspondence
Self explanatory.
1 - Site contact with
mixed results
Mixture of correct and incorrect elements, but enough of the former to
indicate source has probably accessed the target site.
2 - Good
Good correspondence with several elements matching, but some incorrect information.
3 - Excellent
Good correspondence with unambiguous unique matchable elements and relatively
little incorrect information.
11
1
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Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : C
SUMMARY EVALUATION SHEET PERSONNEL (U)
(U) For the summary evaluation, please check the following boxes as to the accuracy of the submitted material.
*
ACCURACY
Little
Correspondence
Personnel
Contact, with
Mixed Results
Good
Excellent
Unknown
Not
Applicable
0
1
2
3
Geographical locale description
Dress appearance (uniform,
formal, casual, etc.)
Physical appearance (height,
weight, scars, hair color etc. )
.
General health characteristics
Nationality
Personality characteristics
.66
(mental, state, demeanor, etc.)
Relevant past responsibilities/
activities
Relevant current
responsibilities/activities
Relevant planned
responsibilities/activities
Governments, agencies, persons
responsible to/associated with
Overall utility
None
Marginal
Useful
Very Useful
termined at this time
*
(U) Definitions for the accuracy scale:
0 - Little correspondence
1 - Site contact with
-
mixed results
2 - Good
3 - Fxralina
Self explanatory.
Mixture of correct and incorrect elements, but enough of the former to
indicate source has probably accessed the trrent -'.
Good corroenand ...
Cannot be de-
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39R003200200001-4
E
T
T

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( )
DETAILED EVALUATION SHEET (U)
Specific Transcript/Drawing Items
Evaluation
*
Reference
1. ( )
2. ( )
1.
3. ( )
4. ( )
5.
( )
6. ( )
7. ( )
8. ( )
9. ( )
10. ( )
11. ( )
12. ( )
*
0 to 3 point scale of previous page. .
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67
1
1

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Additional information desired?
Yes
No
Priority
Urgent
Routine
date
( ) Items
1. ( )
2.
( )
3.
( )
4.
( )
68
-
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Appendix E
A SAMPLE RETURNED EVALUATION PROTOCOL
-
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69

L
1
=
1
SUMMARY EVALUATION SHEET (U)
Site
JS #17
(U) For the summary evaluation, please check the following boxes as to the accuracy of the submitted material.
Approved For Release 2000/
Little
Correspondence
0
ACCURACY
Site Contact,
with
Mixed Results
Good
Excellent
Unknown
Not
Applicable
1
2
3
Geographical locale descrip-
tion (terrain, water, etc.)
Large-scale manmade elements
(cities, buildings, silos,
docks, railroad lines,
airfields, etc.)
Small-scale manmade elements
(antennas, computers,
offices, etc.)
General target ambience (re-
search, production, adminis-
tration, storage,
71
Relevant specific activities
Personality information
(physical descriptions,
actions, responsibilities,
plans, etc.)
Overall utility
None
Marginal
Useful
Very Useful
Cannot be de-
termined at this time
*
(U) Definitions for the accuracy scale:
0 - Little correspondence
Self explanatory.
1 - Site contact with
Mixture of correct and incorrect elements, but enough of the former to
mixed results
indicate source has probably accessed the target site.
3 - Excellent
2 - Good
Good correspondence with several elements matching, but some incorrect information
Good correspondence with unambiguous unique matchable elements and relatively
little incorrect information.
DIP96-00789R003200200001-4
X
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( ) DETAILED EVALUATION SHEET (U)
Specific Transcript/Drawing Items
*
Evaluation
Referen
1. ( ) Identification
3
15 7
2. ( ) Association with prison
facility
3
.
3. ( ) Geographical Location
1
4. ( ) Burners
2
5. ( ) Presence of towers
and furnaces
2
6. ( ) Series of chambers
2
7. ( ) smell of disinfectants and
presence of au lights
3
8. ( )
0
9. ( )
Neuchy Lake
10. ( )
Under ground
2
1
11. ( )
12. ( )
*
0 to 3 point scale of previous page.
72
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Additional information desired?
Yes
No
Priority
Urgent
July / Aug 1981
Routine
date
( )
Items
1. ( )
Check out chambers
again
2. ( )
Underground Pection
3. ( )
4. () Is facility only a stand by
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7
r
U
SRI
D
SRI Internationa
Intoregional
Approved For Release 2009120100 . Ct
RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
5 August 1980
Revised 2 April 1981
FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE USE
OF RV DETECTION TECHNIQUES
TO DETERMINE LOCATION OF
TARGETS
(U)
TABD
:
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park, California 94025
'415) 326-6200 . Cable: SRI INTL MPK . TWX: 910-373-1246

Approved For Release 20000000 . FRDP96-00789R003200200001-4
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
iii
I
OBJECTIVE.
.
1
II INTRODUCTION, AND BACKGROUND.
2
A.
Location of Unknown
Targets.
2
B.
Remote Viewing (RV) as a Location Technology
2
c.
Conclusion.
5
III
METHOD OF APPROACH
6
1.
Step 1 -- Microcomputer-Based Screening Training.
6
1.
Sequential Sampling Statistical Averaging
Procedure.
8
2.
System Error
12
3.
Test Data.
13
4.
Summary.
13
B.
Step 2 -- Simulation Testing.
15
c.
Step 3 -- Demonstration-of-Feasibility Field Study
.
15
IV PROPOSED PROGRAM
17
REFERENCES.
18
. APPENDIX.
19
ii
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-
1
1
-
-
1
-
-
ILLUSTRATIONS
1
Computer Modeling Task
7
2
Decision Graph for Site Selection.
10
3
Average Number of Trials ny
to Screen Positive
11
4
Decision Graphs for Site Selections Based on the Data of
Subject 1 (Table 1) Screening Study, Resulting in Twelve
Consecutive Correct Selections
14
r. : .
:
iii
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7
7
7
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I
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this document is to provide an outline of a program to
assess the feasibility of using RV detection techniques to determine the
location of
Hargets of interest.
.
*
Throughout this document the abbreviation RV refers to the term "remote
viewing," not to its other use as "re-entry vehicle."
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96-00789R003200200001-4
II
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
A.
Location of Unknown
Targets
B.
Remote Viewing (RV) as a Location Technology
Of particular interest along the psychoenergetic lines is a human
information-accessing capability that we call "remote viewing" (RV). The
RV phenomenon, under study at SRI International for the past nine years,
pertains to the ability of certain individuals to access and describe, by
means of mental processes, information blocked from ordinary perception
by distance or shielding, and generally believed to be secure against such
access. This has included the ability of subjects to view remote geographical
locations given only geographical coordinates or a designated person on whom
to target.
The RV abilities of several subjects have been developed to the point
where they can describe -- often in great detail -- geographical and technical
material such as natural formations, roads, buildings, interior laboratory
apparatus, and real-time activities.
In problems of the location type (which have not been addressed in
any detail in former programs) the general prospect of a continuum of
2
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:

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1
T
T
T
T
£
-
PALA DADOS-0Q789R003200200001-4
possible locations can often be reduced to that of a set of discrete possi-
bilities. This is because, for example, only a finite number of
sites
are available, or because specifying one of a
number of grid squares is sufficient to define location. If a location
task can be so defined (to be one of a discrete set of possibilities),
then a detection method can be designed around one of the standard formats
for RY testing, a statistical form of shell game which is a direct analog
of the discrete location problem.
One of the standard formats for RV testing is a computerized form of
"shell" game which is a direct analog of the
target location situa-
tion. The testing procedure addresses the basic problem of choosing, by
RV techniques, a "correct" answer from among a number of possible alterna-
tives. An example is provided by an electronically-automated screening
study carried out by SRI consultant Charles Tart. Subjects were asked to
determine which one of ten possible positions on a circular display had
been designated as an active target by the electronic test device's random
number generator.º
From an unselected population of 2000 university
students participating in a mass card screening program, seventy of the
better subjects accepted an invitation to be further screened using the
automated electronic testing system. Of these, ten were finally chosen
to participate in a formal study involving 500 trials each. The results
Obtained with these ten subjects are shown in Table 1. It is seen that
five of the ten subjects scored significantly above chance, all in the
range of 1.5-2.5 times chance expectation. The best subject averaged a
24.89 hit rate ( ~2.5 x chance ) over the 500-trial sequence; the probability
of such a result or better occurring by chance is only p = 2 x 10-28
.
Furthermore, as good as these results are, the potential utility of
such results can be further enhanced by the use of error-correcting
statistical averaging techniques. Such techniques have proven themselves
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Table 1
ELECTRONICALLY-AUTOMATED SCREENING STUDY
Subject
Hit Rate
(10%; Expected)
Probability of Obtaining
Such a Result by Chance
(one-tailed)
1
24.877
2 × 10-28
2
20.67
1 y 10-14
3
16.29
2 x 10-6
4
16.05
4 × 10-6
5
15.67
2 × 10-5
6
11.87
nonsignificant
678
7
11.49
nonsignificant
8
10.80
nonsignificant
9
9.47
nonsignificant
10
7.85
nonsignificant
capable of amplifying even small statistical advantages to arbitrarily-
high-accuracy results. To cite an example, Czech researcher Dr. Milan
Ryzl, a chemist with the Institute of Biology of the Czechoslovakian
Academy of Science, carried out an experiment with a subject whose base
performance level was that he was generally capable of generating better
than .. 60" hit rate targeting on sequences of random binary digits, or
bits (0, 1), where chance expectation was 505.
For the purpose of showing the power of psi enhancement by statistical
averaging techniques, Ryzl chose as a task the acquisition, without error,
of a 50-digit random binary sequence. The effort took 19,350 calls,
averaging 9 sec per call. The hit rate for individual calls was 61.99,
11, 978 hits and 7372 misses.'
By means of repeated passes through the
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:

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*
sequence and an elaborate (though inefficient ) majority-vote protocol,
the subject was able to identify with 100% accuracy all 50 bits. The
probability that he did so by chance is only one in 10-5.
C ..
Conclusion
Thus, data already extant from RV detection experiments indicate that
(a) one target from among a number can, with some statistical advantage,
be determined by RV detection techniques, and (b) the accuracy of doing so
can be amplified by statistical averaging techniques. These observations
thus provide a sound basis upon which to estimate the feasibility of RV
detection of randomly distributed
targets, and the protocols in
use are essentially directly applicable in their present form.
-
-
-
-
*
An increase in efficiency by a factor of about 20 could be expected on
the basis of a statistical averaging procedure more optimum than that
used in the experiment.1
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III
METHOD OF APPROACH
With regard to determining the vulnerability of
targets to
RV detection, an approach that recommends itself is a gradient-scale three-
step program involving (1) microcomputer-based screening/training, (2)
simulation testing, and (3) demonstration-of-feasibility field study.
Each of these are discussed below.
A.
Step 1 -- Microcomputer-Based Screening/Training
The first step of the program would involve screening/training a
population of volunteers using microcomputer-based modeling of the
location problem.
Basically, the individuals participating as remote
viewers are asked, in repetitive trials, to determine which one of twenty
possible locations (schematically represented as circles on a computer-
driven graphics display) has been designated as the simulated
target by the computer's random number generator. The computer display
is driven by an LSI-11 microcomputer which, on a trial-by-trial basis,
generates a new random display of the circles (to circumvent bias on the
part of the remote viewer due to previous choices). The individual enters
his selections by button press on a hand device positioned over an X-Y
grid (see Figure 1, where a one-in-ten case is shown), and the computer
responds by giving immediate feedback as to the correct answer (to encourage
learning). As the trials progress, the selections are computer analyzed
on line by a statistical averaging program, the output of which indicates
whether one of the possibilities has been chosen statistically significantly
more often than expected by chance. (In the later application phase
essentially the same procedure is followed, with the circles internally
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1
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O
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FIGURE 1
COMPUTER MODELING TASK. The circles representing possible target locations are shown in the lower video
monitor; a decision graph is shown on the upper monitor. The remote viewer's choice is entered by button press
on hand device positioned over x-y grid.

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keyed to actual target site possibilities. The procedure differs only in
that trial-by-trial feedback would, of course, not be available).
1.
Sequential Sampling Statistical Averaging Procedure
An efficient statistical method for the screening/training
process is provided by a sequential-sampling technique used in production-
line quality control.8 The sequential method gives a rule of procedure
for making one of three decisions (with regard to each of the possible
choices ) following each trial, which consists of a remote viewer entering
a selection: the accumulated selections have met a pre-established hit-
rate criterion (decision positive); the accumulated selection do not
exceed chance expectation (decision negative); continue trials (insufficient
data to make a decision). The sequential sampling procedure differs from
fixed-trial-length procedures in that the number of trials required to
reach a decision is not fixed, but depends on the results accumulated with
each trial. The principal advantage of the sequential sampling procedure
as compared with other methods is that, on the average, fewer trials per
decision are required for an equivalent degree of reliability.
To apply the sequential analysis procedure to screening training,
we must a priori define the hit rate we require to conclude that useful
RV detection is taking place, and what statistical risks we are willing to
accept for making an incorrect decision.
To meet these criteria, sequential analysis requires the speci-
fication of four parameters to determine from which of two distributions
(chance or required-hit-rate) a data stream belongs. They are: p , the
fraction of selections of a particular target expected in the chance
condition (c.g., p = 1/20 for the case under discussion); p., the fraction
of selections expected in the presence of a functioning RV capability (c.g.,
p, = 0.125 for a 2.5 x chance-expectation requirement, a value that might
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be chosen because of previous performance in a successful one-in-twenty
task); o, an a priori assigned acceptable error rate (c.g., a = 0.05) for
concluding that accumulated selections of a particular choice derive from
the p, (RV) distribution when in fact they derive from the p (chance)
distribution (Type I error ); 8, an a priori assigned acceptable error rate
(e.g., 8 = 0.05) for concluding that accumulated selections of a particular
choice derive from the p (chance) distribution when in fact they derive
O
from the p, (RV) distribution (Type II error).
With the parameters thus specified, the sequential sampling
procedure provides for construction of a decision graph of the type shown
in Figure 2. The decision graph illustrates the rules of procedure for
making one of the three possible decisions following each trial: continue
test before making a decision (unshaded middle region in Figure 2);
decision positive (upper shaded region in Figure 2); decision negative
(lower shaded arca in Figure 2). The equations for the upper and lower
decision lines are given in the Appendix.
With the appropriate equations programmed into the microcomputer,
the computer automatically records all data (trial number, target response
pair), and displays on the video graphics system progress on a target
decision graph. A cumulative record of remote viewer selections is
compiled by the computer until either the upper or lower decision line is
reached, at which point a decision is made.
Also given in the Appendix are the equations for the average
number of trials to make decisions, positive or negative. A plot of the
average number of trials to reach a positive decision for typical cases
of interest is shown in Figure 3, where 57 (a, 3) error rates have been
assumed. As an example, we see that for a 2.5 x expectation rate (k = 2.5)
hitter,
1
n, ~ 62 trials are required on the average to reach a positive
decision on a one-in-twenty target.
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2.
System Error
The overall system error is dependent on the type of mode
employed in site penetration attempts.
L
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(a) If the RV detection task is approached with a tentative
choice having already been made (presumably by more conventional means),
then the task of the remote viewer is to verify or reject the tentative
decision as a backup test. In this mode, only a single decision graph
is plotted in the target choice of interest. The probability of error
due to chance (Pe ) in this case ~ a, being given by the product of the
probability of making a selection even though operating at chance, and
the percentage of such selections that correspond to an incorrect decision:
P
e , c
N - 1)
N
(b) If the RY detection task is approached as a blind one-in-N
task (e.g., one-in-20 task), the N decision graphs are plotted in parallel,
one for each of the X target choices, as each selection is being made. In
this case, to a good approximation the graphs can be treated in the chance
condition as independent, and the probability of error due to chance
(Pe.c) ~ Na. Specifically, it is given by the product of the probability
of making at least one selection in the N graphs by chance (which is one
minus the probability of making no selections ), and the percentage of such
selections that correspond to an incorrect decision:
Pc,c =
e,c
N - 1
~1) [1 - (1 - a) *]
For example, with N = 20, a l" individual-target error rate
(a = 0.01) leads to P
e, c
= 0.17, or a confidence factor 1 - P
c, c
= 0.83;
this provides ~ a 17-fold increase in odds over the one-in-twenty confi-
dence factor expected by chance.
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3.
Test Data
As a test of the above procedure applied to real data, the data
generated by Subject #1, Table 1, were processed by passing it through
the sequential analysis statistical averaging program (500 trials, 24.8%
hit rate on a one-in-ten task). With the parameters set to correspond to
a twice-chance-expectation requirement and 5% (a, B) error rates, the
results are as shown graphically in Figure 4:
twelve correct selections,
in a row, of one-in-ten targets were made in 452 trials. Although the
data was gathered under the condition that the correct answers were stored
in the computer during the runs, and therefore trial-by-trial feedback
could be given as the random number generator stepped through its program,
the conditions are nonetheless sufficiently similar to the projected task
that the results can be taken as evidence that the proposed approach is
sound.
4.
Summary
In the screening 'training program, participants would be screened
trained by carrying out the task described in this section, first with
trial-by-trial feedback to encourage learning, and then without feedback
to model properly an application study. In this initial phase the target
for each run would be designated internally by the computer's random number
generator.
Carried out on a large-enough scale, the screening training
program described in this section would provide realistic estimates of
the percentage of population trainable in this task, and the levels of
proficiency to which performance in this task could be developed.
In a
program designed to assess to its fullest the feasibility of locating
targets by RV detection techniques, it is recommended that suffi-
ciently large-scale screening to meet these requirements be considered.
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B.
Step 2 -- Simulation Testing
The participants who emerge from Step 1 with successful performance
profiles would then be asked to participate in Step 2. For this step, a
model of an actual
situation with a random one-in-twenty designated
target would be constructed. The subject's access to the mockup during
experimental runs would be by way of video monitor, although secondary
means such as maps or photographs might be utilized in later stages of
the study if appropriate.
To carry out the test, a participant (or participants) would be
briefed as to the task and then be asked to proceed as in Step 1. The
sequential sampling parameters in the microcomputer analysis program would
be set in accordance with the performance profile established by the par-
ticipant (s) in the Step 1 screening 'training study.
In Step 2 the mechanics of microcomputer recording and analysis of
subject selections would be the same as in Step 1. Step 2 differs from
Step 1, however, in that a participant's selection from the random circle
display, internally keyed to numbered sites, cannot be internally compared
to a recorded correct answer.
The results generated by the participant (s) in the site selection
procedure would then be tabulated and discussed
Should
the results appear encouraging, then Step 3 would be engaged.
c.
Step 3 -- Demonstration-o: - Feasibility Field Study
The final step in the three-step vulnerability assessment program
would consist of a field-demonstration test involving,
Data would be
taken using the successful remote viewers of Step 2, both to determine
the degree of correlation between performance on the tasks of Steps 2 and
3, and also to evaluate actual performance in the field study.
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The possibility of success in such a field study is buttressed by
the fact that the procedures described here have been used by us success-
fully in an exploratory program to determine the locations of hidden
material.
Following a series of such tests, performance profiles for the
individual remote viewers would be computed and the overall data set
would be evaluated to provide an estimate as to the usefulness of RV
techniques
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IV PROPOSED PROGRAM
To accomplish the proposed program, SRI proposes to provide the
necessary personnel, facilities, and materials to perform the outlined
work, summarized below, and to report on the results thereof.
. Provide to the sponsor the details of the statistical
package and hardware setup tailored to sponsor-designated
task requirements.
· Screen, train a population of volunteers on an LSI-11
microcomputer-modelled location problem, first with
real-time feedback, then without (Step 1).
. Carry out simulation tests on mockups of an actual
target situation using participants with successful
performance profiles from Step 1 (Step 2).
. Carry out a demonstration-of-feasibility field study
on a sponsor-designated test site of interest (Step 3).
· Evaluate data sets to provide estimates of :
(a) Percentage of population trainable.
(b) Level of proficiency to which task performance
can be developed.
(c)
Usefulness of locating
detection techniques.
targets by RV
It is proposed that the above program be pursued on a three-man-year
level-of-effort basis. If programmed as a two-year effort, an expenditure.
of somewhat less than $200k for the first year is envisioned. An itemized
cost breakdown can be provided on request.
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Final Report
Covering the Period October 1980 to September 1981
January 1982
COUNTERMEASURES:
A SURVEY AND EVALUATION (U)
TABE
D
This
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333 Ravenswood Avenue . Menlo Park, California 94025 · U.S.A.

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CONTENTS
I
OBJECTIVE.
1
II
INTRODUCTION
2
III
LITERATURE SURVEY AND EVALUATION
.
.
3
IV
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PSYCHOENERGETIC INTRUSION
6
V
RECOMMENDATIONS
8
REFERENCES .
10
BIBLIOGRAPHY BY CATEGORY.
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TABLES
1
Mental Intrusion
4
2
Suggested Psychoenergetic Mechanisms
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I OBJECTIVE
The objective of this program is to determine from a search of
pertinent literature whether countermeasures may exist against psycho-
energetic intrusions. Furthermore, should countermeasures exist, those
most likely to yield results are outlined for further investigation.
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II
INTRODUCTION
Should countermeasures (CM) against psychoenergetic intrusion exist,
they will be accomplished by physical or by mental processes. Physical
countermeasures, such as various forms of shielding, implicitly assume
the existence of psychoenergetic interactions with the physical world.
In the parapsychological literature, such interactions are referred to
as remote perturbation (RP), psychokinesis (PK), telekinesis (TK), etc.
Countermeasures accomplished by mental processes are difficult to define
and even more difficult to investigate. Like jamming a radar signal,
mental CM would most likely use the same process as that of the intrusion.
Examples of potential mental CM drawn from the occult literature are
"psychic attack," "hexes," and the like. This report focuses upon physi-
cal CM.
To determine the feasibility of a physical CM device, we must first
assess whether simple intrusion detection is possible. The mechanism
underlying such a detector would then serve as the basis for the develop-
ment of a CM device.
Psychoenergetic intrusion may be classified into two categories:
(1)
Material objects are affected
(2)
Information only is obtained from the remote location.
We have surveyed the literature and evaluated the most recent laboratory
experiments that address both types of intrusion. This report summarizes
that investigation.
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III
LITERATURE SURVEY AND EVALUATION
To achieve our objective, we have conducted a complete survey of the
most recent ten years of parapsychological literature in five different
journals.
*
We have limited the period surveyed:
. To ensure that the threat assessment of psychoenergetic
intrusion is relevant to modern facilities.
. To make the survey chronologically compatible with a
previously completed survey of random number generator
(RNG) RP.
Sixty-five papers were identified that pertain to RP, exclusive of RNG
studies.
Combined with the papers reviewed in a previous report1
we now
have a data base of approximately 100 laboratory publications of experi-
ments that suggest the probability of mental intrusion.
These reports fall into categories (Table 1) that can be arranged
into a hierarchy of the magnitude of intrusive effect. This same organi-
zation yields a parallel hierarchy of credibility that is determined by
soundness of methodology and replicability. In general, phenomena
reported at the beginning of the table [e.g., effects on RNG, dice experi-
ments, remote viewing ] tend to be characterized by rigorous experimental
design. Remote perturbation effects listed at the end of the table (metal
bending, levitation) are more difficult to assess because of incomplete
descriptions of controls and the near anecdotal nature of the reports.
Most of the papers claiming evidence of physical effects are not subject
*
These journals were the Journal of Parapsychology, the Journal of American
Society for Psychical Research, the Journal of the Society for Psychical
Research, the European Journal of Parapsychology, and Research in
Parapsychology.
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Table 1
MENTAL INTRUSION
Type of Intrusion and Examples
Effect of Intrusion
I
Data gathering
Minimal
· Remote viewing (RV)
. Out-of-body experiences (OOBE)
· Psychoenergetic data selection (PDS)
- Pseudorandom number generator
- True random number generator
Some physical effect
II
Perturbation of systems and objects
.
Transient systems
- Dice throwing
- Random number generators
- Thoughtography
- Spinning coin
· Biological systems
-
Paramecia
- Small animals
- Humans (physiology and movement )
· Stable systems
Strain gauge
- Thermometry
- Magnetometer
Bubble chamber
· Static objects
-
Metal bending
- Compass needle deflection
- Moving plastic tubes, small jars, etc.
- Table levitation
III
Unusual or rare RP
· Materializations
Large scale levitations and RP
- D. D. Home
Large scale effect
4
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to evaluation because the descriptions of the experiments are incomplete
in one or more aspects. To consider the possibility of physical CM, we
are forced to assume that all reports are true, and to exercise caution
in drawing conclusions from the data base.
In analyzing the data-gathering form of intrusion, we find ample
evidence in
the
literature2, that RV may be a
valuable information-gathering technology.
Because no reported perturba-
tion occur at the time of RV data acquisition, we are unable to recommend
a physical countermeasure. However, evidence from two OOBE- ,5 suggests
that there may be a concomitant remote perturbation that can be detected
at the time of the OOBE. Whether RV produces similar detectable effects
remains to be determined.
Analysis of the remaining forms of intrusion presented in Table 1
revealed that virtually none of the papers discussed effects at distances
greater than a few meters. (For example, almost all of the metal bending
reported occurred with the subject actually touching the object in question. )
These observations suggest that the simplest form of countermeasure in
these cases may be distance between sensitive equipment and a putative
RP agent.
Some forms of RP may be accomplished by unusual (but not psycho-
energetic) human abilities. (For example, some authors have suggested
that RP on static objects may be explained by the subject's ability to
generate electric fields.) In such cases, standard shielding techniques
would serve as an adequate countermeasure.
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IV THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PSYCHOENERGETIC INTRUSION
Theoretical understanding of psychoenergetic processes is still in
its infancy. With one possible exception, , all suggestions for mechanisms
must be categorized as "plausibility" arguments.
Table 2 shows the current theoretical ideas with a brief description
of each.
In order to suggest possible countermeasures, we must assume that a
given mechanism is responsible for the phenomena. From Table 2, we sec
that Mechanisms 1 and 6 are "normal" because they involve well understood
physical processes and thus have recognizable countermeasures. The re-
maining mechanisms, however, have no known physical CM. Yet, to disallow
the possibility of some form of mental CM would be premature.
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Table 2
SUGGESTED PSYCHOENERGETIC MECHANISMS
Mechanism
Description
Possible Countermeasure
(1)
Extremely low
frequency (ELF)
Low frequency electromagnetic radia-
tion emanating from the ~10 Hz
component of normal brain functioning
acts as information carrier.
Standard ELF shielding procedures
(superconductivity and seawater)
(2) EPR paradox
Quantum mechanical argument for
nonlorentzian (faster-than-light)
"communication" between separated
quantum systems.
(3) Hypergeometry
The distance between points in normal
3-space vanishes in hyperspace. Thus
the case of access to "remote"
information.
Unknown physical CM or mental CM
(4)
General quantum
mechanics
Human consciousness is intimately
involved in the wave function
collapse.
Unknown physical CM or mental CM
Unknown physical CM or mental CM
(5)
Advanced waves in
Hilbert space
Information propagates backward in
time because of the time symmetries
of the equations of quantum
mechanics.
(6) Other exceptional,
but nonpsychoenergetic
human functioning
The ability to modify" ," normal body
functioning in exceptional ways
(e.g., large skin potentials,
exceptional strength, ultrasonic
generation and the like).
Standard physical shielding
techniques
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V RECOMMENDATIONS
Because considerable evidence for the information-gathering form of
psychoenergetic intrusion exists and because evidence also exists that
some forms of this intrusion incidentally affect physical objects, we
recommend that a countermeasure program be initiated. To optimize the
likelihood that such a program will have definitive results, we outline
here a systematic, but limited effort.
Several considerations beyond those of the survey must influence
the design of a physical CM program. They are:
· Devices must be chosen that have demonstrated
susceptibility to RP.
· Devices must be sensitive, yet isolated from the
environment.
· Engineering (hardware/software) should be kept at
a minimum.
. The approach should be systematic and should follow
some of the earlier reported efforts.
Given these constraints, three types of hardware are suggested for
study in a physical CM program:
(1) A RNG device
(2) Temperature sensing elements.
(3) Film detectors.
A RNG device was selected because such devices have been under study for
10 years. It is clear from this data base and from one study conducted
at SRI International that some form of psychoenergetic interaction exists.
To isolate the form of interaction and to assess the usefulness of RNGs
as potential intrusion detectors, a modest redesign of the existing RNG
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device is necessary.
Little or no effort is required to update our proven
analytical system.
=
Although there are other devices (e.g., strain gauges, magnetometers,
etc.) that have also been reported as susceptible to RP, we chose tempera-
ture sensing hardware and film detectors because of engineering considerations.
In summary, we recommend that an RNG device, temperature sensing
elements, and film detectors be investigated with regard to their sus-
ceptibility to RP as an initial step toward intrusion detection and physical
countermeasures .
--.
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SRI International
Final Report
Covering the Period October 1980 to October 1981
April 1982
AUDIOLINGUISTIC CORRELATIONS WITH THE QUALITY
OF REMOTE VIEWING SESSIONS (U)
TAB F
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CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
iii
LIST OF TABLES.
iii
I
OBJECTIVE.
1
II
INTRODUCTION
2
A.
Statement of Problem.
2
B.
Possible Solution
2
c.
Historical Perspective of Audio Analysis Techniques
3
III
METHOD OF APPROACH
5
A.
Selection of Data Base.
5
B.
Audiolinguistic Protocol.
7
c.
Scoring the Utterances.
8
1.
Preprocessing the Utterances
8
2.
Target-Independent Analysis
8
3.
Target-Dependent Analysis
9
IV
RESULTS.
11
V CONCLUSIONS.
13
REFERENCES.
14
APPENDICES
A
VERBATIM TRANSCRIPT FOR COORDINATE D-3 (DOLL)
15
B
SCORE SHEETS FOR THE "DOLL" TRIAL IN THE "COORDINATE
BOX EXPERIMENT"
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ILLUSTRATIONS
1
4 x 4 Array of Objects used in Box Coordinate Experiment
.
6
TABLES
1
Quality Rating for a Concept that has been Identified
at the Site.
10
2
Visual Functional Centrality Rating Scale for Target
Sub-Element.
10
3
Audiolinguistic Analysis Results
12
B-1
Audiolinguistic Category:
Present Time (PT)
24
B-2
Audiolinguistic Category:
Debriefing (DB)
25
B-3
Audiolinguistic Category:
Analysis (AN)
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I
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this program was to determine the feasibility of
developing audio analysis techniques that can
separate correct from incorrect statements recorded during remote viewing
(RV) experiments.
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II
INTRODUCTION
A.
Statement of Problem
During a typical RV session, the subject produces a wealth of spoken
material, but only some of this material relates to the chosen target.
Unfortunately it is difficult to identify the target-related material
without a priori knowledge of which times the subject was engaged in
accurate RV. The question posed in this study was whether it is possible
to use audio analysis techniques to determine when a subject is accurately
describing the intended target.
B.
Possible Solution
Careful listening to tapes of sessions with a single subject suggests
that some target-related material was uttered in a different tone of voice
than other material (e.g., conversation with the monitor). For this subject,
accurate remote viewing appears associated with certain changes in speech
behavior, including speaking more softly, more slowly, longer pauses, and
with a dream-like quality.
In general, if a subject were to exhibit a particular set of speech
changes whenever target-related material was being produced, the analyst
could use these speech changes to separate the related from the unrelated
material without knowledge of the target. We explored the relationship
between changes in speech behavior and the accuracy of target descriptions
in this study.
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c.
Historical Perspective of Audio Analysis Techniques
Earlier research has shown that changes in speech behavior can reflect
subtle physiological changes such as those resulting from stress or disease.
Two studies representing this research will be described to provide a
context for the present study of speech changes observed during RV sessions.
These studies illustrate different approaches to speech analysis.
The first study was designed to examine how speech behavior may be
influenced by task-induced stress ."
An arithmetic task requiring a verbal
response was repeatedly administered to each of ten male subjects. The
difficulty of the task was varied from trial to trial:
on some occasions
the subject was obviously stressed, and on other occasions he was relatively
relaxed. Contrasting responses containing the same test phrase were com-
pared by means of critical listening and instrumental analysis.
Listeners were able to discriminate between the responses representing
the stress and control conditions for many subjects. Level measurements
showed that three subjects spoke more softly and one subject spoke more
loudly under stress. Measurements of fundamental frequency provided
similar results :
some subjects raised their vocal pitch, others lowered
their vocal pitch, and still others exhibited unique pitch contours when
the task became stressful. An extensive comparison of spectrograms
demonstrated many other stress-related changes in the speech signal.
Temporal and spectral irregularities were observed in the acoustic pulses
that are generated in the larynx during speech production. Stress also
affected the precision with which particular speech sounds were articulated.
The second study was concerned with speech changes that are related
to cerebrovascular disorders .2, 3
The purpose of the study was to develop
a subjective method of speech analysis that could be used to identify
persons who have suffered a minor stroke. Because stroke affects speech
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production in a complex manner, all speech samples that were analyzed were
first converted into spectrograms. Experiments were conducted to determine
whether certain speech attributes observed in the spectrograms could be
used to discriminate between a population of diagnosed stroke patients
and an age-matched population of normal speakers. Linear discriminant
scores based on ratings of only six speech attributes correctly classified
89 percent of the stroke patients and 87 percent of the normal speakers.
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III
METHOD OF APPROACH
A.
Selection of Data Base
To determine a useful set of audiolinguistic (A/L) criteria, it was
important in this pilot investigation to work with a RV data base that
met two conditions :
(1) The data base had been independently analyzed
by "blind" judging procedures.
(2) The RV targets had to be well-defined.
The first requirement defined the minimum assessment standard; namely,
any A/L technique had to perform at least as well as blind judging procedures.
The second requirement allowed for an unambiguous element-by-element
comparison between target information and RV-generated data. To meet
these requirements, an existing data base from earlier SRI experiments
was used.
In an early attempt to assess the nature of "abstract" targeting,
Subject 504 was the only participant in the "Coordinate Box Experiment."
The target material was a collection of 16 small dissimilar objects,
placed one each in a 4 x 4 matrix array. Each cell of this matrix was a
cube measuring approximately one foot on a side.
Subject 504 was targeted
with only a row and column address and asked to describe the object at
that location. The experiment consisted of six trials. A complete
description of this experiment can be found elsewhere."
The overall result derived from blind judging analysis was significant.
Two important features of this experiment were (1) the targets were
well defined (Figure 1) and (2) the target-transcript correspondences
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-

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production in a complex manner, all speech samples that were analyzed were
first converted into spectrograms. Experiments were conducted to determine
whether certain speech attributes observed in the spectrograms could be
used to discriminate between a population of diagnosed stroke patients
and an age-matched population of normal speakers. Linear discriminant
scores based on ratings of only six speech attributes correctly classified
89 percent of the stroke patients and 87 percent of the normal speakers.
=
_
-
-
=
1
T
1
4
peut analysis
In the target-independent analysis, a simple count of the
number of nonredundant concepts in each category is computed. It was
hypothesized that the percent of PT statements would correlate with the
blind judging results and thus could serve as a predictor of RV quality.
-
8
-
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-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4

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ranged from excellent to rather poor. These two features allowed for a
sensitive test of the A/L, procedure described below.
B.
Audiolinguistic Protocol
1
.
-
.
1
From these summations, the percent PT is calculated from
%PT = No. (PT) / [No. (PT) + No. (DB) ]
(1)
where No. (PT) and No. (DB) are the number of PT and DB concepts, respectively.
It must be noted the %PT can be calculated without any knowledge of the
target.
3.
Target-Dependent Analysis
1
2
(1)
Binary determination -- Each concept is assigned a one if
some element in the target appears to correspond to the
concept in question. The concept is assigned a zero
otherwise. There is no implied evaluation at this point,
but if there is a correspondence, the identified element
must be explicitly noted.
.
-
(2)
Quality evaluation -- A quality evaluation is made for
each concept that has been assigned a one from Step (1)
above. The evaluation is made on a one-to-five-point
scale shown in Table 1.
.
i
.
(3)
Centrality evaluation -- Each concept that has been assigned
a one from Step (1) above is also evaluated with respect to
the centrality of the corresponding target element.
Centrality is expressed as a number between one and five
(Table 2). This numeric assignment is made according
to the element's importance to the target as a whole
and is based on target information only.
-
The scores from these three steps are then multiplied together to form a
composite score (maximum of 25) for each concept in each response.
Appendix B is a complete example of this procedure for one of the three
responses, i.e., for which the target was a small rag doll (Figure 1).
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1
1
7
I
1
1
1
.
1
1
1
Following an idea first proposed by Targ et al.,5 a detailed
target-dependent analysis was devised. With a response conceptualized in
accordance with the above guidelines, the target-dependent analysis
proceeds in three steps :
.
-

I
.
1
i
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Table 1
QUALITY RATING FOR A CONCEPT
THAT HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AT THE SITE
(Specific Target Sub-element)
(1)
Little correspondence, but possible
(2)
Some correct elements
(3)
Mixture of correct and incorrect, but more of the former
(4)
Good correspondence, with unambiguous matchable elements
(5)
Excellent correspondence, perhaps with correct analysis
of the sub-element.
Table 2
VISUAL FUNCTIONAL CENTRALITY RATING SCALE
FOR TARGET SUB-ELEMENT
(1)
Present, but a trivial or hardly noticeable feature
(2)
Minor feature, could be overlooked, not central
(3)
Prominant, but not central
(4)
Strong, central, visual feature, can not be missed
(5)
Immediately strikes the eye as central.
Only one
element gets this rating.
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----
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IV
STATISTICAL RESULTS
Table 3 shows the results of A/L analysis as it was applied to three
of the six targets for the coordinate box experiment. The plant, the book,
and the doll were chosen for this initial study because the quality of
their corresponding transcripts, as described earlier, was poor, inter-
mediate and excellent, respectively. The results of the blind judging
for the actual experiment are shown in the last column in Table 3. The
Greek letter mu (p) in Table 3 is calculated from the overall concept
scores for each category from
p = > concept scores/N
where N is the total number of concepts for the specific category.
The
u, then, represents the average score out of a maximum possible 25 for
each cateogry. The %PT was calculated from Eq. (1), and F is the F ratio
derived from a one-way analysis of variance. For each target, a one-way
analysis of variance was computed under the null hypothesis assumption
that the scores for A/L category do not differ from one another.
The %PT and the F-ratio represent the results for the target-independent
and target-dependent A/L analysis respectively: a correlation with blind
judging exists for both analyses.
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-
-

T
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Table 3
AUDIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS RESULTS
Target
EL
DB
μ
"AN
N
PT
N
DB
N
AN
%PT
F
Blind
Judging
(Relative Units)
Plant
4.88
4.79
2.36
8
28
11
0.22
1.47
1.00
Book
2.50
4.45
1.63
10
20
8
0.33
1,53
2.19
Doll
7.37
8.33
0.00
19
18
7
0.51
4.38
5.09
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1
T
₸

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V CONCLUSIONS
-
This pilot investigation was conducted on the basis of a detailed
analysis of three trials from a single subject. Therefore, it is premature
to conclude with certainty to what degree the particular A/L analysis
technique used with this subject can be generalized. It is possible,
however, to conclude that the A/L technique is basically productive in
its approach. In particular the observed correlation of the target-
independent analysis with previous blind judging results is highly
encouraging.
As the A/L analysis technique evolves further, a single set of A/L
criteria is not expected to be applicable across subjects; rather, for
the operational setting, in all likelihood a subject-specific set of
criteria must be developed.
In summary, it should be emphasized that, (1) at a minimum, some
improvement in the RV product can be immediately realized by rejecting all
analytical (AN) statements; (2) beyond that, a full audio-linguistic
(A/L) analysis of utterances appears to further differentiate correct
from incorrect statements generated in RV sessions.
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--

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REFERENCES
1.
Hecker, M. H.L., Stevens, K. N., von Bismarck, G., and Williams,
C. E., "Manifestations of Task-Induced Stress in the Acoustic
Speech Signal," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., Vol. 44, pp. 993-1001 (1968).
2.
Hecker, M. H.L., and Kreul, E. J., "Research on Speech Changes Related
to Disease," Final Report, Projects 7742 and 8853, Stanford Research
Institute, Menlo Park, CA (April 1974).
3.
Bell, D. W. and Poza, F., "Discrimination between Stroke Patients
and Normal Speakers on the Basis of Speech Attributes Observed in
Spectrograms ," Final Report, Project 3954, Stanford Research
Institute, Menlo Park, CA (February 1976).
4.
Targ, R., Puthoff, H. E., Humphrey, B. S., and Tart, C. T., "Inves-
tigations of Target Acquisition," Research in Parapsychology,
pp. 122-124 (1979).
5.
Targ, R., May, E., Puthoff, H., and Hecker, M., Interim Technical
Report (Covering the period 20 July 1981 through 4 August 1981)
SRI Project 3279, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (August 1981).
ト
1
14
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E
Lr
1.
L
2
SRI International
SRI
International
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R003200200001-4
Final Report
Covering the Period October 1981 to September 1982
December 1982
RV RELIABILITY, ENHANCEMENT, AND
EVALUATION (U)
TABG
:
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1

Approved For'R
A-RDP90 00789R003200200001-4
Final Report
December 198:
RV RELIABILITY, ENHANCEMENT, AND
EVALUATION (U)
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1
I OBJECTIVE (U)
*
The objective of the Remote Viewing (RV) Reliability, Enhance-
ment ,
and Evaluation Task is to develop remote viewing techniques,
to
enhance the potential for
applications,
20 -
*
(U) RV (remote viewing) is the acquisition and description, by mental
means, of information blocked from ordinary perception by distance or
shielding
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1

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II
INTRODUCTION (U)
SRI International is tasked with assessing the potential of RV
In this task, as defined for fiscal years
(FY) 1981 through 1983, special emphasis is placed on the possibility that
enhancement techniques can be developed that will significantly increase
levels of accuracy and reliability.
The three-year effort focuses on (1) the development of techniques
to enhance the accuracy and reliability of RV, (2) the application of RV
(3) the evaluation of such techniques and applica-
tions, and (4) the integration of RV
The apportionment of these efforts over the three-year period
is shown in Figure 1.
Investigation of the RV phenomenon at SRI International over the
past decade has ranged from basic research, where proof of the existence
of the phenomenon was at issue, to
applications, in which the
existence of the phenomenon is assumed. The present study emphasizes
applicability -- proof of the phenomenon is not explicitly pursued here.
Some pragmatic measure of demonstration of existence is provided, however,
by assessment of the quality of results obtained in
tests
carried out under the double-blind conditions.
In this report we discuss the effort for FY 1982.
This effort
consisted of :
(1)
Continued development of a six-stage RV training
procedure, hypothesized to lead to improved RV
performance. Special emphasis was placed on
developing tools that were useful in differentiating
and identifying technological facilities.
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3
L
L
L
L

...
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INTEGRATION OF RV
-
EVALUATION
TASKING
F
DEVELOPMENT OF ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES
1981
1982
FISCAL YEAR
1983
FIGURE 1 (U) RV ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM
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4

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Table 2
REMOTE VIEWING TASKS (FY 82) (U)
Target
Date
Viewer
IS #23;
10/26/81
#009
J.S. #24;
10/27/81
#009
10/29/81
#009
J.S. #26;
12/7/81
#009
J.S. #27;
12/10/81
#009
J.S. #28;
12/13/81, 12/14/81,
12/15/81, 12/16/81
#009
J.S. #29;
12/14/81
#002
J.S. #30;
12/14/81
#002
J.S. #31;
12/15/81
#002
J.S. #32;
12/18/81, 1/10/82
12/21/81, 1/17/82
#009
#009 (Group)
J.S. #33;
1/7/82
#002, #622
=
J.S. #34;
#002
3/1/82, 3/2/82, 3/24/82,
5/5/82, 5/6/82, 5/7/82,
5/11/82, 5/18/82, 5/19/82
(U)
date, site, viewer, and so forth, along with the capability of yielding
trend analysis functions.
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20
...
-

0. CIA RBP96-00789R003200200001-4
V SUMMARY OF THE FY 82 RV ENHANCEMENT TASK (U)
Progress in the FY 82 RV Enhancement Task can be summarized as
follows:
....
.
RV enhancement procedure further developed.
- Special emphasis on procedures applicable to
identification of technological facilities.
- 75 RV research/training practice trials with
I. Swann.
· Procedure transfer begun to five novice SRI staff
members and consultants.
- Orientation and practice through various levels
of Stage II.
· Procedure transfer begun to two novice
personnel.
- One RVer mid-Stage II; 53 RV training trials.
- One RVer nearly complete on Stage II; 77 RV
training trials.
· Data obtained on
Sites J.S. #23 through
J.S. #34.
· RV evaluation protocols developed.
· Computerized RV data-base management system developed
to completion (LSI 11/23 stand-alone microcomputer).
----
*
(U) E. C. May, "RV Evaluation Protocol (U)," Final Report, SRI Project
4028-5, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (December 1982),
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T
SRI
International
Date
26 October 1981; 0830
Series
Session No.
1
Target No.
J.S. #23
Target
Remote Viewer
#009
Interviewer
Beacon (s)
Abstract
("Target")
Comments :
1. Session conducted by
2. Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location and
activity of interest; interviewer knowledgeable only of broad
technologies of concern.
3. Viewer gives only general description of building layout.
-
N. E. Pathof
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radio Physics Laboratory
SBIIntedfaticadease 2000/08/0831GIA-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
333 Ravenswood Ave . Menlo Park. CA 94025 - : 4151.326-6200TWX(910-373-1246 . TELEX: 334463 . Facsimile: : 415: 326-5512
.

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I
SRI
International
Date
27 October 1981; 0835
Series
Session No.
1
Target No.
J.S. #24
Target
Remote Viewer
#009
Interviewer
Beacon (s)
Abstract ("Target")
T
Comments :
1.
Session conducted by
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location
and activity of interest.
3.
Viewer described construction, a building, planned for
laboratories
N.c. Putall
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H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radio Physics Laboratoi

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ZOJA_ROP96 00789R003200200001-4
SRI
International
Date
29 October 1981; . 0900
Series
Session No.
1
Target No.
J.S. #25
Target
Remote Viewer
#009
Interviewer
Beacon (s)
Abstract ("Target")
Comments:
1. Session conducted by
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location
and activity of interest.
3. Viewer described a facility dedicated to a single purpose,
technological, high use of cooling water.
N.S. Partall
Approved For Release 2000/08/08
:
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D. , Radid. Physics Laboratory
NIA RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
SRI International
33
!
-
-

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SRI
International
1
Date
7 December 1981; 1012
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #26
Target
Remote Viewer
#009
Interviewer
Beacon (s)
Phrase "Target"
Comments :
Session carried out by
-
N.C. Porto
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radio Physics Laboratory
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SRI International
34

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SRI
International
Date
10 December 1981, 1010. (Scan 1); 1050 (Scan 2)
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #27
Target
Remote Viewer
#009
Interviewer
Beacon (s)
Phrase
"Target"
Comments :
Session carried out by
-
:
N.c. Putall
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radio Physics Laboratory
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SRI International
35
415-326 6200 - TWX: 910-373-1246 . TELEX: 334463 . Facsimile. 415: 326-5512

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SRI
International
Date
13 December 1981; 0917
Series
Session No.
1
Target No.
J.S. #28
Target
Unknown locations:
12/10/81, 1000; 12/11/81, 1000, afternoon, eveni
12/17/81 (Future RV), morning, noon, dusk, eveni:
Remote Viewer
#009
Interviewer
#026
Beacon (s)
Abstract (Target date A, B, C; Time 1, 2, 3, 4)
Comments :
1. List of target dates, times, given to interviewer at sessio ..
start
locations corresponding
to those dates and times requested. No further description
of task given.
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target significano
and activity of interest.
3.
Mid-session calibration experiments with Nat'l Geographic targ
material (Stuttgart, Arkansas; Gibralter) yielded good resul:
indicating remote viewer generally "on-line."
4.
In addition to descriptions of locations, viewer described af
individual (and a group) who seemed to be associated with the
locations of interest.
N.C. Pathy
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radid Physics Laborator
SRUInternational00/08/08 : CIARDP96-00789R003200200001-4
Approved For Re
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park, CA 94025 . 415 326-6200 . TWX: 910-373-1246 . TELEX: 334463 . Fammi ....

7
SRI
International
Date
14 December 1981, 1230 (Session 1); 1405 (Session 2); 1523 (Session 3)
Series
Session No.
1, 2, 3
Target No.
J.S. #29
Target
18-20 August 1981
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff,
Beacon(s)
CRV (Coordinate Remote Viewing)
Comments :
1.
Sessions carried out
coordinates and dates of interest
brought to session
2.
Remote viewer blind as to target location and activity of interest.
3.
On-line check calibration trials utilizing Nat'l Geographic
target materials yielded good results, indicating remote viewer
generally "on-line" for remote viewing.
4.
Remote viewer described a
training camp;
N.S. Patil
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radid Physics Laboratory
333 Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
lento Park. CA 94025 . 415- 326-6200 . TWX :- 910-373-1246 . TELEX: 334463 · Facsimile: +415, 326-5512
SRI International
37
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-

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SRI
International
Date
14 December 1981, 1650
Series
Session No.
1
Target No.
J.S. #30
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
..
Interviewer
H. Puthoff,
Beacon (s)
Hidden picture in envelope
Comments: 1.
Sessions carried out at
2. Remote viewer blind as to identify of target person and his
activities of interest.
+
3. Pre- and post-op calibration trials with Nat'l Geographic
materials (Sierra Madre and Tel Aviv, respectively) yielded
good results, indicating remote viewer generally "on-line"
for remote viewing.
4.
Remote viewer profiled subject of interest.
N.C. Patty
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radio Physics Laboratory
SRI International
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38
373-1246 6 TELEX: 334463 . Facsimile: 415. 326-5
-

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1
SRI
International
Date
15 December 1981, 0857
Series
Session No.
1
Target No.
J.S. #31
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff,
Beacon (s)
Comments :
Session carried out at
1
Coordinates and date of interest
brought to session
Remote viewer blind as to target location and activity of interest.
On-line-check calibration trials utilizing Nat'l Geographic target
materials (listed below)" yielded good results, indicating remote
viewer generally "on-line" for remote viewing.
Remote viewer described a social event
with people
awaiting some event. Nothing of note (precognitively) is to happen.
Waikiki, Corrientes, Mt. Everest, Turku Archipelago,
University of Spain, Central Park, NYC. Midcheck:
Bodrum.
Cape Cod.
N. C. Pathfl
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radio Physics Laboratory
SRAInternatippaRelease 2000/08/0839 CIA-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park. CA 94025 . 415: 326-6200 . TWX: 910-373-1246 . TELEX: 334463 . Facsimile: 1415: 326-5512

Approve
Release 2000/08/08
'Ci
-KDP96-00789R003200200001-4
SRI
International
Date
18 December 1981, 1445
Series
Session No.
1
Target No.
J.S. #32
Target
Remote Viewer
#009
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
Comments :
H.C. Pathof
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D. , Radid Physics Laboratory
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SRI International
40

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SRI
International
e
Date
17 January 1982
Series
Session No.
4
Target No.
J.S. #32
Target
Remote Viewer
#009 (Group)
Interviewer
none
Beacon (s)
Comments :
1. On 17 January 1982, RVer turned over to H. Puthoff
a compilation of inputs from RVers labeled Apple, Baker, Char
Delta, Theta, Lambda, Epsilon, and Pi. The dates of individu:
remote viewings spanned the dates 15 December 1981 - 12 Januar
1982.
2. Compilation carried
18 January 1982.
N.c. Putall
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radio Physics Laboratory
SRI International
333 Ravenswood
41
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¿facsimile: : 415: 326-5512
LLLL

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SRI
International
Date
7 January 1982, 0700
Series
Session No.
1, 2
Target No.
J.S. #33
Target
"Letters" author (unknown)
Remote Viewer
#002 (Participant "A"), #622 (Participant "B")
Interviewer
none
Beacon(s)
"Letters" author
Comments :
1.
Remote viewers #002 and #622 were asked to describe, and i
possible determine the location of, the anonymous author of
a series of
letters
2. Copies of letters dated July of 1981 (2), August 1981, and
November 1981 were sent to #002
;
also
hand delivered to Puthoff
15 December 1981.
on
3. The remote viewers' renderings were turned over to H. Puthos
at SRI, who then telexed it
on
11 January 1982.
:
N.S. Patil
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D. , Radid Physics Laborat
Approved For Releas
SRI International08/08 : CIA-RDP98-00789R003200200001-4
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park. CA 94025 . 415 326-6200 . TWX: 910-373-1246 . TELEX: 334463 · Facsimile: 415
====

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SRI
International
Date
1 March 1982; 0853 (Scan 1)
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #34
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
Comments:
1.
Coordinates given to Puthoff
this date.
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind, as to target location
and target activity of interest.
3.
Calibration trials with known target materials indicated
remote viewer "on-line."*
*
Presession calibrations:
Gavin's Point Dam,
H.C. Patty
H.E. \Puthoff, Ph.D., Radio Physics Laboratory
SRI Internationallease 200
ERDF 8 00789R003200200001-4
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park. CA 94025. 115 326-6200 3 TWVX: 910-373-1246; TELEX: 334463 . Facsimile: 415: 326-5512

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SRI
International
Date
1 March 1982, 1058 (Scan 2)
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #34
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon(s)
Comments: 1. Continuation of scans begun this date.
2. Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location
and target activity of interest.
3. Calibration trials with known target materials indicated
remote viewer "on-line."
*
Presession, Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, CA; postsession,
Stanford Radiotelescope.
:
N.G. Path
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D. , Radio Physics Laboratory
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SRI International
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SRI
International
Date
2 March 1982, 0944 (Scan 3).
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #34
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon(s)
CRV
Comments :
1. Continuation of scans begun 1 March 1982.
2. Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location
and target activity of interest.
3.
Calibration trials with known target materials indicated
remote viewer "on-line."*
*
Presession, Dulles Intern'l Airport, dish antenna in Australia,
Gallup, NM Natural Gas Co.
N.c. Patal
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D. , Radid Physics Laboratory
proved For Release 2000/08/0815CIA-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
SRI International
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park, CA 94025 415 326-6200 5 TWX: 910-373-1246 . TELEX: 334463 . Facsimile: . 415. 326-5512

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SRI
International
Date
24 March 1982, 0940 (Scan 4)
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #34
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV
Comments :
1. Continuation of scans begun 1 March 1982.
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location
and target activity of interest.
3. Calibration trials with known target material indicated
remote viewer "on-line."*
*
Presession:
Pittsburgh Civic Center; Kariba Dam, Zimbabwe.
Postsession:
Indian Point Nuclear Plant.
. ...
N.C. Pothof
C
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D. , Radid Physics Laboratory
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333 Ravenswood Ave. . Mento Park. CA 94025 . 415 326-6200 . TWX: 910-373-1246 . TELEX: 334463 · Facsimile: 415 326

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SRI
International
e
Date
5 May 1982, 0950 (Scan 5)
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #34
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon(s)
CRV
Comments:
1. Continuation of scans begun on 1 March 1982.
2. Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location
and target activity of interest.
3. Calibration trials with known target material indicated
remote viewer "on-line."*
*
Presession: Steel Plant, Aliquippa, PA. Postsession:
O' Hare International Airport.
N.F. Pathfl
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radio Physics Laboratory
SRIInternationallease 2000/08/0az CIA-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park, CA 94025 ._ 415- 326-6200 ** TWX: 910-373-1246 . TELEX: 334463 . Facsimile: 415: 326-5512
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International
Date
6 May 1982, 0933 (Scan 6)
-
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #34
...
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV
Comments :
1. Continuation of scans begun on 1 March 1982.
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location
and target activity of interest.
3. Calibration trials with known target materials indicated
remote viewer "on-line."
*
*
Presession:
MacArthur Bridge, St. Louis. Postsession:
Rock
Creek Dam.
N.S. Patil
H. E. Puthoff, Ph. D. , Radid Physics Laboratory
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333 Ravenswood Ave . Menlo Park, CA 94025 . 416 200 mann
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SRI
International
9
Date
7 May 1982, 0931 (Scan 7)
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #34
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon(s)
CRV
Comments :
1. Continuation of scans begun 1 March 1982.
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location
and target activity of interest.
3. Calibration trials with known target materials indicated
remote viewer "on-line."
*
Presession:
Moses Power Plant, Niagra Falls; U. N. Bldg., NYC.
Postsession:
Rondo I Radar Dish, Palo Alto, CA.
N.S. Patil
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radio Physics Laboratory
-
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333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park. CA 94025 -415 326-6200 . TWX: 910-373-1246 . TELEX: 334463 . Facsimile: 415: 326-5512

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SRI
International
Date
11 May 1982, 0905 (Scan 8)
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #34
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV
Comments :
1. Continuation of scans begun 1 March 1982.
2. Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location
and target activity of interest.
3. Calibration trials with known target materials indicated
remote viewer "on-line.""
Presession: Pahlavi Dam, Iran. Postsession: Pulp Plant,
Newfoundland.
N.c. Patty
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radio Physics Laboratory
App
SReinternationse 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
333 Ravenswood Ave . Mento Park CA 94025 . 115 326 5200 TWX-910-373-1286. TELEV .....

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SRI
International
℮
Date
18 May 1982, 0849 (Scan 9)
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #34
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon(s)
CRV
Comments :
1. Continuation of scans begun 1 March 1982.
2. Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target
location and target activity of interest.
3.
Calibration trials with known target materials
indicated remote viewer "on-line."
*
*
Presession:
Pit 6, Shasta County Dam, CA. Postsession:
Terrebonne Bay Oil Wells.
N.S. Patil
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radio Physics Laboratory
SEPI
roved For Release 2000/08/08; CIA-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
International
333 Ravenswood Ave . Mento Park, CA 94025 . 415 326-6200 . TWX. 910-373-1246 . TELEX: 334463 . Facsimile: 415 326-5512

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SRI
International
Date
19 May 1982, 0901 (Scan 10)
Series
Session No.
Target No.
J.S. #34
Target
Remote Viewer
#002
Interviewer
H. Puthoff
Beacon (s)
CRV
Comments:
1. Continuation of scans begun 1 March 1982.
2.
Remote viewer and interviewer blind as to target location
and target activity of interest.
3. Calibration trials with known target materials indicated
remote viewer "on-line."*
*
Presession: Puunene Mill, Maui; Pit 7, Shasta County Dam, CA.
Postsession: American Museum of Natural History, NYC;
Erie Mining Co.
N.C. Patty
H. E. Puthoff, Ph.D., Radio Physics Laboratory
RbinternatRelease 2000/08/08 : GIA-RDP96-00789R003200200001-4
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park. CA 94025 . 415 326-6200 . TWX: 910-373-1246 . TEI FV.

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SRI International
00789R003200200001-4
Final Report --
March 1989
Covering the Period 1 October 1988 to 15 February 1989
REVIEW OF THE PSYCHOENERGETIC
RESEARCH
CONDUCTED AT SRI INTERNATIONAL (1973-1988) (U)
T
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II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (U)
We have conducted a review and analysis of the psychoenergetic research
conducted at SRI International from 1 October 1973 to 30 September 1988. The database
comprises 117 documents with a total of 5,025 pages.
A total of 25,449 trials were conducted under a variety of protocols. Analysis
indicates that the odds that our results are not due to simple statistical fluctuations alone are
better than 2 X 1020 to 1 (i.e., 2 followed by 20 zeros). Using accepted criteria set forth in the
standard behavioral sciences, we conclude that this constitutes convincing, if not conclusive,
evidence for the existence of psychoenergetic functioning.
The main results are summarized below:
· Remote viewing (RV) can provide useful
information.
. Laboratory and operational remote viewing show the greatest potential for
practical applications.
· Experienced viewers are significantly better than the general population.
· Approximately 1% of the general population possess a natural remote viewing
ability.
· Remote viewing ability does not degrade over time.
. At this time, there is no quantitative evidence to support a training hypothesis.
. Natural scenes are significantly better than symbols as targets for remote
viewing.
· Remote viewing quality is independent of target distance and/or size.
. There is no evidence to support that a psychoenergetic interaction with the
physical world exists.
· Electromagnetic shielding is not effective against psychoenergetic acquisition of
information.
. A potential central nervous system correlate to remote viewing has recently
been identified.
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Final Report -·
TABI
Covering the Period 1 October 1985 to 30 September 1986
December 1986
SCREENING AND SELECTION OF PERSONNEL:
THE PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT SYSTEM (PAS) (U)
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IV METHOD OF APPROACH (U)
A.
(U) Analysis Domain
The domain of this meta-analysis includes all.
applications and psychoenergetic research conducted at SRI International, or under the auspices
of its subcontractors, from 1 October 1973 to 30 September 1988. A priori declared
demonstrations or other activities that were not under the control of SRI International were not
included in the documentation. All other forms of experimentation were included in SRI
International technical reports, unclassified journals, or publications, and thus were part of this
analysis. This database comprises 117 documents with a total of 5,025 pages.
(U) By definition, there is no file drawer problem in this analysis; all items that met the
above criteria were included regardless of their results. Care was exercised to avoid multiple
entries of the same data.
All psychoenergetic phenomena fall broadly into two classes:
(1) Information Processes-those phenomena that involve a passive transfer of
information (e.g., remote viewing. search),
(2) Causal Processes-those putative phenomena that involve an anomalous
interaction with matter (e.g., remote action).
The psychoenergetic effort has been divided into various categories within these processes. The
various categories within this domain are defined as follows:
(1) Forced-Choice-remote viewing where the targets are drawn from a limited
(and known) set of potential symbols (e.g., the integers 0, 1).
(2) RV-Lab-remote viewing where the targets are drawn from a large set of
potential material (e.g., photographs of natural scenes, natural physical
locations), and the experiments are conducted under strict laboratory
conditions.
(3) RV-
remote viewing where the targets are drawn from specific targets of
interest
(4) Search-remote viewing where the targets are generally known but their
location is unknown
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(U) For the purpose of this analysis, all putative causal-process experiments are
considered under the general heading of remote action.
(U) Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of these categories and the total number of
individual trials that were conducted within each category.
Psychoenergetics
26,074
Informational
25,045
Causal
1,029
Forced Choice
19,715
RV-Lab
1,071
RV-
106
Search
4,153
FIGURE 1 (U) CATEGORIES AND NUMBER OF TRIALS
The total number of psychoenergetic trials (26,074) was collected in 154
different experiments involving 227 different subjects .* All the data were entered into a
computer database management system (DBMS).
B.
(U) Database Management System
1.
(U) Database Requirements
(U) One of the main purposes of performing a meta-analysis is to be able to look at
data gathered from multiple studies conducted under a wide variety of circumstances. In order
to collect and store the data in a meaningful way, one must know what kind of data
manipulations will be performed.
To evaluate the effect of certain parameters on
psychoenergetic functioning, we needed to focus our attention on the conditions of a wide array
of potentially important variables. As a result, the database design is primarily determined by the
data and provides for the selection of information, by experiment, given parameter
specifications.
·
(U) The number of subjects does not include the preliminary mass screening partici-
pants. The formal screening participants were, however, included in the analysis.
5
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V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (U)
(U) The results of the meta-analysis are presented here, where possible, in quantitative
analytic terms, and various interpretations are discussed in detail. In addition, items that cannot
be analyzed are discussed from a qualitative perspective.
(U) The analysis proceeds in a top-down fashion in accordance with the hierarchy shown
in Figure 1.
A. (U) Overall Results
(U) The overall analysis was conducted from three different perspectives:
(1) All of the data, regardless of the purported skill of the subjects,
(2) A subset of the data contributed by an experienced group of viewers, GI
(i.e., long-term, generally accepted expert viewers-002, 009, 131, 372,
414, and 504)
(3) All of the data except for the group GI (i.e., All-G1).
Table 2 shows the number of trials n. total z score, p value, and effect size d for informational
and putative causal processes and for the combination of the two.
Table 2
(U) STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MAJOR CLASSES
Class
Perspective
n
Z
p*
d
Psychoenergetics
All
25,449
9.37
3.69 (-21)
0.059
G1
9,825
6.86
3.46 (-12)
0.069
All-G1
15,624
6.53
3.46 (-11)
0.052
Informational
All
24,450
9.07
5.83 (-20)
0.058
G1
9,702
6.69
1.14 (-11)
0.068
All-G1
14,748
6.25
1.96 (-10)
0.052
Causal
All
999
2.42
6.39 (-03)
0.077
G1
123
2.06
1.99 (-02)
0.171
All-G1
876
1.89
2.95 (-02)
0.064
· (U) Powers-of-ten are shown in parentheses.
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(U) The number of trials shown in Table 2 differs slightly from those shown in Figure 1.
A few trials in each category were analyzed from a post-hoc point of view and therefore have not
been included in the formal analysis.
The heterogeneity of effect size within each group for all classes is very large (i.e.,
the chi-squares for within-groups were large). This is to be expected for such a global analysis
and is frequently seen in meta-analyses of psychological data.' The sources of the within-group
variation include the psychoenergetic skill level of the subjects and fundamental differences
between psychoenergetic tasks.
The data, regardless of subjects or process, show strongly significant evidence for
psychoenergetic functioning (p < 3.69 x 10-21). Both the informational and putative causal
processes show significant evidence of psychoenergetic functioning, as well.
Since p values are strongly dependent upon the number of trials, the modern
trend in meta-analysis is to consider the trial-independent measure of effect size. From this
point of view, the magnitude of the psychoenergetic functioning appears roughly constant for all
the data shown in Table 2, and, according to Cohen's criteria for the interpretation of effect
size, ' corresponds to small effects.6 The method of calculating overall effect size, however,
involves a weighted average (see Table 1) and thus may not provide an accurate picture of the
size of the psychoenergetic functioning within a given category. To obtain more insight into the
nature of the functioning, we must examine the data within each category.
B.
(U) Results for Categories Within the Informational Process
Table 3 shows the number of trials, total z score, p value, and effect size for
categories within the informational process. The data show strongly significant evidence for
psychoenergetic functioning for all categories regardless of subjects. The effect size, however,
begins to demonstrate category differences.
The forced-choice effect size (d = 0.052) is equivalent to the overall effect size
shown in Table 2 (d = 0.059). Since the forced-choice category accounts for 77% of the total
number of trials, the effect-size averaging technique biases the overall result. For example, the
effect size (d = 0.209) for the RV-Lab category is significantly larger than for the Forced-Choice
case (X2 = 22.70, v = 1; p ≤ 6.63 × 10-6). The RV-Lab effect sizes meet Cohen's criterion for
a medium-sized behavioral effect.
* (U) Values of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 correspond to small, medium. and large effects, respectively.
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Table 3
(U) STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR INFORMATIONAL CATEGORIES
Category
Perspective
n
Z
p*
d
--
Forced-Choice
All
19,675
7.42
6.12 (-14)
0.052
G1
9,487
5.82
2.92 (-09)
0.060
All-G1
10,188
4.69
1.39 (-06)
0.046
RV-Lab
All
966
6.49
4.33 (-11)
0.209
G1
196
5.39
3.49 (-08)
0.385
All-G1
770
4.55
2.71 (-06)
0.164
RV
All
9
3.98
3.45 (-05)
1.326
G1
9
3.98
3.45 (-05)
1.326
All-G1
-
-
-
-
RV-Search
All
3,790
2.61
4.53 (-03)
0.042
G1
-
-
-
-
All-G1
3,790
2.61
4.53 (-03)
0.042
(U) Powers-of-ten are shown in parentheses.
For the RV-Lab category, the experienced group, GI, performs significantly
better than the novice, larger group (X2 = 7.63, v = 1; p < 0.0057).
As in the overall analysis, the data analyzed in Table 3 show a large heterogeneity
of effect size within each category. The heterogeneity of effect size, however, is significantly
reduced for the experienced subjects in the RV-Lab category. This reduction may result from a
more uniform skill level of the subjects in group GI; this is in general agreement with our
qualitative assessment of their abilities.
experiment.
Only 8.5% of the remote viewing operational trials were analyzed as a formal
The effect size for these exceeds Cohen's definition of a large effect. The
requirements off
remote viewing, however, are less dependent upon the
quality of the viewing than they may be on other factors. Excellent remote viewing does not
necessarily imply good
information.
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In the RV-Search category, 91.3% of the data were collected under laboratory
conditions by novice subjects.
The small effect size (d = 0.042) is
commensurate with that found in other laboratories, and may reflect our lack of understanding
about how to elicit this form of psychoenergetic functioning.
C. (U) Specific Results for Remote Viewing
(U) In this section we address the specific questions posed in the SOW. In any kind of an
investigation where the general results fall under a statistical regime (i.e., z scores less than about
5), no hard definitions exist for definitive conclusions. The problem is confounded in behavioral
science because many factors, beyond the particular independent variable in question, may
significantly alter the outcome of an experiment. In trying to assess a large body of literature, as
more constraints are placed on the outcomes, fewer within-group trials are available for analysis;
thus, statistical conclusions become more difficult. This is also true for psychoenergetic research.
Yet, it is possible to describe trends, to suggest ways of improving experiments based upon earlier
results, and to obtain clear insights into factors that may affect psychoenergetic functioning.
To ensure the most reliable interpretations of results in what follows below, group
GI has been used for the quantitative discussion. As was shown in Section V .- B, this group
possessed the most homogeneous set of data for the RV-Lab category and demonstrated a
significant amount of remote viewing ability.
1. (U) Selection/Screening
The selection of individuals who are able to accomplish remote viewing both
in an operational setting and in the laboratory is of paramount importance. As is shown in
Section V .- B., above, group GI provides the best results for both types of remote viewing.
Throughout the history of the program at SRI, 6 individuals have been able to demonstrate
consistent functioning over a long period of time. This does not mean that, after vigorous
searching, only 6 have been found. Rather, given our
charter for most of
the time period in question, we had little impetus to find other viewers. During fiscal years
1986-1988, it became clear that a greater number of talented viewers was needed for both
applications and research.
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Prior to FY 1986, little was known about how to select good viewers. There
was little systematic research either at SRI or within the field in general, and what was available
was inconclusive or contradictory. The effort that began in FY 1986 encompassed a broad
approach to the problem. We initiated three different types of quantitative approaches:
self-report personality tests, neuropsychological testing, and behavioral testing (i.e., the
Personality Assessment System-PAS). In addition, we used one heuristic approach, which
simply asked individuals to try remote viewing.
The heuristic approach has been quite successful. The efficiency (i.e., the
number of talented viewers found divided by the total number screened) is approximately 1% in
the general population (i.e., groups of self-selected volunteers). Based upon the results of a
mass screening effort, two individuals have been asked to be regular contributors to the project.
One other heuristic source of good viewers is individuals who have noticed a
psychoenergetic ability in their lives. Many viewers in group GI came to the project in this
manner, and a new viewer, claiming similar experiences, was identified in a recent screening
effort. This viewer produced an effect size of 0.440 in 6 remote viewing trials, which contained
many striking qualitative correspondences between targets and responses.
Of the quantitative techniques, the neuropsychological approach was not
successful at predicting performance. The PAS, however, predicted performance of 9 viewers to
a significant degree.
By far, the best way to select viewers as of this writing is to use individuals
who either have abilities measured in other laboratories, or who have had strong personal
experiences.
One technique not mentioned above holds great promise for the future.
Three individuals from group GI who participated in a neurophysiological study of correlates with
remote viewing produced unusually large central nervous system responses to light stimuli
directed at the eyes. More work is needed to determine if this simple test might be the most
effective way to screen for individuals with excellent remote viewing ability.
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2. (U) Targeting
Targeting is a general term to describe the method by which a viewer is
directed to the intended target. Common techniques that have been employed include the
following:
(1) Beacon-an individual at the site of the intended target.
(2) Coordinates-the geographical or
target.
coordinates of the intended
(3) Abstract-a word
or phrase (e.g.,"target") or other abstract
representation of the intended target.
(4) Self-none of the above, the viewer initiates the collection of data.
We examined these techniques in order to determine which provides the best access to a remote
target.
For these four targeting techniques, 183 trials were identified-the
remainder, 13 trials, were listed as "unknown" targeting. The effect size for viewings initiated by
these targeting techniques was 0.401, leading to a p value of 2.92 × 10-8. Thus, there is
significant evidence for remote viewing functioning. The between-groups chi-square is
significant (X2 = 12.58, v = 3; p ≤ 0.0058), indicating that the effect sizes resulting from these
targeting techniques are not drawn from the same population.
It is difficult, however, to attribute the significant differences to targeting
techniques alone. In none of the experiments could the targeting technique be used as a valid
independent variable, because, in all cases, the viewers and experimenters were not blind to the
targeting condition. Thus, it is possible, even likely, that the viewers' scientific or emotional bias
toward one technique or another confounds the interpretation. Other factors, such as feedback
time and type, or potential physics models of information transfer, also confound the
interpretation.
Given these caveats, beacon targeting appears to provide the best and most
stable results (n = 66, z = 5.305, p ≤ 5.65 X 10-8, d = 0.653).
3.
(U) Evaluation and Analysis
(U) The evaluation and analysis of remote viewing data has undergone significant
improvement during our 16 years of investigation. Beginning as a simple blind matching by
judges, the techniques have been improved by the addition of concept analysis (the paraphrasing
of a complex response), discrete descriptor analysis (defining targets and response as the yes/no
answers to a predetermined set of descriptors), and fuzzy set descriptors (defining targets and
responses as fuzzy sets).
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The fuzzy set technique has also been applied to
experiments and found to provide a useful estimate of remote viewing accuracy (the percent of
the intended target that was described correctly) and viewer reliability (the percent of the
viewer's response that was correct).
For rapid evaluation of laboratory experiments, rank-order judging of
targets within preselected (i.e., by fuzzy set techniques) target packets is recommended. For
more accurate measures of remote viewing ability, however, the full fuzzy set analysis is
suggested. Determining whether the fuzzy set technique can be applied
Kis
a topic for further investigation.
4. (U) Training
Six training efforts were conducted during the time period under
consideration; three were qualitative and three were quantitative. There is no overall quantitative
evidence that remote viewing can be taught to novice viewers. Of the qualitative efforts, two were
conducted with
viewers, and one was conducted with SRI personnel. All
three showed some qualitative evidence, however, that training improves remote viewing skill.
Quantitative experiments were conducted with 18 novice viewers in three
separate experiments comprising 481 trials. In the first group, the novices were self-selected on
the basis of strong interest and previous personal experiences. None had participated in prior
laboratory experiments. The six viewers in this group produced overall significant evidence for
remote viewing (n = 169, z = 1.719, p ≤ 0.043, d = 0.132). None of the viewers, however,
individually or collectively demonstrated significant evidence that training helps a viewer to
improve.
The second group of 9 viewers was selected because the Personality
Assessment System predicted that they would exhibit a wide range of remote viewing ability.
Overall, their data did not reach statistical significance (n = 221, z = - 0.971, p ≤ 0.834,
d = - 0.065). While the best viewer produced an effect size of 0.170, none of the viewers' data
reached statistical significance. None of these viewers individually or collectively demonstrated
significant evidence that training helps a viewer to improve.
In the third group of 3 novice viewers, one demonstrated significant
evidence for improvement (n = 26, z = 3.01, p ≤ 0.0013, d = 0.590).
While significant evidence for remote viewing has been observed. whether
training can improve remote viewing skill has yet to be substantiated quantitatively. It is possible
that knowledge has not yet advanced to the point where we know how to train. Since the data
from viewers in group GI have remained stable over time, we conclude that simple practice does
not appear to improve performance.
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SRI recommends that investigations into training be continued. In the
meantime, good viewers are more easily found than trained.
5. (U) Role of Feedback
(U) Feedback is defined as providing the viewer with information about the intended
target after a remote viewing experiment. Very few experiments were devised to test the role of
feedback in determining remote viewing quality. In the early phases of the project, the primary
objective was to provide as good a result as possible, and since feedback appeared not to hinder
remote viewing, most of the early sessions always included it in one form or another.
The strongest evidence about the role of feedback is provided by the FY
1987 tachistoscope experiment. In that study, subliminal or minimal visual feedback was
provided to the viewers. Two of the four viewers produced independent evidence for remote
viewing ability (n = 40; 2 = 2.30, p < 0.012, d = 0.363, and z = 4.43, p ≤ 4.78 x 10-6,
d = 0.700, respectively). Neither of these viewers showed any dependency upon the intensity of
the visual feedback, including zero intensity (i.e., no feedback at all).
The question of the role of feedback was examined for group GI. We
examined feedback time (i.e., the time duration after a session before feedback was provided),
and feedback type (e.g., site, false site, verbal, visual). We found that there were substantial and
significant differences among the various feedback times and among the various feedback types.
To interpret these differences with regard to feedback is difficult. For
example, the significant difference between a 1-hour delay compared to a 5-minute delay may
result from the fact that most of the 5-minute delay feedback intervals occurred in experiments
in which photographs were used as targets. Since the longer delay occurred in experiments that
used beacons and natural sites as targets, one interpretation is that the observed differences are
attributable to target type rather than feedback interval.
A similar problem arises in the feedback type category. One clear result.
however, does emerge. The effect sizes for feedback of natural sites (d = 0.734) is significantly
larger than for feedback of the incorrect natural site (d = - 0.137. X2 = 4.55, v = 1; p < 0.042).
Giving false feedback appears to inhibit remote viewing.
A recent study indicates that feedback in remote viewing experiments is not
essential.7
This result is in qualitative agreement with the findings from our tachistoscope
experiment. In forced-choice experiments, however, Honorton found that the role of feedback
in the precognition experiments was critical.8
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While the quantitative results are mixed, viewers indicate that feedback is
psychologically important. We conclude, therefore, that feedback should be provided whenever
possible.
6. (U) Effect of Distance
We examined the effect of distance on the quality of remote viewing.
Distances were divided into four ranges: < 1 km, < 50 km, < 5000 km, and > 5000 km. For the
group GI, there was no effect of distance on the quality of remote viewing (X2 = 3.56, v = 2;
p < 0.167). It is possible to be definitive about this particular result since all confounding
variables tend to increase the chi-square rather than decrease it.
7. (U) Effect of Size of Target
Only one experiment has been conducted that directly addresses this issue.
Photographs were reduced to a spot size of approximately 1 mm in diameter. One viewer from
group GI produced significant results (n = 6, z = 2.10, p ≤ 0.018, d = 0.857). We are able to
conclude that targets 1 mm in diameter do not inhibit remote viewing quality. No data are
available on targets of varying sizes.
8. (U) Physiological Correlates to Remote Viewing
(U) In the field in general, the search for physiological correlates has not been
successful. Early results indicated that an individual should be moderately relaxed and as free
from physiological stress as possible (e.g., headaches, bathroom demands). These results are not
surprising in that it is likely that such a "physiological" state would be optimal for any human
activity.
SRI has examined neurophysiological correlates to remote viewing in two
separate experiments. Specifically, the central nervous system appears to respond to a remote
light flash, and thus provides a correlate to remote viewing. For the two experiments, a total of
four viewers (all from group GI) produced independent significant changes in @-production in
correlation with remote light stimuli.9.10
SRI recommends that the effort to isolate particular parts of the central
nervous system that respond to remote stimuli be continued. The potential for screening and
training are significant.
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9. (U) Psychological Correlates to Remote Viewing
Psychological correlates to remote viewing have provided weak, but
significant, evidence for correlations with some forms of psychological variables. In the early
work with the Personality Assessment System, SRI found that many of the group GI viewers
clustered near each other in PAS space. In later work, the PAS predicted viewer performance to
a significant degree. SRI's work with self-report personality tests has not been successful;
however, Honorton reports small, but significant correlations with the thinking/feeling dimension
in the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory.11 In general, psychological correlates have been weak
and/or unreliable.
10. (U) Shielding and ELF
The main purpose of searching for shielding against psychoenergetic
functioning is to provide for a secure environment. I. M. Kogan proposed a model of
psychoenergetic information transfer based on extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic
radiation.12 In that model, Kogan proposed that the brain is, in effect, a 10-Hz oscillator and
the body is a crude antenna. Radiation at that frequency would exhibit many of the properties of
psychoenergetic functioning known at that time.
Too few data were collected under known shielding conditions to make
definitive statements with regard to shielding. Two trials were collected in a 30-dB shielding at
10 Hz. These trials showed significant evidence of remote viewing (n = 2, z = 1.92,
p < 0.027, d = 1.358). In another experiment, when the target material was contained in a
SCIF, significant evidence for remote viewing was observed (n = 6, z = 1.91, p ≤ 0.028,
d = 0.780). The trend, however, is clear: electromagnetic shielding does not inhibit
psychoenergetic acquisition of target material.
11. (U) Audio Analysis
In a single study involving 6 trials with a single viewer from group GI, a
significant correlation of remote viewing quality with the audio/linguistic character of the
response was found (n = 6, r = 0.995, p < 0.050, d = 0.800). One purpose for determining
within-session correlations with remote viewing quality is to provide for an independent and
a priori measure of quality.
(U) SRI recommends that this type of investigation be continued to determine the
degree to which the result can be generalized across viewers.
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12. (U) Search and Tracking
As was seen in Section V .- B., above, significant evidence for search was
found overall (n = 3,790, z = 2.61, p ≤ 0.0045, d = 0.042). Most of these trials were collected
in experiments using computer techniques. In a few experiments, however, the target material
was physical objects in a laboratory setting. The effect sizes from these experiments do not differ
significantly from the overall result.
Search has always been a challenge. On a few occasions, operational use of
search has proved extremely useful data, but on the average, both the laboratory experiments
and operational use have been disappointing. SRI recommends continued effort in search to
determine those factors that can enhance a potentially very useful phenomenon.
13. (U) Precognitive Remote Viewing
The first SRI precognition experiment provided significant evidence of the
phenomenon (n = 4, z = 1.73, p < 0.042, d = 0.864).13 From FY 1975 to FY 1987,
precognition was not studied in any systematic manner. During FY 1987, one experiment was.
conducted using natural sites as targets and one of the group GI viewers. The result was not
significant (n = 10, z = - 0.476, p < 0.683, d = - 0.150). A second experiment using novice
viewers was conducted in the same year. This also did not reach a significant level (n = 55,
z = 0.070, p ≤ 0.472, d = 0.064). Therefore, the results of SRI's investigations are mixed.
However, in a recent meta-analysis of the precognition forced-choice literature conducted by
one of SRI's subcontractors, 50 years of experimentation involving 50,000 subjects showed highly
significant evidence for the phenomenon (n~ 106, z = 24.23 . p ≤ 4 × 10-52, d = 0.041). This
result is consistent with the forced-choice real-time studies conducted at SRI (d = 0.052).
Taken as a whole, there appears to be compelling evidence for precognition.
When precognition is used as the underlying assumption for a heuristic model of psychoenergetic
functioning. 15 years of random number generator data fall on the predicted theoretical curve.14
14. (U) Analytics (Forced-Choice)
(U) Forced-choice remote viewing (defined in Section IV .- A.) has traditionally
provided weak but consistent evidence for a psychoenergetic phenomenon. In the experiments
conducted during the Rhine era, over one million trials were conducted with ESP cards (i.e., a
one-in-five target system).15 Strong significances were observed, but effect sizes were of the
order of 0.02.
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Table 3 shows the results for 19,675 trials collected at SRI since Iv .
The
effect size is consistent with the early results of Rhine (d = 0.052). In fiscal years 198 088
one of the viewers from group GI was able to increase the effect size by a factor of 10 (" -")
p < 0.00015, d = 0.51), meeting Cohen's definition of a strong effect. While the was
significant improvement with this viewer during the three years, the number of formal to :\ " as
small, and thus interpretation is difficult.
SRI recommends that a forced-choice investigation be continuing to
determine if such strong effects can be observed in other viewers.
15. (U) Conducting an RV Experiment
No formal experimentation has been conducted to examine www.
parameters that enhance remote viewing. SRI does not use any formal induction technique
the sessions are conducted in a businesslike atmosphere with the viewer and monitor.
upright and opposite each other across a table. Since the overall effect size (d = 0.385) ( ... ....
for group GI meets Cohen's definition of a medium-sized effect, these session conditions ... .....
appear to hinder the phenomenon.
16. (U) Countermeasures
The first step in investigating countermeasures for remote viewing 1. ...
examine whether it is possible to shield against psychoenergetic intrusion. As was discu. . ...
Section V .- C .- 10, E&M shielding does not appear to be effective.
To provide an effective shield or a useful physical countermeasure. It will
be determined whether psychoenergetic phenomena interact with the physical world. ...
remote action studies conducted at SRI, most of the studies have not demonstrated any evil. .....
of psychoenergetic interaction with the physical world.
Two exceptions are worthy of discussion. In a study conducted in FY . .. ,
involving random number generators, the significant results were consistent with the hist .. .
database of such experiments. Later, it was shown that these results are not due to a ph .... ..
interaction, but rather due to precognition.14
During FY 1975, a striking anomaly was observed when one of the vi ...
from group GI attempted to influence a shielded magnetometer. The device was perturbed ",,
significant manner, but no other experiments were conducted that showed similar non-stati .. .
results.
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In an experiment designed to replicate claims made in the People's Republic
of China, SRI determined the degree to which pulses from a photomultiplier tube correlated with
the quality of remote viewing. While strong evidence for remote viewing was seen, no significant
correlations with the tube output were observed.
At this time, there is no evidence that psychoenergetic phenomena can be
shielded against nor effectively countermeasured.
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REFERENCES (U)
1.
Zimbardo, P., Psychology and Life, 12th Ed., Scott, Foresman and Company, Boston,
MA, p. 54 (1988) UNCLASSIFIED.
2.
Rosenthal, R., Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research, Applied Social Research
Methods Series, Vol. 6, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA (1982) UNCLASSIFIED.
3.
Light, R. J. and D. B. Pillemer, Summing Up, The Science of Reviewing Research,
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (1984) UNCLASSIFIED.
4.
Hedges, L. V. and I. Olkin, Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis, Academic Press, Inc.,
New York, NY (1985) UNCLASSIFIED.
5.
Feingold, A., "Matching for Attractiveness in Romantic Partners and Same-Sex Friends:
A Meta-Analysis and Theoretical Critique," Psych. Bull., Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 226-235
(1988) UNCLASSIFIED.
6.
Cohen, J., Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, (rev. ed.) Academic
Press, New York, NY (1977) UNCLASSIFIED.
7.
Targ, E., R. Targ, and O. Lichtarge, "Realtime Clairvoyance: A Study of Remote Viewing
Without Feedback," The Proceedings of the Parapsychological Association 28th Annual
Convention, Tufts University, Medford, MA. pp.
335-342 (August 1985)
UNCLASSIFIED.
8.
Honorton, C., D. B. Ferrari, and G. Hansen, "Meta-Analysis of Forced-Choice
Precognition Experiments," Psychophysical Research Laboratories' Technical Report
(1989) UNCLASSIFIED.
9.
May, E. C., R. Targ, and H. E. Puthoff, "Possible EEG Correlates to Remote Stimuli
Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding," Proceedings of Electro77 Professional Program
of the IEEE, Special Session on the State of the Art in Psychic Research, New York
(April 1977) UNCLASSIFIED.
10.
May, E. C., W. W. Luke, and T. J. Frivold, "Neurophysiological Correlates to Remote
Viewing (U)," SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, Final Report-Objective D, Task 1.
Project 1291 (December 1988)
11.
Private communication.
12.
Kogan, I. M., "Is Telepathy Possible?" Radio Eng., Vol. 21, P. 75 (January 1966)
UNCLASSIFIED.
13.
Puthoff, H. E. and R. Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer Over
Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research," Proceedings of the
IEEE, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 329-354 (March 1976) UNCLASSIFIED.
14.
May, E. C., D. I. Radin, G. S. Hubbard, B. S. Humphrey, and J. M. Utts, "PSI
Experiments with Random Number Generators: An Informational Model." SRI
International, Menlo Park, CA, Final Report Project 8067 (October 1985)
UNCLASSIFIED.
15.
Honorton, C., "Error Some Place!," Journal of Communication, pp. 103-116 (Winter
1975) UNCLASSIFIED.
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(U) Thus, the groups of interest were ranked as ERUa > ERA8 = ERU8 > IRA5
when predicting overall performance and were ranked as the reverse of this when predicting
the significance of the learning within the experiment.
3.
(U) Results of Predictions: Correlations Between RV Performance and PAS
Profiling
(U) Table 5 shows the PAS predictions for overall RV performance as measured
against actual performance -- i.e., each trainee's performance as measured by an effect size
estimate (Pearson's r)3 derived from the figure of merit analysis4 p-values. An effect size
estimate is used to normalize for number of sessions.
Table 5
PAS PREDICTION VS. ACTUAL VIEWER PERFORMANCE
PAS Prediction
Actual Viewer
Performance
Viewer
ID
Profile
Prediction
Comments
Viewer
ID
Effect
Size (r)
Number of
Sessions (n)
739
ERUa
best
739
0.170
10
210
ERA8
best
137
0.110
23
928
ERU8
best
very
close
in
ranking
928
0.082
28
512
IRAS
best
512
-0.131
25
891
IRAS
best
450
-0.139
37
450
IRU4
middle
307
-0.159
25
-
137
ERUS
middle
210
-0.220
23
307
EFU5
worst
might
do well
in IDS,
but not
in RV
891
-0.267
27
176
EFU6
worst
clearly the
bottom
176
-0.279
23
* PAS prediction coincides with the viewer's actual rank.
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(U) While the rank order correlation contrasting the top five and bottom four
performers does not achieve statistical significance, it is encouraging that the PAS correctly
identified two out of the three best performers. The failure to identify Viewer 137 is easily
attributed to lack of prior experience with ERUS viewers. Thus, the results tend more to
confirm than to disconfirm the FY 1984 PAS study.
(U) Table 6 shows the PAS predictions for evidence of RV learning as measured
against actual evidence for learning -- i.e., each trainee's learning-slope effect size as derived
from the figure of merit slope p-values.
Table 6
PAS PREDICTION VS. EVIDENCE FOR VIEWER LEARING
PAS Prediction
Actual Viewer
Performance
Viewer
ID
Profile
Prediction
Viewer
ID
Effect
Size (r)
Number of
Sessions (n)
891
IRAS
Most improvement
739
0.223
10
512
IRA5
928
0.213
28
928
ERU8
137
0.155
23
210
ERA8
210
0.082
23
739
ERUa
450
0.046
37
450
IRU4
891
-0.041
27
137
ERUS
176
-0.085
23
307
EFUS
307
-0.392
25
176
EFU6
Least improvement
512
-0.524
25
.
" PAS prediction coincides with the viewer's actual rank.
(U) The PAS predictions concerning viewer learning are largely unsuccessful.
When the PAS predictions were forwarded to the SRI COTR, however, they were caveated
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IV CONCLUSIONS (U)
(U) Several important factors must be noted when assessing the overall efficacy of the
PAS in this study. It is important to observe, for example, that the novice RV training results
are preliminary: final training results are not officially scheduled for delivery until the end of
the first quarter of FY 1987. Although continuation of training with the original nine
participants at this juncture would destroy the double-blind aspect of the PAS study, a
workable solution to this problem has been identified -- namely, to continue training with a
new group comprised of the most promising few candidates out of the original group of nine,
augmented with new candidates to whom the monitors and evaluators are blind with respect to
PAS pattern.
The explanation for the observed lack of significance in the
preliminary novice RV training results is presently unknown. One
hypothesis would suggest that the training procedures are simply not
proving effective. This appears unlikely, however, given that significance
was achieved with novice trainees using the same procedures in FY 1984. A
second possibility is that training needs to be of a longer duration. *
This hypothesis can be tested by observing whether significance is achieved
with the selected viewers from this study who continue training.
(U) The PAS results for this study are encouraging and provide a conceptual replication
of the earlier FY 1984 PAS work. In the earlier study, the PAS was used successfully to
predict the top performer out of each of three different training groups. In FY 1986, the
PAS has been used effectively to predict two out of the top three performers in a single
training group. As an empirically driven system, the PAS Reference Groups experience
continual refinement as the PAS data base increases. It is anticipated, therefore, that the
predictive power of the PAS will increase accordingly.
(U) This is more consistent with the apparent indication that aspects of the training results are correlated
with something else, i.e., the PAS.
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THE EFFECTS OF HYPNOSIS ON REMOTE VIEWING
QUALITY (U)
TAB
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ABSTRACT (U)
Two remote viewers participated in an experiment to determine whether the
overall quality of remote viewing (RV) would be enhanced by a hypnotic trance. Each viewer
participated in 16 RV sessions while in trance. No significant evidence of psychoenergetic
functioning was obtained, and comparisons with previous work by the same viewers were
therefore rendered moot. Implications of these results for further research are discussed.
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III RESULTS (U)
A. (U) Hypnotizability scales
(U) Our experienced viewer (No. 372) produced a score of 10 on the 12-point
hypnotizability scales, a 92 centile equivalent. Though he was unable to inhibit hand movement
on suggestion, failed to respond to a hallucinated voice item, and experienced conflict during
value and meaning alterations, he produced a deep state of relaxation, became absorbed in
imagery processes, was able to regress, performed posthypnotic suggestions, and showed amnesia
and hypermnesia, trance logic, cognitive and role distortion. Imaginal ability was highly rated
with the ability to create, manipulate, and experience imagery in all sensory fields especially
when the image was positive and productive.
(U) The novice viewer (No. 137) scored a 7 on the hypnotizability scales, a 71 centile
equivalent. She produced a deep state of relaxation, showed ability to regress and to be
absorbed in imagery, performed posthypnotic suggestions, and showed amnesia. She showed
difficulty altering sensory phenomena, did not demonstrate hypermnesia, trance logic, or the
ability for cognitive and role distortion. Again, for this viewer imaginal ability was highly rated
with the ability to create, manipulate, and experience imagery in all sensory fields.
B. (U) RV results
The results of the independent judge's rank order for each RV are shown in
Table 1.
Table 1
(U) RANK BY SESSION NUMBER FOR 16 TRIALS
Session No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Viewer 372
2
1 1453
2
3
2
4
5
2
2
4
5
5
Viewer 137
3 5 3|2|2|4|1|2|545 4 42 5
5
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The sum of ranks for Viewer No. 372 is 50, with an associated p-value of 0.67.
For Viewer No. 137, the sum is 56, with a p-value of 0.93. Since neither of these p-values is
significant, it appears that there has been no information transfer in this experiment.
Comparisons with previous work by these viewer's would be superfluous, since there is no
significant evidence of RV.
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IV DISCUSSION (U)
RV has been demonstrated to be a weak phenomenon such that success on any
given study cannot be expected 100 percent of the time. The following discussion focuses on
three other possibilities for failure to achieve positive results in this study.
The first possibility is that the hypnotic trance was disruptive to the usual RV
processes. Since each of the viewers had participated in well over 100 previous RV trials, their
particular methods of producing an RV response were relatively habituated. The viewers
received no particular training on how to perform under trance, how the RV experience would
differ while in trance, or extensive practice with hypnosis RV sessions. It seems reasonable to
conclude that the addition of a training period prior to the taking of experimental data may have
produced more positive results.
Conversely it may be that the demands of the RV production process are such
that the trance state is not at all conducive to producing high-quality RV. If this is so, then a
decrease in performance over time might be expected as the viewers become accomplished at
trance induction and deepening. Both viewers showed a tendency in the direction of decreasing
performance as the study progressed (r = 0.510 with 15 df for viewer # 372, r = 0.348 with 15 df
for viewer # 137). In the pilot work mentioned above the viewer produced his responses while in
the waking state using a stimulus word that served as a post-hypnotic suggestion. Further
experimentation may show this to be the more efficient protocol, since it dovetails nicely with our
standard stimulus-response method of conducting an RV session.
A second possibility is that the viewers chosen for this study were not the optimal
individuals for this work. While ranking relatively high on the scale of hypnotizibility, these
particular viewers were not hypnotic virtuosos. Demonstration of an effect using hypnosis may
require the most highly susceptible subjects, corresponding to a score of 12 on the Stanford
Hypnotizability Scales.
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A third potential source of interference in the hypnosis task could have been
what is known in the parapsychology literature7 as "displacement." In this instance the term
refers to the inability of the viewer to distinguish accurately between elements of the target and
elements of its decoys in the target packet. The division of the target pool into 20 packets of five
was done arbitrarily for simplicity of judging in another experiment. In prior years a given target
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was randomized with decoys from orthogonal target clusters for judging purposes after the RV
session was concluded instead of before the session. Displacement into the other targets in the
packet may have occurred, such that the viewer was confused about exactly what constituted the
target. To check this possibility, a new set of decoys for each target was randomly chosen from
orthogonal target clusters and a second judging was performed by a different judge. The second
judging produced marked variability in the ranks assigned and a decline in the sum-of-ranks,
with a p-value for the difference in means between the two judgings of 0.08. While this result
does not achieve significance at the usual 0.05 level and may be due to judging differences, it
could also suggest displacement effects.
In order to address these issues, future experiments should be designed to
eliminate these potential difficulties. Specifically, an attempt seems warranted to replicate the
results of the successful pilot work mentioned above, where hypnosis was used as a memory aid
and targets were randomized with decoys after the viewing.
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SRI Internationa
Final Report
Covering the Period October 1983 to October 1984
May 1985
PHOTON PRODUCTION
(CHINESE REPLICATION) (U)
TABK
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May 19853
PHOTON PRODUCTION
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I OBJECTIVE (U)
The objective of this task was to examine and replicate foreign work in
psychokinesis (PK)
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III INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND (U)
We have attempted to assess the possibility of constructing an intrusion detector
that would be sensitive to remote viewing (RV) of facilities. In order to perform this task, we
have surveyed many reports of psychokinesis (PK)I
While a few of these papers seemed to document genuine psychoenergetic phenomena, none
really served as an exact model for testing physical correlates at the site of RV activity. Since
. that survey was conducted, new reports of PK experiments by physicists in the People's
Republic of China (PRC) have emerged.2-3 The two papers cited contain brief descriptions of
experiments in which individuals with "exceptional vision" affected physical systems (film,
photomultiplier tubes, and plants) when correctly identifying Chinese language characters
hidden with the test apparatus.
As the Chinese themselves point out, the photomultiplier (PM) tube has the
best sensitivity, stability, and response to transients of the three systems examined. For these
reasons, we concluded that a replication of the PRC experiments (using SRI International RV
participants and a PM tube) afforded the most promising test of intrusion detection. While
investigating the intrusion concept, we would be able to replicate foreign work in PK as well.
(U) Specifically, the Chinese reported that PM-tube-count rates of 102 to 103 greater
than background rates have been produced during "exceptional vision." Their signal
discriminators were set to produce a background of about 15 counts/s. Although the Chinese
claim to have eliminated sources of experimental artifact such as light leaks, electromagnetic
interference, and the like, at least one report states that individuals "must touch the surface
of the light-proof material" or the effect is not produced.2 This procedure seems such an
obvious potential source of artifact that we excluded touching entirely in our investigations.
The PRC experiments also reported that the anomalous signals produced during exceptional
vision were primarily large-amplitude pulses which appeared rapidly (~1 s rise time).
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By following the above suggestions, we believe a more definitive investigation can be
conducted.
Despite our reservations about the large anomalies, the statistical correlations we
observed represent the first evidence that intrusion detection may be possible -- even in
principle. Therefore, this work must be continued to confirm such a possibility.
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December 1986
Covering the Period 1 October 1985 to 30 September 1986
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REMOTE VIEWING EVALUATION TECHNIQUES (U)
SRI Internationa
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I INTRODUCTION (U)
. Since the publication of the initial remote viewing (RV) effort
at SRI International*1, two basic questions have remained in evaluating
remote viewing data:
.
What is the definition of the target site?
.
What is the definition of the RV response?
In the development of meaningful evaluation procedures, we must address
these two questions, whether the RV task is a research-oriented one (in
which the target pool is known), or
· mission (in
which the target may not be known) .
(U) In the older, IEEE-style, outbound experiment, definitions of target and response
were particularly difficult to achieve. The protocol for such an experiment dictated that an
experimenter travel to some randomly chosen location at a prearranged time; a viewer's task
was to describe that location. In trying to assess the quality of the RV descriptions (in a
series of trials, for example), an analyst visited each of the sites and attempted to match
responses to them. While standing at a site, the analyst had to determine not only the
bounds of the site, but also the site details that were to be included in the analysis. To cite a
specific example using this protocol: if the analyst were to stand in the middle of the Golden
Gate Bridge, he/she would have to determine whether the buildings of downtown San
Francisco, which are clearly and prominently visible, were to be considered part of the
Golden Gate Bridge target. The RV response to the Golden Gate Bridge target could be
equally troublesome, because responses of this sort were typically 15 pages of dream-like free
associations. A reasonable description of the bridge might be contained in the response -- it
might be obfuscated, however, by a large amount of unrelated material. How was an analyst
to approach this problem of response definition?
(U) The first attempt at quantitatively defining an RV response involved reducing the
raw transcript to a series of declarative statements called concepts.2 Initially, it was
(U)
References are listed in order of appearance at the end of this report.
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determined that a coherent concept should not be reduced to its component parts. For
example, a small red VW car would be considered a single concept rather than four separate
concepts, small, red, VW, and car. Once a transcript had been "conceptualized," the list of
concepts constituted, by definition, the RV response. The analyst rated the concept lists
against the sites. Although this represented a major advance over previous methods, no
attempt was made to define the target site.
During an FY 1982 program, a procedure was developed to define
both the target and response material.3 It became evident that before a
site can be quantified, the overall remote viewing goal must be clearly
defined. If the goal is simply to demonstrate the existence of the RV
phenomena, then anything that is perceived at the site is important. But
if the goal is to gain information that is useful
, then specific items at the site are important while others
remain insignificant. For example, let us assume that an office is a
hypothetical target and that a single computer in that office is of
specific interest. Let us also assume, hypothetically, that a viewer gives
an accurate description of the shape of the office, provides the serial
number of the typewriter, and gives a complete description of the owner of
the office. Although this kind of a response might provide excellent
evidence for remote viewing, the target of interest (the computer) is
completely missed -- this response, therefore, is of no interest
· What is needed is a specific technique to allow
assessments that are mission-oriented.
. This report describes a computerized RV evaluation procedure that
was initially developed in FY 19844 and has been expanded and refined in FY
1986 .* In its current evolution, it is an analysis that has been aimed
primarily at simpler, research-oriented tasks using a known target pool.
It is anticipated, however, that future refinements to existing procedures,
in addition to the advances of proposed new technologies, will allow
evaluation techniques to begin to address the more complex issue of
. RV
collection.
*(U) This report constitutes Objective A, Task 4, "Remote Viewing Evaluation Techniques."
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. Finally, work will be initiated to develop mission-specific
descriptor lists for technical site applications. .
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V CONCLUSIONS (U)
(U) The FY 1986 evaluation effort has resulted in (1) refinement and extension of
current techniques, and (2) identification of candidate new technologies for preliminary
research.
(U) The mathematical formalism for the current evaluation procedure -- the figure of
merit analysis -- is well understood and stable. In addition to the system's ability to provide a
reasonable assessment of remote viewing data, it has also provided a mechanism for systematic
examination of inter-analyst reliability factors.
(U) The descriptor lists that currently form the basis for the figure of merit analysis
have been evaluated on a post hoc basis. Preliminary observations indicate that lists designed
for novice responses require greater abstract descriptor capability, whereas lists designed for
advanced responses (i.e., higher-quality data) require greater concrete descriptor capability.
It is anticipated that fuzzy set technology will assist in formalizing the interdependence
between abstract and concrete descriptors, by providing a mathematical framework through
which basis vector descriptors can be combined to form concrete descriptors.
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(U) Research into new technologies for RV evaluation will begin in FY 1987. One of
these approaches, the proposed "similarity" experiment, shows promise for identifying basis
vector descriptors. A second approach, using rule-based expert systems, will explore a
different dimension by endeavoring to capture RV analysts' expertise in codifying targets.
Should this initial effort in artificial intelligence prove successful, it will be expanded to
address the more difficult problem of response interpretation.
It is hoped that this multifaceted approach to the refinement of
RV evaluation procedures will result in increased capabilities for
addressing the more complex problems of mission-oriented
RV.
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