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PROPOSED DOWNGRADING OF CLASSIFIED DOCUMENTS FOR COGNITIVE SCIENCES
LABORATORY - VOLUME 2 OF 2 (U)
-
1
SRI
An Application Oriented Remote Viewing
Experiment (U)
2
SRI
An Application Orientated Remote Viewing
Experiment (SRI Project 8339) (U)
13
SRI
Geophysical Effects Study (SRI Project 6600)
Dec 84 (U)
-
4
SRI
Geophysical Effects Study (SRI Project 6600)
Jul 84) (U)
4
5
SRI
Personnel Identification and Selection (SRI
Project 6000)
J 6
SRI
Special Orientation Techniques (SRI Project
6600) (U)
7
SRI
Special Orientation Techniques S-IV (U) (SRI
Project 5590
V
8
SRI
Target Search Techniques (U) (SRI Project 6600)
2
9
SRI
Special Orientation Techniques S-V, S-VI (U)
(SRI Project 6600)
1
10
SRI
Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV) Technology
11
SRI
Computer-Assisted Search (U) (SRI Project 1291)
1
12
SRI
Feedback and Precognition - Dependent Remote
Viewing Experiments (U) (SRI Project 1291)
V
13
SRI
A Remote Viewing Evaluation Proposal (U)
1
14
SRI
Free World Psychoenergetics
Research Survey (U)
4
15
SRI
NIC Techniques (U) (SRI Project 7560)
V
16
SRI
Possible Photon Production during a Remote
Viewing Task: A Replication Experiment (U)
≤ 17
SRI
Special Orientation Techniques (U) (SRI Project
8465)
1
18
SRI
A Remote Viewing Evaluation Protocol (U) (SRI
Project 4028)
.
UNCLASSIFIED
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UNCLASSIFIED
DOCUMENT
ORIGINATOR
TITLE
1
19
SRI
An Automated RV Evaluation Procedure (U) (SRI
Project 7408-12)
/ 20
SRI
A Prototype Analysis System for Special Remote
Viewing Task (U) (SRI Project 1291)
1
21
SRI
A Suggested Remote Viewing Training Procedure
(U) (SRI Project 1291)
22
SRI
An Experiment to Explore Possible Anomalistic
Behavior of a photon Defection System During a
Remote Viewing Test (U) (SRI Project 1291)
23
SRI
Application of Fuzzy Sets to Remote Viewing
Analysis (U) (SRI Project 1291)
24
SRI
Bacterial Mutation Study (U)
(SRI Project 7408-10)
25
SRI
Enhanced Human Performance Investigation (U)
(SRI Project 1291)
26
SRI
Enhanced Human Performance Investigation (U)
(SRI Project 1291)
27
SRI
Enhanced Human Performance Investigation (U)
(SRI Project 1291)
28
SRI
Enhanced Human Performance Investigations (U)
(SRI Project 7408)
29
SRI
Feedback and Target Dependencies in Remote
Viewing Experiments (U) (SRI Project 1291)
30
SRI
Forced-Chance Remote Viewing (U)
(SRI Project 1291)
31
SRI
Location of Target Material in Space and Time
(U) (SRI Project 1291)
32
SRI
Neurophysiological Correlates to Remote Viewing
(U) (SRI Project 1291)
33
SRI
PSI Communications Experiments (U)
UNCLASSIFIED
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Volume 2 of 2 (U)
June 9, 1994
Presented to:
Submitted by:
Edwin C. May, Ph.D.
Science Applications International Corporation
Cognitive Sciences Laboratory
P.O. Box 1412
Menlo Park, CA 94025
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7
April 1989
AN APPLICATION ORIENTED REMOTE VIEWING
EXPERIMENT (U)
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International
LA
415 326-6200 . TWX: 910-373-2046 . Telex: 334-486
1
Final Report
By:
£
SRI International
4
(
C
[
Copy /03
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Final Report
Covering the Period 1 May 1988 to April 1989
April 1989
AN APPLICATION ORIENTED REMOTE VIEWING
EXPERIMENT (U)
Copy 3 of 3 Copies
This document consists of 56 pages
SRI
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park, CA 94025
415 326-6200 . TWX: 910-373-2046 . Telex: 334-486
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By:
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SRI PROJECT 2740
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SRI Internationa
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LIST OF FIGURES (U)
1.
Viewer 372: Response To Enclosed Microwave Generator
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2.
Viewer 372: Response To Details Of The Generator
12
3.
Viewer 373:
Plan View Of The Target Area '
13
4.
Viewer 372: Possible Response To The Solar Facility
15
5.
Viewer 372:
Response Details To The Solar Facility
1
16
6.
Viewer 009: Possible Response To The Generator
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LIST OF TABLES (U)
1.
Universe of Target And Response Elements (U)
8
2.
Figure of Merit (FM) Summary-{
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I OBJECTIVE (U)
The objectives of this experiment were to:
·
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Demonstrate the potential of a novel
collection technique, known as remote viewing,
Determine the degree to which the technique used to
analyze remote viewing results is applicable.
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II BACKGROUND (U)
-(U)
1
SRI was asked
]to participate in an experiment
conducted during the latter half of August, 1988, at
Jain base
in New Mexico. The primary objectives were (1) to demonstrate
the remote viewing of (
energy w
and (2) to apply fuzzy set
analysis to interpret the data.
A. (U) Remote Viewing
(U) Remote viewing (RV) is an apparent human ability to gain access, by mental means
alone, to information that is secured by shielding, distance, or time.1-5 * At least three elements
are necessary to conduct an RV experiment:
(1) An individual, called a viewer, with RV ability
(2) Specific target material (not available to the viewer at the time of the
experiment)
(3) An analysis technique to determine the degree to which RV occurred
In a typical laboratory protocol, a viewer and a monitor-an interviewer who is also unaware of
the target material-are sequestered at time To. At To + 5 minutes, an assistant selects the
intended target from a large pool of potential targets (e.g., a list of locations within a half-hour
drive from the laboratory) using a random procedure. At To + 30 minutes, the assistant is at the
selected site and, back at the laboratory, the viewing begins. At To + 45 minutes, the viewing
ends and the assistant returns to the laboratory. To provide feedback, the viewer, monitor, and
assistant return to the selected site and review the RV data.
(U) To determine if RV occurred, similar experiments are conducted using a newly
selected target for each trial. Usually, the trials are done with target replacement (i.e., each
target is returned to the pool and may be selected again by the random process).
(U)
References may be found at the end of this report.
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B.
(U) Fuzzy Set Analysis
(U) Since 1972, SRI has developed many procedures to determine whether information
has been obtained beyond chance expectation.6-8 In the current method,9 the targets and
viewer's responses are described as fuzzy sets of descriptor elements (e.g., presence of water).
The outcome of the RV experiment is measured by a figure of merit, which is related to the
accuracy and reliability of the viewer's description of the target.
(U)
i
When RV is applied |
the analysis
procedures differ considerably. In laboratory experiments, much is known
about the target, but in |
Dapplications, very little target
information is known. Thus, the analysis technique must be modified in
order to assess the "correct" RV response elements before confirming
evidence can be obtained.
(U)
'Long-standing difficulties in applying the RV phenomena to
intelligence applications are at least twofold. In a lengthy response,
those elements of genuine (
significance must be identified a
priori. Second, even excellent examples of remote viewing do not
necessarily imply 1
usefulness. Therefore, RV-derived
data should be used in conjunction with information obtained
through more conventional channels.
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III APPROACH (U)
(U) SRI conducted a 26-hour RV experiment beginning at 1008 on August 24, 1988.
The viewer provided data in four different work periods: at 1008 and 1500 on August 24, and at
0910 and 1120 on August 25. The details of the experiment are described below.
A. (U) Remote Viewer
SRI selected Viewer V372 to participate in this experiment
because of his* 10-year experience as a viewer, and because he produced
good results in the first experiment in this series, conducted in May,
1987.
B. (U) Target Material
The target was a microwave generating device being tested
1
Included in the target material was the
functional aspect {
relationships among elements .
, and
the elements themselves.
C. (U) Experiment Protocol
The SRI team was given the ,
mame of the experiment, a time
window during which the experiment would be active, and a photograph and
Social Security number of an on-site individual. Other than this, all
aspects and details of the experiment were withheld from V372 and SRI
personnel.
-
(U) To keep the identify of the viewer confidential, we refer to the viewer with the
pronouns he and his regardless of the viewer's gender.
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Four sessions were conducted to provide information. The
times and circumstances were as follows:
(1) 1008 August 24 V372 was asked to describe the location and
details of an event in progress.
Details about pertinent
personnel were also requested.
(2) 1500 August 24 V372 was asked to describe details and
activity at . the site demarked by the presence of the
sponsor's on-site representative.
(3) 0910 August 25 V372
was asked
to expand
upon
his
descriptions from the previous day.
(4) 1120 August 25 V372 was asked consolidate the information
from the previous scans and to provide his concluding
remarks.
During each session, V372's responses were tape-recorded. He
was encouraged to draw details whenever possible. Drawings are contained
in Appendix A. and Appendix B contains verbatim transcripts of all four
sessions. (Because of technical difficulties, most of the taped record of
the second session was lost. Since the remaining data are intact and
since the drawings from the remaining viewings are complete, this gap is
not significant.)
1
After all raw data had been delivered to the sponsor, V372 and
SRI personnel were allowed to visit the target site
for
feedback.
D.
(U) Analysis Technique
As discussed in Section II, quantitative analysis in an
intelligence setting poses problems. Any analysis of remote viewing data
must be accomplished within the context of a mission statement. An
analysis designed only to demonstrate RV is inadequate to enable an
assessment, and vice versa. Under another program,º SRI
developed a generalized analysis technique that allows for an a priori
mission statement. An overview of that technique follows.
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1. (U) Definitions
The most important aspect of RV data analysis is the
definition of both the target and the RV response. For this analysis, all
target and response information is defined as the fuzzy sets T and R,
respectively. Each is described below.
"The target is defined as a fuzzy set of target elements
T[ek, uk, wk] :
ek is an element of a target. For example, an element
of the microwave generator target might be the concept of
antenna efficiency.
. uk is the membership value of element ek. It
represents the degree to which ek is present at the target.
Antenna efficiency, for example, might have a membership
value of 0.6, indicating that antenna efficiency is 60% of
the target material. Determined subjectively, uk is always
a value from 0 to 1.
. wk is an arbitrary weighting factor for element ek. This
factor accounts for differing missions by assigning the
importance of elements relative to each other. The
-energy aspect of the microwave generator is very
Important, for example, and might be assigned a weight of 5
when compared with power supplies, which might have a
weight of 0.5.
·The RV response is similarly defined as a fuzzy set of
response elements R[ex, pr, wi]. The membership values for response
elements, however, have a somewhat different meaning than those for target
elements. Membership values, pr, represent an analyst's assessment as to
the degree of presence of ex in the response. For declarative statements,
Ak = 1 unless a viewer volunteers a specific or implied importance of ex to
the overall target. A degree of interpretation is allowed for
nondeclarative statements by letting uk< 1. The response weights, wx, are
identical to the target weights.
We define accuracy as the percent of target material described
correctly by a response. Likewise, we define reliability (of a viewer) as the
percent of a response that is correct. The figure of merit is the product
of the two; to obtain a high figure of merit, a viewer's description of a
target must be largely correct and contain few extraneous images. In
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fuzzy set terminology, these quantities for the jth target/response pair
are as follows:
Accuracy, = a; =
*
Σως (RinTi)
Ew Tj.k
,
Reliability = r =
j
I = -
k
EwY Rj.k
k
and
Figure of Merit, = M, - a, x r, .
-
The sum over k is called the sigma count in fuzzy set terminology. The sigma
count is defined as the sum of the membership values, , for the elements
of the response, target, and their intersection-that is, Ri, Tj. and
(Rin T)), respectively.
2. (U) Target and Response Data
1
The universe of target and response elements is drawn from the
August, 1988, experiment. We define three element categories: functions,
relationships, and objects. These categories are weighted 1.0, 0.75, and
0.50, respectively.
(U) Table 1 shows the universe of target and response elements and the formal definition
of T and R. All scans were considered together, rather than scan by scan. The various scaling
weights are shown in parentheses adjacent to the appropriate factors. The relative weights are
derived from SRI's best assessment of the operational utility of each element. The response
membership values, R(1), were determined from the raw data (see Appendices A and B). The
target membership values, T(p), were determined by SRI personnel during a site visit in
September, 1988. All elements, however, were determined by an SRI analyst post hoc in order
to allow a more accurate assessment of reliability. Elements derived from the response were
taken literally. Those elements having no corresponding element in the target (i.e., T(u) = 0)
were assigned the average weight of elements present in the target.
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Table 1
(U) UNIVERSE OF TARGET AND RESPONSE ELEMENTS
Element
W
T(A)
R(1)
Functions (1.0)
High-power microwave production
5
1
0.8
EMI component testing
1
0.8
Destructive testing of electronics
2
1
1
Ground focal area
1.73
0
1
Testing a concept-debugging
1
0.3
1
Distributed for catching something evenly
1
1
1
Defensive function
1
1
1
Collecting data for later analysis
0.1
1
1
Relationships (0.75)
Source enclosed in a trailer
5
1
0.7
People away from test site
4
1
1
Targets ≤ 1 km from source
3
1
0.5
Energy exit enclosure
3
1
1
Multiagency participation
2
1
0
Permanent building connected to temporary one
1.9
0
1
Two spherical mirrors connected together
1.9
0
1
Fibers outside edge
1.9
0
Large, semicircular shape with block
1.9
0
1
Multiple support trailers
1
1
0.3
Power generator, 50 m north
1
1
0
30-degree beam divergence
1
1
1
Horn-shape at end of 4×6-cm pipe
1
1
0.8
Inner and outer wrapping
1
0.2
1
Device is of "human" dimensions
0.5
1
1
Airstrip away from mountains
0.25
1
1
1
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Table 1, Continued
(U) UNIVERSE OF TARGET AND RESPONSE ELEMENTS
Element
W
T(1)
R(p)
Objects (0.50)
Microwave generator (tubular 3 m)
5
1
0.7
Pulsed operation
4
1
1
Peak power ~200 MW
4
1
0.8
Extremely short duration
4
1
1
4×6-inch wave guides
3
1
0.8
Conic horn antenna
3
1
0.7
Frequency of 1 GHZ
3
1
0
10-Angstrom wavelength
3
0.05
1
People optimizing device
3
1
1
Incoherent wave front
3
0.1
1
Lots of massive coils
3
1
1
Circuit boards as targets
3
1
1
Support ,vacuum equipment
2
1
0.6
Diagnostic E&M hardware
2
1
0.6
People collecting data
2
1
1
Magnification
2
1
1
Cavity
2
1
1
Double tower with antennae
1.74
0
1
Heating metal to vapor
1.74
0
1
Like spherical WWII mine
1.74
0
1
Buried sensors
1.74
0
1
Lots of ovals
1.74
0
1
Bunch of polished mirrors
1.74
0
1
Spokes from "clam" shape
1.74
0
1
Constant mirror tuning
1.74
0
1
Power supplies
1
1
0.6
Electrical/optical cables
1
1
1
Two-axle, white trailer for source
1
1
0.3
Optical digitizer
1
1
0
Tens of people
1
1
1
Changes of state
1
0.3
1
Molecular disintegration
1
1
0.1
1
Three-step function in rapid succession
1
0.3
1
Uses large amount of energy
1
0.1
1
Capacitor storage
1
1
1
Tubes carrying fluid
1
1
1
Lifesaver-like objects
1
0.2
1
Plasma
1
0.1
1
Flat desert
0.5
1
1
Distant mountains
0.5
1
1
Hot
0.5
1
1
1
1
Starburst, lightening discharge
0.5
0.1
1
Death ray
0.5
0.1
1
Football-field-size area-open ended
0.5
0.6
1
Square block
0.5
0.1
1
Earthbound experiment
0.5
1
1
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1
0.2
1
Collector fibers
Dry
0.5

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IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (U)
Table 2 shows the figure-of-merit analysis for the
experiment using the fuzzy sets defined in Table 1. The target was the
microwave generator, support equipment, and testing environment. The
target-response intersection is shown as |T A R], and the sigma counts of
the target and response sets are shown as | T| and | R|, respectively. N
is the number of elements that were identified for each category. All
quantities include the relative weights shown in Table 1.
The weighted accuracy total of 0.80 (i.e., 80% of the
identifiable; elements at the target site were correctly described by V372)
agrees well with the qualitative correspondence shown in Figures 1 and 2 .*
Figure 3 shows V372's drawing of a plan view of the target area, which
appears to match the experimental situation almost exactly. The figures
of merit show that, since the first experiment in this series, V372's
ability to sense functions and objects has increased modestly, and his
ability to sense relationships has increased by a factor of four. The
relatively low value of 0.57 for the combined (weighted by the category
weighting factors) target elements is consistent with the elaborate nature
of V372's response (see the original response in Appendices A and B) .
Table 2
FIGURE OF MERIT SUMMARY-
Element Type
N
ITORI
ĮTI
|RĮ
Acc.
Rel
M
FUNCTIONS
8
10.00
11.40
12.43
0.88
0.80
0.70
RELATIONSHIPS
16
15.05
21.95
23.45
0.69
0.64
0.44
OBJECTS
48
46.20
56.70
72.92
0.82
0.63
0.52
TOTAL
72
-
-
-
0.80
0.65
0.52
(U) All figures are to be taken as indicators of qualitative correspondence. The drawings and
photographs have been selected to illustrate the correspondence.
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MEASUREMENTS OF:
(DERSAALE ?)
RIVER WRAP
LESS ZEUSE
K2'
OUTER WRAP
MEASURING
DEVICES.
LT
TRANS .
REALLYTONY
COLE
6x4cm
(PART)
B
R
WRAPPED ENVIRONMENT
-.
-
L
r
1.
FIGURE 1 VIEWER 372: RESPONSE TO ENCLOSED MICROWAVE GENERATOR
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BACK INTO
SOMETHING
SHOCK WAVE'S
VELOCITIES
HEAT/ TEMPERATURE.
FOLLOW ON GAS-PLASMA
DISCHARGE

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K?
( FAIRLY LONG )
·
SOME KIND OF GUN .
COMPLEX
BLOCK
GETS VERY DENSE
LONG NARROW CHANNEL
COMBINED
DRIVER ( 4005)
L
Pickup
OPEN/ BUTCLOSED
AREA.
BLOCK
COMPLEX
1
SOME KIND
OF ARAPING
GETS VERY DEUSE
SPIDER WEBS ?
CORE SUSPENDED BY
FINE UNES !
12
& GYPSY
17
FIGURE 2 VIEWER 372: RESPONSE TO DETAILS OF THE GENERATOR
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1
SPIDER
LEG TUBES ..
CARRYING FLUID ?

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(201
WAVE FRONT
EMMiTER
1
SENSITIVE TO
MORE SPECIFIC
ELEMENTS OF
WAVE FRONT
EFFECTS.
¥
×
MORE GENERAL"
EFFECT TEST
. .
· TARGE
OVERALL EVALUATOR .
-1
X
1
X
×
1
×
*
2
...
K
1
FIGURE 3 VIEWER 372: PLAN VIEW OF THE TARGET
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Viewer 372 responded to the primary target with a single
concept that was mostly correct, but with a significant number of
incorrect elements. As can be seen in the response (Figures 1 through 3
and Appendix B), V372 recognized that the device is "some kind of gun"
that emits a high-power, short-duration electromagnetic pulse. This
description, however, is embedded in approximately 30% incorrect material
(i.e., noise) .
1
A persistent problem in
RV is the
boundary of the intended target location.
The
experiment was
approximately 15 km south of the main runway at
Jand 5 km west
THE AIR BASE
of an experimental solar energy collection facility. Also in the area
were electromagnetic pulse evaluation stations with their associated large
antennae. In the formal analysis of this experiment, all data were
considered a response to the intended target.
It is tempting, however, to identify certain elements of
V372's data as responses to the solar collection facility. Such post hoc
assessment is always risky, but in this case the qualitative
correspondence is quite striking. For example, on page B-7 of the
transcript, V372 recognizes
. a bunch of mirrors, some kind of
polished metal mirrors
" but is unable to recognize two distinctly
different high-technology areas. This two-fold theme is intermingled
throughout the response. Figures 4 and 5 show the correspondence of some
of these response elements to the nearby solar collection facility.
1
The access road to the Prancer experiment passes directly
adjacent to the solar facility. During the feedback phase of the
experiment, V372 and the experiment team were fascinated with this complex
and stopped for a moment on the way to the/
Jexperimental area. The
degree to which distracting elements (unrelated to the target) affects the
data is a current research topic.
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· GROUND FOCAL AREA.
. SPECIFICALLY LAID OUT FOR " CATCHING"
SOMETHING " EVENY"
I II II II
I
· MARKED WITH ROMAN
OR GREEK LETTERS.
A
OPEN ENDED.
FOOTBALL FIELD.
1
FIGURE 4 VIEWER 372: POSSIBLE RESPONSE TO THE SOLAR FACILITY
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.. .. .. .. ....
CREASES
SEE
SRD
Drawkik
LIFESNER LIKE DETECTS.
EDGES
INTERLOCK
DEPRESSION
.
BOTTOM
HALF
1
FIGURE 5 VIEWER 372: RESPONSE DETAILS TO THE SOLAR FACILITY
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- VERY POLISHED
$ VERY HARD
METAL.
VIEW
FRIA TIP
OF TOP HALF

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After SRI personnel had been debriefed about the target, a
second long-term participant, V009, was asked to view the same event. He
was told to provide whatever information he could about an event that had
taken place approximately two weeks earlier. Viewer V009 was told nothing
else about the nature of the target or target event, and he worked without
an RV monitor.
Since this was an ad hoc test, not intended to be part of the
series, we have not conducted a formal analysis of V009's response.
Qualitatively, however, V009 appeared to do as well as V372, given that he
remained in session, unmonitored, for only 20 minutes. Figure 6 shows one
part of his drawing response that captures V009's theme. Interestingly,
V009 also appeared to be confused by the multitude of potential target
material in the immediate area. He drew an airport and recognized that it
was not the intended target.
.
17
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1
cylinder
-
-
tie down
home from
here.
$
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FIGURE 6 VIEWER 009: POSSIBLE RESPONSE TO THE GENERATOR
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V CONCLUSIONS (U)
(
Viewer V372 was asked to use RV to describe the activity of
Project
1
'during August 24 and 25, 1988. He described approximately
80% of the identifiable target elements correctly, and 71% of his
responses corresponded with the intended target. Although 29% noise
remains, if this experiment had been an actual
>activity, the
noise probably would not have been a significant distracting factor.
.
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REFERENCES (U)
1.
Puthoff, H. E. and Targ, R., "Perceptual Augmentation Techniques (U)," Final Report,
SRI Project 3183, SRI International, Menlo Park, California (December 1975)
2.
Puthoff, H. E. and Targ, R., "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer Over
Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research," Proceedings of the
IEEE, Vol. 64, No. 3 (March 1976) UNCLASSIFIED.
3.
Puthoff, H. E., et al.,
"Advanced Threat Technique Assessment (U)," Final Report, SRI
Project 5309,
SRI
International,
Menlo
Park,
California (October 1978)
4.
Jahn, R. G., "The | Persistent Paradox of Psychic Phenomena: An Engineering
Perspective," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 136-170 (1982).
UNCLASSIFIED
5.
Puthoff, H. E., "RV Reliability, Enhancement, and Evaluation (U)," Final Report, SRI
Project
4028-1. SRI International, Menlo Park, California (January 1984)
6.
May, E. C., "A Remote Viewing Evaluation Protocol (U)," Final Report (revised), SRI
Project 4028, SRI International, Menlo Park, California (July 1983){
7.
May, E. C., Humphrey, B. S., and Puthoff, H. E., "An Automated RV Evaluation
Procedure (U)," Final Report, SRI Project 7408, SRI International, Menlo Park,
California (May 1985)
8.
May, E. C., Humphrey, B. S., and Mathews, C., "A Figure of Merit Analysis for
Free-Response Material," Proceedings of the 28th Annual Convention of the
Parapsychological Association, pp. 343-354, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
(August 1985) UNCLASSIFIED.
9.
Humphrey, B. S., Trask, V. V., May, E. C., and Thomson M. J., "Remote Viewing
Evaluation Techniques (U)," Final Report-Objective A, Task-4, SRI Project 1291, SRI
International, Menlo Park, California (December 1986) {
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O
U
SRI Internationa
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Final Report
April 1988
AN APPLICATION ORIENTED REMOTE VIEWING
EXPERIMENT (U)
SRI
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park, CA 94025
415 326-6200 . TWX: 910-373-2046 . Telex: 334-486
-
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®
cy 10 6 3
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1
į
SRI International
.
Final Report
Covering the Period 1 May 1987 to April 1988
April 198
AN APPLICATION ORIENTED REMOTE VIEWING
EXPERIMENT (U)
SRI Project 8339
.
..
-
Copy
6
of
6
Copies.
This document consists of 55 pages.
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SRI
Inter
ernational.
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LIST OF FIGURES (U)
1
1.
(U)
Baylands Nature Interpretive Center, with RV Response
5
2.
(U)
Part of the 0800 Response Compared with Photograph of the Altamont
14
Wind-Power Electric Generator Farm
3.
(U)
Part of the 0800 Response Compared With the West Gate of LLNL . .
15
4.
(U)
Part of the 0800 Response Compared with a Map of the Livermore Area
16
LIST OF TABLES (U)
1.
(U)
Universe of Target/Response Elements
. 10
2.
Figure of Merit (FM) Summary-1
-
. 13
.
1.
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I OBJECTIVE (U)
U
The objectives of this experiment were to:
· Demonstrate the potential of a novel ..
I-collection
technique, known as remote viewing
· Determine the degree to which a specific analysis technique
is applicable.
..
..
1
.
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II BACKGROUND (U)
(U) Since 1972, SRI International has been investigating remote viewing (RV) -- an
apparent human ability to gain access, by mental means alone, to information that is secured by
shielding, distance, or time.1-5* At least three elements are necessary to conduct an RV
experiment:
(1) An individual, called a viewer, with an RV ability,
(2) Specific target material (not available to the viewer at the time of the
experiment), and
(3) An analysis technique to determine the degree to which RV occurred.
In a typical protocol, a viewer and a monitor -- an interviewer who is also unaware of the target
material -- are sequestered at time To. At To + 5 minutes, an assistant selects the intended target
by accessing a large pool of potential targets (e.g., a list of locations within a half-hour drive from
the laboratory) using a random procedure. At To + 30 minutes, the assistant is positioned at the
selected site and, back at the laboratory, the viewing begins. At To + 45 minutes, the viewing
ends and the assistant returns to the laboratory. To provide feedback, the viewer, monitor, and
the assistant, return to the selected site and review the RV data.
(U) To determine if RV occurred, a number of similar experiments are conducted using a
newly selected target for each trial. Usually, the trials are done with target replacement (i.e.,
each target is returned to the pool and may be selected again by the random process). Since
1972, many procedures have been developed to determine whether information has been
obtained beyond chance expectation.6-8 In the current method,9 the targets and responses are
described as fuzzy sets of descriptor elements (e.g., water is present). An RV figure of merit is
related to the normalized intersection of the target set and the response set.
(V)
When RV is applied
the analysis
procedures vary considerably.
In laboratory experiments, much is known
about the target, but in !
applications very little target
information is known. Thus, the analysis technique must be modified in
(U)
References may be found at the end of this report.
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order to assess the "correct" RV response elements before confirming
evidence can be obtained.
-
We were asked
to participate in an experiment
conducted during May, 1987
of Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory
using the advanced test accelerator (ATA). The primary
objectives were to demonstrate
remote viewing
and to apply fuzzy set technology in the analysis
of the data. SRI's activity occurred over a 24-hour period beginning at
0800 on May 7, 1987.
L
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1.
.
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III METHOD OF APPROACH (U)
(U) SRI conducted a 27-hour RV experiment beginning at 0800 on May 7, 1987. The
viewer provided data in four different work periods spaced at 8-hour intervals. The details of
the experiment are described below.
A. (U) Selection of a Remote Viewer
SRI selected Viewer V372 to participate in this experiment
because of his/her 10-year experience as a viewer. In 1979, V372 was
calibrated at SRI as part of a "technology" transfer investigation and
found to possess an RV ability. 10 Since then, V372 has participated in
approximately 300
RVs. Since SRI does not have access to most
of those data, we conducted a second calibration series, as part of
another program, during FY 1986.
In the 1986 calibration series, the target material was
sites within a half-hour drive from SRI. A protocol was used
that was similar to the one described above, and a total of 12 RV sessions
were conducted over two weeks. Remote viewing results of the series were
found to be statistically significant and Figure 1 shows one of the three
most successful sessions. It is beyond the scope of this report to
describe this calibration series in detail, but the two-other successful
responses were of the same quality as shown in Figure 1.
B.
£
(U) Target Material
" The primary target was the ATA facility
5
In
particular, the accelerator itself was targeted during operation with an
external beam.
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target's
We have also identified targets of lesser interest in the
environment. We have designated a wind-power electric generator farm at
kumay targetarea
Altamont Pass but adjacent to[
1
as a secondary target, and the
farasit's
main complex, which is farther away geographically but is
functionally associated with4,
7
as a tertiary target.
the primary target area
The intent of this RV experiment was to obtain as much
information as possible about the target environment in general and ATA
external beam operation in particular.
C.
(U) Experiment Protocol
Viewer 372 and a viewing monitor were aware that the target
material was of \
significance and was located within the
greater San Francisco Bay area. They were told that an individual |
described by name and Social Security number
was in the target area during the viewing sessions, and that two members
of the SRI staff' (known to V372 and the monitor) would serve as a "beacon"
and would be at the specific target of interest between 2200 hours on May
7 and 0800 hours on May 8, 1987. (The purpose of the "beacon" person is
to define the target area. Our past experience has shown that viewers
rarely describe the experiences of the "beacon. ") Other than this, all
aspects and details of the experiment were withheld from V372 and the
monitor.
The San Francisco Bay Area is rich in
-
target possibilities. For example, there are many aerospace companies,
semiconductor manufacturing facilities, particle accelerators (e.g.,
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory complex, Stanford Linear Accelerator), radar
installations, military air fields, and Naval bases.
Thus it was felt
that to have the viewer know that the target was of
interest
TECHNICAL
and was in the greater Bay Area would not compromise the experiment.
Four sessions were conducted to provide information at
approximately 8-hour intervals during May 7, 1987. The time and
circumstances are as follows:
(1) 0800 May 7 -- V372 was asked to describe the geographical
area, and the gestalt of the area of interest. He/she was
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T-
also asked to provide as much detail as possible in real
time (i.e., at 0835), and was targeted upon the sponsor's
on-site representative. At this time, the representative
was sleeping (approximately 2 miles fromf. ... after having
been awake the entire previous night.
the target location
(2) 1010 May 7 -- V372 was asked to describe details and activity
at
the
site
designated
by
the sponsor's on-site
representative as of 0000 hours May 7 (the previous night) .
(3) 1600 May 7 -- V372 was asked to describe details and activity
in real time at the site designated by the sponsor's on-site
representative.
At this time, this individual was eating
dinner (approximately 2 miles from
the target location
(4) 2400 May 7 -- V372 was asked to describe details and activity
at the site designated by two SRI personnel in real time.
1
During each session, V372's responses were tape recorded and
he/she was encouraged to draw details whenever possible. Drawings are
contained in Appendix A, and Appendix B contains verbatim transcripts of
the last two sessions and portions of the first two. (Because of
technical difficulties, most of the taped record of the first two viewings
was lost. Since the remaining data are intact and since the drawings from
the first two viewings are complete, this gap is not significant. )
D.
(U) Analysis Technique
.
›As discussed in Section II, quantitative analysis
_ poses problems. Any analysis of remote viewing data
must be accomplished within the context of a mission statement. A system
that is designed to demonstrate remote viewing is inadequate to enable an
assessment and vice versa. A generalized analysis system that
allows for a defined a priori mission statement has been developed under
another program, 9 and a brief overview of it follows.
1. (U) Definitions
The most important aspect of any RV data analysis is
the definition of the target and the RV response. For this experiment,
the target is defined as a fuzzy set of target elements T[ek, uk, Wk] . The
kth element, ex, in the set is defined by its membership value, uk, on the
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closed interval [0,1]. The uk always represents the degree to which exis
present at the target. For example, suppose that the target is the ATA
facility, and the target element under consideration is the concept of
"testing shielding effectiveness." Its membership value, which is
determined subjectively, is 0.2 indicating that only 20% of that concept
applies to this target.
To allow for differing missions, wk is an
arbitrary weighting factor. A
simulation requires that
certain elements be more important than others. For example, the
-energy aspect is very important and is assigned a weight of 5
compared to a cooling tower with a weight of 0.5.
(V)
The RV response is similarly defined as a fuzzy set
of response elements R[ek, uk, wk]. The membership values for response
.
elements, however, have a somewhat different meaning than those for target
elements. The uk represent the analyst's assessment as to the degree of
presence (on the closed interval [0,1] ) of ex in the response. For
declarative statements, px= 1 unless V372 volunteers a specific or implied
importance to the overall target. A degree of interpretation is allowed
for non-declarative statements by letting uk< 1. The response wk are
identical to the target wk. For the purpose of analysis, all target and
response information is defined as the fuzzy sets T and R, respectively.
02
. We have defined Accuracy as the percent of the target
material that was described correctly by a response. Likewise, we have
defined Reliability (of the viewer) as the percent of the response that was
correct. The FM is the product of the two; to obtain a high FM, a viewer
has to describe a large portion of the target material correctly in as
parsimonious a way as possible. In fuzzy set terminology, these
quantities for the jth target/response pair are as follows:
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1
Accuracy, = a =
k
E WI (RInTi)k
EwK Tj.k
.
k
Reliability = r =
k
Ew, (RinT;)
EWK Rj.k
k
and
Figure of Merit = M = a, x I .
The sum over k is called the sigma count in fuzzy set terminology, and is
defined as the sum of the membership values, u, for the elements of the
response, target, or their intersection -- i.e., Rj, Tj, and (RinTi) ,
respectively.
2. (U) Target and Response Data
.
, The universe of target/response elements are drawn
from the May 7, 1987, ATA experiment. We have defined three element
categories; functions, relationships, and objects. These categories are
used to guide the weighting factors (i.e., the default weights are 1.0,
0.50, and 0.25, respectively), and are used as multipliers of the relative
weights to form the wk.
(U) With such a complex response, a number of options are available for
analysis. Rather than analyzing the data scan by scan, all scans were considered together to
provide the response input to the universe of elements.
1.
(U) Table 1 shows the universe of target/response elements and the formal
definition of T and R. The various scaling weights are shown in parentheses adjacent to the
appropriate factors. The relative weights are derived from SRI's best assessment of the
operational utility of each element. The response membership values, R(u), were determined
from the raw data (see Appendices A and B). The target membership values T(u), were
determined by SRI personnel prior to the start of the experiment. A few elements, however,
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(U)
were determined by an SRI analyst on a post hoc basis in order to allow for a more accurate
assessment of reliability.
Table 1
(U) UNIVERSE OF TARGET/RESPONSE ELEMENTS
Element
W
T(1)
R(A)
PRIMARY ELEMENTS (1.0)
Functions (1.0)
`d' energy
5
1
0.9
Electron accelerator
3
1
1
Operation in air
3
1
1
Test experiment
2
1
1
Problems related to vacuum/air
2
1
1
Destructive beam that dissipates quickly in air
1
1
1
0.6
Two experiments: one local, one not
1
1
1
Calibration exercises
1
1
0.4
Testing penetration power in air
0.5
0.8
Emulation for a much larger scale device
0.5
0.5
Ultimate aim is to destroy missile parts
0.5
0.5
Testing shielding effectiveness
0.5
0.2
Electronics survivability testing
1
0
Testing new form of laser
1
0
1
Satellite detection is difficult
1
0
1
Nuclear production of electrons to excite new laser
1
0
1
Output results from nuclear process
1
0
1
Controlled explosion
1
0
1
Laser output in microwave
1
0
1
Relationships (0.75)
Power source above beam line
0.75
1
0
Linear array of buildings
0.75
1
0.1
Tunnel under buildings
0.75
1
0.5
One-story buildings
0.75
1
0.3
Curvilinear beam line
0.75
1
0.2
Electrons flow through beam line
0.75
1
0.7
Test equipment both sides of target building
0.75
0.5
1
E&M radiation < 10 Angstroms
0.75
0.1
1
Ignition at core of sphere
0.75
0
1
Energy radiates out and is reflected back into sphere
0.75
0
1
15-foot diameter sphere
0.75
0
1
Pipes into and out of sphere
0.75
0
1
10
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.... .
High intensity electron beam production
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Operation in space
1
0
1
. .
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Table 1, Continued
(U) UNIVERSE OF TARGET/RESPONSE ELEMENTS
Element
W
T(1)
R(p)
PRIMARY ELEMENTS (1.0), continued
Objects (0.5)
External electron beam
2.5
1
0
Very dangerous to humans
2.5
1
1
Atmosphere "glows" when operating
2.5
1
1
Multiple teams of people
2
1
1
E&M radiation
1
1
1
High security area
1
1
1
Beam visible in air
1
1
1
Electron injector
1
1
0.5
Tunnel
1
1
1
Electric power
0.5
1
1
Control room
0.5
1
0
Monitoring equipment
0.5
1
1
Piping
0.5
1
0.7
Vacuum
0.5
1
1
ATA facility (buildings)
0.5
1
0.4
Shielding
0.5
1
1
Power substation
0.5
1
0.2
Cooling towers
0.5
1
0
Massive door
0.5
1
0
External piping
0.5
1
0
Laser
0.5
1
1
Control computer
0.5
1
0.9
Electron beam
0.5
1
1
Timing is critical
0.5
1
1
Hard target
0.5
0.4
1
Loud noise
0.5
0.3
1
Wave guide
0.5
0.2
1
Free electron laser (not operating)
0.3
1
0.2
Coherent wave
0.3
0.3
1
Roads
0.1
.1
1
Two events
0.1
0.5
1
Film presentation
0.1
0.1
0.5
Hollow polished (internal) sphere
0.5
0
1
Bundled metal rods
0.5
0
1
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Table 1, Continued
(U) UNIVERSE OF TARGET/RESPONSE ELEMENTS
Element
W
T(1)
R(1)
SECONDARY ELEMENTS (0.50)
Functions (1.0)
Wind-power electricity generation
2.5
1
0.9
Relationships (0.75)
Poles scattered in hills
0.75
1
1
Poles connected in a grid
1.13
1
1
Objects (0.5)
Foothills
0.25
1
1
Electrical grid
0.25
1
1
Rotating blades
0.25
1
0.8
Multiple wind generators
0.25
1
1
TERTIARY ELEMENTS (0.25)
Functions (1.0)
Multipurpose laboratory complex
Six-story administration building
1
1
1
Relationships (0.75)
T-shaped, six-story building
0.6
1
1
Round-topped building just east of tall building
0.2
1
0.4
Swimming pool north and east of tall building
0.2
1
0
Large parking lot just west of tall building
0.2
1
1
Linear array of trees adjacent to parking lot
0.2
1
1
Larage, segmented, one-story building complex 0.5
mile north of tall building
0.2
1
0.2
Main roads bordering complex
0.2
1
1
City to west of complex
0.2
1
1
Main entrance at west of complex
0.2
1
0.7
Laboratory is two miles from city
0.2
1
1
City is north of laboratory
0.2
0.5
Air field is southeast of laboratory
0.2
1
0.6
Mountains surround laboratory
0.2
0.6
1
Freeway is north of laboratory
0.2
1
1
Objects (0.5)
Tall building
0.3
1
1
Parking lot
0.1
1
1
Linear array of trees
0.1
1
1
Road
0.1
1
1
Many buildings
0.1
1
1
Main entrance
0.1
1
1
Building with cylindrical shaped roof
0.1
1
0.4
Air field
0.1
1
1
Flat valley
0.05
1
1
Mountains
0.05
1
1
Large mountain
0.1
0
1
1.3
1
0.8
1
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IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (U)
Table 2 shows the figure of merit analysis for the ATA
experiment using the fuzzy sets defined in Table 1. The target/response
intersection is shown as |TOR|, and the sigma-count of the target and
response sets are shown as | T| and | R|, respectively. All quantities
include the full weights shown in Table 1. The primary target was the ATA
external electron beam experiment. The secondary target was the adjacent
wind-power generation farm, and the tertiary target was the
· laboratory
1
laboratory complex and surrounding area. Viewed as separate targets, the
figures of merit of 0.94 and 0.81 for the wind-power farm and the
complex respectively are in good agreement with the qualitative
correspondence shown in Figures 2 and 3. Figure 4 shows additional data
on the tertiary target viewing compared to a map of the
area.
(These
: laboratory
figures represent data obtained during the 0800 scan and are consistent
with the tasking and location of the beacon person (see page 6). The
relatively lower value of 0.56 for the primary target is also consistent
for the "scattered" nature of the response (see the original transcript in
Appendix B). The combined value of 0.61 reflects the weighting factor in
favor of the primary target.
Table 2
(S/NF) FIGURE OF MERIT (FM) SUMMARY
Target Type
ĮT|
[R]
Acc.
Rel.
FM
PRIMARY
Function
20.50
22.00
29.50
0.93
0.69
0.65
Relation
1.80
4.95
5.85
0.36
0.31
0.11
Object
16.86
23.00
19.21
0.73
0.88
0.64
Total
39.16
49.95
54.56
0.78
0.72
0.56
SECONDARY
Total
5.08
5.08
5.38
0.94
1.00
0.94
TERTIARY
Total
5.48
6.42
5.76
0.85
0.95
0.81
TOTAL
49.72
61.45
65.70
0.81
0.76
0.61
13
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CPYRGHT
+ 23
-
FRONTHILS (MCF2 )
I.D. 372
MANY!
SINGLE POWER POLES?
MANY!
NA MEN OF FRIDAMA.
MOVING ELECTRICITY
IN A FORM OF GRID WORK.
NOT VISIBLE
HALO
PROBABLY
NOT VISIBLE
TO THE EYE.
FIGURE 2
(U) PART OF THE 0800 RESPONSE COMPARED WITH PHOTOGRAPH OF THE
ALTAMONT WIND-POWER ELECTRIC GENERATION FARM
14
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NTVS ALL AROUND .
BLOC
A. ADMINISTRATION
cry
B. LAS TYPE FACILITY
C. LASTIPE BUKS - ADDED TO B. BLOG.
SUSCE VELY
( SE SWAY 3 )
(Ams UNE)
Formis
( ANCE2 )
the mes
1'hmot
MANY
SHALL
BLAKS
MANY
To
60
MANY
SMALL
PUES
DRUGS NOT
SHOWN - PUTIMPORTANT
(SHEET ONE)
1
laboratori
FIGURE 3 (U) PART OF THE 0800 RESPONSE COMPARED TO THE WEST GATE OF
15
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I.D. 372
FRONT CORNER OF COMPOUND.

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it
CPYRGHT
(SHEET 3 )
I.D. 372
Has .
.
cry
APP
GREDMILLI
/
2
APPROX. DISTANCE 2 MILES
AMEX DROMEN 2 AMBOS
11, MILES
7
16
Seco
-
AIRFIELD
L
LAMERLO
-
N
Arroya
Ser
1.
1.
-0
W .
-E
₹
STREET MAP OF
LIVERMORE - PLEASANTON
S
1
----
1
MINS
1
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FIGURE 4
T
THE VENHO
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
{Unwertdy of Cantornie)
LARGE AND
COMPOUND
1/2 MILES
LAB
MTNS
PANCAKE VALLEY
Ct
e
.
00
(PROBABLY LITTLE LARGER.)
1/2 mine (May Ura CAREER.)

Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
Viewer 372 responded with a single concept to the primary
target that was incorrect; it contained, however, many individual elements
that were correct. One aspect of RV responses that has been a recurring
theme is that a surprise element (to the viewer) frequently indicates
correct information about the site. In this experiment, the following
sentence is embedded in a lot of incorrect data (see page B-18 of the 2400
scan in the transcript, Appendix B) :
"What I keep wanting to do, is I keep wanting to put the
whole thing into an apparatus that captures electrons and
accelerates them."
This sentence appears in a general discussion of a "Star Trek" phaser
system initiated by controlled nuclear explosions, and represents a
significant cognitive surprise. It is important to determine whether or
not this type of linguistic surprise might serve as a reliability
indicator.
;
Long-standing difficulties in applying the RV phenomena to
applications are at least twofold. In a lengthy response,
those elements of genuine
, significance must be identified a
priori. Second, even excellent examples of remote viewing do not
necessarily imply
usefulness. As an example of the latter,
consider the response to the Altamont pass wind-power generation farm. It
is an excellent example of remote viewing, but it is not of
value.
In summary, V372's response to the ATA experiment has mixed
results. Even though there are excellent examples of remote viewing, the
:
value is mixed. It does not appear to be the case that V372
simply responded with everything he/she knows about technical material.
This viewer has been involved with all kinds of technical activity in past
careers. Yet, hidden among a significant amount of incorrect data, lies a
nearly complete description of the external electron beam and details of
the ATA experiment of May 7, 1987.
17
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... ..

Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9.
HTUS ALL ARAWD.
BLOG
A. ADMINSTI
MUSTRAMON
B. LAB TYPE FACILITY
cry
C. LABTYPE SLAG- ADDED TO B. BLOG.
SINGLE VERY
LAKE AN
.MAIN ENTRANCE.
(SAL SWEET 3)
( fins UNS)
FRONT CORNER OF COMPOUND.
FOOTHILLS
( ACE2 )
1/2 Mais
I'/ amest.
MANY
SMALL
BLDES
PARKING LOT
-(1/2MILE)
MANY
SMALL
SHALL AM FIELD.
MANY
SHALL
BUGS
C
-60-
DRUGS NOT
-
SHOWN-PUTIMPORTANT
(SHEET ONE)
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A-2

Approved For Release 2004/02/07 - CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
MON's ELECTRICITY
AN A FORM OF GRID NAK.
FROTHILLS (PAGE 2 )
SALLE PONER POUR?
1
3
NOT VISIBLE
A-3
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-----

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...
....
LARGE MAN) :
CITY
AMEX. DIENEUE 2 MILES
MAIN RD.
1/2 MHRS (ALLDAY UTHE LARGER.)
LAB
CHROUND
MAN'S.
1/2 MILES
PANCAKE VALLEY
MINS
MINS
.........
.. ... . . ... ........
(SHEET 3 )
-2
5
E
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(SHEET 4. )
BLOG A.
6 Passing 7 STRIES
HORIZONTAL LINES AT EACH FLOOR
ROW OF CIRCLES SOMEWHERE.
ADMINISTRATIVE
-
HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS.
TEMPORARY - EXPLORATORY CAB THEORY DANE THERE.
" SHAPE = TOP OF"T" IS /LOFT LONG /SHE'S OF'T"ARE"SOFT."
BUK 8.
MAiy 3 STORIES
CENTER SECTION ABOVE 3 STORIES.
33OFFLONG X GOFTARDE
CANTER SECTION (MAY NOT BE DEMW) RMENT) 45× 85'
ITS HOLLOW = WHOLE BLOG ALL DAY INSINE, EXCEPT FOR (FLOOR?) OF
CENTER OF BLOG - Assigny RAISED .
DIRECT CONNECTION TO "B LDS .- THATS ( OFF ?) CROWD.
BUDE C.
1.
VERY LARGE/ HEAVY/ BLACK HOLE PELA'S.
ALIANALY TERMINUS OF EMENT LOCATION.
PROBABLY BRAND NEW COMPARED TO B ORA BLES.
FEELIN' THAT EVENT IS NOT AS "FRIED"ABSOLUTE"Name"(SHORT LIVED ) BUT OF
GREAT MAGNITUDE IN TERMS OF BOTH DATA AND OUTPUT.
BUILDINGS D.
ORKIN OF/BIRDPLACE OF ACTIVAL EVENT IN CAR BUNEDINGS.
HAVE FEELINGS- SOMEHOW LINKED TO A VAST COMPUTER COMPLEX.
LARGE # ORNEWER ( NOT SPECIFIC PART OF EVENT- OUT VIERY INTERESTING OF
ITS OWN ACCORD )
A-5
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A. - DISPENSER
B. - LASERS ( 10+ 1)
PERO COS.
C. - DONUT HELIX
(STRIPS CONTROLLED)
EXPLOSION)
TO" BLOG.
D. - COLLECTOR & FOCUSES
TOWARD "D" BLOG .
E. - OTHER COLLECTORS.
D
APPROX. 15' DIAMETER.
1
1
A-RDP!
A-6
... .
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...
I
zu amount of
Producing!
Prim.
A-7
N.
Striping of town for use
i a new way of laying .
whole new form of
( lagen ) Playon :
V
Ey.
BUNDLED
Tot.
1
HNED TOT.
2 FOLD
a. - CAN A HARD TUT
BE DESTROYED?
6. - CAN You BUILD A
HARD TOT WHICH
CAN'T BE DESTROYED.
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< 10 anytime.
LASERS
la
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> MULTIPLE
TEAMS.
1
TEST.
VEHICLE
FOR CONCEPT
> TIMINEIS CRITICAL
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zoveo
A-8
. -
+KDF96-00789R003200160001-9

A-9
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TOWER
CARING RADS
FOCUS POR
NEUTRONS
INITIATION
DEVICE
THERMO
TENNIS
7
1.
QUINDI
SECOND
.
DEVICE
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REMOTE SITE
AFB - LOTS OF
STORAGE BUNKERS
.
DEMO L
DETONATION
WANNNL
SENSING
-
LOWNS
Blocks
5
ins
-
-
SILL
K
CHAMBER
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..
A-10
-

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APPENDIX B (U)
Remote Viewing Response (Transcript)
May 1987
(This Appendix is |
B-1
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SESSION 1, 8:35 a.m. (U)
May, 1987 (U)
M:
1
Just to reiterate what was said earlier, we do have extensive
photos and information about the site currently locked up in the
COTR's safe. The name of the person who is acting as a beacon at this
point in time is XXXXXX. He is a Physicist. He is on the site and he
has been there since 8:00 this morning and will be there for a period
of time. This first session is a real time session. We are going to
be doing 4 total sessions. We will be doing one at 4:00 this
afternoon and one at midnight. Between now and 4:00 this afternoon
there will be another one that will be a retrocognitive one to
midnight of last night.
(S/NF) , Now, to start off, we are first of all interested in the
geographical area, we are interested in the gestalt of the area, what
is the area like. We are interested in the manmade sorts of things in
the area. And then we are going to focus in on items of interest in
as much detail as possible. What's the function of the place and
what's happening. And, what is the difference between what's
happening now and what's happening later. That will be kind of a
summary thing we'll do at midnight tonight. But generally anything of
specific interest at this particular point in time in terms of the
activity
V:
This time?
Right now.
Yep.
M:
V:
-
OK, what
-
M:
! So anytime you're ready to start, why ... are there any other
questions?
V:
A
-
No.
What I'm gonna do is
Just prepare yourself, cause I know you had a rough night.
M:
V:
So, what I'm gonna do is, I'm gonna probably sketch everything
lightly in pencil.
M:
1
OK.
V:
An then I will ink it in afterwords.
B-2
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... ...
-
.. ...
---

Approved For Release/2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
.
1 OK.
M:
V:
Because I do more accurate drawing in pencil than I do in ink.
M:
OK, let me get you a pencil then.
V:
I have one.
M:
1
Oh, OK. (They both speak at once here and it is garbled. )
We
gotta be precise in our detail here. So we can take as long as we
want, there is no time limit on what we're doing. But we will try to
bring some closure to each one of the four sessions.
V:
(
[ OK. Some kind of a general layout here, I guess. This is a
very light pencil. I brought a Stephen King book if you get bored.
We'll start with something real dynamic like a line that we'll call a
road. Uh, that doesn't feel right. You got an eraser somewhere?
(M
get eraser. ) Thanks. A road, parking area, building. There seems to
be, uh, there seems to be, is that running?
.
Um, hum.
M:
V:
1
There seems to be, um, a whole lot more buildings than I'm
drawing. But what I'm trying to do, is I'm trying to draw buildings
that are meaningful.
M:
1
1
Um, hum.
V:
Versus buildings that are useless. By useless I mean that
there is probably a million buildings here which have a desk and
typical ... this office, that office type of arrangement. (Could not
make out what he said after this. )
M:
1
L So, do you mean that what you're drawing here are buildings
that are important to the function that we're after here?
V:
Exactly.
M:
OK.
V:
And, uh, in trying to do this, I'm trying to put it in ... (tape
cuts out - it's about 99 on the counter)
B-3
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1
SESSION 2, 10:10 a.m. (U)
May, 1987 (U)
M:
1
OK, it's about 10 minutes after, 12 minutes after 10.
V:
1
Right.
M:
...
)
May 7. And what we're about to do now is the
retrocog ... retrocognition part of the outbound experiment that we're
working on, and that involves going back to 12:00 last night,
midnight, May 6 and giving a description of what was happening at this
site at that time that is of special interest to us during this
targeting period.
V:
OK.
There's a really distinct different feeling, uh, in the
initial session we were targeting the general layout onto the (tape
cuts out here, in 30's on counter)
B-4
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--------
....

Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
SESSION 3, 4:00 p.m. (U)
May 7, 1987 (U)
M:
3
So, disregard what you did this morning, in terms of trying to
add to it
)
OK.
V:
M:
1
1
And focus on the activity and what expands out from that.
V:
(
1
OK
M:
]
Allright.
V:
(Lots of silence)
Hmmmmm.
Getting an impression of, uh,
really loud, loud noise like a like a bull-horn on a intercom-type of
speaker system. Somebody's talking through it. There's an and that
uh, there's an echo like its in a large day type of area. There is
uh. . . uh ... I'm trying to think of a way of describing this perception.
I'm looking at a very long box. Uh, square tube box, uh, it's uh, let
me think about this a minute It's really an interesting thing - I
can't, uh, I can't quite fasten it to anything. It's kind of like a.
It doesn't start out straight - it starts out funny, ah, weird, it
starts out - it's got a joint system and then it goes straight ... it
does something like this. But this, there's something wrong with
this. I feel like I'm trying to describe in detail something that's
very esoteric. It's, uh, it's, this thing's squared - it has squared
corners and edges and what not.
M:
Um-hum.
V:
)
Uh, very much like a wave guide-type of thing.
M:
) Um-hum.
V:
( And, it has something flowing through it.
M:
I see.
V:
That's something flowing through it that's, uh, not a very
lengthy wave form. It's like a very short wave form. It's guided
through this thing and it, and it, comes down at the end of this thing
and washes across like a row of, like, uh, I want to say that there's
a spiral at the end like. And there's like a row of, of things
sticking out at the end of this spiral. They, they're densely packed.
B-5
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7
L
And they're like thick wire - real thick wire - only they're not wire.
It's, it's some kind of like special alloy or special metal or special
something. They're fixed but they're bunched. And they're all
generally pointing in the same direction and, uh, this stuff comes
down and washes around or over and through this. And when it hits the
tips of these things, it, uh, it does the same thing that a laser
does. It excites, it excites these, these metal rods. But they
don't, uh, it's not like glass tubes in a laser - these are not like
gas-filled tubes or have the big thing that blows stuff in and sucks
things out, you know, the gas exchange where you're exciting a whole
bunch of, uh, electrons or something like that ...
M:
Yeah.
V:
M:
1
It's a particle beam in other words of some sort.
But these are like electrons coming down this, this tube and
they they're washing across this little batch of wire.
V:
Yeah. But that's not correct - it's more I wouldn't call it a
particle beam - it's, it's, these rods are then emitting a really
short wave-type of output. A really short wave thing. A we're
talking a wave form that, that it is super, super short.
Um-hum.
M:
V:
Uh, it's a ray, OK, some kind of a ray. But it's a real short
wave.
Shorter wave than a microwave. A microwave is pretty short
short wave. This is shorter. I don't even know what microwave is.
Microwave is (couldn't get word here). I can't remember - this is
even shorter, this is real short wave stuff. We're talking about, I
don't know in angstroms, we're talking something less than 10
angstroms. Which is real short. That would be less than, less than
10 angstroms probably. Anyway, it bunches together and what happens
is you get this, this coherency coming out the end, this coherent wave
front, if you will, and it actually, it actually, uh, I get the
feeling like this is a inside of a tube.
OK.
M:
V:
This whole thing is compressed inside of a tube. And the tube
is a vacuum or as near a vacuum as you can get. And it extends
outward to, uh, to a target place.
M:
V:
Do you have any feeling for scale on that?
Large.
M:
Room size, or bigger?
B-6
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..... .. . ..

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V:
1
No, but the tube is probably something on the order of, uh,
uh, I'll say 3 feet in diameter. It's really interesting because I, I
see the tube there but then sometimes I don't see the tube. I see it
operating in an aeroplace space and then I sometimes see it operating
in air which is real interesting. What happens when it operates in
air is the air molecules actually burn up. It super heats the air
molecules, they actually self-destruct or excite themselves out of the
way or something.
Um-hum.
M:
V:
And, and I get the feeling that I, you can actually see it
with your eyes. This ray, when this thing comes out in air molecules.
It's like it doesn't shoot out of the end in a race along to the
target it's like the whole thing past the ray slowly comes in the
beam. It's like it appears, you know, this entire length of it here
appears like its super heating the air molecules that it's going
through to the point that they actually white-out in some way.
7
Um-hum.
M:
V:
(
1
And down on the other end is the target and, uh, I'm trying to
determine what that target thing is. I'm gonna do a better picture on
page two.
,
M:
1-
OK.
V:
I see this in a vacuum sometimes, and I see it also going
through specialized gases like, like they're testing to see its
penetration power through different gaseous mixtures ah different
mixtures of oxygen or atmosphere or something. And, uh, I also get, I
get the feeling like the target's hard - it, it's like of a hard
target. And, and, by that I mean like metal - it's a metallic target,
uh, varying degrees of thickness, shielding, and, uh, parts of the
target being tested are covered with solid state electronics, chip
electronics, uh, it's like pointing it at your home computers to see
if you could burn your home computer up and then putting your home
computer at a varying or differing modalities of shielding to see what
effect it has on its capacity to operate. Um, I, I get the feeling
like this is really, this thing is really hazardous to human life.
-
1
Um.
M:
V:
I mean I wouldn't stand in front of this sucker. This is,
this is really I mean, it will really damage a hard target, but it
ain't nothing like it will do to the human body, I mean, it will just
cook, it will just vaporize the human body so to speak. Soft targets
wouldn't be instant inferno in front of it. It actually boils the air
molecules in front of it. Uh, but that's not exactly right, it's like
they all boil simultaneously, all the way down the line.
B-7
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1
Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
M:
] Um-hum.
V:
It's like these, it's such, this 10 or less Angstroms of wave
front are so - the wave and frequency is so small that, uh, the, uh,
air molecules get in the way simply because they are getting sighted
by it. So it turns the air molecules into a frothing mass. And it
has to do with, uh, the real main function we're talking about here is
these, these metallic - I keep wanting to say metallic - I guess maybe
because they've got so much oxide in them. They're like, they're like
meant to be destroyed by this thing. When electrons hit these, these
thick wires, this mass of material, what happens is this mass of
material, uh, lases out or puts out this coherent wave front, and, it
only does it for just so long and then it, it burns up - it's no good
anymore - or it's, uh, it, it does something to it, um, its like a
cluster of wires. This mass of oxide material all held together but
they're, but they're drawn out and in straighter fibers like. I think
that's to give direction to the wave, the coherent wave fronts or
something - it's a huge mass of electrons that's forced across the,
this - I wanta say electrons, anyway I don't what the hell is. And I
go back up this line and I, I can't help but go back to that, you
know, that circular sphere which is ...
M:
Yeah.
V:
L
) ... in the other building. But, I'm getting a real interesting
picture of this other sphere, uh,
M:
I know. This is, this is another building. . . somehow.
V:
Yeah. This is in, we're now in C building ...
M:
Oh, that's in C building.
V:
This is in C building here. This, if I remember
right ... somewhere between here and here is the wall of C building,
right, I'm not sure if that's not in B building and the tube extends
through that connector piece in the C building and_C building is
predominantly the target building - where the target's contained or
held.
M:
Uh-huh.
V:
But you know all the test equipment is set up on both sides of
the target building. This is, I'm getting a real interesting
perception of this now. It's one I didn't have earlier.
. .... .
M:
OK. Let's do something that's changed, or, or ...
V:
-
Essentially what it amounts to is I'm seeing a circle, you
know, and inside the circle - I wish I could draw this, ha, uh, inside
the circle the circle's split like, uh, into all these different
B-8
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V:
Yes.
M:
17 So this is kind of a production phase and its routed through
here and here ...
V:
1
Generates this ray, this, uh, yeah, yeah.
M:
1 I see, OK.
V:
2
And, uh, uh, this, it takes these megalithic lasers to light
this.
M:
Um-hum.
V:
) For this to cause this.
M:
Um-hum.
V:
And the output of this sucker right here is quite destructive
in terms of its wave front, uh, but this thing rapidly loses, uh,
strength over distance because of the air molecules and but for test
purposes, uh, that's it, I just said a key thing. This is a testing
apparatus : for the concept perhaps.
Um-hum.
M:
V:
In other words, somehow, uh, this is emulating the process
that would be done in a, in a more large way. In a huge way, uh, this
is like a little example of something, uh, I'm trying, I'm trying to
figure out what the - as best I can figure on a hard target what
they're trying to do is they're to effect, actually physically destroy
this hard target. And what we're talking in hardened that it's
heavily shielded, the solid state electronics of this target are
heavily shielded, protected, uh, what's interesting there's, god, this
is really neat because this unfolding - there's a twofold, there's a
twofold thing about - I wanta write something else down before I
forget it - this is uh, test vehicle for concept. In the hard target
there's a twofold fall out from this, one is, you find out can a hard
target be destroyed, or at least made dysfunctional, but b, you find
out can you build a hard target that can't be dysfunctional, made
dysfunctional. So it's like you get a twofold benefit out of this -
testing this thing.
M:
C.
Sounds like it could be a competitive process - one team
working on trying to make it invincible and one working on attempting
to penetrate it.
V:
It's like exactly right, you've got, you've got, well, you've
got a whole number of different things here. You've got this machine
which we'll call A machine, uh, producing larger amounts of power.
Then you've got a B problem which is stripping off the power for use
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in a new way of lasing we'll call it. Then you've got this machine
which is a whole new form of luminous laser. I'm not sure laser's
right. There's a different word. Phaser, phaser. That's what they
use on Star Trek.
Ha! Then it was something more advanced than a laser.
M:
V:
Yeah, it's like next generation. It's a phaser beam. And
it's very possible that it might be in a microwave region because
microwave keeps popping in my mind, but I don't think so.
M:
Um-hum.
V:
Uh, I think we don't need all of this to do the kinds of
outputs in the microwave region that we could do to create this
effect. Uh, I think microwave is, uh, the problem with microwave is
there is no way to generate a coherent microwave front but then I
might be wrong about that. But I think this is a different kind of
wave. This is really a coherent wave. And the key here in part C of
the problem is these little metallic rods or wires or whatever use
this bundle of stuff is - that's the key to it. And, uh, I look at
this and I, this concept down here and I get an impression of, I just
want to put a big thing like this that says "Focus here." Which is
real interesting like this is deliberately controlled nuclear
explosion and you focus it all right here. That's a wave front I keep
wanting to draw esoterically - I don't know how to draw it
mechanically.
M:
OK.
V:
I say to myself it's impossible to do that but then ...
M:
Well, when you say esoterically what do you mean by that?
V:
( Meaning that, uh, I think, I think the concept's really down,
I think in terms of, of what's going on here in the event. The
concept's really ironed out. I think where there's a problem is - the
timing.
Let me write that down.
M:
-
Yeah.
V:
Timing is, uh, is critical. And in the time that they're
having a real problem with the timing because element A, well
subsequent to that - there is some other thing back here called lasers
which we'll call 1-A. The 1-A ignites A. A is actually destroying C
in some way - eating it up. This - outside this bottle or this
control mechanism this mirrored sphere, uh, A couldn't happen.
It
couldn't happen and if it did it would be out of control. And in the
event when it does happen inside this control sphere, it's, uh,
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providing sufficient excitation to see, to test the concept. But it
isn't full blown. As much as, I mean, we're talking a really complex
thing that probably took years and years and years and years to build,
but it's only a test vehicle for the reality of the concept. The real
concept is ten fold removed in terms of complexity or difficulty from
this. It all has to do with timing. Because in the real concept
what's happening in A, this little bitty fire here, we're talking
about increasing that on a magnitude of 10-12 which is really up
there, which means that there isn't a container that's gonna hold it,
and I don't know how they're gonna do that which is real interesting.
But you can see the megalithic increase in the output ...
M:
‹
r
L
Sure.
V:
... up here through this, this, these key elements.
If they
were increased, if this is, we're talking billions and billions of
lots of power going to this test vehicle, and you can imagine what a
ten fold increase in power to the output of this thing would be, I
mean, just ... unbelievably destructive. That essentially what I'm
getting.
M:
OK.
V:
What's interesting is I - I think all the elements of this are
being tested, that's what's going on right now. They're not firing it
up, they're testing all the elements.
M:
1
I see.
V:
(
Everything's being fine tuned and calibrated. The test is yet
to come. It's all being fine tuned and calibrated.
M:
5
) It would be analogous to preparation for a launch or something
like that where there's lots of activity and ...
f.
.
-
Yeah.
1
V:
M:
1
7 ... and things being done to test the component parts of it -
to make sure they're in working order.
V:
Uh, this, this would be amazing to watch - I mean talk about
feedback. I mean, when they fire this sucker up the, the, the, uh,
the atmosphere will glow around it.
M:
I see, so there is something, there really is something to
see.
V:
Oh, sure.
M:
M
It's not just uh. . . watch the dials kind of thing ...
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V:
] oh, no, rc. _ think there's an awful lot of dial watching
involved in it is terms of the time and sequences and everything and
trying to perfec: zhe, the actual outcome, but in terms of, uh,
watching the business end of this sucker, uh, I'll bet ya it boils
the, uh, it boils the atmosphere around it.
M:
Hmmm.
V:
I'll bet you actually see this, this, phaser type wave come
out of there - it's just, or just appear between between that and the
target - it actua __ > looks like it's boiling and the atmosphere around
it, which would create a white haze or something, uh, I'll bet ya
that's visible. = 'il bet ya there isn't very much of a hard target to
stand against it. i: wouldn't explode itself. It's molecules would
just become so excited by it that it would literally implode or
explode.
-
7 Hmmm, I'd be curious as to whether something like that would
be detected outside of this environment?
M:
V:
Uh; I think the problem, the problem is, and it has something
to do with the vacuum, using a vacuum tube ...
M:
) Um, hum.
V:
. .. or testing it in molecular air, uh, the problem I think is
the wave format is so short that the distance is critical ... yeah.
V:
1
7 I mean it's OK to test it on the surface of the earth like in
an atmosphere but in deep space, for instance, it would be really
effective because there would be no air molecules to block it. But on
the surface of the earth if you tested it the wave components, the
components of the wave are too short so they're sucked up by the air
molecules.
L
7 Oh, I see.
M:
V:
7 So, when you get such a cushioning effect from the surrounding
atmosphere that if you were to back off say 30 miles from this it
would be totally undetected, undetectable, it just wouldn't be putting
anything out, uh, it wouldn't be giving anything out that you could
detect. So, in terms of detecting at a distance, say if you were to,
run a satellite over this area to try and detect what was going on it
would be damn near impossible to do that.
M:
/ Um, hmm.
V:
7 You can certainly detect it in space, though. If you had your
detector in space and this was operating in space that would be the
last thing saw. .. that would be the last thing you would detect before
it ate you, uh, it's really interesting. I also think one of the
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other problems possibly with this, I get a feeling like, uh, the wave
front on this is also highly effected by gravitational pull, things
like that. Things that you don't normally have to worry about with
light, photon-type activity. You know on a standard a laser outside
the fact that the laser gets really weak over distance. Well, this
will get weak over distance unless it's in a vacuum. If you're in a
vacuum like in space or near vacuum, like space, then the distance on
this is really great in terms of power. I was just seeing these hard
targets being literally shaking inside out, it's like the molecules
inside the hard targets were just vibrating instantly into, into, uh,
such a hypervolic action that don't even stay glued together. They
just vaporized - the hard target, uh, of course, the harder the target
the less it's damaged, but there's still an awful lot of damage, uh,
plus there's another thing. The, the real, it's all, the whole
thing's got experimental problems, but the real problems, the real
crux, the state-of-the-art stuff is right here in C which is these,
these components right here. They get bathed by the output of the,
the control exposure chamber, but these little rods or wires or bundle
of whatever they are, sticks, metallic oxide, sticks or whatever,
these anodes ...
Um, hmm.
M:
V:
..
I don't know if anodes is the proper word. I'm reminded of,
this is really crazy - the association, but on the bottom of a boat,
to keep the metal on your boat from being eaten away through corrosion
and what not you put these little nodes so that, you know, the salt
water, they're soft metals, the salt water attacks those first, you
see, and eats those away, and so you use the rest of the metal on your
boat - I'm not even explaining that right, but that's what I get a
feeling about these, is that these actually attract the electron
stream or whatever it is and, and, the collision of the electrons or
whatever with the molecular components of these oxide tubes or
whatever ...
7 Um, hmm.
M:
V:
7 ... produces this really intense ten fold increase or ten
thousand fold increase wave front output. They get real excited and
they put these waves out. So it operates very much like a laser, but
it ain't a laser. It's, it's more like a phaser, you know. I don't
know how to explain that. It's a different kind of wave than coherent
light waves.
Yeah.
M:
V:
17
It's in a different frequency spectrum altogether.
M:
)It sounds like, it sounds almost like instead of, uh,
transmitting light, you're transmitting energy.
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V:
?
Yeah, right, exactly, absolutely, that's exactly what we're
talking about here is an energy laser instead of a light laser. But
it takes, it takes, this huge complex system of light wave lasers to
ignite this controlled explosion in this sphere of mirrors and then
that is absolutely forced to fold down upon itself to produce even
larger amounts of energy and then energy which is really seeking to
expand outwards produces these orbits of electron matter or whatever
that are stripped of them to bathe these rods to produce some other
form of laser. (M speaks but can't understand. ) Yeah, but this, this
part can't get, I don't if it's because it's so short and looks real
complex. ..
M:
Um, hmm.
V:
... or if it's because it's like a segmented tube.
M:
) It's funny because that's where you started.
V:
7 Yeah, and it's a real complex segmented tube of some kind.
M:
] Um, OK.
V:
7
But it necks down there, it becomes very focused.
M:
1
Oh, I see.
V:
But I think it's strictly a vehicle to get these, these
electrons out of here over to here. Some electron wave guide for lack
of a better word.
M
1
Hmmm.
Is it, but, it's a transportation medium, you would
say, it's not something that, that modifies the ...
V:
7 No, it, doesn't, I don't think it modifies it in any way. AS
a matter of fact, there may be a huge electromagnetic field wrapped
around it ...
/
7 oh, I see.
M:
L
V:
5"
7 ... in order to get the electrons to travel down it, or stay
within it. You know, it compacts them maybe and transports them. As
a matter of fact, it, the reason why it's segmented may be because it
coils around this sphere. Actually, it comes out of this sphere in a
coil and then dumps straight into that one. But I feel like they're
separate places. They may, ah, shoot. Uh, I know when this stuff's
fired there's nobody in the room. At least this kid wouldn't be
around. No, I wouldn't mind being on the opposite end observing, you
know, not on the end of it but to the side observing the impact area
or the target area, that would be really interesting because I think
it's very coherent, very directed. I don't think there's anybody down
there at all. I think it's probably all watched with TV's, uh, I
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can't imagine like if element C loses it's coherent wave front it's no
longer putting waves out in front of it and just starts putting it out
sporadically in all different directions, it would kill everything
within so many feet. I suspect that this element is packed in, uh,
built inside a block house concrete-type of place, and that's why I
think this wave guide is used to get the electrons over there. I keep
wanting to say electrons but I don't think that's what they are -
highly excited matter, let's put it that way.
[
M:
L
So now if you were to step back from this perspective a little
bit, how is this all taking place or does it have any relationship to
what we did this morning in any way or is this a process that's going
on in totally different part of the compound or a totally different
place, or where, where are we now if we expand out from this a little
bit?
V:
1
OK, A would be in the B building. C is in C building.
M:
V:
1
] OK, so then,
.
Jor, or, maybe C is in a connector part and the target's in C
building.
M:
7 I see.
V:
(
7Test equipment's on both sides of the hard target area, uh, I
get the feeling that C building is basically a block house type, uh,
type of place. But, but, then I also have to say and I go back to
multiple teams which I should put down here, uh, multiple teams, uh,
there's just a whole lot going on here, you know like A it's a whole
different team of folks, and there goal has nothing to do with C, uh,
A folks over here, their primary goal as a team is to fire up this
controlled explosive device and maintain it put out ever larger
increasing amounts of energy from it. Uh, then there's a whole
different team that's playing with this, this phaser thing down here.
And within the phaser team there's a whole different team that's
concerned with trying to find a more stable, stable bundle of wires.
A more stabilized bundle. A more focused output device. Then there's
2 teams an A and B team at the hard target site. One is trying to
destroy the hard target no matter how it's shielded and the other's
trying to shield it no matter how hard they try to destroy it. And,
so there's 2 sub-teams there. Uh, simply by changing, I keep saying
these are the key, this bundle, this bundle of wires, this bundle of
rods or whatever, by simply changing those, you change the entire
output wave front, in other words whatever is in inserted here is what
determines the wave, uh, how many angstroms it is, uh, how much energy
output there is, its coherency, all these different things, uh, and I
keep, uh, one of the other things I keep finding very interesting is
the fact that uh, in terms of controlled explosion, the enormous
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amount of power this puts out in relationship to how it excites this
is nothing compared to what the real machine will do. I feel like
this is all just a mock up. A test mock up. This is what we can do
within bounds of, uh, within bounds of control, or within bounds of
experimentation. If you were to build the real machine, uh, and put
it in orbit or something it would be far less complicated on one hand
and on the other hand it would be even more complicated, uh, but its
power would be equivalent to this - it would be 10 times 10 more
powerful output. You could literally put a wall up - a big glass wall
that nothing could fly through it. An umbrella type of front. You
can imagine a huge bundle of key rods or whatever each one putting
out, each one putting out a very tiny beam that 2,000 miles away would
be much wider and broader ...
(
I see.
M:
V:
L
And, uh, very intense all side by side you know its putting up
this front, like an arc so many miles high and so many miles wide,
and, uh;
M:
V:
M:
)A .shield type thing.
] Yeah, but it wouldn't last long.
7 Oh, I see.
V:
/ It wouldn't be, you'd wait until the last second type thing,
and it would present this wall and it would last maybe seconds. But
anything in a depth of say 300 miles would be just vaporized, it would
be like a curtain that would appear and disappear, uh, really, really
Star Trek stuff, man, this is really exciting Star Trek stuff. I wish
I could figure 2 things out in more detail. And maybe I well, maybe
that will be something ...
7
Yeah, maybe that will come tonight.
1.
M:
V:
7 It will come tonight, yeah.
M:
7 Yeah.
V:
7 But, uh, that's basically it, I guess.
M:
7 OK.
V:
7 So, I'm gonna try to render something more - maybe I'll leave
this alone. I'm afraid to mess with this.
M:
`` OK.
V:
-
7I'll just darken it in.
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M:
OK, allright, we will stop the tape for this one, that's fine.
Tonight we're gonna have XXXX and the SRI folks all there.
V:
All, watching this sucker go off.
M:
Seeing whatever is going on.
V:
.
Maybe they'll all be standing around with their thumbs in
their ears saying well it should have.
M:
7 That's true.
V:
7
We'll wait and be surprised.
I know want their electric bill
this place, I'll tell you that.
M:
Makes your electric bill look kind of piddly, does it?
V:
It sure does.
M:
1
By comparison.
!
1.
.
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SESSION 4, 12:00 p.m. (U)
May 7, 1987 (U)
M:
So, here we are. It's a minute or so till 12. Take a minute
or so get yourself situated. XXXXX is on site again as are the SRI
staff members. They'll be acting as beacons in this, uh, during this
pass and they'll be observing, watching the event that or an event
that is taking place at this time and your job is to give a
description of that, of what's happening there, what's of interest to
them right now as they're at the site.
V:
7
Hmm. OK, let's see. Um. I'm trying to, it, uh, getting a
real interesting imprints here. I, uh, I get sort of uh kind of
interesting, uh, I want to say that I'm, you know, that I'm
envisioning this, this, uh phaser-type of thing, but that's, I'm, I'm
seeing something a little different ...
M:
Um-hum.
V:
Um, um, uh, hum. I feel like I'm stuck between an overlay, an
analytic overlay and an actual event ..
M:
Um-hum.
V:
7 And, I don't know how to rectify that.
M:
7 Can't quite sort it out?
V:
7 No. It's kind of like, an event but it's a, kind of like
it's on film too.
M:
Hum.
V:
7
Which is kind of interesting.
M:
Um-hum.
-
V:
Uh, I'm kinda torn between whether I'm seeing like a remote,
an event remote to that actual place being observed there or one
that's on film, or one that's on film combined with an actual event
going on there. I don't know how to explain that. Uh, sort of a
package deal, it's kind of like, uh, uh, I keep getting, uh, like
combination of two things - one's local and one isn't.
M:
1
7 Hum.
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V:
Uh, one's observing something going on there and the other's
observing something going on somewhere else that's related.
M:
(
So it's like maybe two sides that are involved.
V:
3
Yeah, it's kind of like there's two sides involved. The, uh,
except they both mean the same thing, uh, I can't tell if one's real
time or not.
M:
)Are they both participating in, in a common event, or ...
V:
(
It's sort of a common event.
7
Uh-huh.
M:
(
V:
7 I'll think about it for a couple of minutes.
You can, rather
than waste the tape - shut that off for a second.
M:
-
JAll right.
V:
7 Give me about a minute and I'll tell you when to start up.
M:
] OK.
V:
] I'm getting two things.
First off I'm getting a presentation
of a film showing a device being tested somewhere else and then that's
followed up with demonstration of this, this capacity, this, uh, uh,
phaser-type of radiation machine showing it's effect on a specific
kind of target. So it's like a two-part thing. Only one part is done
somewhere else. And, and, I keep getting an impression of a place
even further in the desert, OK, and what's interesting about it is is
surrounded with, uh, hundreds of like individual, uh, storage bunkers,
like everywhere. I think, I think what we're talking about here is,
uh, uh, let's see, I'm having trouble defining between demonstration
of this device and, and a real, well they're both real, but one was
done beforehand, and one is being done now. And the one that was done
beforehand was actually a device. It was really a, a, and I keep
saying device, I'm talking what I'm talking about is a bomb. It was
actually used in a demonstration type of effect and, uh, it was like
two ended, it was double ended. It had one end was, was an actual
bomb that produced, that produces or produced an output that initiated
a second bomb. It produced an output that initiated this ray, if you
will, but it was all done, uh, like in an underground test. And then
they had films of this and they showed the outputs of this and they're
going into a live demonstration using this laser to initiate very much
the same kind of outputs only on a much smaller scale, so, uh, we're
essentially talking about two kinds of devices doing the same thing,
one on a large order of magnitude, one on a small order of magnitude.
.
1
Um-hum.
M:
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V:
6. And, uh. I'm getting a picture of, I'm getting a mental image
of this device. thing that they use, uh, for like the canned
demonstration, film demonstration. And it's, uh, it's uh, that's not
right. Do we Lave an eraser? Let's do it this way, uh, um,
something's no= right about that. It's more like, uh, it's like an
underground thing that's, uh, demonstrated there's like a-uh, we'll
call this an initiation device. And what happens is this thing goes
off and its fastened to a little short piece of tubing that is very
much like a wave guide and what it does is it focuses, um, this is,
uh, focus for, focus for, it's the first thing I'm trying, what's the
first thing that happens from like a thermonuclear device like
a
thermonuclear device, it's not even a thermonuclear it's a nuclear
device. The first thing that happens is there's a huge output of
neutrons and it goes into a second device and the second device is a,
uh, thermo target. And then this ignites, OK. And that becomes like
a thermonuclear type of device and that goes off and then fastened to
the end of this is this cluster of these, those rods, whatever you
want to call them. Little lasing type things.
M:
V:
Um-hum.
And they produce a massive output as they're enveloped.
Lasing rods produce like that. This output. And this goes down a,
uh, this whole thing takes place in a chamber under ground and this
goes down a tunnel and at the other end of this tunnel you're down
let's say it's a, this is ground level. And you get down here in this
chamber where they do this and it shoots down this tunnel a few
thousand feet. Meanwhile, this thing's expanding over here - it's
actually exploding, but it happens so fast, uh, this explodes but
before this destroys this, it ignites it, with this massive focus of
neutrons. When this ignites it lases these which produces the output
of, uh, gamma rays or whatever they are. As that's being enveloped
these rays are racing down this tunnel which has blocks in it. And
right behind these rays going down the tunnel, these blocks are
closing. And down here at the end is a chamber of targets so also
there's sensing equipment down here so there's a secondary tunnel down
here. And, uh, sensing equipment we'll say sensing. This is the
actual, uh, this is the actual detonation place. So this is all
destroyed here, but it sends radiation down this tunnel and behind
this radiation which is all very, I mean, everything's all
instantaneous almost speed of light and this always happens, these
shafts close down behind it to minimize damage to the target area.
the only thing arrives down at the target area are the rays from this
thing which then shadow the target, and, and, this is, this is, uh,
essentially we'll call this Demo One. That's, uh, done at a remote
site, of the site, Air '
: Base, uh, lots of large bunkers. Some
are out in the desert. That's Demo One.
So
Then you get Demo Two. Demo One shows this is what it looks
like on a full scale. Demo Two shows a more controlled thing going on
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at the lab. And essentially what you got is, uh, this thing all
hooked up to all these input, all these different things, lasers, are
hooked into this sphere as I, as I drew before.
Um-hum.
M:
V:
(S/NF) And it in turn produces, uh, produces that giant electron
output to, uh, to sort of cluster this thing which puts out this ray.
This, this I don't even want to use this picture cause it's not very
good. The problem I'm having with this is I'm, there's a big element
that's missing and it's where it's missing is connecting this machine
to this machine. There's something in here that I'm not getting and I
can't ...
M:
5
)
Is it the same one you were having trouble with this
afternoon ...
V:
-
Yeah, um-hum.
M:
1
7.
. . same, same connection there?
V:
>What I keep wanting to do, is I keep wanting to put the whole
thing into an apparatus that captures electrons and accelerates them.
M:
-
Um-hum.
V:
But, then I don't know how to do, I don't know I'm gonna do
that, it's, it's almost as if, it's almost as if there's a, like a,
this thing wrapped around like this, uh, this being. I'm really
having a problem with this - I keep wanting to wrap something around
this sphere right here.
D
Um-hum.
M
V:
And, and, the essential step is that it strips, as electrons
are forced outwards in this sphere, they are collected in this trough
that accelerates them in a circle and what it essentially does it
forces them around, uh, in a, in a magnetic, electromagnetic field.
And the electromagnetic field, uh, because it, it kicks them into a
tighter concentric circle, accelerates them. So when they exit the
end, these electrons are not only, uh, at a very high energy anyway
because of the amount of that, they, they're really moving, uh, and
then coming out of the end of this thing they strike these tubes in
some way. It really fires these tubes up. They're like pumped across
these tubes, uh, I'm having a lot of trouble drawing how that's done.
لنجا
Um-hum, um-hum.
M:
V:
') 7Uh, and these, these tubes are bundled, but they're bundled in
kind of a crazy way. They're bundled so that one assists the other
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and so that it's a cascading effect. So that there's a, there's,
instead of a, a sporadic output there's a very coherent cascaded built
up, uh, driven kind of output coming from these tubes and, uh, it
doesn't last long, it lasts for a few seconds. And I was thinking
about the, uh, the wave front and I've pretty much come to the
conclusion that, uh, that these things are absolutely in a very short
wave area. They are either gamma rays or they're X-rays, like an
X-ray laser or something like that. Really potent stuff.
M:
Um-hum.
V:
Uh, operating in the, uh, in a real short wave front area.
And, and when it strikes the target, the target's are, uh, missile
components, that's what I think the targets are, they're components of
missiles, not so much warheads, but as they are the guidance systems
for missiles.
V:
C
Hum.
You know, like the solid state electrons, the chip electrons,
and the guidance system for the missiles. Plus, I get another real
interesting thing - side thing - here's, uh, here's a side effort
going on with this that has to do with, uh, it takes a large computer
to operate this, so what we're looking at also is we're looking at a
condensed version of a very fast computer that operates this.
Remember we talked about sequencing and that timing was everything ...
V:
1
7 Um-hum.
M
7 .. . and, that one of the problems is that the thing that does
the timing, corrects the timing and everything is, uh, a real number
cruncher ...
M:
'Um-hum.
V:
7 ... monster of a computer ...
M:
1
7 Um-hum.
V:
7 .. . and the problem is that this thing is not going to be
effective unless it's in space. It's, um, to fit the thing in space,
this thing won't be in space floating around up here, because (a. )
that violates agreements, (b. ) it's a sitting duck circling the earth
in a fixed orbit or just sitting in a fixed orbit. So what we're
essentially looking at is we're looking at a device that's launchable.
In other words, when, when we determine that the Soviets have launched
say a group of ICBM's, then we would fire this sucker into space it
would seek out the ICBM wall and eliminate it. So we're looking,
we're looking at a, a device that's really smart, that can handle big,
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big time timing sequential problems in a very short period. So we're
looking at a whole new animal in terms of how smart it is. And I was
thinking of that, and it's really interesting - I'm getting the
impression of a bottle, a bright blue bottle that is literally a
computer operated by light. Uh, I don't know how to explain that but
I think that's the extra laser that I'm seeing. It's actually a
computer that's light operated. In other words, it operates on
photons instead of hard circuits, electromagnetic circuits, so it's
literally impervious to the EMP or EPI or whatever they call
it ... electromagnetic interference from atomic blasts. And, that's a
very, uh, a really powerful computer but it's crunched down into a
really tiny size ...
M:
7
Um-hum.
V:
| ... so this, and, and because of its size this thing actually
glows blue white when it operates.
M:
. Hum.
V:
;You know, it creates so much heat itself, the computer does,
this is real interesting, we're right on, this device is so far out on
the edge of stability that, uh, quite literally, I mean it's
self-destructive. In order for it to work in its final state, it
destroys itself. It generates such intense power ...
1
Um-hum.
M:
V:
1
that it lasts for a microseconds, but the wall it puts up
destroys everything in its way, in its path, uh, we're talking a
really neat concept, and all the dynamics that are going into it are
really complex and really state-of-the-art stuff.
M:
V:
Um-hum.
Uh, I, I essentially see what I was seeing this afternoon only
I see it operating and it's, it's, uh, this volatile beam coming out
of this thing. I just wish I could - the key to this whole thing
really, the key to the whole thing and the metal alloy or oxide alloy
rods that are bundled - that's the key, and how they're bathed with
the output from this, uh, laser initiated controlled explosion and,
and the elements from that - the, uh, neutrons that are stripped from
this are done in a very, are stripped in and a very special way. It's
like, uh, it's something different from electromagnetics and I can't,
damn, I can't put it together.
It's not in our vocabulary.
M:
V:
( No, that's probably the problem is that I have nothing to
describe it with and I can see it, you know, I can, I can taste, I
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can, I know it's, uh, uh, if I was gonna draw it, uh, I wanta do this
really fancy scribble and, uh, and, and, what's interesting about this
is and again we're going back to the timing sequence and all that kind
of stuff, what we're really talking about is we're talking about an
expected occurrence of the neutrons coming off this thing. In other
words, the way they orbit and everything it's all predictable.
It's
all been predicted. So they strip off the maximum number of neutrons
and accelerate them down to these lasing metallic alloy rods or
whatever they are and there's, it's not a donut wrapped around this
thing but it's a special shape. It's like, uh, it's designed to
capture where the neutrons will be which is really interesting. It's,
it's like there's, you would look at it and say "that's really weird
the way they did that." But it's taken months of, you know, using the
computer to map how that will be done without interfering with the
process itself.
M:
V:
7
Um-hum.
time.
You know, it's like being in the right place at the right
And, I don't know how to do that. It's like a
M:
Sounds like it's hard to capture in a drawing, it's hard to
capture in language.
V:
7
Yeah, and what I'm trying to do is I'm trying to capture the
Fight kind of words to describe it. It's not like a double helix,
it's not like a donut, uh, it's like a, uh, it's a specially
configured - it's not electromagnetic either, it's something - it like
traps the higher orbits of a neutron that come off or electrons that
create neutrons or whatever. I don't even know what the hell I'm
talking about here. You know, I think physicists would have troubles
sitting down and conversing on this.
Um-huh.
M:
V:
It's beyond, it's beyond the come, it's, uh, they could
theorize it but, when it comes to actually doing it, it takes
literally sitting down with a super computer for months to come up
with come conclusions, or arrive at some conclusions, so Demo One is a
film of what happens in the desert. Demo Two is actually seeing this
thing done in a lab scenario on a smaller scale using this massive
laser device to initiate a controlled nuclear detonation which
produces huge outputs of neutrons which are stripped using this double
helix donut device which is then pumped or pulsed across a very
special alloy type of rod, and it's real short, I mean it's not a
major thing. It's just a little bunch of rods that are set up in a
certain way and neutrons are pumped across it. And its acts like a
directional anode and it puts out huge massive like 1012 outputs of
X-rays in a coherent wave front. And these things come boiling out at
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the end and literally heat the air molecules uh, that travel they
travel through. Burn them up - just, they burn up the air molecules,
create a vacuum around the and hit these targets which are parts of
pieces of guidance systems to rockets and molecularly it shakes them
to pieces - vaporizes, vaporizes them. And when I say the, the output
of the output of, the demo device in the lab is like 1 1/10th and not
even that, like 1/50th the power of the one that's, that's done with
the detonation in the desert.
M:
V:
Hum.
The one in the desert is just unreal, it's literally powered
with a thermonuclear device, I mean it's output is outrageous. On a,
on a scale of 1 to 10 the lab demo is a 1 and the one in the desert's
is 10 to the minus 10, I mean it's just got an outrageous output - it
would melt anything. And, and in space the near vacuum of space it
would put a small wall up of X-ray or gamma ray output that you
couldn't fly a gnat through you know without cooking it. It would
shake everything molecularly apart and, and it wouldn't last that
long, ;you know, seconds. And what's neat about it is the only side
effect is the thermonuclear device going off in the atmosphere, you
know, above the atmosphere in space, so you would have a probably a
real severe EPI problem or EMP problem or whatever you call it that
would last for a few minutes actually a little more than a few
minutes, but the result is that everything manmade above the
atmosphere would cease to function. It would literally be blown to
pieces. Real overkill for eliminating just a few hundred ICBMs or
whatever. Probably 15 of these would launch one right after the other
for a 20-minute period would eliminate any ICBM's the Russians ever
launch.
M:
V:
5
7
Hum.
)
That's essentially it. That's, that's all I'm getting for
this event stuff. Now I'm getting some other real interesting things
on the side I'm getting specially designed computer stuff to operate
these things, to aim, them, to handle whether or not they should go
off, or how they go off, uh, super high speed very powerful
miniaturized computers that run very hot. I see them literally
glowing bottles of coolant. I also see, uh, a second remote site in
the desert somewhere that's definitely an air base where the devices
are put together and tested. I see, uh, uh, hum, got kind of a flash
and input of guys running around with guns which is real interesting,
uh, some kind of heavy security force, this is really over protected
stuff, uh, I see variations of this, theoretic variations of this that
operate not only in the gamma X-ray area but are - you see this is
capable of generating a whole lot of different kinds of wave fronts.
And you can generate microwave, you can generate gamma wave, you can
generate X-ray, the key is the rods. It really has to do with the
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lasing components and I think the problem what they've really ironed
out is how to, how to time the thermonuclear device to capture its
output in terms of neutrons and focusing. They've learned to do that
and now they learned about the lasing rods and how to develop a
coherent wave fronts. And its combining the two and putting that into
a vehicle that's launchable - it's really interesting. Making it
small enough but violent enough to do what it's gotta do, so we're
looking at some really advanced state-of-the-art stuff. And I think
one of the real surprises that they've got in just the past couple of
years is the ability to theoretically test it by using both the high
energy laser at this lab. They were unable to generate enough output
power with this laser before it really use it to any extent in testing
this. And now they've been able to do that, really, really produce
the kind of output that's necessary and control the scenario to at
least generate some minor tests they're major tests but I mean an a
way that's ...
V:
1
M:
r
Um-hum. Sure.
. observable in a lab situation, uh, which, again, I think
the breakthrough on that which is it's really interesting has to do
with something as simple as polishing the inside of that sphere.
M:
Hum.
-
V:
So that they're not only initiating the, the miniature sun to
burn, but it's actually reflected back in on itself. It actually
collapses back in on it, so it's almost like building a miniature
black hole, in a bottle which is really neat. And, and again that in
comes the theory to this enormous amount of resource in terms of
computer work and theoretics and stuff, and, and that's it. And the
most fun out of the whole thing is that they really do initiate this
thing using this high energy laser. You get to see the air molecules
boil. Maybe via, I wouldn't watch it except via maybe a remote
camera, uh, I get a feeling if this thing ever went haywire, you know,
I mean there'd be X-rays everywhere, so it's probably a very, uh,
heavily built shielded room that they use as a target.
M
1
Um-hum.
V:
That's it, that's it, that's go for broke stuff.
1
7 OK.
M:
V:
ok. I hope so.
M
) Thank you,
V:
It seems to be awfully fantastic stuff.
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SRI Internationa
Final Report
Covering the Period 15 November 1983 to 15 December 1984
December 1984
GEOPHYSICAL EFFECTS STUDY (U)
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SRI Project 6600
- - 1.
11
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I
OBJECTIVE (U)
(V)
The objective of this effort is to investigate the
possible effects of ambient geophysical/extremely low-frequency electro-
*
magnetic factors on remote viewing (RV) performance
*
(U) RV (remote viewing) is the acquisition and description, by mental
means, of information blocked from ordinary perception by distance or
shielding.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (U)
SRI International was tasked
to investigate a potential correlation between remote viewing (RV)
performance and ambient geophysical/extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic
(ELF) activity. The possibility of such correlation is indicated, for
*
example, by studies showing psychophysiological effects'' 2 and behavioral
changes3' 4 associated with ELF electromagnetic fields. The geophysical
variables of interest include such factors as ELF intensity/ fluctuations,
ionospheric conditions, geomagnetic indices, sunspot number, and solar-
flare characteristics. The questions addressed in this program are
. Do geophysical/performance correlations exist such that
measurement of the ambient geophysical variables could
be used as an indicator of expected performance?
· If so, can optimum performance windows be identified?
(U) The structure of the program to investigate the above issues
consists of
A literature search
.
Real-time ELF measurements
SRI International (Menlo Park, California location)
Time Research Institute (Los Altos, California
field station) .
.
Real-time geophysical data acquisition via the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Westar IV
satellite downlink.
· Computer correlation studies of RV performance versus
variables of interest.
(U) In this report, we present findings from our over-six-year
analysis of scored RV sessions -- as they relate to geophysical environmental
*
(U)
References are listed at the end of this report.
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(U)
spectrum is unknown, it could provide a promising link between the solar-
terrestrial environment and known electromagnetic effects on biological
processes.
With regard to ELF itself, preliminary evaluation of the ELF
environment in half-hourly time intervals has shown a possible relation-
ship to frequencies between 10 and 30 Hz, particularly as ELF intensities
change from below average to above average values.
Considering the modest level-of-effort for the survey
of geophysical/ELF factors, and their possible relationship to RV per-
formance, a considerable amount of progress has been made in delineating
potential correlations of value. What can be said at this point is that
this pilot study provides evidence that the quality of RV functioning may
be intimately related to the geophysical environment. What remains to be
done is (1). an in-depth statistical evaluation of those findings of this
study that were strongly intercorroborated by the various data sets used,
and (2) a structured attempt at blind RV performance forecasting. As a
result, continued collection and analysis of such data will be pursued
to determine whether the correlations found are stable over time, and
will thus provide a solid continuing basis for RV performance prediction.
From both scientific and practical viewpoints, knowledge of this kind makes
it possible'
to consider methods for!
enhancing the overall RV producto
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SRI Internationa
-.
Interim Report
Covering the Period 15 November 1983 to 15 July 1984
July 1984
GEOPHYSICAL EFFECTS STUDY (U)
-
SRI Project 6600
ESU 83-147
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OBJECTIVE (U)
The objective of this effort is to investigate the
1
possible effects of ambient geophysical/low-frequency electromagnetic
factors on remote viewing (RV)* performance
*
(U)
RV (remote viewing) is the acquisition and description, by mental
means, of information blocked from ordinary perception by distance
or shielding.
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INTRODUCTION
(U)
SRI International is tasked
'to investigate a potential correlation between remote viewing
(RV) performance and ambient geophysical/extremely-low-frequency electro-
magnetic (ELF) activity. The possibility of such correlation is indicated,
for example, by studies showing psychophysiological effects
1, a*
and
behavioral changes3, 4
associated with ELF electro-magnetic fields. The
geophysical variables of interest include such factors as ELF intensity/
fluctuations, ionospheric conditions, geomagnetic indices, sunspot number,
and solar emissions (e. g., X rays and solar flares). The questions to be
answered in this program are
· Do geophysical/performance correlations exist such that
measurement of the ambient geophysical variables could
be used as an indicator of expected performance?
· If so, can optimum performance windows be identified?
(U) The structure of the program that will address the above issues
consists of
A literature search.
·
Real-time ELF measurements
- SRI (Menlo Park, California location)
- Time Research Institute (Los Altos, California
field station) .
·
Real-time geophysical data acquisition via NOAA
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
Westar IV satellite downlink.
· Computer correlation studies of RV performance versus
variables of interest.
*
(U)
References are listed at the end of this report.
3
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SRI International
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Final Report
Covering the Period 15 November 1983 to 15 December 1984
December 1
PERSONNEL IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION (U)
..
SRI Project 6
4
Copy No.
12
This document consists of 54 pa
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International
333 Ravenswood Avenue . Menlo P.
(415) 326-6200 . Cable: SRI INT!
5 . U.S.A.
1-373-2046

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TABLES (U)
1
(U) PAS Reference Groups of Precalibrated Viewers.
14
2
(U) Cluster Analysis of 14 Precalibrated Viewers
16
3
(U) Results of SRI RV Trainees.
20
4
Results of the
RV Trainees
21
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.
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IV METHOD OF APPROACH (U)
A. (U) Overview
(U) To accomplish the object of this effort, we used a group of 19 "calibrated" remote
viewers as "baseline" indications of personality types for individuals who are likely to be
good remote viewers. All 19 viewers were scored on a self-report inventory and on a
performance measure. (Details of both are described below.) Item analysis was conducted
to determine if there were any above-chance groupings of individuals in accordance with
their RV abilities. By comparing the results of the performance measures with those of the
self-report inventories, we considered the possibility of correlations between the two
techniques.
.
(V):
The next stage was to administer the same tests to all SRI,
1
and Mobius Society personnel currently involved in RV. On the basis of the test
results, predictions were made as to the individuals' RV abilities.
(U) As a test of correlations between self-report inventories and RV abilities in the
"general" population, we conducted item analysis upon 3081 responses collected by the
Mobius Society.
(U) To determine if Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) could assist in the search for
personality correlates to RV, we asked .Dr. Nevin Lantz to provide us with a detailed analysis
with particular focus upon applications for psychoenergetic research.
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.
I INTRODUCTION (U)
A.
(U) Overview
--
It. has been claimed by the parapsychological community that
certain people can search for and locate water, oil, minerals, objects,
individuals, sites of archaeological significance, and so forth. This
purported ability is most often referred to as "dowsing" in the Western
literature,
1
In this report, t we shall refer to such techniques simply as
"search." If "search" can be demonstrated to be a genuine ability, and if
it can be applied
then we may have a
potential contribution
(U) This ability can be contrasted to the related remote viewing ability in the following
manner. In remote viewing, the viewer is given location information (e.g., coordinates, a beacon
agent, or a picture), then asked to provide data on target content. In "search," the viewer is
given information on target content, then asked to provide location data (e.g., position on a
map). The two functions thus complement each other.
(U) For a comprehensive survey of the claims for dowsing, see Christopher Bird, The
Divining Hand, E. P. Dutton, New York, New York (1979).
+(U) This report constitutes the deliverable for Objective D, Task 1 and Objective G, Task 1.
1
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(U) To see whether or not this purported "search" ability could be brought under
laboratory control, a computer-assisted search (CAS) routine was developed. This routine
consists of the following elements:
(1) A finite matrix of possible target locations (e.g., a 20 x 20 graphics matrix grid)
from which one cell is randomly selected by the computer as the target.
(2) An individual whose task is to "scan" the graphics display area with a computer
mouse, and indicate, by pressing the button on the mouse, his/her choice as to
the target location.
(3) A feedback mechanism that displays the response and actual target location.
(4) An a priori defined analysis procedure to compare the targets with the
responses.
B.
(U) Background
(U) Using this general procedure, an experiment was conducted during FY 1984 in which
two conditions were tested simultaneously:1*
. The target remains fixed in space for the duration of the trial (space
condition).
. The target is rapidly moving to various locations, so that the subject must push
the button at exactly the right time (time condition).
Seven subjects, who were blind to the space/time condition,
were each asked to contribute 50 trials (25 space, 25 time). Five of them
produced independently significant results: three in time only and two in
space only.
No participant was successful at both space and time
conditions.
(U) A larger pool of subjects was used to try to replicate this finding in FY 1986.
Participants were chosen on the basis of interest and availability, and included both experienced
and novice subjects. As in the FY 1984 experiment, each subject contributed 25 trials under
each of the two conditions, space and time, and were blind to the condition in force for each
trial. Most subjects were unaware that there were two conditions.
Thirty-six subjects participated in the FY 1986 experiment.
Results were analyzed by separating the trials collected under the two
conditions, as before. Six subjects attained significant results (p <
0.05) in the time condition, and two in the space condition. The smallest
(U) References are listed at the end of this report.
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attained p-value was 0.0001. The probability of obtaining such an extreme
result, with 72 separate tests (36 in each condition), is 0.007. {The
appropriate formula for this is [1 - (1 - 0.0001)72], where in general the
smallest p-value in an experiment with n separate tests is used instead of
0.0001, and n is used in place of 72.}2
In both years of testing, no participant scored significant
hits in both the time and space conditions. (There were two subjects in FY
1986 who scored significantly in the direction of missing the target under
both conditions. ) This observation led to the question of whether or not
talented subjects bifurcated into two groups: those who could search over
a spatial area, and those who could push the button at just the right
time. A follow-up experiment was proposed in FY 1986 to test this.
-
. Eleven subjects who had done well in the original FY 1986
experiment were asked to participate in a "single condition" experiment in
which they would search under only the condition for which they had scored
well. Thus, those who scored better in time were told of this fact, and
were told that the target was constantly moving. Similarly, those who had
done well with a fixed target were tested only under this condition, and
were explicitly told that the target was stationary. Eight subjects
completed this experiment. Results from this single condition experiment
proved to be nonsignificant for all subjects.
C. (U) Experiments for FY 1987
(U) Since the FY 1984 and the original FY 1986 experiments had shown evidence of
"search" ability, and since the only change in the follow-up FY 1986 experiment had been to
remove the random assignment of the space and time condition, it was decided that an
experiment should be conducted in FY 1987 in which the random space and time conditions
were again used. This will be further discussed in this report, under the title of
"Computer-Assisted Search Experiment."
(U) As another test of "search" ability, an experiment was conducted during FY 1987
with a group of five self-proclaimed dowsers. The purpose of this experiment was to see if any of
these individuals could come closer than expected by chance to locating a shipwreck, by
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(U) In our experiment, a bounded area representing the perimeter of a 20 x 20 cell
matrix was shown to the participant, with the additional option of having the 400 individual
squares of the grid displayed. Figure 1 shows the display with the grid option. The participant
was told that the target could be anywhere within the square, and that he/she should move the
cursor around, and push the button on the mouse when the moment "seemed right." The
computer was programmed to give immediate feedback to the participant following each trial by
automatically displaying the target cell as a filled square and the participant's choice as a shaded
square, with a line connecting the two (see Figure 1). After several seconds of the feedback
display, the computer recycled to the next trial. Coordinates of the target and response were
stored for future analysis.
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UNCLASSIFIED
FIGURE 1 (U) SEARCH MATRIX COMPUTER DISPLAY WITH FEEDBACK
B.
(U) The Atocha Experiment
To take the search task out of the laboratory, five
self-proclaimed dowsers were asked to participate in an experiment to see
if any of them could find an object by searching a map. (One of them,
Viewer 198, has been part of the SRI Psychoenergetics Project since 1984.
At times he/she has performed excellently in
real-world laboratory search tasks. However, his/her overall performance
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has been mixed. ) The object used for the experiment was the wreck of a
Spanish galleon, Nuestra Senora de Atocha, which sank during a hurricane in
1622. The wreckage was found off the coast of Key West, Florida, on 20
July, 1985. It was selected as the target for this experiment because,
although its location was already known, the considerable wealth it
contained and its fascinating historical background made it something that
would have been worth searching for. The purpose of this task was to
simulate a situation in which the searchers would be excited about finding
the target because of its value. Of course the experiment was designed in
such a way that knowing the actual location of the wreckage would not help
the searchers succeed in the experiment.
1.
(U) Preliminary Activities
(U) To create a high level of interest in the experiment, SRI personnel visited Florida
and conducted two preliminary activities. First, they accompanied Viewer 198 to the Atocha
museum and discussed the experiment and the Atocha history in detail with him/her. Later,
before beginning the experimental trials, Viewer 198 showed a National Geographic videotape
of the search for the Atocha to the other four participants.
(U) The second preliminary activity was to conduct a few real-world search trials
with Viewer 198, for a less important, but known, Spanish galleon wreck, the San Pedro. For
these trials the location of the San Pedro wreck was marked on a map. Three white paper disks,
scaled to correspond to 5,000 yards in diameter (6.34 square miles), were randomly keyed to the
map and marked with a secret orientation code so that the experimenter could later rematch
them to the map. The actual map location of the San Pedro was constrained to be somewhere on
each of the three disks.
(U) To add to the excitement of the task, the data were collected while Viewer 198
and the SRI personnel were in a vessel anchored directly above the wreck. Viewer 198 was given
the three disks and asked to mark on each of them the spot where he/she felt the wreck and thus
his/her current location were. We had hoped that "searching" for yourself as a beacon would
contribute to the success of the trial.
(U) Each disk was rematched to the map and the center of gravity (CG) for the three
responses was calculated. Viewer 198's CG corresponded to a spot 500 yards from the wreck. If
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(U)
a "real search" had been initiated at Viewer 198's spot, a 96% reduction in search area would
have been realized over starting at a random location.
(U) Encouraged by this demonstration trial, we proceeded with the search for the
Atocha.
2. (U) Experimental Details
(U) The five participants in the Atocha experiment conducted their searches in group
meetings at one participant's home. During each weekly meeting, each subject attempted five
guesses. These were recorded by filling in a square on a piece of paper containing a 20 x 20 grid
similar to that shown in Figure 1. These responses were then mailed to SRI International for
evaluation. Previous to the time of the meeting, an experimenter at SRI had generated a target
square for each participant, for each of the trials. This was done using a computer
randomization scheme to select one of the 400 squares in the grid. To simulate real conditions
as much as possible, the grid was placed on a map of the Key West area with the target square
centered on the spot where the Atocha had been found. Thus, each week there were five such
grids, ordered numerically by trial number, for each participant. If the participant filled in the
correct square on a given response grid, then when the grid used for that trial was placed on the
map, the response would be directly over the spot where the Atocha was found.
(U) The experiment was initially scheduled to run for five weeks, with each
participant contributing a total of 25 trials. However, at the end of that period the participants
submitted and were granted a request to repeat the experiment, so the entire experiment consists
of two sets of 25 trials for each subject.
C.
(U) Analysis
(U) In both the CAS and the Atocha experiments, the basic unit of data for analysis
consisted of sets of 25 target/response pairs. Within each pair, the data recorded were the
coordinates of the target and the response from their locations on the 20 x 20 grid. In the CAS
experiment, each of the eight subjects contributed one such set in the time condition and one in
the space condition. For the Atocha experiment, each of the five subjects contributed two sets,
one during each of the two five-week periods in the experiment.
the question of
interest is whether or not the information provided by the participant
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(S-NF)
Table 6 (concluded)
Major Keyword
Subtopic Keyword
Miscellaneous -- Encompasses all
publications that were determined
to possess little or no immediate
pinterest (e.g.,
"hauntings," detection of the
human aura, and so forth)
No subtopics as yet implemented
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would help reduce the time needed to find the target. This is equivalent
to reducing the area over which it is necessary to search before the
target is located.
(U) Assume that in the absence of any information, a search would proceed by randomly
selecting a square on the grid and searching that square. If the target is not found, then the
squares closest to the original one are searched, in random order. This continues, by
progressively moving away from the original square, until the target is found. At each stage, the
set of squares equidistant from the original one, which have not yet been searched, are selected
in random order and searched.
(U) To analyze the success of these experiments, the average time required to find the
target using this procedure with the subject's guess as the starting point should be compared to
the average time required using a random starting point.
(U) The number of squares that must be searched could range anywhere from one (if the
target is in the original starting square), to the total number of squares, which is 400 for our
experiments. In the absence of any information, and assuming that the target is equally likely to
be anywhere in the grid, the probability that exactly s squares must be searched is 1/400, for any
integer value of s from one to 400. In other words, s follows what is called a "discrete uniform
distribution." It is as likely that all 400 squares will have to be searched as it is that the target will
be found in the first square. This result is independent of the starting square.
(U) The item of interest from each trial is the number of squares that would have to be
searched to find the target. To compute this, we first find the straight line distance from the
response to the target using the formula:
d = V (Y1-Y2)2+ (X1 -X2 )2,
where (X1 , Y1 ) and (X2 , Y2 ) are the coordinates of the target and the response, respectively.
(U) Next, we count the number of squares that are closer to the response than is the
actual target, since all of those would have to be searched before the target would be found.
Finally, we add to the count half of the number of squares that are exactly d units from the
response, since on the average half of the squares at that distance would have to be searched
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III RESULTS (U)
A. (U) The Computer-Assisted Search Experiment
Table 1 shows the average proportion of squares that would
have to be searched to find the target, and the corresponding p-values for
each participant in each condition. One individual achieved a significant
p-value in the space condition, and none did in the time condition. The
subject who achieved significant results (Subject 837) had done so in the
space condition in the FY 1986 experiment also (with p = 0.04), but did
not participate in the FY 1984 experiment. Subject 164, who showed a
p-value of 0.066 in the space condition in this experiment, had a
.
significant result (p = 0.031) in the space condition in FY 1984, and
significantly missed the target (p = 0.98) in the FY 1986 space condition.
Neither of these subjects scored anything other than chance in the time
condition in any of the experiments. The third-ranked subject (Subject
150, p = 0.109) was a novice.
Table 1
(U)
RESULTS FOR COMPUTER -ASSISTED SEARCH EXPERIMENT
SPACE CONDITION
TIME CONDITION
Subject I.D.
Average proportion
of squares searched
p-value
Average proportion
of squares searched
p-value
837
0.3353
0.002
0.5008
0.497
164 *
0.4143
0.066
0.4396
0.143
150 *
0.4302
0.109
0.4715
0.303
463 +
0.4771
0.338
0.5837
0.923
235 #
0.4801
0.357
0.5224
0.643
300 t
0.5023
0.507
0.4337
0.121
428 +
0.5454
0.778
0.5740
0.896
432
.
0.5649
0.865
0.5089
0.552
.
Previously significant in space.
+
Previously significant in time.
* Novice
Based on the minimum p-value of 0.002, the overall level of
significance for the experiment with the space condition is 0.016. For
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the time condition, it is 0.644 (minimum p = 0.121) .
For the entire
experiment, the minimum p-value is still 0.002, but it is based on 16
replications, so the overall significance level is 0.032.
A more interesting result with regard to potential
applications is an estimate of the reduction in the area that would have
to be searched if the responses given by these subjects were used instead
of randomly choosing a starting point. This can be computed by comparing
the average proportions given in Table 1 with the chance average of
0.50125.
For Subject 837, under the space condition, the average
reduction would be 33%. For example, if a search was undertaken for a
kidnap victim, and this subject achieved the personal average level of
functioning demonstrated in this experiment, 33% less area would have to
be searched before the victim was found than if a random starting point
was used. Even though only one subject had a significant result,
combining all subjects' guesses in the space condition would still give an
average reduction of 6.5% in the area searched. Depending upon the
application, this reduction could still represent a substantial savings in
expenditure of resources.
In the time condition however, the results
indicate that there would be no change in search time over chance.
i
In addition to looking at the average reduction in search
area, it is of interest for applications to know what percent of the
trials would have resulted in a smaller search area than expected by
chance.
For Subject 837 in the space condition, 18 out of 25, or 72% of
all trials resulted in a savings. This means that if this subject were
used repeatedly to suggest a starting point for searches, approximately
72% of all targets would be found in less time than average, and 28% would
require more than the average. In contrast, a random starting place
should result in about 50% above and 50% below average search times. For
all subjects combined in the space condition, 104 out of 200, or 52% of
all trials resulted in a savings in search area. For the time condition
only, 102, or 51% resulted in a smaller search area than would be expected
by chance.
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IV DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS (U)
4
The experiments discussed in this report were designed to
replicate and extend earlier findings which indicated that selected
participants could use psychic means to help search for a hidden target.
The computer-assisted search experiment, which served as a direct
replication of the experiments conducted in FY 1984 and FY 1986, once
again showed promising results. As in the earlier experiments, no subject
was able to produce significant results independently in both the time and
the space conditions. Further, the two subjects who produced the best
results did so; in the space condition, which replicated their performance
in the earlier experiments. The best subject in the time condition had
scored significantly in the time condition in FY 1986, but not in space.
In general, those who did well in this experiment (excluding one novice)
did so in the same condition for which they had previously scored
significantly.
Even though n is small, we were able to speculate that
subjects bifurcate into those who can search for fixed targets (space) and
those who can identify when to register a guess (time). It would appear
that each subject would do best in an experiment which contained only the
preferred condition. A study done this year to test that notion produced
completely chance results. Thus, it appears that even if this bifurcation
does exist, it is best to present subjects with randomly scrambled
conditions. Perhaps the knowledge of exactly what the task requires adds
an analytical component which is hard to overcome.
This has been observed
in other psychic functioning, such as forced choice guessing of targets in
remote viewing.
This is the third year in which a computer-assisted search
experiment has provided evidence that psychic functioning may be of some
use in :
searching for hidden or lost
targets.
Although such functioning is not completely predictable, it
appears to be robust enough, when selected subjects are used, to
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significantly reduce the average search time from what it would be if
randomly located starting points were used.
(U) The Atocha experiment, which was designed to see if self-proclaimed "dowsers"
would be able to locate a lost object using a grid overlaid on a map, did not produce a significant
finding, although a preliminary experiment showed very promising results. It is difficult to base
conclusions on one experiment with a small sample size. However, it appears that whatever
produced the functioning with selected subjects in the computer-assisted search in the laboratory
did not carry over to the conditions of the Atocha experiment.
..
:
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Final Report -- Objective F, Tasks 1a and 1b
Covering the Period 1 October 1986 to 30 September 1987
December 1987
FEEDBACK AND PRECOGNITION DEPENDENT
REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENTS (U)
SRI Project 1291
C
:
C
Carx 12 0x 10 Copies.
This document consists of /7 pages.
SRI/GF=0304
Copy 1083
SRI
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ABSTRACT (U)
Two different precognition experiments were conducted during
FY 1987.
The first of these involved a well-calibrated viewer (Subject
372) and used natural Bay Area sites as targets. Ten real-time and ten
precognitive trials (counterbalanced) yielded no statistical evidence for
remote viewing. In the second experiment, four viewers contributed
approximately 30 trials each in a similar counterbalanced real-time vs.
precognition protocol. In this experiment, however, the target material
were photographs from a national magazine. No statistical evidence for
remote viewing was observed in this experiment. In a third experiment
designed to explore the role of feedback upon remote viewing quality, two
of four viewers produced independently significant evidence for remote
viewing. A number of speculations are offered as to possible mechanisms
including real-time data acquisition and global precognition with noise
reduction.
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I INTRODUCTION (U)
Since 1973, remote viewing (RV) has been observed under a wide
variety of different conditions. A few of many possible examples are
coordinate RV* (targeting by geographical coordinates) , 1 beacon RV (known
person at the remote site) , 2 abstract targeting (targeting by the word
"target" or by a random number or binary number) , 3 and targeting by remote
tasking, in which the task is sealed in an envelope which is
geographically isolated from the viewer. To first order, all of these
(and more) have been demonstrated successfully in
laboratory |
1
conditions.
The main difficulty in trying to understand the various
successes of RV from a fundamental point of view is that RV appears to
require a large number of basic theories to explain the variety of
observables. How is it possible to describe access to remote information
with a single unifying concept when the target has been specified by a
complex series of random events, separated in time and space, and these
events are completely unknown to the viewer? This problem has been one of
the main sources of criticism about the existence of RV, in that nothing
else in nature appears to have such properties. (It is beyond the scope
of this report to argue this point. It suffices to say that most of the
great advances in science contributed to the organization and
understanding of seemingly unrelated data. The ultraviolet catastrophe
and early atomic spectra are but two examples of the confusion prior to
the understanding provided by early quantum theory. )
(U) SRI has been developing a heuristic model of psychoenergetic functioning4 that has
the potential of providing some understanding of the RV confusion described above. It is based
upon a concept called precognition. Since the 1930s, the parapsychology literature has been
reporting experiments that claim to demonstrate the existence of precognition -- remote viewing
of target material that had not been specified at the time of the viewing. As yet, there is not a
meta-analysis of this literature, but there is a review of the experimental support for
* (U)
References may be found at the end of this report.
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II METHOD OF APPROACH (U)
A. (U) Real-Time vs. Precognition Experiment
(U) During FY 1987, SRI conducted two experiments to examine the effects of target
generation time in RV data acquisition. The first of these was with a selected viewer using natural
locations within 30 minutes driving time from SRI as target material. In the other experiment,
four experienced viewers used photographs from the National Geographic Magazine as target
material. In both experiments the time of target generation (before or after the RV session) was
unknown to either viewers or monitors.
1. (U) The Beacon RV Series
(U) To examine the role of target generation upon out-bound RV experiments, SRI
asked an experienced viewer (Viewer 372) to participate in a 20-trial series. Viewer 372 has
been calibrated in this particular task in that he/she has demonstrated significant RV
performance in all (2) of the beacon experiments conducted at SRI.11, 12 Furthermore, Viewer
372 has expressed strong preference for this type of experiment rather than those that use
photographs as targets.
..
The target material consisted of 66 natural outdoor
locations within a half-hour's drive of SRI. The sites were selected on
the basis of the past performance of Viewer 372. Thus, the target
-
selection criteria allowed sites that would be more difficult for novice
viewers. The intent was to produce a target pool with a variety of
different material. For Viewer 372, the variety could be architectural
(and other details) as well as general gestalt features.
a. (U) Protocol
(U) The viewer and the monitor were blind to both the target pool and the
individual target selections. At the beginning of each trial, the viewer and monitor were
sequestered in the RV laboratory. The assistant then selected the target generation time and, if
appropriate, the target site. The target selection time for each trial was determined according to
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III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (U)
A. (U) Real-Time vs. Precognition Experiments
1. (U) The Beacon RV Series
(U) Table 1 shows the results of the 20-session beacon RV series.
Table 1
(U)
RESULTS FOR VIEWER 372
Condition
Trace
p-value
Real-time
45.5
0.154
Precognition
51.5
0.638
-
Overall, no condition met the criteria for statistical significance. For Viewer 372, this represents
the first time at SRI that a series has not met statistical significance out of four attempts (counting
each condition as a separate attempt). Given Viewer 372's track record, we allow for some
speculation as to possible reasons for the results of this series.
Viewer 372 first participated in a six-trial RV experiment
in FY 1980. That study produced four first place matches and two second
place matches for a combined p-value of 0.003.11 His/her second
participation was in FY 1986. when twelve beacon RV trials were conducted
with an overall p-value of 0.007. 12 Combined with the two efforts in FY
1987 (see Table 1) the average p-value is 0.201. Using an exact
calculation, 16 the probability of observing an average p-value of 0.201 in
4 experiments is 0.017. This is consistent with a minimum p-value (0.003)
technique17 which yields 0.012.
.
.There are at least two possible hypotheses for this
experiment not reaching significance. The first (and most likely one) is
given by Utts. 18 If one is willing to estimate a "hit" rate given that RV
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is real, then it is possible to calculate the probability of observing a
significant study. While it is difficult to ascertain the actual "hit"
rate for RV, Utts provides an estimate for a similar process -- Ganzfeld.
For a 10-trial study the probability of observing a significant result is
only 15%. (MCE is 5%, of course. )
1
Secondly, a new variable was introduced by the nature of
the protocol. The time between the remote viewing and the feedback was
greater than two hours. This represents an order of magnitude increase
over our other experiments. The influence of this increase is currently
unknown.
2.
The Target Photograph Series
1
Table 2 shows the results of the four-viewer real-time vs.
precognition experiment. Based on the sum of ranks and their associated
p-values, there was no significant evidence of RV in this series.
Table 2
(U)
REAL-TIME VS. PRECOGNITION RESULTS
*
Viewer
Cond.
Real-time
Precognition
All
Trials
rt/pc
009
57 (0.375)
62 (0.625)
119 (0.482)
15/15
105
61 (0.905)
51 (0.473)
112 (0.797)
13/13
177
32 (0.283)
46 (0.415)
78 (0.275)
9/12
454
70 (0.912)
68 (0.862)
138 (0.954)
15/15
Totals
220 (0.203)
227 (0.472)
447 (0.179)
52/55
*
(U) Sum-of-ranks (p-value)
Based on the past performance (in real-time RV) of these
particular viewers, the results are disappointing. Yet, because of their
record, we speculate upon possible reasons why this experiment did not
reach significance.
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" As described above, an estimate (provided by Utts18) of the
probability of a significant 10-15 trail RV series is approximately 15%.
Yet it remains surprising that no significant series was observed in eight
attempts.
A possible problem is that this particular experiment was
conducted after the successful tachistoscope experiment (described below).
That experiment required 40 trials from each viewer. Since this
experiment required 30 trails from each viewer, a given viewer had to
produce 70 remote viewings in approximately 80 days.
..
In summary, then, we were unable to demonstrate a
significant RV phenomenon in the real-time vs. precognition experiments.
Considering the vast amount of data in the literature that claim the
existence of precognition, we recommend that the study should be continued
at a later date.
B. (U) The Tachistoscope Experiment
(U) Table 3 shows the sum of ranks and associated p-values for the tachistoscope
feedback experiment.
Table 3
(U)
TACHISTOSCOPE FEEDBACK EXPERIMENT
Viewer
Result
009
131 (0.012) -
105
182 (0.962)
137
159 (0.484)
177
104 (3.5x10-6)
*
(U) Sum-of-ranks (p-value)
Viewers 009 and 177 produced independently significant
results. There are a number of ways in which we could combine these data,
but the most conservative is a binomial calculation assuming an event
probability of 0.05. Two successes in four trials corresponds to an exact
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p-value of 0.014. A more realistic estimate is provided by a minimum
p-value (3.5 x 10-6) technique which yields 1.4 x 10-4. 16 The important
point, however, is that this experiment produced strong evidence for an
informational anomaly.
Figures 3 and 4 show RV quality (1 is low, 7 is high) plotted
against intensity of the feedback for Viewers 009 and 177, respectively.
Shown also is the regression line for each viewer. These figures are to
be compared to Figure 2, the idealized expectations. The result that is
easiest to understand in Figure 2 is the positive correlation showing
increased RV performance with increased feedback intensity. We did not
observe any such correlation with either of the significant viewers. In
fact, the linear correlation coefficients were not significant.
The lack of positive correlation in the light of significant
evidence of RV complicates the interpretation considerably. The most
obvious conclusion is that the viewers obtained their data in real time
and not from the later feedback. But, if the argument posited in Section
I is correct (that precognition is unfalsifiable), then the experiment was
doomed to failure from the start. Another equally likely hypothesis is
that the underlying assumption that cognitive awareness constitutes
feedback information is incorrect. If this were true, we would expect to
see no correlation with intensity even if the precognition model were
correct.
Viewer 177's average sum of ranks was significantly (p < 0.02)
greater than his/her sum of ranks in the real-time vs. precognition
experiment. Viewer 009 produced a strong and similar trend that obtained
a probability against chance of 0.08. Assuming these differences are
meaningful, we can speculate that something in the tachistoscope
experiment resulted in a significant noise reduction. Possibly, short
exposures to feedback material allow the viewer to focus only upon the
major items and thus reduce the noise -- the precognition model is assumed
here. In any event, continuing this experiment would shed light on the
difficult feedback interpretation problem.
13
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=
r = 0.102 df = 38
-
T
-
.
-
-
t
-
-
RV Quality
+
.
-
.
.
+
₹
-
-
-
-
a
..
1000
2000
8000
4000
Intensity
FIGURE 4 (U) RV QUALITY VS. FEEDBACK INTENSITY: VIEWER 177
15
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SRI Internationa
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For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00789R003200160001-9
Final Report
December 1982
REVISED JULY 1983
A REMOTE VIEWING EVALUATION PROTOCOL (U)
C
1
Copy NO. ..
3
This document consists of 48 pages.
SRI/GF-0247
€
v J
1
copy 1of2
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(U)
the transcripts in order of the best to least match for each of the n
targets. A simple numerical counting procedure is then used to estimate
the likelihood that the judge's transcript/target matches are by chance
alone.2
This early technique contained little systematic structure for
determining the final order of matches.
1
The first step toward systematizing the rank order judging
procedure was to preprocess the raw data in the transcript by "concep-
tualizing" both the verbal and the pictorial responses. Conceptualizing
a transcript requires an analyst to paraphrase the transcript into a list
of coherent statements. This concept list is then compared and scored
concept-by-concept to each of the targets in the experiment. The resulting
scores are 'averaged for each response, and all responses are rank-ordered
on the basis of these scores."
This improved analysis procedure was applied
to a number of experiments within the Technology Transfer Task
(U) The problem with the above technique is that there are no guide-
lines as to how the analyst should paraphrase the transcript; furthermore,
the method in which the concepts are to be assessed against the targets
remains undefined. The purpose of the Evaluation Task in FY 1982 was to
identify a procedure that corrected these deficiencies.
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IV CONCLUSIONS (U)
' A protocol has been developed to address the relative evaluation
portion of the overall RV transcript assessment problem. As a demonstra-
tion of the technique, we provide in Appendix A an analysis of a series
of four remote viewings that were performed as calibrations .
In this series the remote
viewing products were of relatively high quality, but nonetheless require
a sensitive technique to differentiate because of the similarity of the
targets and, hence, of the descriptions. (The series was chosen primarily
for that reason. ) Application of the assessment technique resulted in
the correct blind matching (highest scoring in matches versus cross
matches) of three of the four.
(U) Appendix B is a one page, step-by-step procedure for the
application of this evaluation technique.
(U) The material in this document thus constitutes an instruction
manual or protocol for application of a step-by-step procedure for quan-
titative assessment of the relative target/transcript correlations of a
series of transcripts matched into a series of targets.
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On 14 December 1981, four coordinate remote viewings were con-
ducted as calibrations during af
remote viewing session tar-
geted -
sites of interest.
-
.
These four calibrations were
chosen as a test bed for the evaluation procedure for the following
reasons, (1) they were conducted in an appropriate setting, and (2) the
targets had many similar features, and would thus provide a sensitive
test of the protocol.
-
Figures A-1 through A-4 are the transcripts that were presented
to the analyst. They are exactly as they were when collected, except that
the coordinates have been removed. Figures A-5 through A-8 are the
National Geographic magazine targets that were used during the calibration
sessions. Finally, the task coordinator provided Tables A-1 through A-4
as target element relevance scales for the four targets in Figures A-5
through A-8. This completes the information that was given to the analyst,
and thus the analysis was carried out blind as to the matching target/
transcript pairs.
(U) Table A-5 is a compilation of the completed work sheets that
were used by the analyst in this evaluation. They are shown in groups
by session number, and alphabetized on the four targets. (The task
coordinator first randomized the transcript order then assigned the session
number used above.) For each of the transcripts, the analyst simply
included all phrases and all drawings as concepts. For example, seven
concepts were found during Session 2.
(U) All concepts were then analyzed as described in the text. The
matching target element, its relevance rating, and the computed score are
shown for all possible combinations of transcript/target pairs in Table
A-5. The score distributions and their resulting weighted averages are
also shown in Table A-5.
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IA-RDP
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IV CONCLUSIONS (U)
A protocol has been developed to address the relative evaluation
portion of the overall RV transcript assessment problem. As a demonstra-
tion of the technique, we provide in the following Appendix an analysis
of a series of four remote viewings that were performed as calibrations
In this series the
remote viewing products were of relatively high quality, but nonetheless
require a sensitive technique to differentiate because of the similarity
of the targets and, hence, of the descriptions. (The series was chosen
primarily for that reason. ) Application of the assessment technique
resulted in the correct blind matching (highest scoring in matches versus
cross matches) of three of the four.
(U) The material in this document thus constitutes an instruction
manual or protocol for application of a step-by-step procedure for quan-
titative assessment of the relative target/transcript correlations of a
series of transcripts matched into a series of targets.
-
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On 14 December 1981, four coordinate remote viewings were con-
ducted as calibrations
These four calibrations were
chosen as a test bed for the evaluation procedure for the following
reasons, (1) they were conducted in ant
setting, and (2) the
application
targets had many similar features, and would thus provide a sensitive
test of the protocol.
-
1
Figures A-1 through A-4 are the transcripts that were presented
to the analyst. They are exactly as they were when collected, except that
the coordinates have been removed. Figures A-5 through A-8 are the
National Geographic magazine targets that were used during the calibration
sessions. Finally, the task coordinator provided Tables A-1 through A-4
as target element relevance scales for the four targets in Figures A-5
through A-8. This completes the information that was given to the analyst,
and thus the analysis was carried out blind as to the matching target/
transcript pairs.
(U)
Table A-5 is a compilation of the completed work sheets that
were used by the analyst in this evaluation. They are shown in groups
by session number, and alphabetized on the four targets. (The task
coordinator first randomized the transcript order then assigned the session
number used above.) For each of the transcripts, the analyst simply
included all phrases and all drawings as concepts. For example, seven
concepts were found during Session 2.
(U) All concepts were then analyzed as described in the text.
The
matching target element, its relevance rating, and the computed score are
shown for all possible combinations of transcript/target pairs in Table
A-5. The score distributions and their resulting weighted averages are
also shown in Table A-5.
13
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SRI Internation®
. -------- -. . .
Final Report
Covering the Period October 1982 to September 1983
November 1!
FREE WORLD PSYCHOENERGETICS
RESEARCH SURVEY (U)
. =====
C
SRI Project 4028-2
=
-Copy No.
This document consists of 212 p
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I
INTRODUCTION (U)
This study is an overview of psychoenergetics research ef-
forts in those Free-World countries that have published articles in the
open literature. The data are restricted to foreign work and are derived
from a comprehensive survey of eight major parapsychological journals,
spanning a period from 1972 until the present. Two hundred and thirty-
three articles were evaluated and computerized in a Data Base Management
System (DBMS) according to six major topics or keywords and 16 subtopics
that were chosen specifically to reflect those areas considered to be of
principal interest
The six principal
topic headings may be understood in general terms according to the fol-
lowing set of definitions :
· Remote Sensing :
The acquisition and description, by mental
means, of information blocked from ordinary perception by dis-
tance or shielding, and generally believed to be secure against
such access."
· Remote Action:
The production of physical effects, such as the
perturbation of instrumentation or equipment that appears to be
well shielded against, or otherwise inaccessible to, human
influence .*
.
Reliability/Screening: Spans a wide range of prescriptive,
methodological experiments or experimental protocols; also in-
cludes studies involved in the identification of correlates
(e.g., physiological, psychological, and so forth) that may en-
hance psychoenergetic functioning and/or facilitate the selection
of talented subjects.
. Theoretical Models: Various paradigms and plausibility arguments,
which have been advanced within physics and other disciplines
that endeavor to explain observed phenomena.
. Healing: The ability of an agent to cure illness or to influence
positively the physical state of a biological system.
*
(U) H. E. Puthoff, R. Targ, and E. C. May, "Psychoenergetic Research:
Suggested Approaches, " SRI White Paper, SRI International, Menlo Park,
CA (1 May 1978), SRI Proprietary.
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· Miscellaneous: Encompasses all topics that were determined to
possess little or no immediate :
interest (e.g.,
"hauntings," detection of the human aura, and so forth).
(U) Table 1 provides a summary listing of the Free-World countries
(and their respective research facilities) that have published articles
in the open literature for a given topic. This table should be examined
with the attendant caveats that (1) no evaluation of the quality of any
published research was undertaken for the purposes of this study and
(2) a given article may have been counted more than once if it had been
determined that its principal research objectives encompassed more than
one major topic.
(U) By way of summation, the following observations may be derived
from a general analysis of Table 1, and by further utilizing the sub-
keyword capabilities of the DBMS:
. England and The Netherlands published equivalent numbers of
articles on the topic of "remote sensing," followed by West
Germany. The following represents a distribution of articles
according to remote sensing subtopics (Table 2).
. The Netherlands, West Germany, and Scotland, respectively, are
indicated as performing the majority of the research in "remote
action." The distribution of interest with regard to the sub-
topics within this major category is as follows (Table 3).
. The Netherlands, England, and Scotland, respectively, represent
the primary investigators of techniques both for enhancing the
reliability of psychoenergetic functioning and/or for identifying
talented subjects. Within the major category of reliability and
screening, the published articles for these three countries may
be further subdivided into the following distribution of specific
subtopics (Table 4).
:
. West Germany and England, followed by The Netherlands and
Scotland, respectively, have advanced the greatest number of
published theories and models. These may be further delineated
according to the following subtopics (Table 5).
i
Very little work has been published on "healing" in this par-
ticular selection of journals; this is not to conclude that this
kind of research categorically is not occurring, but that it may
be published elsewhere in a different genre of periodical.
į
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(U) Second, the article had to have indicated the foreign facility
at which the published research was performed, in order for the article
to have been counted as "foreign." The reason for this criterion, of
course, is that American parapsychologists publish in foreign journals,
and foreign parapsychologists publish in American journals; an accurate
assessment of foreign work, therefore, cannot be obtained by simply sur-
veying the foreign journals. The advantage of this procedure is that,
for this study, U.S. publications could be reliably excluded from the
data base. The disadvantage was that valid foreign research was also
rejected from the data base -- if the facility at which the research was
performed was not listed in the article.
B.
(U) Keyword System Development
1
The computerized article keywording system was developed
specifically to address those topics deemed to be of primary interest
The keywords, themselves, were chosen to
reflect the principal areas(
.in psychoenergetics,
as determined from previous "
studies. By applying this set
of keywords, then, to the Free-World data base, a primary overview of
Free-World facilities involved in similar or commensurate research
-
, As has been mentioned pre-
viously, it was not within the scope of this document to evaluate the
efficacy of all of the research efforts in the Free-World countries
but merely
to highlight the principal Free-World facilities that are researching
those areas in psychoenergetics that are of primary interest
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c.
(U)
Keyword System Application
(U) For the purposes of this study, the articles were sorted ac-
cording to (1) the six major keyword headings, only, for the presenta-
tion of data pertaining to all countries (cf, Section 3, "Data" below) ;
and (2) further subtopic classifications for a chosen subset of the
Free-World countries (cf, Section I, "Introduction" above). Table 6
provides the operative definitions for the major keywords and their
respective subtopics.
In addition to query capability on subtopics within a given
major topic, combinations of major and subtopic keywords may be utilized
across topics to satisfy relatively specific query requirements. For
example, a keyword combination of "Remote Action, " "Micro, " "Reliability/
Screening," and "Physiological Correlates" would typically select out
articles from the data base that dealt with experiments in random-number
generator psychokinesis, during which aspects of the subject's physio-
logical state (e.g., galvanic skin response) were monitored.
(U)|
In conclusion, there are three principal advantages to the
current design of the keywording system in particular, and the DBMS in
general, in that they allow (1) continual expansion of data and modes of
data classification; (2) "horizontal" surveying capability across, for
example, many countries or topics; and (3) "vertical" in-depth surveying
capability through increasingly finer topic discriminators.
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Table 6
(U) OPERATIVE DEFINITIONS OF MAJOR KEYWORDS
Major Keyword
Subtopic Keyword
Remote Sensing -- The acquisition
and description, by mental means,
of information blocked from
ordinary perception by distance
or shielding, and generally
believed to be secure against
such access
Precognition: acquisition of
information about an event prior
to the occurrence of the event
Altered States: psi modalities in
the Ganzfeld, lucid dreams,
hypnosis, and so forth
Dowsing or biophysical effort
(BPE)
Remote viewing (RV)
Remote Action -- The production of
physical effects, such as the
perturbation of instrumentation
or equipment that appears to be
well shielded against, or
otherwise inaccessible to, human
influence
Micro: interactive effects produced
at the molecular or atomic levels
Macro: effects or perturbations
typically observable without the
aid of instrumentation
Biological: production of
measurable changes of state in
biological systems
Reliability/Screening -- Spans a
wide range of prescriptive,
methodological experiments or
experimental protocols; also
includes studies involved in the
identification of correlates that
may enhance psychoenergetic
functioning and/or facilitate the
selection of talented subjects
Methodology
Physiological Correlates
Psychological Correlates
Perceptual Correlates
Physical Correlates
Theoretical Models -- Various
paradigms and plausibility
arguments advanced within physics
and other disciplines that
endeavor to explain observed
phenomena
Mathematical/Physical
Psychological
Philosophical
Physiological
Healing -- The ability of an agent
to cure illness or to positively
influence the physical state of a
biological system
No subtopics as yet implemented
20
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-
SRI International
JE
U
D
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10 January 1980
Quarterly Progress Report
Covering the Period 1 October to 31 December 1979
SRI International Project 7560
NIC TECHNIQUES (U)
i
SRL 0-4299
This document consists
of 29 pages.
Copy No.
-
6
- -. AMA
L
Copy 3 of5
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SPI
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daran
raw data, all of them equally likely under the null hypothesis that the
viewer's remote viewing attempts produce nothing but vague and general
descriptions and/or occasional chance correspondences with various target
sites. Each matrix has its associated sum on the matrix diagonal corre-
sponding to a possible alignment of targets.
The significance level for the experiment is then determined by
counting the number of possible matrices that would yield a result
(diagonal sum) equal to or better than that obtained for the matrix
corresponding to the key, and dividing by n! This ratio gives the
probability of obtaining by chance a result equal to or better than that
obtained in the actual judging process. For the results shown in Table
2 in the body of the report, for example, we find, by direct computer
count of the 5: matrices obtained by interchanging columns, that the
probability of obtaining equal or better matching by chance is
p = 1/5! = 0.0083.
28
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SRI International
SRI
International;
Final Report- - Objective E, Task 1
Covering the Period 1 October 1985 to 30 September 1987
December 1987
POSSIBLE PHOTON PRODUCTION DURING
A REMOTE VIEWING TASK:
A REPLICATION EXPERIMENT (U)
Cer
Prepared for:
-
SRI Project 1291
1
Approved by:
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ABSTRACT (U)
1
Attempting to verify a claim by the Chinese that light is
emitted in the vicinity of correctly identified remote viewing (RV) target
material, we repeated an experiment first published in FY 1984. In that
earlier experiment, a state-of-the-art, ambient temperature, photon
counting system was used to monitor the target material (35-mm slides of
National Geographic Magazine photographs). The statistical measure derived
from the photon counting apparatus in that study showed a significant
positive correlation with the RV results (p ≤ 0.035). That is, when the
remote viewing was good, there was an increase in the signal detected by
the photon. counting system. In addition, we observed two anomalous pulses
having a signal-to-noise ratio of about 20:1 to 40:1. In the present
experiment (FY 1987), we improved all hardware aspects of the previous
work, substantially reducing the background noise level and improving
shielding against artifact. In addition, analysis of the remote viewing
indicates that three out of the four viewers produced independently
significant results. Our analysis of the photomultiplier tube (PMT) data
shows no evidence of any anomalous high count rate pulses, no evidence of
any effect on the PMT output during the RV session, and no evidence of any
significant correlation between RV performance and PMT output. We conclude
that (1) the effect proposed by the Chinese is artifactual in nature.
ii
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III RESULTS (U)
A.
(U) Remote Viewing Results
(U) Each RV session was judged using an FM analysis. The FM is defined as the product
of two measures: accuracy and reliability. The accuracy of an RV response is the fraction of the
target material that is described correctly. Reliability is the fraction of the response that is correct.
Tables 1 through 4 show the RV results for each trial. The session number (9001.cr, for example)
incorporates a code for each viewer as well as the chronological sequence of viewings.
1
Table 1
(U) REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 009
Session
Figure of Merit
p-value
9001.1g
0.5714
0.0238
9002.1g
0.3810
0.1961
9003.1g
0.4444
0.0497
9004.1g
0.3333
0.3650
9005.1g
0.0667
0.9233
9006.1g
0.3556 -
0 .- 2697
Overall p < 0.0450
1
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1
L

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Table 2
(U) REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 105
Session
Figure of Merit
p-value
9001.rs
0.4571
0.0412
9002.rs
0.1667
0.3486
9003.rs
0.1600
0.3618
9004.rs
0.3333
0.1039
9005.rs
0.0000
1.0000
9006.rs
0.3810
0.0475
Overall p ≤ 0.0488
Table 3
(U)
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 177
Session
Figure of Merit
p-value
9001.hs
0.4444
0.2430
9002.hs
0.1143
0.9579
9003.hs
0.3810
0.2978
9004.hs
0.5000
0.2392
9005.hs
0.5952
0.0677
9006. hs
0.6429
0.0136
Overall p ≤ 0.0385
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Table
(U)
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 807
Session
Figure of Merit
p-value
9001.cr
0.0000
1.0000
9002.cr
0.3333
0.2267
9003.cr
0.5208
0.0240
9004.cr
0.0833
0.7494
9005.cr
0.3750
0.1321
9006.cr
0.1333
0.5911
Overall p ≤ 0.1895, n.s.
(U) From the FM analysis performed for our FY 1984 experiment, we determined that by
computing the p-value for each FM we could determine an average p for each viewer and for all
sessions combined. The overall probability of obtaining that average p-value was then calculated,
either by an exact method for small numbers of sessions7 or by using the central limit theorem for
greater than 20 sessions.8 In the current analysis, an additional test of significance, the Fisher
Chi-square technique,8 has been added to supplement the probability associated with average
p-value for a given series.
:
The overall p-values given for each viewer's series as shown in
Tables 1 through 4 were calculated using the Fisher Chi-square technique.
Averaging all p-values for all sessions yielded p(avg.) = 0.3437. Using
the central-limit theorem, the probability associated with that average
value is p < 0.004. Using the Fisher Chi-square method, a p-value of <
0.0036 was calculated for all 24 sessions, indicating good agreement
between techniques. We observed that three out of the four viewers
independently produced significant results. Such an outcome is an
extremely rare event. If the probability of success is p < 0.05, the
binomial probability of obtaining three out of four successful results is p
≤ 0.00048. These individual and overall remote viewing results are
substantially better than were achieved in the FY 1984 study.
1
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REVISED 5/27/80
April 1980
Final Report
Covering the Period from 1 May 1979 to 31 March 1980
SPECIAL ORIENTATION TECHNIQUES (U)
SRI Project 8465
DRAFT
Copy 1981
-..
1
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International
Menlo Park Californi,

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1
L
I OBJECTIVE (U)
-
The objectives of this program are the optimization of ren.
viewing (RV) protocols, the orientation of selected individuals to reach.
enhanced levels of ability, and the establishment of screening procedures
to enlarge the population from which individuals are selected.
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II
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY (U)
A.
Basic Program Structure (U)
1
In this report we present results and assessments of a one-year
program for the optimization of remote viewing with
selected
individuals. The objective of this program was to familiarize these
individuals with the SRI remote viewing protocols, to produce enhanced
levels of ability, and to establish screening tests and procedures for
enlarging the population from which such individuals are selected.
(U) For the past seven years SRI International has been investigating
a human perceptual/processing ability called remote viewing (RV). This
is the subject matter of the current study, and it pertains to the
acquisition and description, by mental means, of information blocked from
ordinary perception by distance or shielding and generally considered to
be secure from such access.
-
At the start of this program, six individuals were chosen
to participate in an RV technology transfer.
With the exception of one of the six who had participated in an ESP study
several years earlier, these participants when selected were inexperienced
with regard to paranormal perception in general, and RV in particular.
A variety of different training protocols were examined with the goal of
helping the participants familiarize themselves with the SRI RV techniques.
Formal assessment and transfer series were carried out with each of the
six participants, in which they were asked to use mental imagery processes
to describe distant geographic locations (bridges, roads, buildings, etc. ),
hidden 35-mm slides of similar sites, and objects placed in a controlled-
access location.
Several other information series were carried out. These
are all described in later sections of this report.
došlo
2
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(U) Four of the six participants each produced results that de-
parted significantly from chance expectation in assessment series that
were formally judged by very strict criteria. The other two produced
results in the assessment series that were also suggestive of paranormal
perception. Overall, this result constitutes highly significant per-
formance (p = 4 × 10 , or odds of one in 25,000 of such a result occurring
-5
by chance).
We are including in this introduction one illustrative example
of an RV trial for a real-time San Francisco Bay Area outdoor target.
The viewer, No. 372, who contributed this data, produced a mixture of
responses, some excellent and some noncorresponding, in his two series
at SRI. Several of his descriptions were among the best obtained in the
program, and his overall consistency in performance resulted in both of
his individual series reaching statistical significance.
(U) Current and proposed programs are directed at training partici-
pants to bring their RV ability under more conscious control, and to learn
to recognize and overcome the factors that limit RV reliability. These
limiting factors center around the generation of erroneous data by the
viewer from his memory and imagination. An example of the successful
resolution of such noise is the following.
(U) The viewer was closeted with an interviewer in the laboratory
at SRI to await the target team's arrival at their destination. The
target was the Stanford Art Museum on the Stanford campus. The viewer
made several tentative outline sketches of different shapes that he said
were
"associated with the face of a building." Finally, he made a careful
perspective drawing of the building he was visualizing. A photograph of
the target is shown in Figure 1(a), and the viewer's drawing is shown for
comparison in Figure 1(b). The viewer's narrative described the face of
the building as follows: "There is a white and black pattern, a white
3
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(U)
and black striped pattern." ... "It's like an inverted rectangle, with a
square fastened to the back, or a rectangle laid down behind it." "Like
two buildings in one. One building." "I have the sense that there is
dirt by the walls
He went on to talk about trees, flowers, and
bicycles, all of which can be found directly in front of the target
building.
B.
Task Summary (U)
(U) In the following we briefly summarize results of the various
perceptual tasks that were undertaken:
· (U) 'Bay Area Target Site Remote Viewing. In the Phase One
activities, six RV trials with local San Francisco Bay Area
sites as targets were carried out with each of the six
viewers. In these six series, four of the viewers each
produced results that were independently significant
(p < 0.05), making the series as a whole strongly
significant (p = 4 × 10-5; odds of one in 25,000).
·
(U) Remote Viewing of 35-mm Slides. These trials
were carried out under varying conditions for five
viewers in Phase Two. One viewer, who generated
significant results in Phase One, was again independently
significant in his description of distant slides. A
second viewer, also producing significant results in .
Phase One, produced drawings in Phase Two that were
formally judged to have significant correlations with
the slide targets, although his verbal material did not.
A third viewer was asked to describe slides before they
were chosen, that would be shown to him at a later time.
His results were suggestive of success (p = 0.1) but not
statistically significant. Similar trials with two other
viewers were also encouraging .but. nonsignificant.
controlled
Remote Viewing into a
] Area . A viewer who was
successful in the slide viewing trials also carried out a
series using extended remote viewing, in which he spent
more than an hour on each of six attempts to describe
objects held in a [
location,
Controlled
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c.
Report Organization (U)
(U) In Section III we describe the SRI RV protocols, including
results from the past, and our expectations for the present program. We
also discuss the screening procedures used to select viewers and the
judging procedures used to evaluate the results of the investigations
carried out in the current program.
(U) In Section IV we describe the first phase of the study, in
which we systematically carried out RV trials with the participants to
obtain baseline data from each under similar experimental conditions.
In Section V we present the exploratory work carried out in
Phase Two in an effort to extend the repertoire of RV tools available
(U) Our conclusions and recommendations are presented in Section VI.
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VI
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (U)
In this report we have presented the results and assessments
of a one-year program for the optimization of remote viewing with
selected individuals. To meet the objectives of the program we have
familiarized these individuals with the SRI RV protocol; pursued the
development of enhanced levels of RV ability through exposure to several
different orientation/training strategies, and established screening
tests and, procedures for enlarging the population from which such in-
dividuals: are selected.
1
Jour principal observation in working with the six,
1
volunteers is that we have found considerable evidence for remote viewing
functioning among them. In the basic local-site RV-familiarization task
(Phase-One study), four of the six participants produces results that
*
were individually statistically significant (p < 0.05), rendering the
series strongly significant as a whole (p = 4 × 10
-5
or odds of one in
25,000). (An entire summary of program data is shown in Table 5.)
A second observation from that study is that in general, there
is more variability from trial to trial for a given viewer than there is
between the viewers themselves. There are no viewers in the group who
have not shown some evidence for remote viewing, even though some of
their individual series may not have reached the p < 0.05 level of
departure from chance expectation.
*
(U)
In fact, each of these four series exceeded this requirement by
more than an order of magnitude, reaching significance at the p = 0.003
level or better.
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Table 5
PROGRAM SUMMARY . (U) .
Remote
Viewer
Local
Bay Area
Sites
Real Time Slides
Future
RV
Slides
Extended
RV
(Objects)
Alphabet
Coordinate
RV
155
*
NS
NS
NS
--
--
292
NS
NS
NS
--
--
--
372
<0.003 Ť
0.017
--
--
cs#
--
468
<0.003
--
NS
--
--
--
(p = 0.1)
518
<0.003
1 0.04
(pictorial)
1 0.075 (verbal &
pictorial)
--
p = 0.05 (one judge)
NS
(2nd judge)
--
0.008
690
<0.002
-
--
--
--
--
*
Nonsignificant result.
+
Probability of obtaining result by chance. p ≤ 0.05 is accepted standard threshold for
labeling a result significant, that is, non-chance ...
Clearly significant, but difficult to obtain precise probability value.
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With regard to screening:
1
(1) The individuals chosen to participate in the program
were pre-screenedf
from a population of
250 potential candidates, using broad personality
profile guidelines recommended by SRI, with final
selection determined on the basis of interview by the
SRI project leaders (R. T. and H. P.). The fact that
the overall study was successful lends support to the
effectiveness of this initial screening-by-profile
procedure.
(2)
The details of the results of the program indicate that
a half dozen local-site RV trials may constitute a
meaningful screening-by-performance procedure to
separate the more reliable from the less reliable
viewers. In order for screening-by-performance to be
successful, it is necessary that the performance of
a viewer be relatively consistent. We find that those
individuals who were the most successful in the Phase-
One trials, were also the most successful in Phase-Two,
even though different remote viewing tasks were pursued.
Of the four successful viewers in Phase-One, two produced
significant results and one near-significant (the fourth
was not available for the Phase-Two study). The two
viewers from Phase-One that were least successful there
(not reaching significance) again did not reach signifi-
cance in Phase-Two. Although the sample is too small
to be definitive, it appears that the Phase-One local-
site RV series itself offers evidence of constituting a
useful screening-by-performance procedure.
The data indicating that a viewer can describe an individual
slide as it is shown on a screen shows that targeting on high-resolution
transient targets (charts, maps, etc. ) is not out of the question. This,
coupled with our findings that a viewer may be able to describe and identify
alphabet letters is a most encouraging development, and one deserving of
further work. Extension of the RV process to include high-resolution
material, especially with a reading ability, would constitute a significant
breakthrough !
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I Certain of the individual responses in the FRV (future remote
viewing) series, both with slides and with local sites as targets,
appeared to give striking evidence of contact with the target. However,
the trial-to-trial reliability was low and no series reached statistical
significance. Therefore, although individual results were encouraging,
no definitive statement can be made on the basis of this short study.
Given its obvious applications potential, should its existence be capable
of unambiguous verification, we consider it a high-priority item for
further exploration.
In the extended remote viewing (ERV) trials a viewer was able
in each trial of the series to identify significant elements of an object
placed in various locationst
In these experiments the remote viewer worked alone over
extended periods of time (up to three hours ). At a minimum, the good
results indicate that the RV process is not so fragile that it must be
carried out under rigidly-specified conditions, since in this case an
alternative style was in use and the results continued to be reliable.
Further work would be required, however, before a definitive comparison
of RV and ERV could be made.
Finally, the encouraging results obtained in the CRV (coordinate
remote viewing) trials indicates that comparable accuracy and reliability
can be expected from experienced viewers targeting either on the basis of
a beacon person at the target, or on the basis of geographical latitude
and longitude alone. As a by-product of the CRV study, which involved
the use of special procedures being developed in another program for
reliability enhancement, the high-quality output provided additional
confirmation as to the effectiveness of certain new approaches being
taken with regard to monitor/viewer interaction and control of the RV
environment.
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To take advantage of the most recent developments in remote
viewing, and to achieve the goal of continuing to develop remote viewing
, we strongly recommend further development
of capabilities in the following areas:
· Applications of Remote Viewing. A training procedure has
been developed that appeares to greatly increase both the
accuracy and reliability of remote viewing by coordinates.
This technique should continue to be examined, and applied
to targets
-
-
--
.
Effects of Feedback. An extensive examination should be made
of the necessity for providing feedback in remote viewing
trials. A systematic variation in the presence or absence
of, feedback should, be used to determine the importance of
this factor.
.
Target Demarcation. Coordinate remote viewing experiments
should be carried out in which the target is demarcated by
means of various types of coordinates(
This should be done in order to
discover the part played by the target coordinate in
determining remote viewing accuracy.
· Audio Analysis. In an effort to separate correct from
incorrect data available from taped subject descriptions
of remote viewing target sites, the use of speech and
audio analysis techniques should be investigated as a tool
to provide selective editing. This should include semantic
analysis, in which analysis of written transcripts are
carried out to look for variations in grammar, style, or
vocabulary to help separate correct from incorrect statements
in the RV transcript.
. Tracking. Further effort should be pursued to perfect the
RV process whereby, instead of demarcating a location to
obtain a target description, one provides a target description
and asks for location'
SRI has under development certain
strategies involving FRV feedback, computer averaging of
multiple trials, and so forth, which appear from pilot
efforts to hold promise.
Spatial Resolution. A study should be carried out to
determine the extent to which it is possible to aid
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1
IV
CONCLUSIONS (U)
A protocol has been developed to address the relative evaluation
portion of the overall RV transcript assessment problem. As a demonstra-
tion of the technique, we provide in the following Appendix an analysis
of a series of four remote viewings that were performed as calibrations
In this series the
remote viewing products were of relatively high quality, but nonetheless
require a sensitive technique to differentiate because of the similarity
of the targets and, hence, of the descriptions. (The series was chosen
primarily for that reason. ) Application of the assessment technique
resulted in the correct blind matching (highest scoring in matches versus
cross matches) of three of the four.
(U)
The material in this document thus constitutes an instruction
manual or protocol for application of a step-by-step procedure for quan-
titative assessment of the relative target/transcript correlations of a
series of transcripts matched into a series of targets.
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1
viewers in learning to read hidden and distant printed
material that is blocked from ordinary perception.
·
Temporal Resolution. An ERV effort should be pursued
to determine the accuracy of remote viewing as a function
of time for future targets.
. ELF Experiments. Since one of the prevalent hypotheses
for paranormal perception requires the use of an ELF
electromagnetic carrier, we suggest carrying out
definitive experiments to examine this hypothesis
(e.g., by using ELF generators as beacons), and to
provide analyses correlating data from our past data
base with the daily record of geophysical parameters
known to affect ELF propagation.
· Theoretical Studies. Modern physics offers several
mathematical descriptions of reality that may also
prove to be testable descriptions of paranormal
perception in general, and remote viewing in particular.
We recommend work with leading physicists who have
agreed to consult for SRI on these theoretical problems,
in an effort to develop a physical understanding of the
phenomena we observe in the laboratory and in the field,
and to apply this knowledge to improve remote viewing
functioning.
· Technical Meetings. SRI proposes to host private quarterly
conferences to bring together selected U.S. scientists
and government representatives who are concerned with the
technical issues in psychoenergetic research.
1
, Successful pursuit of the above priority items could be expected
to result in an increased reliability and breadth of utility of the RV
function
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Final Report
Covering the Period October 1981 to October 1982
r
SRI Project 4028
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C
SRI Internationa
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1
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December 1982
A REMOTE VIEWING EVALUATION PROTOCOL (U)
(
Copy No. ........
8
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-SAHARA2
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1
1
in the time condition, but the level of significance for the one subject
rendered the entire experiment significant.
1
This is the third laboratory replication of this experiment.
In each experiment, there were significant results which could have been
useful
1.
The best subject in the FY 1987
experiment showed a reduction in the area that would need to be searched
in 72% of the trials in the space condition, with an average reduction in
area of 33%. Previous experiments showed even greater reductions.
In
real-world applications, this could represent a substantial savings in
resources. However, the skill has not been shown to be completely robust,
and more experimentation should be done before attempting these
applications.
(U) A second "search" experiment was conducted in FY 1987 to see if self-proclaimed
dowsers could "find" a lost ship by searching a grid which had previously been keyed to a map.
The object of the search was a sunken Spanish galleon called the Atocha, which was actually
found in 1985. The experiment was carried out with two sets of 25 trials for each of five
participants, but failed to produce a single significant result.
-
-
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QT.CIAR

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2
ABSTRACT (U)
(U) One reported psychoenergetic skill, known to the general public as "dowsing," is the
ability to locate lost or hidden items of interest. In an effort to bring this putative ability that we
call "search" into the laboratory, a computer-assisted search (CAS) experiment was conducted
in FY 1984 and again in FY 1986. Participants scanned a computer graphics display and
attempted to locate a hidden computer-generated target. In each experiment, two conditions
were randomly interchanged in a balanced protocol: (1) the target was fixed in space (space
condition), and (2) the location of the target was randomly shifted several times each second
(time condition). Both the subjects and the experimenter were blind to the condition on each
trial.
-
In FY 1984, five of seven participants demonstrated an above
chance ability to find targets in one of the two conditions: three in the
time condition and two in the space condition. Of the 36 participants in
the FY 1986 experiment, two showed above chance results in the space
condition and six in the time condition. No participant in either
experiment was able to produce results in both conditions independently.
A follow-up experiment was done in FY 1986 to see if subjects
would produce better results if they were only presented with the single
condition for which they had done well in the original experiment. None
of the eight subjects who completed this "single condition" experiment
scored significantly.
In FY 1987, an experiment was conducted which successfully
replicated the original FY 1986 finding. Of eight participants (six
experienced and two novices), the two who scored best in the space
condition had previously been successful in that condition, and the one
who scored best in the time condition had previously been successful in
that condition. This suggests that participants are likely to consistently
do well in one condition or the other, but not both. Only one of the
eight participants scored significantly in the space condition, and none
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SRI Internationa
Final Report -- Objective D, Task 1, and
Objective G, Task 1
Covering the Period 1 October 1985 to 30 September 1987
December 1987
COMPUTER-ASSISTED SEARCH (U)
SRI Project 1291
Copy 1003
Copy
...
2, 10 copi
This document consists of 16 pag
SRI/GE-03
D-ZAL
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SR
International
9429169901-9
333 Ravenswood Avenue . Menlo Park, California
(415) 326-6200 · Cable:
SRI INTL MPK . TWX:
910-373-2046
F:

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TRAINING PERFORMANCE
-
O
48
47
1., . - 0.58 ( . 4 : 10-3)
40
PISLOPE I < 5 1 10.)
30
1
SANGAATS NOISSOS MIGNON
20
10
SPONTANEOUS
0
O
5
10
15
20
25
TRIAL NUMBER (SI. PH.I)
(VIEWER B)
40
PISLOPE I - 2.5 - 10 2
8
. . .....
SIN3M313 NOISSES MISMON
20
SPONTANEOUS
3SNOUSOM
10
0
O
10
15
20
TRIAL NUMBER ISI, PH.I)
(VIEWER C)
FIGURE 12
TRAINEES B & C PROGRESS GRAPHS, STAGE 1,pl.
20010
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TRAINING PERFORMANCE
0
66
-0
7.54
1 .. - - 0 43 (P = 1.7 = 10-2)
T
40
PISLOPE! < 2.5 # 10-2
30
NUMBER SESSION ELEMENTS
SPONTANEOUS
- RESPONSE
20
1
10
1
.
0
O
5
10
15
20
25
30
TRIAL NUMBER (SI, PH.I)
(VIEWER J)
1., . - 058 P . 19 . 10.31
8
PISLOPE1 .: $ = 10.3
-
8
SINGWITH NO:5535 M30NON
SPONTANEOUS RESPONSE
10
0
A
10
20
25
TRIAL NUMBER (SI. PHI)
(VIEWER K)
FIGURE 11
TRAINEES J & K PROGRESS GRAPHS, STAGE 1, pl.
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..
ANNEX
Examples of Stage 1 progress in graph form
With reference to the consolidation/plateau pattern as shown
in figure 6, each trainee proceeds to learn through four recognizable
patterns of learning: spontaneous success, increase of noise as
separate elements are dealt with separately, consolidation of the
elements, and, finally, a new plateau of skill. In the following
figure 11 and 12, the elements of two
selected trainees J & K
are shown, and these are compared with first group trainees B & C.
It can be seen that the learning patterns are approximately
the same, the end product being conscious control of the signal and
a generating of an accurate and noiseles signal line.
-
Following figure 12 are four consecutive examples of
selected trainee K at the culmination of the new plateau achieved
as a result of stage 2. Stage 2 involves signal-line perception
of delicate site features that must be handled and achieved in a
manner totally different from Stage 1 techniques.
Stage 2 techniques,
however, often can generate a total site-comprehension, as the four
samples indicate.
As of the writing of this report, two trainees (I & K) are
nearing completion of stage 3. An additional report will be tendered
concerning stage 3 upon their completion.
Stage 4 has been confirmed, packaged, and is awaiting delivery
to training candidates who have successfully completed stage 3.
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H.
Summary of Increase in Yields
While there is, of course, yet a significant amount of work to be
done, especially relative to training in the upper complex stages, the
following generalized graph illustrates general increase of yields
(1980-1983) in several categories of importance. See figure 10 below.
CRV
COORDINATE
REMOTE VIEWING
-
POTENTIAL
INCM ALING
MIOL UTION
THEORY OR
EXPLANATION
MULTI
ORIENTATION
IOENTIFICATION
OF HONALI
NOIM RATIO
FICOBACKI
TRAINING
ON-LINE
CHECK
ADVANCE
ACCURACY
PROBABILITY
BEFORE
FEEDBACK)
DATA
. .
-
-
STATI - MA
STATE OF ANT
STATE OF KAT
WOX STATE
HOW STATE
FIGURE 10
FIVE-YEAR INCREASE IN YIELDS (1978-1983)
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· SPECIAL FEATURES
- FEEDBACK PROTOCOL
· SILENCE, IF SOME STATEMENT IS WRONG
. PROBABLY CORRECT (PC)
· NEAR (N)
· CAN'T FEEDBACK (CFB)
· CORRECT (C)
· SITE (S)
- USE OF ESSAYS
- CONSTANT OBSERVATION OF TRAINEES' ATTITUDES
- CONSTANT SUPERVISION FOR POSSIBLE MISCOMPREHENSIONS
OR MISUNDERSTANDINGS
FIGURE 9
SPECIAL FEATURES
..
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signal line but not to assist him with random cuing. The use of essays
will exhibit the trainee's current understanding of each phenomena, and
can be used to uncover areas of misunderstanding that the training monitor
can not spot in advance. See Figure 9 below.
· EFFECTIVE INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES
- ACTIVE PARTICIPATION: THE LEARNER IS ACTIVELY INTERACTING
WITH THE CURRICULUM MATERIALS BY RESPONDING, PRACTICING,
AND TESTING EACH STEP OF THE MATERIAL TO BE MASTERED.
- INFORMATION FEEDBACK: THE LEARNER FINDS OUT WITH
MINIMAL DELAY WHETHER THE RESPONSE IS CORRECT. IMMEDIATE
FEEDBACK HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE IMPORTANT IN A RANGE OF
TASKS.
- INDIVIDUALIZATION OF INSTRUCTION:
THE LEARNER MOVES
AHEAD AT HIS OR HER OWN RATE.
FIGURE 7
INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES
· GENERAL DESIGN OF CURRICULUM MATERIALS
THEORY
- PRACTICAL EXERCISES AND DRILLS
- INFORMATION FEEDBACK
· SIGNAL LINE
· COACHING ON CONTROL OF STRUCTURE
- INDIVIDUALIZATION OF INSTRUCTION
- REACTIVE INHIBITION
- ENDING OF PRACTICAL SESSIONS
- DAILY REPORTS
- FINAL SURVEY
FIGURE 8
GENERAL DESIGN
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During the course of training on each element, within the "stages,"
the viewer-trainee will predictably progress through this progress pattern.
Therefore, the results of each trainee both can be monitored while the
training progresses, and his overall pattern of response can be displayed
through the graph plan found in Figure 6 above.
Actual graphs of selected viewers will be found in Annex A. The
selected graphs are few to achieve optimum understanding; it should be
borne in mind that all the viewers trained have responded with near
similarity to each other.
G.
CRV Training Course Methods and Protocols
The general elements of the CRV training course are presented below
in Figures 7 through 9.
(a) .The design and establishment of the CRV training course neces-
sitated a great deal of research into methodologies of other fields. The
most effective instructional procedures ultimately utilized are found in
Figure 8 below.
(b) The CRV training course is comprised of a general design, whose
elements are followed in each stage of the training. While each element
is of importance in its place, the element pertaining to "reactive
inhibition" achieves predominant placement. This has to do with under-
standing the phenomena associated with "overtraining" the result of which
causes the trainee to exhibit negative effects of disinterest, etc., the
ultimate result of which is a type of inhibition in producing the desired
elements of the training. In other psi research experiments, this
inhibition achieved notoriety under the terminology of "psi-missing."
It is a simple psychological effect that can be guarded against. See
Figure 9 below.
(c) The training course also includes several special features
which are applicable to the psi task at hand in each stage. The feed-
back protocol was designed to reinforce the trainee's contact with the
18
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F.
How is Progress Judged?
It has transpired that the learning patterns of the CRV training
do exhibit great similarities to other learning-patterned tasks in which
a new skill involving consciousness interpretation vis a vis neuro-motor
functioning is gained: (i.e., sports, musical performance, machinery
driving, flying, navagating, etc.).
We therefore interpret that the psychical component of CRV is not
solely one of intellectual mentation, but one in which mental-physical
performance is achieved.
As with a number of fields, the elements of the performance of which
respond to careful tutoring, we find, during the course of CRV training
first a "spontaneous" performance closely related to the "first time"
phenomenology. After that, as the trainee attempts to take over both on
a cognitive level and on an unconscious habit-forming control of both
physical and mental responses, we see a high elevation of "noise." Shortly
thereafter, as the varied elements of the tasks become organized within
the intellectual-mental attributes of the trainee, we see a quick "con-
solidation" of the task aptitudes involved. At the end of this consoli-
dating experience, the new skill or "plateau" emerges. See fig. 6 below.
-
. JUDGMENT OF PROGRESS
-
1
n
TRIALS -
SPONTANEOUS
SUCCESS
INCREASE OF
NOISE AND CONFUSION
CONSOLIDATION
PLATEAU
(NEW SKILL GAINED)
FIGURE 6
CONSOLIDATION/PLATEAU PATTERN
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It is important to establish, in the context of this first overall
report on CRV training, that these tasks are of extraordinary delicacy
and require precision control, as will be exhibited by the trainees upon
completion of each stage of training. The psychological perspective that
necessarily is required to surround this operation, should be seen as a
new contribution to overall perceptual psi requirements. This psychologi-
cal perspective should not be assumed to resemble any other forgoing idea
of requirements in the area of general spontaneous psi displays.
E.
The CRV Training Course is Carefully Designed
The most important task in creating the CRV training course was to
come to grips with the subtle factors involved in accepting the fact that
the self-generating creative faculties of the trainee would achieve prime
importance.
The second task was to design an approach that might incorporate
psychic functions on a strict and repetitive basis, and yet not drive
these emerging functions into extinction.
The result has been the devising of a course of training that has
produced satisfactory results in these very important areas. Analysis of
learning patterns, display patterns that are recognizable in other disciplines
of training in which a new performance-skill is gained through precision
tutoring or coaching. See Figure 5 below.
WHAT ARE WE ASKING THE TRAINEE TO DO?
· TO CONTACT A DISTANT SITE BY MEANS OTHER THAN NORMAL
SENSORY EXPERIENCE
· TO ACHIEVE A COMPREHENSION THAT INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE
THROUGH NONSENSORY CHANNELS
· TO ACTIVATE PARTICIPATION IN THESE INFORMATION CHANNELS
· TO ACTIVATE AND FORM NEW SKILLS TO DO SO
. TO PUT THESE NEW SKILLS ON A CONTROLLABLE AND PREDICTABLE
BASIS
FIGURE 5
THE CRV TRAINING TASK
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1. EXPLORATORY
1972 TO 1975
2.
INTERVENING AREA
,
1974 TO 1976
3. PROBLEM OF SIGNAL VI NOISE
1976 TO 1078
4. FUNDAMENTAL PERCEPTUAL STUDIES
1977 TO 1979 AND CONTINUING
5.
ISOLATION OF THE IDEOGRAM
1979
6.
TRAINING/LEARNING
1980 - PRESENT AND CONTINUING
7. INTENSIVE ENHANCEMENT
1982 AND CONTINUING
8. PROJECTION OF
READINESS
1983 AND CONTINUING
FIGURE 4 EPOCHS OF COORDINATE REMOTE VIEWING (CRF), R&D
D.
The Precision of CRV
R&D, aligned with training, have shown that "psychic" signals offer
themselves up to interpretative consciousness through a predictable
series of "signal impulses." This series starts with "greatest" meaning,
and evolves into "specific" components.
This predictable process has easily yielding "stages" each of which,
in training, can be specifically tutored.
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abilities, and thereafter leave it to themselves to attempt to evoke
spontaneous psychical displays.
It is the definition of "training" that gives the CRV project a con-
siderable difference from orientation and spontaneous displays of psychical
aptitudes. "Training" implies a prefigured regime that will, if correctly
applied, lead to predictable performance which, in turn, will yield
superior results. Such a training program should be considered viable if,
together with increasing discoveries, it continues to develop along lines
of increasingly refined results and precision.
The R&D training project has well established that predictable per-
formance can be trained; and its results correctly extrapolated into use-
oriented functions. Furthermore, the overall approach utilized in R&D
continues to reveal increasingly refined capabilities which in turn, as
of the close of the three-year project, imply pending entrance into some
truly interesting areas of tactical concern.
c.
Epochs of CRV R&D and Training
Exploration and development of Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV) has
gone through many phases: from random experimenting in 1974, ultimately
to its substantive contents now isolated into a primary, but standardized,
training course.
Based strictly upon the increasing success of trainees, it is antici-
pated that the CRV procedures will continue to increase in value as a
practical applications tool. See Figure 4 below.
It is nearly impossible to talk in detail of the complexity of the
tasks of precision and perceptual-control which which the viewer-trainee
is faced as he or she begins to try to achieve command over the signal
line. The reality of the multiple tasks involved only become apparent to
the trainees during the course of their training through each subsequent
stage.
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less with actual psychical aptitudes. Throughout this history, the actual
problem of psychical manifestations has been addressed only tangentally, if
at all, prior to the present CRV work.
This problem consists of two equally important factors :
(1) What makes superior data, when it emerges,
superior?
(2)
What makes inferior data, when it emerges,
inferior?
This dual problem is a problem for research (rather than random
experimentation) into the different factors that govern the perceptual modes
that underlay this extraordinary duality. In approaching this duality,
the statistical averaging or evaluation of experiments of the superior
into the inferior data is and has been of little avail in that it does not
lead into intimate contact with the perceptual attributes involved.
-
The hallmark of the CRV R&D work -- leading to training capabilities -- has
been to concentrate upon the exact nature of both superior and inferior
arrays of data and to plumb into the exact nature of the perceptual
attributes involved in each of them. It was assumed, at the outset, and
correctly so, that superior data contained less or least false data among
its overall contents, and that inferior data were data sets in which most
of the content was false. Superior data, therefore, were data relatively
free of false data, and it became easy to think of the overall problem as
one of signal versus noise. The characteristics both of signal and noise
had to be discovered and isolated, and it is the cumulative breakthroughs
in this history that have led to constant progress in CRV R&D and, ultimately,
to a training program based upon those breakthroughs so far discovered.
B.
The Definition of Training
Prior to a training program being established, no specific set of
methods or practices had been brought into existence that elevated psychical
aptitudes or attributes above just merely attempting to encourage the
emergence of spontaneous displays. It had been in the recent past, possible
to give general orientation to individuals about the nature of psychical
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VII
DISCUSSION
A.
Background
In considering this report on Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV) work,
several important distinguishing features may be borne in mind.
An in-depth review of the history of formal psychical or paranormal
research -- covering some 100 years -- clearly reveals that no successful
training methodologies have been located or evolved prior to the work
undertaken at SRI, specifically in CRV. While certain epochs of psychical
work in the past have extraordinary merit, these for the most part have
had as their goal the establishing of credibility that the several
psychical manifestations do exist.
These manifestations have been contacted in a spontaneous form, and
displays of their arrays always have been dependent upon the innate
"giftedness" of subjects if they emerged or could be located. The spon-
taneous forms have not in a continuing form lent themselves very well to
the scientific parameters designed to "capture" them. Because of this,
the "field" or "state-of-the-art," as a whole, was forced to view the
spontaneous arrays through, usually, statistical methods of evaluation
and averaging.
The statistical approaches have sufficed to establish credibility
for the existence of spontaneous paranormal aptitudes in given individuals
or groups; by itself, however, it has not been sufficient or capable of
extrapolating on the exact nature of aptitude-characteristics in any given
and continuable psychical manifestation.
.
Furthermore, seeking to utilize statistical approaches to the problems
before them, psychical researchers ultimately came to seek experiments
that might better increase the statistical averages they sought. This
overall approach led to a drastic proliferation of random experimentations
that had as their goals more experimental design but often affiliated them
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In the estimation of this consultant, bearing in mind the
significances of the several steps forward that have come into view
during the last work epoch, the biomagnetic/psi perceptual problem
should probably be given highest and first priority. The fact that
earth's geomagnetic field and human physiology and psychology are both
influenced by and interact with EMF has been established quite some
time ago (See Presman, A.S., Electromagnetic Fields and Life, Plenum
Press, New York (Prof. Pressman, Department of Biophysics, Moscow
University, Moscow).)
Based upon experience, if the work should
proceed under the "spontaneous result" philosophy or attitude, there
will be a tendency to replicate more familiar approaches.
The EMF/consciousness/psi area is unfamiliar to most of us; yet,
based upon ;our observations, there is an astonishing degree of
correlation. It is strongly recommended that an organized interest
in this special phenomena be given priority.
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APIE
c.
An R&D Potential for "SEARCH" Has Come Into View
In terms of future work, the problem of "SEARCH" should achieve a
platform of understanding that has not hitherto been available under
standard parapsychological approaches. These breakthroughs are expected
to arrive through the context of Stage 5 (interrogation of the signal line).
Although Stage 5 is still in R&D as concerns the packaging and delivery of
it, there are sufficient indicators already present to indicate that the
problem of search will be addressed, at least in some important under-
standings, through continued mapping of it.
It must be noted carefully, and based upon our ten year's of
experience now, that any resolution to the "SEARCH" problem probably
will
only be achieved if we arrive at some understanding of how it is
that the signal line might be profitably interrogated. The danger will
be to proceed with ad hoc experiments which, even if marginally successful,
might not yield any basic understandings leading ultimately to controlled
interrogation procedures.
The achievement of finding a significant apperture through which
the signal line can be interrogated without also arousing volumes of
"noise" is therefore an important prerequisite for the "SEARCH" problem.
D.
The Electromagnetic Connection
During the overall course of the R&D and training, sufficient phenomena
have surfaced that indicate a direct connection of viewer performance with
certain geomagnetic conditions. The daily parameters of basic earth
electromagnetic conditions therefore achieved some interest on our part.
An "eye-ball" scan of these interrelationships clearly indicates an
important, but hitherto unsuspected, interaction between viewing and
success in correctly interpreting the signal line and electromagnetic
conditions. We expect that this unsuspected relationship will bear itself
out, and if so, establish in some form the first verifiable psi-
electromagnetic relationships. .
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PRE-STAGE 4
STAGE 4
Eval
Site +
Date
Eval
Site
Date
1
J.8. 01
12 Feb 80
2.
J.S. #39
6 Fob 83
1
J.S. 03
13 Feb 80
3
J.S. 440
10 Feb 83
1+
J.8. 05
3 Mar 80
3
J.S. 041
11 Feb 83
2
J.8. 08
1 Jul 60
2+
J.S. #42
11 Feb 83
2
J.S. 012
2 Apr 81
2.75 Average
Abort
3.8. 013
3 Apr 81
2
J.S. #14
7 Apr 81
0
J.S. #15
8 Apr 81
0
J.S. #16
6 Apr 61
3
J.8. 017
9 Apr 81
21
J.S. #20
8 Jun 81
1.
J.S. #21
6 Aug 81
1
J.S. 029
14 Dec 81
0+
J.3. #30
14 Dec 01
JS files
2-
J.S. #31
14 Dec 81
show
No eval
J.S. 033
7 Jan 82
009 did
1
J.S. #34
1 Mar 82
JS # 38
O
J.3. #35
4 Nov 82
1
J.S. #36
5 Nov 82
with no
feedback
J.8. 437
15 Nov 82
7
Found
O
J.S. 038
21 Jan 83
L
1.21 Average
FIGURE 3
PRE- AND POST-STAGE 4 ACHIEVEMENTS AVERAGED
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VI
WHERE ARE WE GOING
A.
Enlargement of the Training Pool
In terms of future work, it is feasible and desirable to further
enlarge the training pool.
B.
Delivery of Stage 4
It is important that Stage 4, confirmed, packaged and ready to be
delivered, be tutored to those who have completed Stage 3. Locating and
stabilizing the elements of Stage 4 was quite difficult and it was in R&D
for nearly two years. It involves a significant "jump" from configurational
data decoded out of Stages 1 through 3, into subtle data that bear sig-
nificante
Once Stage 4 was stabilized and self-
trained by Viewer A, a significant incremental difference immediately
manifested in
site viewings as is shown in Figure 2 below.
Stage 4 was applied by Viewer A to certain sites after Stage 4 had been
isolated and confirmed. On a rating of.4
›value of 0 to 3,
the pre-Stage 4 sites averaged 1.21 while those that incorporated Stage 4
techniques averaged 2.75.
See figure 3 below.
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B.
The Phenomena Trained are not Unique to "Gifted" Psychics
The overall context of the training course and the success of the
given trainees has established that the basic psi-perceptual phenomena
are not unique to "gifted" psychics and that given adequate understanding
of them and carefully constructed training and practical exercises,
selected candidates can take command of the phenomena encountered.
c.
A New Understanding Has Been Achieved
With the comprehensions we now have in hand, it is clear that the
psychical perceptual task is of a delicacy and complexity that goes far
beyond any given understanding of it entertained in parapsychology in
general. This places us in a status that obliges us to bear two things
constantly in mind:
(1)
So-called standard approaches normally utilized
in parapsychology are predictably limited.
(2)
The most fruitful future work probably will be
built upon the knowledge and understanding of
the phenomena taken control of during the three-
year project.
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V
WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED
A.
Training Has Been Achieved
Relevant to Stages 1 through 3, all trainees who embarked on the
training course responded exceedingly well to the training procedures.
The second group worked quite slowly due to other personal committments
and scheduling.
Among the first ,
, trainees, Trainee K is nearing
completion of Stage 3; Trainee J has temporarily left the course due to
serious
health problems. The second : -
.candidate only
entered the program in 1983, but is progressing satisfactorily.
DATES
TRAINEES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1978
TRAINING
MONITOR
A
B
1980 TO 1982
FIRST
GROUP
c
D
E
F
1981 TO 1983
SECOND
GROUP
G
H
1
J
1982 TO 1983
CANDIDATES
K
1983
L
CANDIDATE
DELIVERED
CONFIRMED
IN R&D
CONFIRMED
IN R&D
FIGURE 2
THREE-YEAR PROGRAM CRV TRAINEES / ACCOMPLISHMENTS
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STAGES
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1
THE STAGES
SKILL GAINED
SIGNAL BROUGHT UNDER CONTROL
STAGE 1.
IDEOGRAMS AND IDEOGRAM
PRODUCTION
SIGNALS THAT INDUCE/PRODUCE
IDEOGRAMIC RESPONSES (GESTALTS)
STAGE 2.
SENSATIONS EXPERIENCED
FROM DISTANT SITE
SIGNALS PRODUCING TACTILE, SENSORY.
DIMENSIONAL ESTIMATES, DIRECTIONAL
FEELINGS, AND SO FORTH
STAGE 3.
MOTION AND MOBILITY
ILIMITEDI AT DISTANT SITE
.
RESULTING IN PRIMARY
ARTISTIC RENDERINGS
SIGNALS PRODUCING AESTHETIC
RESPONSES IN VIEWER, SIMPLE
SKETCHES AND "TRACKERS"
STAGE
4.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALI .
TATIVE ASSESSMENTS OF
VARIOUS DISTANT SITE
CHARACTERISTICS
SIGNALS (MANIFOLD) THAT INDUCE
ANALYTICAL COMPREHENSIONS
STAGE 5.
METHODS OF INTERROGATING
THE SIGNAL LINE
ISTILL IN R&DI
STAGE 6. CREATING 3-DIMENSIONAL
MODELS
SIGNALS (CONSOLIDATED) THAT YIELD
SIMPLE REPLICAS OF DISTANT SITE
FEATURES
STAGE 7. SONICS ISTILL IN R&DI
SIGNALS THAT INDUCE VERBAL CONTENT
STAGE 8.
HUMAN TO HUMAN INTER-
FACES (R&D, 1984/1985)
SIGNALS THAT IMPLY HUMAN PSYCHIC
EMPATHY AND INDUCE/PRODUCE
IDEOGRAMIC RESPONSES (GESTALTS)
..
FIGURE 1
THE STAGES
.
5
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IV
STAGES OF TRAINING
The training procedures have been broken down into several stages
representing various elements of CRV phenomena. These stages both
facilitate training, and actually follow the predictable course of in-
creasing perception which builds itself by specific increments and
importances. Stages 1 through 3 have been confirmed and delivered to
trainees. Stage 4 and Stage 6 have been confirmed and are ready to be
delivered to trainees upon their completion of Stage 3. Stage 5 is
understood, but has not yet been solidified into a training package.
Stages 1 through 3 appertain to large site features, which become
increasingly, refined as a result of command over the Stage 3 techniques.
Stage 4 involves perception of specific and often invisible site
elements, a good portion of which may not be available to any other
technique
Stage 5 will allow the viewer to "turn around" and begin to interro-
gate the signal line for specific subtle features of several kinds. See
Figure 1 below.
Stage 6 allows for the construction of 3-dimensional models of the
major site characteristics with increasing refinements in particulars.
4
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-
III
TYPES OF TRAINEES ENGAGED
During the three-year program, Viewer A acted as the general R&D
source person, applied to himself as a test what was discovered, and what
was organized as a nucleus training course.
Subsequent to this, the first group of viewer trainees (Viewers B,
C, and D) embarked on training. This first group had the distinction
of being, prior to entering upon the training course, composed of
persons who had had psi experience and had acted as experimental subjects
in several other kinds of parapsychological experiments.
Subsequent to the first group, a second group (Viewers E, F, G, H, I)
was enrolled as a further test of the methodologies evolved by Viewer A.
This second group was composed of professional people, each of whom had
achieved success in their various fields of interest, but none of which
had acted before as an overt psychic-type of person in parapsychological
experiments.
)
+
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II
WHAT WAS THE GOAL?
The overall goal of the CRV training program was to create, out of
the features of CRV previously discovered, a training program through
which the elements of successful coordinate remote viewing would be
transferred to client preselected trainees. Any success in achieving
this, implied answers to two items which were of paramount interest at the
beginning of the three-year program:
(1)
That the specific elements of the CRV methodology
were not unique to their inventor.
(2)
That these elements, given instructional body,
could be transferred
1
2
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I
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
In 1981, a three-year training program concerning potentials in CRV
was established. I was mandated, through consulting contracts, to organize
the work and tutor the selected personnel and technical elements of this
program. The specific sponsors and work designs for this program may be
found in other documents.
The three-year program is now at an end. What follows constitutes
a summary report of the work undertaken, the results obtained, and certain
projections for future work if a renewed effort is mandated.
1
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1
The Stages.
5
2
Three-Year Program CRV Trainees/Accomplishments
6
3
Pre- and Post-Stage 4 Achievements Averaged
9
4
Epochs of Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRF), R&D.
15
5
The CRV Training Task
16
6
Consolidation/Plateau Pattern
17
7
Instructional Procedures.
19
8
General Design.
19
9
Special Features.
20
10
Five-Year Increase in Yields.
21
11
Trainees J & K progress graphs, stage 1, pl
23
12
Trainees B & C progress graphs, stage 1, pl
24
13
Example of complex site description, stage 2, trainee K,
Copper Mine: Silver City, New Mexico
25
14
Example of complex site description, stage 2, trainee K,
Horicon National Wildlife Refuge, Wisconsin
26
15
Example of complex site description, stage 2, trainee K,
Monument Valley; Arizona/Utah.
27
16
Example of complex site description, stage 2, trainee K,
7
Florida
28
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. ...
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
·
·
.
1
II
WHAT WAS THE GOAL ?.
·
-
2
III
TYPES OF TRAINEES ENGAGED
3
IV
STAGES OF TRAINING.
4
V
WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED.
6
A.
Training Has Been Achieved
6
B.
The Phenomena Trained are not Unique to "Gifted"
Psychics
.
7
c.
A New Understanding Has Been Achieved.
7
VI
WHERE ARE WE GOING.
8
A.
Enlargement of the Training Pool
8
B.
Delivery of Stage 4.
8
c.
An R&D Potential for "SEARCH" Has Come Into View
10
D.
The Electromagnetic Connection
10
VII
DISCUSSION.
12
A.
Background
12
B.
The Definition of Training
13
c.
Epochs of CRV R&D and Training
14
D.
The Precision of CRV
15
E.
The CRV Training Course is Carefully Designed.
16
F.
How is Progress Judged?
17
G.
CRV Training Course Methods and Protocols
18
H.
Summary of Increase in Yields.
21
ANNEX :
Examples of Stage 1 progress in graph form
22
..
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CO-ORDINATE REMOTE VIEWING (CRV) TECHNOLOGY
1981-1983
THREE-YEAR PROJECT
DRAFT REPORT
....
30 August 1983
C
7
-SRI/GF-0253
This document contains
31 pages.
Copy No.
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LA PE
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31. Possible Photon Production During a Remote Viewing Task: A Replication Experiment, Final
Report, December 1987 -- Final technical report on a putative correlation between RV and
the output from a photon detector (UNCLASSIFIED).
32. Precognition and Feedback Dependent Remote Viewing Experiments, Final Report,
December 1987 -- Details of an experiment to investigate subliminal feedback during an RV
experiment '
33. Computer-Assisted Search, Final Report, December 1987 -- Final results of a computer
dowsing experiment
34. A Remote Action Experiment with a Piezoelectric Transducer, Final Report, December
1987 -- Final report of a subcontractor's RA experiment with an exceptionally shielded
transducer (UNCLASSIFIED).
35. A Quantum Measurement Experiment with a Single Photon Interferometer, Final Report,
December 1987 -- Final test of a quantum measurement problem -- namely, to what degree
does consciousness participate in determining reality? (UNCLASSIFIED).
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17. An RNG Experiment To Test The Effects of Source and Distance, Final Report, December
1986 -- Subcontractor's report on a long-distance random number generator, RA experiment
(UNCLASSIFIED).
18. An Experiment To Test Apparent Remote Action (RA) Effects on Electrodermal Activity,
Final Report, December 1986 -- Subcontractor's report on an RA experiment in which
human skin properties were the RA target (UNCLASSIFIED).
19. An Experiment To Examine the Possible Existence of Remote Action Effects in Piezoelectric
Strain Gauges, Final Report, December 1986 -- Construction details and description of a
pilot experiment to verify the RA claims of a subcontractor (UNCLASSIFIED).
20. Measuring Remote Action Influence on The Vertical Component of DUNALIELLA Velocity,
Interim Report, December 1986 -- Construction details and description of a proposed
experiment to verify the RA claims of a subcontractor.
21. Remote Action Hardware Construction: A Quantum Mechanical Photon Experiment, Final
Report, December 1986 -- Proposal to conduct a test of a quantum measurement
problem -- namely, to what degree does consciousness participate in determining reality
(UNCLASSIFIED).
22. Enhanced Human Performance Investigation, Mid-Year Technical
Report, May
1987 -- Technical summary of the first half of FY 1987's work \
23. Enhanced Human Performance Investigation, Mid-Year Administration Report, May
1987 -- Brief administrative summary of project for first half of FY 1987 '
24. Enhanced Human Performance Investigation, Final Technical
Report, December
1987 -- Summary of FY 1987 results including comments by the SOC (
25. Intuitive Data Sorting, Final Report, December 1987 -- Description of computerized tests of
the IDS model (UNCLASSIFIED).
26. Review of the Personality Assessment System, Final Report, December 1987 -- A definitive
description of the PAS psychological mode (UNCLASSIFIED).
27. Experimental Protocol for Hemolysis: Confirmation Experiment, Final Report, December
1987 -- Report on
subcontractor's remote action experiment on human blood
(UNCLASSIFIED).
28. The SRI International Cognitive Science Conference at Princeton University, Final Report,
December 1987 -- Proceedings of a conference to discuss what constitutes evidence for
parapsychological phenomena (UNCLASSIFIED).
29. Fuzzy Set Applications in Remote
Viewing Analysis,
Final
Report, December
1987 -- Application of fuzzy set technology and cluster analysis to the analysis of remote
viewing (UNCLASSIFIED).
30. A Remote Action Investigation with Marine Animals, Final Report, December 1987 -- Final
report from a subcontractor on a remote action experiment on marine animals
(UNCLASSIFIED).
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1.
Enhanced Human Performance Investigation, Quarterly Report 1, April 1986 -- Technical
summary of the first quarter's work(
2.
Phase I Protocols and Research Design Guidelines, Interim Report -- Protocols of
experiments for the Scientific Oversight Committee (
3.
Enhanced Human Performance Investigation, Quarterly Report 2, May 1986 -- Technical
summary of the second quarter's work
4.
Enhanced Human Performance Investigation, Mid-Year Administration Report, May
1986 -- Brief administrative summary of project for first half of FY 1986 .
5.
Enhanced Human Performance Investigation, Quarterly Report 3, August 1986 -- Technical
summary of the third quarter's work (
6.
Enhanced Human Performance Investigation, Final Technical
Report,
December
1986 -- Summary of FY 1986 results including comments by the SOC'
7.
Enhanced Human Performance Investigation, Final Administration Report, December
1986 -- Brief administrative summary of project for FY 1986'
1
8.
Screening and Selection of Personnel: The Personality Assessment System (PAS), Final
Report, December 1986 -- Description of psychological correlates to RV performance
1
9.
Location of Target Material in Space And Time, Interim Report, December
1986 -- Description of a computerized "dowsing" experiment
10. An Experiment To Explore Possible Anomalistic Behavior of a Photon Detection System
During a Remote Viewing Test, Interim Report, December 1986 -- A replication of earlier
SRI work to investigate a claim made by researchers in the People's Republic of China
11. A
Suggested Remote Viewing
Training
Procedure, Final Report, December
1986 -- Suggestions for RV training by one of SRI's remote viewers (UNCLASSIFIED).
12. Remote Viewing Evaluation Techniques, Final Report, December 1986 -- Description of fuzzy
set approach to RV analysis
13. Parapsychology Sources of Information Center, Interim Report, April 1986 -- Report on a
subcontractor's task of computerizing a large parapsychology data base (UNCLASSIFIED).
14. Neuropsychological Assessment of Participants in Psychoenergetic Tasks, Final Report,
December 1986 -- Description of neuropsychological correlates to RV performance
15. A Remote Viewing Feedback Dependency Experiment, Interim Report, December
1986 -- Construction details of a subliminal feedback RV experiment (UNCLASSIFIED).
16. Intuitive Data Sorting: An Informational Model of Psychoenergetic Functioning, Final
Report, December 1986 -- Definition of a decision model to organize a large class of
psychoenergetic data (UNCLASSIFIED).
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million per year. More funding would be required required if specific
subcontractors are needed for the research effort.
"It is understood by all parties that these demonstrations are
and that,
being conducted!
, if the demonstrations are
successful as defined by the protocol, ;
sufficient
will
funding over the next 4 to 5 years
continue and expand the existing
efforts.
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2. (U) Measures of a Successful Demonstration
(U) The output from each experiment will be the sum of ranks assigned by the
analysts. They will be combined to form a sum, M. Then the probability of observing a sum of
ranks less than or equal to M is given by:
1-n
R
M -
p == ΣΣ (-1)*
j=nk =0
1
n
j-KR - 1
k
n -1
.
where R is the number of possible ranks (R = 5), n is the total number of trials (n = 40), and M is
the sum of ranks combined for the two experiments. *
(U) The demonstration will be declared a success if P meets (or exceeds) the
accepted level for 1-tailed significance (P ≤ 0.05).
3. (U) Time and Cost
(U) It is anticipated that a total of 2 weeks will be needed to complete the
demonstration. Including travel time for viewer 372 and SRI staff time, the estimated charge for
this demonstration is approximately $30,000.
E.
(U) Requirements for Further Research
(U) To allow for proper planning for an extended research effort, we estimate that
$250,000 will be needed for FY 1989. These funds cover both experiments and planning for an
expanded effort for FY 1990 and beyond.
,The current level of funding for the CSP at SRI International
is approximately $1.5 million. Except for some physiological and medical
investigations, the bulk of the effort is for applications-oriented
research
Conducting a program having a mix of basic R&D that explores
the fundamental nature of the phenomena and continues the work in'
applications {'
would require an additional $1.5 million to $2.0
* (U)J. V. Uspensky, Introduction to Mathematical Probability, New York, McGraw Hill,
1937, p. 24. (UNCLASSIFIED)
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1
1
An SRI analyst and
representative (D2) will be sequestered in the
project library, Room 206, Building G, SRI International. At To+5 minutes,
the SRI monitor will signal room 316 by the one-ring technique. D1 will
generate random numbers to select a videotape packet and to select a target
on the tape. Dl will place the appropriate sealed envelope containing the
geographical coordinates on the table. One minute after receiving the
phone ring, Dl and the assistant will signal the monitor and viewer to
begin the session.
(U) When the session is completed, the monitor will copy the response, and
takes the original to Room 316 and gives it to D1. D1 returns with the monitor with the video
tape of target and provides feedback to viewer 372. Viewer 372 is then excused.
(U) D1 leaves the target tape number and the copied response on the table in
Room 316, lock the target tape cabinet, signal D2 and the SRI analyst by the one-ring method,
and exit with the assistant. D2 and the analyst will enter Room 316 (bringing the analysis pool
with them), and D2 will observe the analyst rank-order the targets against the response. D2 will
record the trial data and analysis results in the experiment log book.
(U) Number of Trials-Viewer 372 will participate in 20 trials during a 2-week
period at a rate of 2 trials per day.
(U) Experiment Statistic -- The output from each trial will be the rank number
the analyst assigned for the correct target. The experiment statistic will computed from the sum of
such ranks.
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b. (U) Experiment II -- Natural Scenes in the Free World
. Viewer -- The viewer will be Viewer 372, who has been
with the program since 1979 and has participated in many.
tasks
and laboratory experiments.
(U) Targets -- The targets will be at least 25 outdoor locations in the free world.
Before the start of the experiment, SRI personnel will record on videotape approximately
2-minute highlights of each site. At least five tapes, consisting of 5 target sites each, will be
prepared. Within a tape, the sites will be selected on the basis of dissimilarity (i.e., to be as
different from one another as possible). A target site can appear in one and only one tape. In
addition, each location will be assigned its geographical coordinates (UTM) to the nearest 10
meters. Finally, packets will be prepared that contain a videotape of five sites and file cards with
the geographic coordinates and name of the site that have been sealed in numbered envelopes.
These packets will constitute the session pool. The analysis pool will contain duplicate videotapes
only.
(U) Target Selection -- Using a pseudorandom algorithm seeded by a computer
system clock, a videotape will be randomly selected from the session pool. By the same
technique, a target will be selected within the designated tape. As in Experiment I, targets will be
chosen with replacement, so that the same target could be selected more than once.
-
Targeting Technique -- A sealed envelope technique will
be used. At the beginning of each session, the viewer will be asked to
describe the site designated by the UTM coordinates in a sealed envelope.
(U) Analysis Technique -- An analysis will be conducted at the end of each
session. The appropriate videotape from the analysis pool will be used for the ranking. The
analyst must rank-order the targets (on the tape designated by D1) in order of decreasing match
to the response (i.e., a rank of 1 means that target best matches the response, and a rank of 5
means a worst match).
Procedure for a Trial -- At To, Viewer 372 and an SRI
monitor will be sequestered in a locked laboratory -- Room 304, Building G,
SRI International. AV
representative (DI), an SRI assistant, and the
session target pool will be sequestered '
F-Room 316,
Building G, SRI International. (Room 316 meets the sound transmission
class requirements of 45-dB attenuation over the speech frequency range. )
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(U)
rank-order the targets in order of decreasing match to the response (i.e., a rank of 1 means that
target best matches the response, and a rank of 5 means a worst match).
-
Procedure for a Trial -- At To, Viewer 009 and an SRI
monitor will be sequestered in a locked laboratory -- Room 304, Building G,
SRI International. A
representatives:
an SRI assistant, and the
session target pool will be sequestered
-- Room 316,
Building G, SRI International. (Room 316 meets the sound transmission
class requirements of 45-dB attenuation over the speech frequency range. )
An SRI analyst and.
representative (D2) will be sequestered in the
project library, Room 206, Building G, SRI International. At To+5 minutes,
the SRI RV monitor will signal room 316 by phone -- letting it ring only
once. Neither Dl nor the assistant will answer the phone. Rather, D1 will
generate random numbers to select a target packet and to select a target
within the. packet. That target will be opened and placed on a table
between Dl and the assistant. One minute after sending the phone signal,
the viewer and monitor will conduct one RV session.
(U) When the session is completed, the monitor will copy the response and
take the original to Roomn 316 and give it to D1. D1 will return with the monitor and the target
and provide feedback to Viewer 009. Viewer 009 will then be excused.
(U) D1 will replace the target in the pack and lock the session pool in a
cabinet. D1 will leave the target pack number and the copied response on the table. D1 will
signal D2 and the SRI analyst by the one-ring method and exit Room 316 with the assistant. D2
and the analyst will enter Room 316 (bringing the analysis pool with them), and D2 will observe
the analyst rank-order the targets (drawn from the appropriate pack) against the response. D2
will record the trial data and analysis results in an experiment log book.
(U) Number of Trials -- Viewer 009 will participate in 20 trials during a 2- week
period at a rate of 2 trials per day.
(U) Experiment Statistic -- The output from each trial will be the rank number
the analyst assigned to the correct target. The experiment statistic will be computed from the sum
of such ranks.
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1. (U) Demonstration Experiments
(U) SRI proposes to conduct two RV experiments as a demonstration.
These
experiments are conceptually identical, but they differ in the target material and the targeting
technique.
(U) The protocols are designed to eliminate all sources of known potential artifacts.
Furthermore, they are designed to demonstrate only the processes SRI has achieved in past
experiments, not to explore new ones. All details, including a definition for success, are
specified.
a. (U) Experiment I -- National Geographic Targets
1
-
Viewer -- SRI will use Viewer 009, who has been with the
program since 1974 and has participated in many
.asks and
laboratory experiments.
:
(U) Targets -- The potential targets will be 100 photographs from the National
Geographic Magazine. They will be arranged in 20 packets of 5 targets each. The 5 targets
within a packet will be selected on the basis of their dissimilarity (i.e., to be as different from one
another as possible). A target can appear in one and only one packet. This target set will be
duplicated to provide a session pool and an analysis pool.
(U) Target Selection -- Using a pseudorandom algorithm seeded by a computer
system clock, a target pack will be randomly selected from the session pool. By the same
technique, a target will be selected within the designated pack .* Targets will be chosen with
replacement, so that the same target could be selected more than once.
(U) Targeting Technique -- To begin a session, the monitor will say the word
"target," and the viewer will begin his/her response. The word "target" may be repeated
throughout the session to focus the viewer's attention on the task.
(U) Analysis Technique -- An analysis will be conducted at the end of each
session. The analysis target pool will be used to provide the target and its four companions from
the pack. These will be presented in random order with the response to an analyst who must
* (U) Complete details of the algorithm can be found in: T. G. Lewis, Distribution Sampling
for Computer Simulation, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA, 1975. (UNCLASSIFIED)
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The current program has three layers of oversight.
Twelve
senior scientists, drawn mainly from academia and from many disciplines,
constitute the Scientific Oversight Committee (SOC). The SOC's
responsibility is to review protocols before experiments, exercise
unannounced drop-in privileges to observe experiments in progress, review
and criticize all reports, and provide guidance for future research. Their
unedited comments are available as part of the program's technical final
report.
.
.
(U) A.second layer of oversight consists of human use review. SRI conforms to the
Department of Health and Human Services guidelines on the use of human subjects as part of its
own policy, but, in addition and in cooperation with SRI, the current sponsor provides its own
review of the project's human use activities.
The third oversight layer is a high-level, multiagency program
review group.
It met during FY 1987 to determine whether the current
program meets!
Jobjectives and to provide managerial direction for the
program.
Its conclusion, published in a formal memorandum, was that the
program should continue.
D.
(U) A Presentation of Psychoenergetic Research
SRI proposes a multifaceted approach consisting of detailed
briefings, access to members of the SOC, and demonstration experiments
Specifically, SRI proposes:
A 1-hour presentation on each of the following topics:
- Review of
activity
- Technical history and overview of current topics
- Presentation by SOC members
- Technical details of RV protocols and RV analysis
.
Two demonstration RV experiments
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. On the basis of the many years of research, SRI concluded that
a persistent information transfer anomaly exists. The past research has
been directed at exploring the potential applications for RV, so many
research questions remain to be answered.
B.
(U) Current Program
1
SRI initiated a well-funded, diverse research effort as part of
an R&D contract that began in FY 1986. The FY 1986 and the FY 1987
statements of work were based on the assumption that SRI's historical data
base, when viewed in conjunction with the independent research across the
field of parapsychology, provided sufficient justification to begin
process-oriented experiments. These included various RV training programs;
investigations of physical, psychological, and physiological correlates to
RV; RV quality dependency on feedback; and a variety of RA and computer
"dowsing" experiments.
(U) Although in the current year (FY 1988), the focus of the work has shifted toward
screening mass populations for RV ability, some of the more promising process-oriented
experiments have been continued.
(U) As an overview, a brief description of each of the final reports generated from the
FY-86/87 statements of work are appended. The explanations only represent an overview of the
experiments and should not be interpreted as complete.
C. (U) Program Oversight
1
Since 1972, the CSP has had a variety of government, academic,
and industrial scientific and managerial overseers. During 1972-1978, SRI
convened an internal blue ribbon panel to provide corporate oversight and
guidance. The primary purpose of this group was to determine whether SRI
should continue to conduct research in this controversial area. As a
result, the SRI President and chief Executive Officer issued a formal
memorandum declaring that SRI should be actively involved in
psychoenergetic research |
SRI management continues to support this decision.
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using these techniques SRI has investigated a variety of
research and application questions.
Table 3 shows specific areas of
research and their principal results.
Table 3
(U) COGNITIVE SCIENCES PROGRAM TECHNICAL HISTORY
Activity
Results
RVA
Persistent evidence for RVA
RV/Lab
Persistent statistical effects.
Distance
No effect (to 40 light-minutes).
Time
No effect (+/- days).
Shielding
No effect
(Seawater, Faraday cages, SCIFs).
Spatial resolution
1 mm visual material,
1 mm target at 0.25 mi.
; Temporal resolution
'Other sensory
Unknown.
Generally unknown.
Audio targets failed in 1 experiment.
Targeting methods
No effect (coordinates, people,
abstract, photographs).
RV/Training
Persistent evidence for RV, but little
evidence for training.
RV/Physiology Corr.
Statistical effects for EEG.
RV/Psychology Corr.
Mixed results.
RV/Analysis
Continuing improvement.
SearchA
Mixed results.
Search/Lab
Mixed results.
Search/Computer
Persistent statistical effects.
RA
Persistent statistical effects.
Theory
Heuristic model with promising results.
#
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Table 2
(U) REMOTE VIEWING TECHNIQUES
Technique
Description
SF Bay Locations
Targets
Man-made, natural, and technological loca-
tions in the San Francsico Bay area.
National Geographic Magazine photographs
Individuals
Natural scenes.
Information about unknown individuals or the
whereabouts of known individuals.
Numbers
One-in-N choices ( N < 10).
Beacon person
Targeting
Person located at the target site.
Standard ,
coordinate system.
Randomly encoded coordinates.
Envelope containing mission statements, pho-
tographs, or coordinates of the intended tar-
get.
Abstract word
Abstract word symbolizing target mission (e.g.,
target, function).
Rank-order
Rating
Analysis
Blind rank-order N x N matrix for N sessions.
Same as above but with assessments rather
than rank-orders.
Response concepts
Response drawing and written material sum-
marized into declarative sentences. Assess-
ment matrix constructed on a concept-by-
concept basis.
Flat figure of merit
Same as above, except concepts stated a priori
to the experiment and with separate accuracy
and reliability measures.
Response/target concepts
Same as for response concepts with the addi-
tion of similar encoding of mission-oriented
target elements.
Fuzzy set figure of merit
Formalized version of response/target concept
analysis except both stated a priori and with
separate accuracy and reliability measures.
Cluster analysis
Fuzzy set encoding of targets to provide clus-
ters of similar targets.
Orthogonal target packs
Packs of targets from different clusters to fa-
cilitate rank-ordering via visual assessment of
novice RV data.
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Geographical coordinates
Abstract coordinates
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(U)
In a typical laboratory experiment, the target material consists of natural locations within
0.5-hour drive from SRI. Table 1 outlines the protocol for a typical experiment. In this example,
the targets are demarked by the presence of the assistant.
Table 1
(U) PROTOCOL FOR A LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
Time
Action
To
An interviewer and a viewer are sequestered in an isolated
laboratory.
To+5
The target is selected randomly by an assistant.
To+35
The assistant arrives at the selected target.
To+35
·
The viewer (still in the isolated lab) describes the target with
words and drawings.
To+50
.
The session ends, data are secured, and the assistant returns to
SRI.
To+80
The viewer is taken to the target site for feedback.
UNCLASSIFIED
(U) To provide a quantitative assessment of performance, many such trials are required.
An analyst who is not otherwise associated with the experiment, travels to each of the selected
targets, and rank-orders all the RV responses from best to worst match to the location. A
standard sum-of-ranks calculation produces a statistical estimate of the likelihood that
information was transferred during the RV experiment.
Since 1972, SRI has developed a variety of targets, targeting
methods, and analytical techniques for research and
applications. Table 2 provides a summary and description of the techniques
that have been used.
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(U) The Cognitive Sciences Program (CSP) at SRI International conducts broadly based,
interdisciplinary research to investigate those aspects of human behavior generally referred to as
psychic. These phenomena can be divided into two main categories:
(1) Informational -- The acquisition, by mental means, of material that is secured
from usual sensory perception by distance or shielding.
(2) Causal -- The perturbation, by mental means alone, of the physical environment
that is secured from known interactions by distance or shielding.
The traditional names are ESP, telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition for the informational
phenomena, and psychokinesis, telekinesis, and materialization for the causal phenomena. The
terms we use are remote viewing (RV) and remote action (RA), respectively.
(U) SRI has investigated both categories in detail, but this white paper focuses on
informational, RV, processes.
A.
(U) Historical Perspective
-
The CSP (formerly the Psychoenergetics Research Program) began
1
in 1972 4
to investigate
the claims of Mr. Ingo Swann, a New York artist who appeared to have
psychoenergetic abilities. The success of that investigation led to a
multiyear, multisponsor project to determine the degree to which these
abilities could be used (
(U) From 1972 to 1975, SRI developed an RV protocol for information acquisition. A
typical protocol for an RV trial has four elements:
(1) Target material that is isolated from the experiment participants.
(2) A method of demarking the specific target (from among many) for the trial.
(3) A person (called a viewer) who can provide information about the target
material.
(4) A quantitative analytical system for comparing the RV data with the target
material.
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pretested with other trainees, the desire
to move ahead
expeditiously with the training of this particular candidate resulted
in his providing our first research data on technology transfer of Stages
IV through VI. The trainee's attitude in this position is to be highly
commended for (1) his readiness to accept coaching and tutoring in this
difficult discipline, (2) attentiveness to all aspects of the discipline
as it developed within him, and (3) his patience in working through the
subtle intellectual learning process required.
With regard to the quality of the remote viewing
being generated on a routine basis, it would appear that Trainee #059 has
an unexcelled potential for continuing to develop remote viewing as a
viable information-gathering tool.
c.
(U)
Recommendations for Follow-On Actions
Trainee #059 is now in the position of being able
to contribute valuable information for the carry-over of training into the
applications area.
Detailed authentication of the skills transfer (e. g.,
by extensive double-blind testing) was beyond the time/funding scope of
this training effort. It is recommended
1. the
Trainee's skills to pursue appropriate in-house tasks to determine the
overall efficacy of the training
Should
interest exist in contributing additional archival research data (in-
valuable to the overall effort), it is also recommended that authentica-
tion of skills transfer be documented in appropriate scientific formats.
For example, videotaping of sessions carried out under double-blind
conditions (where access to complete verification materials is possible),
would constitute an excellent vehicle for documentation.
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4
IV
TRAINING EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS (U)
A.
(U).
Training Rate
Trainee #059 is the first individual
to complete the six-stage training package described in this report.
The distribution of site viewings over the various stages is shown in
Table 4. The time frame involved in this effort was 2 1/2 years. An
accelerated work program with recent trainees indicates, however, that
this time might be shortened considerably.
Table 4
(U)
DISTRIBUTION OF TRAINING SITES BY STAGE
Stage
Number
of Sites
IH
I
56
II
23
III
86
IV
31
V
8
VI
19
Total
223
UNCLASSIFIED
-
B.
(U)
Trainee Evaluation
As the first trainee to complete the S-I through
S-VI program, Trainee #059 fulfilled an important role in the development
of the overall training package. Although Stages I through III had been
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Table 3
(U)
STAGE V SITES
Trial
Date
Site
Response
1
1 Oct 84
United Nations
United Nations
Opera
2
2 Oct 84
L'Opera, Paris
3
3 Oct 84
Weyerhauser lumber facility
Longview, WA
Factory, floating logs,
making lumber
4
4 Oct 84
Library of Congress
Library of Congress
5
11 Oct 84
Keeneland Race Course,
Lexington, KY
Racetrack
6
12 Oct 84
Bureau of Engraving,
Printing of money
7
30 Nov 84
Geyers steam field, Sonoma
Geothermal production
8
4 Dec 84
Church at Lourdes
Church at Lourdes
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Lake Powell's eastern shore flanked by buttes), as rising land and
water; (2) identified Ragged Falls in Yellowstone Park as a waterfall;
(3) obtained an image of a dam in response to Itaipu dam (although
incorrectly labeling it as AOL); and (4) provided a high-quality result
;
Given the
apparent integration of aptitudes expected in S-VI training, and the
pattern of remaining problem areas designed to be handled by S-V
techniques, the RVer was then advanced to the remaining S-V training
portion of the overall training package as presently configured.
1
c.
(U)
Stage V
.
(U)
Stage V is considered a corrective-action stage. Special
"query" process techniques have been developed for the refinement of
certain types of data as they emerge, and for the correction of AOLs by
the determination of what lies underneath.
1
1
1
Progress on incorporating S-V techniques into the
RV process was very rapid for Trainee #059, in part because of having
assimilated the S-VI structure first. Only eight sites were required to
declare Trainee #059 complete on S-V.'
The trainee's responses to the
sites are listed in Table 3.
, In addition to the results generated in the SRI
training format (Table 3), ‘
-
Trainee #059 began a series of
verification tests under
controlled conditions. It is reported
that in the two tests done to date (carried out under conditions in
which no feedback is provided to the RVer as the descriptions are being
generated), results of the quality reported in the above table were
obtained.
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(U)
mode, a circumscribed intrasession feedback is an option
typically used by the training monitor for pedagogical
purposes. Feedback phrases consist of five statements,
given at appropriate times:
"correct, probably correct,
near, can't feedback, site! . "
(U) with regard to the emphasis on modeling, it should be noted
that the use of such an approach (which was derived empirically) is not
simply an attempt to render a more exact representation of the site
than can be done verbally, or by means of drawings. Rather, the kines-
thetic activity during modeling appears to (1) quench AOL formation
associated with purely cerebral processes, and (2) act as a trigger to
produce further analytical content on the site -- even concerning aspects
not being specifically addressed by the modeling.
(U) In the delivery of the Stage V and Stage VI training package,
S-VI was delivered out of sequence, i. e., delivered first. When RVer
#059 completed S-IV training only S-VI training was ready for delivery;
S-V training was still in. R&D. Because the purpose of S-V is to correct
and elaborate, which is an addition to, rather than a foundation for, the
use of S-VI procedures, delivery of the two stages in reverse order was
an acceptable option. The two stages will therefore be discussed in the
order of delivery.
B.
(U)
Stage VI
(U) Altogether, 19 sites (listed in Table 2) were used in the
S-VI training sequence.
(U) As indicated in the footnote to Table 2, those sites noted
with a single asterisk ( five) are ones for which clay models were con-
structed by the trainee during the training session, before access to
any feedback materials. All five are shown in Figures 1 through 5. As
can be see, the similarities of the models to the sites are striking.
Among the six test sessions used to complete the
S-VI series (in which no feedback was given during the session), the
trainee correctly (1) described the Padre Bay, Utah, site (a point on
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Stage I and Stage II, visual images may emerge spontaneously. In that
case, they are not suppressed, but simply noted and labeled as AOLs.
4. (U)
Stage III (Dimension, Motion and Mobility)
(U)
Whereas in Stage I and Stage II viewing, data appear to
emerge (typically) as fragmented data bits, in Stage III, we observe the
emergence of a broader concept of the site. With Stage I and II data
forming a foundation, contact with the site appears sufficiently
strengthened that the viewer begins to have an overall appreciation of
the site as a whole (which we label "aesthetic impact"). Dimensional
aspects such as size, distance, and motion begin to come into play, and
emphasis is placed on generating configurational outlines and sketches
(e. g., the outline of a city). Examples generated by RVer #059, the
RVer of this study, can be found in the footnoted reference .*
5.
(U)
Stage IV (General Analytical Aspects)
Because of the apparent increased contact
with the site that occurs in Stage III (a "widening of the aperture" as
it were), data of an analytical nature begin to emerge. This follow-on
process constitutes Stage IV in our nomenclature. Contained in Stage IV
data are elements that go beyond the strictly observational, such as
ambience !
/ cultural factors
, and function or purpose
Thus, Stage IV viewing transcends simple
physical descriptions of what is visible to the eye, to take into
account human intention. Because,
»point of view, it
one
is the latter that is typically a matter of
concern,
Stage IV is considered to be the threshold for crossover into application
.utility.
-
*
Puthoff. H. E., "Special Orientation Techniques: S-IV (U),"
(U)
(July 1984),'
,
SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
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:
I
OBJECTIVE
(U)
SRI International is tasked with developing remote
viewing (RV)* enhancement techniques
Of par-
ticular interest is the development of procedures that have potential
application, and that can be transmitted to others
in a structured fashion (i.e., "training" procedures) .
Under particular study in this effort is whether
a Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV) technology, a technique that utilizes
coordinates to facilitate acquisition of a remote-viewing target, can be
successfully transferred
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*
(U) RV is the acquisition and description, by mental means, of infor-
mation blocked from ordinary perception by distance or shielding.
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L
C
D
SRI International
-
Final Report
Covering the Period 15 November 1983 to 15 December 1984
December 1.
SPECIAL ORIENTATION TECHNIQUES:
S-V, S-VI (U)
SRI Project
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V SUMMARY (U)
A. (U) Overview
The research effort described in this report addresses the
requirement
¡to develop techniques to locatel
_ targets
of interest whose positions are not known, or are known only approximately. Specifically, we
have investigated the possible use of psychoenergetic search techniques as an adjunct to other
technological means. Experiments have been carried out, examining several promising
methods that have emerged in the field over the past decade or so. Care has been taken to
assess the various procedures under strict double-blind conditions, and have included
successful application to the location of targets under client control over baselines of several
thousand km.
B.
(U) Focus of Investigation
(U) In this study the search techniques under consideration have been investigated in
applications ranging from the locations of objects hidden in the same building as the search
RVer, to the search for an individual or building over transcontinental baselines. The
methods examined range from simple one-step map marking ("map dowsing"), to
calculator -; and computer-assisted search involving sophisticated statistical averaging
techniques.
(U) Strong evidence emerged in this study that certain individuals using certain
techniques were capable of narrowing down the area of target location to a statistically
significant degree, indicating the basic viability of the psychoenergetic approach as a search
tool.
se 2
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(U)
evaluation program to determine the most likely location. Should this technique prove
successful, it has wide application beyond the spatial location of targets of interest. Because
the CAS algorithm only involves selecting the proper moment to register a response, the
meaning of the numbers used in the cycle counter is completely arbitrary, and thus can
correspond to the elements of any discrete search problem.
G.
-Controlled Long-Distance Test of "Agent"/Building Search,
Facility Level (Continuum)
As a measure of progress made during the contract effort, a test was
proposed in which the Search team put together by SRI would attempt to locate targets
. For this purpose two
experimental series were designed and carried out.
1. (U) Long-Distance "Agent" Search
For the first test series,
personnel chose a series of
ten locations!
Each of the ten locations were to be
visited, in turn, for one hour, at predetermined times," by an "agent"
Members
of the Search team where given a photograph of the "agent" to be located, a listing of the
target times (1100 and 1600, EST, on 28-30 November, and on 3-4 Dec.), and a map
marked with a 1.5 km X 1.5 km square indicating the overall target area
of iterest.
(U) Four Search RVers were chosen for this task (Nos. 164, 688, 198, and 232),
three of whom demonstrated success in other search tasks covered in this report, the fourth
(#232) being reported as having been successful in experiments conducted in a training class
taught by one of the others (#198). During the time-frame of the experiment, two of the
RVers were located in California (Nos. 164 and 688), while the remaining two were in
Florida. Thus, the experiment was carried out over baselines of several thousand km.
The experiment was carried out with the SRI researchers blind as to
the target locations (that is, the experiment was double blind.) At the end of the targeting
period, the search-determined locations were transmitted.
, after which a list of
the actual target locations used were made available to the SRI team.
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Table 5
(U) RESULTS OF BASIC INVESTIGATION
(p-values)
RVer
Space
Time
Difference*
531
.560
.009 +
.038+
240
.365
.042 +
.164
859
.528
.042 +
.100
452
. 752
.911
.691
310
.184
.363
.652
*
*
807
.047 +
.994
.998
164
.031+
.295
.826
*Tested against the hypothesis that time > space.
+
Significant
$Target avoidance.
UNCLASSIFIED
3. (U) CAS Against Real Targets (Application)
As a final test, can CAS techniques be used to locate unknown
The use of both static and dynamic techniques will
targets \
be considered.
(U) In the case of the latter, a useful technique is to divide the search space into
N regions. A counter is incremented once each millisecond as before, but it begins at one
and recycles after N + 1. The extra cell is used to cover the case of "none of the above".
To illustrate how this technique might work, let us consider the case of a kidnap victim who
is suspected of being held somewhere in the west Beruit area. This area is divided into 20
regions of interest. (The CAS counter then cycles through 21.) A large number of trials are
collected for a given participant, and a large number of participants could be used. Statistics
developed during the known target portion of the study would be used as an input to the
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(U)
participant was constrained to provide a few trials (< 5) at each sitting. The analysis that
was used is described in Section III.A.
(U) From a purely mechanistic point of view, we might expect that locating a
dynamically-moving target would be "easier" than a static one. Because the target is moving
once a millisecond, the target is, on the average, actually "under" the mouse button twice
each second. Thus, two times a second, the participant has the opportunity to locate the
target correctly. He/she must, however, press the mouse button at the proper time (finding
a dynamically-moving target translates to finding a moment in time to initiate a response).
In the static case, it is possible (worst case) that the location will never be under the mouse
button, because the RVer, in moving the button display around the screen, misses the actual
location. Thus, we would expect a bias in favor of finding the dynamic target simply because
the number of opportunities of registering the correct response is greater.
(U) The results of the basic investigation are shown in Table 5. Five of the seven
participants produced significant evidence of psychoenergetic functioning (p < 0.0004). Of
these five, three produced results favoring the timing hypothesis, and two favored the
"dowsing" hypothesis. Two participants produced significant differences between temporal
and spatial "dowsing;" one (#531) favoring temporal, the other (#807) favoring spatial.
Participant 531 showed a 27 percent reduction from the mean chance expectation (MCE)
distance of 10.4 units, while Participant 807 showed a 16.1 percent reduction. Overall, there
is strong evidence that individuals can locate abstract computer generated targets, yet there is
no evidence that there is a preference for the timing technique.
2. (U) Location of Real-World Targets (Known)
The first step in determining if the CAS technique is capable of
locating unknown
targets of interest, is to demonstrate that the technique can be applied
to real-world targets whose locations are known. This step has been taken under
controlled test conditions, as described in Section G.
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F. (U) Computer Assisted Search (CAS)
1
To determine the applicability of computers as aids in the general search
problem, we have developed a graduated series of studies-beginning at a basic level of
investigation and evolving toward real-time
¡ applications. As a first step in determining
the degree to which a computer can be used as an aid in search problems, an experiment
was conducted that demonstrated that an abstract computer-generated target could be located
by psychoenergetic means. The next stage involved testing whether an "association" between
an abstract computer "target" and an actual target could be established.
1.
(U) Basic Investigation (Simulation)
(U) We have conducted an experiment to determine if an abstract computer-
generated target can be located by psychoenergetic means. To accomplish this, we designed
an experiment that would also provide information with regard to two possible mechanisms:
.
To search in space for a target that remains fixed for the duration of a
trial.
· To search for a target that is rapidly moving in space.
(U) The first case is the more familiar "dowsing" situation; a target, whose
location is unknown, must be found by psychoenergetic means. The second case was
established on the basis of earllier research at SRI. Namely, that it is possible for an
individual to initiate an action at the proper time to optimize the result of a psychoenergetic
experiment.
(U) During the CAS experiment, seven individuals were asked to contribute 50
trials each. To test the "dowsing" hypothesis, the target location was fixed throughout a
trial. To test the timing hypothesis, the target location was changed once each millisecond.
Dynamic versus static target trials were determined by a balanced random protocol that was
the same for each of the participants. Furthermore, they were unaware that there were two
test conditions. A bounded area representing the perimeter of a 20 x 20 cell matrix was
shown to the participant, who could register his/her response by moving a graphics pointing
device (mouse), and could press a button to indicate the choice. Each participant was told
that the target could be any place within the display boundary, and when the moment
"seemed right," could register his/her choice by pressing the button on the mouse. Each
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D. 1
Simulation of "Agent"/Facility Search (Continuum)
1
A series of trials was undertaken with a special RVer, recommended by
the American Society of Dowsers, who responded to an invitation to participate in the SRI
search program (#198). An initial exploratory series of eight trials was carried out as in
Experiment B, Condition I,
The results were not beyond chance expectation. Debriefing of the RVer revealed a
preference for tasks that involved people, as in locating people, or places inhabited by
people. Therefore, a second exploratory series of fifteen trials was performed, the first ten
of which repeated the same experiment, but with an individual replacing the object. For the
remaining five trials, the target area in which the individual was located was expanded to the
SRI complex as in Experiment C above. The overall result in this series also was not beyond
chance expectation, but the target/response pair distances were ordered such that there was a
trend from larger to smaller distances as the series progressed, which began to approach
statistical significance (p = 0.07). Therefore, a more extensive series was planned in which
"peopled" locations were to be the targets.
(U) For this series, the target area was a > 20 sq. km area (4.8 km × 4.8 km). The
viewer was provided a satellite photograph of the area with a 20 × 20 unit grid overlay. In
order to investigate potential differences in targeting strategies, a targeting protocol was
prepared for the series in which, on an intermixed basis, the RVer was targeted on being (1)
given a photograph of the site, e.g., of a house, (2) told that an experimenter known to the
RVer was at a site, (3) told the name of the site (e.g., Stacey's Bookstore). Twenty-one
trials were carried out under this protocol: six under targeting method (1), six under
targeting method (2), and nine under targeting method (3).
-
1
(U) In the 4.8-km-square area, the mean chance expectation distance is 2.5 km. In
the 21-trial sequence, the target/response pair distances ranged from a maximum of 3.36 km
to a minimum of 0.34 km, with a mean of 1.55 km. This result (a 38 percent reduction
from MCE) is statistically significant at p = 1.1 × 10-3.
1
(U) With regard to the difference in RVer performance between targeting conditions,
the mean target/response pair distance was least for the photo-targeting condition (1),
median for the person-targeting condition (2), and maximum for the name-targeting
condition (3)-1.15 km, 1.58 km, and 1.80 km respectively. One-way analysis of variance
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(U)
aspect to it than in Condition I, where the task is structured more along application lines of
an experimenter and RVer searching for an object placed by a third party. Another
difference is that the second series followed the first; the trend may simply reflect the
"decline" effect that is typical in the psychoenergetics field when experimentation becomes a
repetitive routine. Further work along these lines would be required to clarify this particular
facet. Nonetheless, with both sets of data combined, the overall result, a mean
target/response pair distance of 16.2 ft (17 percent reduction of MCE), is statistically
significant at p = 0.01. Thus, the experimental series as a whole indicates that the
application of psychoenergetic search techniques, although not yet developed to high
accuracy, can augment other techniques in locating small target objects in a remote,
otherwise inaccessible, space.
C.
Simulation of "Agent" Search, Facility Level (Continuum)
(U) The RVer who participated in the above experiment was asked to take part in a
second experiment of a similar nature. In the second case, the target was to be a person,
located somewhere on the grounds of the SRI 70-acre complex. The RVer entered the RV
chamber on the third floor of the RPL, then an experimenter was sent to a random location,
determined by entry into a random number generator for x-y coordinates on a 20 × 20 unit
grid.
(U) Forty trials were carried out -- 20 in each of two conditions; the second condition
differed from the first only in that the RVer had in his possession a sample of hair from the
individual to be targeted (to test the so-called "witness" concept, part of the lore in dowsing
studies).
(U) The outcome of this experiment was that neither series yielded results differing
from chance expectation, nor was there any significant difference between the two conditions.
Although the RVer expressed subjective differences in attempting to locate a person (as
opposed to an object), no conclusions as to the difference between the two Experiments B
and C' could be drawn.
*(U) Defined in Subsections B and C of this chapter and hereafter referred to as
Experiments B and C.
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IV EXPERIMENTAL EFFORT (U)
A. (U) General
(U) In pursuing the search task, SRI engaged several remote viewers (RVers) ranging
from (1) volunteer subjects, (2) experienced SRI RVers, through (3) well-known professional
"dowsers" (who were contacted through the American Society of Dowsers). In somewhat
extensive work with the latter, every effort was made to determine whether whatever skills
could be demonstrated might be of a transferable nature.
B.
Simulation of "Bug" Search (Continuum)
1
Described here is a test of whether a search procedure involving attempts
to locate small objects in a room,
would be successful. The target location
was a large conference room in which a >1400 sq. ft. area (37.5 X 37.5 ft) was designated
as the potential target area. For each trial, a small hand-size object was chosen (e.g., a
calculator) then placed somewhere in the conference room -- the location was determined by
entry into a random number generator for x-y coordinates on a 20 × 20 unit grid.
(U) A total of 50 trials, 25 in each of two conditions (labeled I and II), was carried
out with an experienced SRI RVer (#688) as search percipient. The RVer was in the RV
chamber on the third floor of the Radio Physics Laboratory (RPL); the target area was a
-
locked and guarded, nonoccupied conference room on the ground floor of the RPL.
1. (U) Condition I
1
(U) In Condition I, for each trial, an experimenter (E1) places an object at a
location in the target room (determined by random number generator), then remains outside
the target room as a guard. A few minutes later, at a previously-agreed-upon time,
Experimenter E2, who is kept blind as to the object's location, has the RVer indicate his
assessment of the object's location. The RVer places a mark on a piece of paper containing
a single blank square to represent the target room. At the end of the trial, the RVer turns
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The goal of the present effort is to research the literature, then perform
laboratory experimentation to determine whether, and to what degree, such functioning is a
viable candidate for applicationgi
: This includes determining
the best methods and efficiencies of various search techniques, and the appropriate statistical
analyses for evaluating results.
B. (U) Search Categories
Search tasks fall into two broad categories of effort-continuum and
discrete. In the "continuum" search category, a target of interest is typically to be located
on a continuum area map, such as a topographical map or navigational chart
For this category, the target/response distances and circular
error probabilities (CEPs) constitute the statistics of interest in evaluation.
In the "discrete" search category, a target of interest is associated with a
discrete number of possibilities
For this category, the appropriate statistic of
interest in the evaluation of a series of location attempts is a comparison against the simple
binomial statistic of the probability of obtaining an observed R hits in N trials, by chance.
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II INTRODUCTION (U)
A. (U) General
1
4
is a claimed ability in the
broad field of psychoenergetic functioning; namely, the ability to search for and locate water,
oil, minerals, objects, individuals, sites of archaeological significance, and so forth. This
ability can be contrasted to the related psychoenergetic ability "remote viewing," in the
following manner. In remote viewing, the RVer is given location information (coordinates,
"beacon" agent, picture), and (RV) asked to provide data on target content
in "search," the RVer is given information on target content, then asked to provide
location data (e.g., position on a map). The two functions are thus complimentary to each
Other.
(U) The ability to locate targets is most often referred to as "dowsing" in the Western
literature, and "biophysical effect (BPE)" in the Soviet/East Bloc literature. In this report,
we shall refer to such techniques simply as "search." Although much of the literature is
anecdotal, * attempts to quantify the ability and to determine its mechanisms have been
pursued. t
-
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*(U) For the most comprehensive and authoritative survey of the claims for dowsing, see
Christopher Bird, The Divining Hand, E. P. Dutton, New York, NY (1979).
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t(U) See, for example, papers published by Z. V. Harvalik, beginning 1970, in The
American Dowser, the journal of the American Society of Dowsers, (Harvalik is the
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I OBJECTIVE (U)
The objective of this effort at SRI International is to investigate a
particular aspect of psychoenergetic phenomena called Target Search. This search technique
is designed to determine the location of objects, individuals, and facilities where the potential
target area can range from room- to global-sized dimensions.
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3. (U) CAS Against Real Targets (Application) .
23
G.
Controlled Long-Distance Test of "Agent/
24
Building Search, Facility Level (Continuum).
1. (U) Long-Distance "Agent" Search
24
2. (U) Long-Distance "Building" Search
26
..
V (U) Summary .
28
A. (U) Overview
28
B. (U) Focus of Investigation
28
C. (U) Recommendations for Follow-On Actions.
29
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CONTENTS (U)
(U) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .
iv
(U) LIST OF TABLES
iv
I (U) OBJECTIVE
1
II
(U) INTRODUCTION
.
2
A. (U) General
2
B. (U) Search Categories
3
III
(U) METHOD OF APPROACH
.
4
A. (U) Continuum Search -- Statistical Approach
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4
B. (U) Discrete Search-Statistical Approach .
5
V
(U) EXPERIMENTAL
9
A. (U) General
9
B. (
Simulation of "Bug" Search (Continuum).
9
1. (U) Condition I
9
2. (U) Condition II
10
c.f
Simulation of "Agent" Search, Facility Level
(Conunuum)
D. I
)
Simulation of "Agent"/Facility Search (Continuum). .
12
E. (U) Binary Search (Discrete/Continuum)
13
F. (U) Computer Assisted Search (CAS)
21
1. (U) Basic Investigation (Simulation).
21
2. (U) Location of Real-World Targets (Known) .
22
1
:
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SRI International
Final Report
Covering the Period 15 November 1983 to 15 December 1984
December 1984
TARGET SEARCH TECHNIQUES (U)
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SRI Project 660
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The Stage IV proficiency demonstrated in the com-
pletion series has been maintained by the trainee as work has begun on
Stage VI; this provides additional evidence that a stable performance level
on S-IV characteristics has been achieved.
B.
(U)
Trainee Evaluation
Other than the training monitor (#002), Viewer #059
is the first to complete S-IV training. Although previous training stages
(S-I through S-III) had been pretested with other trainees, the desire |
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to move ahead expeditiously with training of this particular
candidate dictated a reversal of the usual development procedure. This
candidate thus provided our first research data on S-IV technology transfer,
which turned out to be of exceptionally high quality. Until subsequent
individuals have completed S-IV training, there is not a substantial body
of work for comparison. Nonetheless, it should be stated for the record
that this trainee exhibited the least of difficulties in assimilating the
materials, as compared with the progress of trainees in general, and as
compared with the training monitor's own progress through S-IV in particular.
In addition, Trainee #059 exhibited a high professional demeanor throughout
the training, and applied himself at all times with the utmost stamina and
acumen.
Taking these factors together, Trainee #059 was a model trainee,
and thus his profile constitutes an important data point with regard to
trainee selection.
1
c.
(U)
Recommendations for Follow-On Actions
(U)
Given the quality of response to S-IV training of Trainee #059,
two recommendations for follow-on actions are offered:
(1) The trainee should continue in the training in
order to incorporate additional skills available
in the remaining stages.
(2)
Given that detailed authentication of the S-IV
skills transfer (e.g., by extensive double-blind
testing), was beyond the time/funding scope of
the present effort, it is recommended that, in
parallel with training, the client enlist the
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IV
EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS (U)
A.
(U)
Completion Indicators
(U) Completion of a stage is signalled by (1) essentially flawless
control of session structure while generating the required elements for
that stage, and (2) production of a sequence of at least five site
descriptions whose content/quality meets the requirements for that stage.
1
As indicated earlier, in Stage IV training, the
viewer is required to provide information culminating in not only a
description of the site, but correct identification of the function as
well. These requirements were met by Viewer #059 in his final series,
Trials 22 through 26. The results are summarized in Table 3 below, as
well as in representative Figures 7 through 9.
Table 3
(U) STAGE IV COMPLETION TRIALS 22 THROUGH 26
Session/Trial
Site
Response
27/22
St. Patrick's Cathedral,
New York, NY
Called a "church," with
phonetic of "saint"
Called "school feeling"
28/23
West Virginia University,
Morgantown, WV
29/24
FMC chemical plant,
Newark, CA
Called "chemical factory"
30/25.
Romic hazardous waste
storage plant,
Palo Alto, CA
Called "waste treatment
plant"
31/26
Stanford Linear Accelerator
Stanford, CA
Called "linear accelerator, "
named "Stanford Linear
Accelerator"
1
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(U)
the primary source of "hard" information that in most instances appears to
result in the decoding of site function.
1
To give some indication of progress through the series,
we examine here some specific cases. For Trial 2, the site was a hospital;
the trainee accumulated a total of 161 data bits in two sessions before
identifying the site as a hospital. By Session 12 (Trial 8, Cape Kennedy),
the difficulty in maintaining functional reliability while acquiring the
new skills (corresponding to the expected performance-curve dip of Figure 2)
surfaced in the form that 249 elements were required before site identifi-
cation occurred (site named by name).
1
By Session 25 (Trial 20), the power-generating func-
tion of Kariba Dam was identified after only 57 data bits, with another
seven data bits furnishing the phonetic "kirib" for a total of 64 data
bits. It was also noted during this viewing that the viewer spontaneously
experienced not only an expressed desire to three-dimensionally "model"
the site, but the emergence of phonetics, both attributes of the higher
stages (S-VI and S-VII, respectively). This we took as indicators of
readiness for advancement to the following stages.
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Table 2
(U) DATA-BIT DISTRIBUTION,
S-IV TRAINING SERIES, TRAINEE #059
Post-Stage IV Onset Channels
S-I thru S-IV
Basic Elements
( Ideograms,
Sketches, etc.)
Sensations and
Dimensional
References
Feeling
Tones
Physical/
Functional
Details
Analytical
Overlay
Lines
Total
Number of
Data Bits
Session/
Trial
S-I thru S-III |S-IV
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1/1
35
11
22
17
2
1
18
14
8
1
129
2/2
34
17
5
2
13
9
9
2
3
161
3/2
29
16
5
1
8
3
3
1
1
4/3
36
3
22
11
5
2
9
5
3
96
5/4
14
2
22
15
2
11
10
11
6
2
95
6
Abort (error in coordinate reading)
7
Abort ( trainee medical problem)
8
Abort (error in coordinate reading)
9/5
32
3
28
11
3
2
14
5
5
103
10/6
18
2
12
6
2
3
16
12
5
76
11/7
71
2
10
9
3
6
14
6
8
129
12/8
40
15
32
20
14
20
43
34
24
29
2
1
138
13/9
26
16
16
8
10
9
21
7
27
13
6
5
10
8
1
10
11
18
5
1
11
11
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138
20/15
44
13
9
14
1
14
6
1
6
2
68
22/17
28
23/18
27
19
13
11
1
16
20
3
1
5
142
24/19
38
21
21
20
1
4
20
25/20
18
13
9
5
1
7
5
1
81
26/21
16
10
15
18
2
14
2
4
2
15
73
27/22
33
7
10
7
1
4
7
3
2
1
48
29/24
12
13
25
9
4
8
15
4
1
91
30/25
17
4
15
3
2
9
4
2
56
31/26
27
14
14
10
5
7
10
10
7
104
1
1
1
8
7
19/14
36
20
13
13
35
16
13
2
3
22
12
5
1
112
69
113
101
16/12
25
9
9
17/13
38
18
Abort (error in coordinate reading)
101
21/16
53
3
24
8
7
14/10
16
4
15/11
30
2
2
12
11
64
28/23
16
7
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249
7
28
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260
240
P(SLOPE) < 0.025
220
200
180
NUMBER OF SESSION ELEMENTS
160
140
100
120
80
60
40
20
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
A
TRIAL NUMBER
FIGURE 6
(U) STAGE IV TRAINING PERFORMANCE (RVer # 059)
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B.
(U)
Trainee #059 Response to Stage IV Training
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Trainee #059 began S-IV training during the second
week of December 1983, and completed the requirements for S-IV on
22 March 1984. Thirty-one (31) S-IV training sessions were conducted with
this trainee. With four sessions aborted for various reasons, and with
one site requiring two sessions to complete, the 31 sessions provided a
total of twenty-six (26) completed trials. The session particulars,
including date/time, site, and coordinates, are listed in the Appendix.
The types of sites that must be identified include churches, hospitals,
dams, ruins, power plants, art galleries, libraries,
.
caverns, observatories, '
j, schools, airports,
, and accelerators.
J A record of the total number of data bits generated
for each site (number of ideograms, sketches, sensations, dimensional
references, feeling tones, physical or functional details, and analytical
overlays) is given, trial by trial, in Figure 6. A given session had as
many as 249 separate elements (Trial 8), or as few as 28 (Trial 17). In
general, the end point of a session was recognition of the site's primary
function. Although site complexity was increased as the series progresse
the number of data bits actually required (before site recognition)
decreased on the average (p < 0.025) as proficiency with the S-IV tech-
niques was acquired -- an expected outcome.
(U) The data-bit distribution among the various categories tracked
in S-IV training is shown, trial by trial, in Table 2. The first column
tallies the number of ideograms, sketches, and the like, generated in
the initial S-I through S-III process, the second column tallies addition
elements of this type generated after the S-IV process has begun. The
remaining eight columns tally the number of data bits generated for each
of the S-IV channels of interest. (More specific channel labels have be
passed to the client under separate cover; the specificity is protected
to prevent premature disclosure to prospective trainees.) It is con-
sidered that the data bits accumulated in Channels 5 and 6 constitute
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III
STAGE IV TECHNOLOGY (U)
A.
(U)
Overview
Whereas Stages I through III are directed toward
recognition of the overall gestalt and physical configuration of a target
site, Stage IV is designed to provide information as to function, i.e.,
as to the purpose of the activities being carried out at the site. Thus,
Stage IV viewing transcends simple physical descriptions of what is visible
of
to the eye, to take into account human intention. Because,'
point of view, ‘
into
\ Stage IV is considered to be the threshold for crossover
utility.
(U) In Stages I through III, information is collected in the form o
ideograms, and their motion and feeling (S-I), sensations at the site
(S-II), and sketches that result from expanded contact with the site
(S-III). These various "carrier" signals are individual in nature, and
special techniques have been developed to handle each in turn, more or le:
in a serial fashion. Once stabilized, Stage III forms the platform upon
which can be built the more refined techniques of Stage IV.
(U)
In Stage IV, the viewer is trained to accumulate data bits in
no less than eight separate categories, in parallel, in addition to pro-
cessing additional ideograms and sketches. These range from broad
categories of sensations and dimensional references, through specific
qualities (physical/ technological detail, cultural ambience, and functional
significance), and includes tracking of the analytical overlay line. To
keep these separate signal lines on track requires exceptional control of
sesssion structure -- an ability trained for in the lengthy SI through SIII
training period. With these elements under control, the Stage IV data-bit-
acquisition procedures can then be used to build up an interpretation as
to the site's activities and functions.
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111
1
(b) RV RESPONSE
CPYRGHT
4) SITE
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141 20'
i
Coast Guard Ste. Kitano. hana
Kangoku-
lima
Hanare-ina
AJ
Motoyama
Kama- iwa
Air
Base
.
HO-TO
Higashiuma
IWO JIMA
+
.. Futatsu-ni
& Suribachi-yama
24 45'
Tobiishi -
hana
IWO JIMA
1:250 000
B high ground CFB
L
0
2 Statute Miles
L
0 1 2 3 Kilometres
(b) RV RESPONSE
(a) SITE
FIGURE 4 (U) IWO JIMA ISLAND
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CPYRGHT
Aol Break
St haus
auch
Site
End
(a) SITE
(b) RV RESPONSE
FIGURE 3
(U) GATEWAY ARCH, ST. LOUIS
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SPONTANEOUS "FIRST-TIME" EFFECTS
DECLINE EFFECT
PERFORMANCE MEASURE
(e.g., SCORING RATE)
LEARNING PHASE
SKILL PLATEAU ESTABLISHED
UNCLASSIFIED
TIME -
FIGURE 2 (U) IDEALIZED PERFORMANCE-OVER-TIME CURVE
5.
(U)
Stage IV
1
Because of the apparent increased contact with
the site that occurs on Stage III (a "widening of the aperture" as it were),
data of an analytical nature begin to emerge. This follow-on process con-
stitutes Stage IV in our nomenclature. Contained in Stage IV data are
elements that go beyond the strictly observational, such as ambience
cultural factors
and function or purpose
Stage IV viewing is therefore considered to be the crossover
point into
functioning with potential
value.
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(U)
the site (e.g., wavy/fluid for water). Note that this response is essen-
tially kinesthetic, rather than visual.
3.
(U)
Stage II
(U)
In Stage II, the viewer is trained to become sensitive to
physical sensations associated with the site, i.e., sensations he might
experience if he were physically located at the site (heat, cold, wind,
sounds, smells, tactile sensations, and the like). Again, this response
is essentially nonvisual in nature (although color sensations may arise a
a legitimate Stage II response). Of course, in both training stages,
visual images may emerge spontaneously. In that case they are not
suppressed, but simply noted and labeled as AOLs.
(U) Provided Stages I and II have been brought under control t
the viewer, Stage III training is initiated. The phrase "under control"
means that the viewer has been observed to pass through a performance cur
of the type shown in Figure 2, which typically applies to skills learning
Certain objective performance measures, such as number of session element
or number of coordinate iterations required to reach closure on site
description, are tracked to determine progress along the performance cury
4.
(U)
Stage III
-
Whereas in Stage I and II viewing, data appea:
to emerge (typically) as fragmented data bits, in Stage III, we observe
emergence of a broader concept of the site. With Stage I and II data
forming a foundation, contact with the site appears sufficiently strengt
that the viewer begins to have an overall appreciation of the site as a
whole (which we label "aesthetic impact"). Dimensional aspects such as
size, distance, and motion begin to come into play, resulting in configu
rational outlines and sketches. For training practice, sites are chosen
especially to require the Stage III aptitudes of dimensional perception,
e.g., sketching of an outline-tracking nature. Examples generated by
viewer #059, the viewer of this study, include the Gateway Arch in St. L
Iwo Jima Island, and the Stanford radiotelescope, shown in Figures 3 thr
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(U)
impression of an island is immediately interpreted as Hawaii.) This we call
analytical overlay (AOL).
(U) Our investigation of these overlay patterns leads to a model
of RV functioning, shown schematically in Figure 1. With the application
of a "stimulus" (e.g., the reading of a coordinate), there appears to be
a momentary burst of "signal" that enters into awareness for a few seconds,
and then fades away. The overlays appear to be triggered at this point to
fill in the void. Success in handling this complex process requires that
a remote viewer learn to "grab" incoming data bits while simultaneously
attempting to control the overlays. Stage I and Stage II training is
designed specifically to deal with this requirement.
SIGNAL.
NOISE
SIGNAL
THRESHOLD
OF
AWARENESS
"FILL-IN-THE-BLANKS"
OVERLAYS
1
STIMULUS
UNCLASSIFIED
STIMULUS
FIGURE 1 (U) SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF REMOTE VIEWER RESPONSE TO
CRV SITUATION
2.
(U)
Stage I
(U) In Stage I, the viewer is trained to provide a quick-reaction
response to the reading of the site coordinates by the monitor. The response
takes the form of an immediate, primitive "squiggle" on the paper (called
an ideogram), which captures an overall motion/feeling of the gestalt of
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Table 1
(U)
STAGES IN REMOTE VIEWING
Stage
Example
I
Major gestalt
II
Sensory contact
III
Dimension, motion, mobility
IV
General qualitative analytical
aspects
Land surrounded by water, an island
Cold sensation, wind-swept feeling
Rising up, panoramic view, island
outline
Scientific research, live organisms
V
Specific analytical aspects
(by interrogating signal line)
VI
Three-dimensional contact,
modeling
Layouts, details, further analytica
contact
.
·
·
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UNCLASSIFIED
B.
(U)
Training by Stages -- An Overview
1.
(U)
Rationale
The particular effort covered in this report
concerns training of al
> viewer to completion on Stage IV (S-IV).
To place the S-IV training effort in perspective, we summarize briefly
how it develops out of the earlier stages.
(U) The key to the earlier stages is the recognition that the
major problem with naive attempts to remote view is that the attempt to
visualize a remote site tends to stimulate memory and imagination -- usual
in visual-image forms. As the viewer becomes aware of the first few dat
bits, there appears to be a largely spontaneous and undisciplined ratior
effort to extrapolate and "fill in the blanks." This is presumably driv
by a need to resolve the ambiguity associated with the fragmentary natur
of the emerging perception. The result is a premature internal analysi:
and interpretation on the part of the remote viewer. (For example, an
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II
INTRODUCTION (U)
A.
(U)
General
1
1
At the beginning of FY 1981, SRI International made
a decision to develop and codify a promising RV enhancement procedure that
had emerged from earlier work -- a multistage coordinate remote-viewing
training procedure developed in conjunction with an SRI consultant. The
procedure focuses on developing the reliability of remote viewing by con-
trolling those factors that tend to introduce noise into the RV product.
A broad overview of the procedure, which has been derived empirically on
the basis of a decade of investigation into the RV process, is presented
in Chapter III. The basic components of this procedure consist of
.
Repeated target-address (coordinate) presentation,
with quick-reaction response by the remote viewer
(to minimize imaginative overlays).
The use of a specially-designed, acoustic-tiled,
featureless, homogeneously-colored viewing chamber
(to minimize environmental overlays).
The adoption of a strictly-prescribed, limited
interviewer patter (to minimize interviewer overlay).
(U) At this stage of the development (Stage V is still in R&D; addi-
tional stages are projected), the RV training procedure is structured to
proceed through a series of stages of proficiency, hypothesized to cor-
respond to stages of increased contact with the target site. The stages
are outlined in Table 1. In a given remote viewing session, an experienced
remote viewer tends to recapitulate the stages in order.
*
"(U) Use of Stage V in the sequence is optional, depending on the level
of analytical detail required.
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I
OBJECTIVE (U)
1
SRI International is tasked with developing remote
viewing (RV)" enhancement techniques
*
Of par-
ticular interest is the development of procedures that have potential
applications and that can be transmitted to others
in a structured fashion (i.e., "training" procedures ) .
-
Under particular study in this effort is whether a
Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV) technology, a technique that utilizes
coordinates to facilitate acquisition of a remote-viewing target, can be
successfully transferred !
*
`(U) RV is the acquisition and description, by mental means, of infor-
mation blocked from ordinary perception by distance or shielding.
1
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SRI International
Final Report
Covering the Period 1 February 1983 to 30 April 1984
July 1984
SPECIAL ORIENTATION TECHNIQUES: S-IV (U)
SRI Project 5590
Copy No.
6
This document consists of 30 pages.
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IV TRAINING EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS (U)
A. (U)
Overview
SRI International has had under development for
some time an empirically-derived training package developed in conjunc-
tion with SRI Consultant
..
Its purpose ist
the development of procedures that have '
application potential, and that can be transmitted to others.
1
-
In the calendar year 1984, four
personnel'were selected!
Jas trainees in the S-I through
S-III portion of the training package described in the above paragraph.
With I. Swann as the training monitor, the trainees received orientation,
then carried out an average of 145 practice RV sessions each. Altogether,
a 23-week effort was expended in the delivery of the S-I through S-III
training package. This is close to the original estimate of approxi-
mately 24 weeks, even though the distribution of weeks among the various
stages differed from what we anticipated.
1
Each of the four trainees responded to the training
in accordance with their individual differences, but all exhibited an
apparently high intelligence, a quick grasp of the fundamentals of the
training, a seriousness of purpose, and a diligence in pursuing the
repetitive training the tasks required. In response to the training,
which takes into account the individualities of each trainee, each of
the four generally performed along the lines of expectation derived
from experience with previous training development groups, and all
showed an aptitude for continued development.
B.
(U)
Recommendations for Follow-On Actions
(U)
Given the quality of response to the S-I through S-III
training, two recommendations for follow-on actions are offered:
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Table 3
(U)
TRAINING SITES FOR PROFICIENCY IN
STAGE II PROCEDURES
RVer
Number of Training Sites
#344
18
#146
19
#765
21
#596
38
-
Total
96
UNCLASSIFIED
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c.
(U)
Stage III
1
Stage III training has been brought to
a completion in the month of December, after five weeks effort. The
decrease in time required (below that originally estimated) was due, in
part, to the introduction of a new procedure in the use of sketching,
which resulted in considerable shortening of the overall protocol
(detached analytical sketching following generation of signal-line data).
The numbers of training sites utilized by the trainees in S-III training
are shown in Table 4.
4.
(U)
S-III Proficiency Level
Some indication of the level of proficiency
reached in S-III training can be seen in selected samples of RVer
response in the training format. In Figure 3, the RVer's results are
summarized in the form of a sketch, which can be compared with the
accompanying photograph of the target site. Similar results are shown
in Figures 4 through 6. Shown in Figure 7 are the responses of two
RVers to a surprise technological site. The final product of S-III
training is the routine generation of results of this caliber.
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1.
Table 2
(U)
TRAINING SITES FOR PROFICIENCY IN
STAGE I PROCEDURES
RVer
Number of Training Sites
1
#344
69
#146
75
#765
87
#596
99
Total
330
UNCLASSIFIED
(U) With regard to the above statistics, it would seem
natural to interpret the differences as an indication of increased
difficulty with the present trainee group as compared with earlier groups,
or with certain individuals in the group relative to the others. This
interpretation should be discouraged. The difference in the amount of
sites during any given period only reflects that a greater "noisy" period
was encountered at this particular point before consolidation of the
emerging aptitude -- a period that emerges in every trainee at some point.
Experience has shown that the number of sites required during any par-
ticular training sequence does not appear to be an important factor in
the long run.
b.
(U)
Stage II
All four trainees completed Stage II in
mid-October, after five weeks of training, which is within the expected
parameters. The numbers of training sites required for each trainee to
achieve proficiency on Stage II are shown in Table 3.
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2.
(U)
Baseline Data
1
In accordance with standard practice in SRI
training programs:
. The four
¡ RV trainees were assigned random three-digit
code designators (Numbers 146, 344, 596, and 765) by which all
report data would be coded.
· Psychological profile tests were administered to provide data
for a separate Selection/Screening Task.
· As a measure of baseline response to coordinate-designated
target sites, each trainee generated, under double-blind
testing conditions, a descriptor-list response to six sites,
using latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes and seconds.
These data were then archived to be available for later
comparative evaluation. (See Appendix for Descriptor List
format.)
3.
(U)
Stage-by-Stage Training Rates
a.
(U)
Stage I
The point of completion of each of the
training stages for each of the trainees is determined by the training
monitor. The monitor tracks the progress of the trainees in accordance
with certain evaluation procedures that indicate to him that the trainee
has grasped the fundamentals of the stage in question. All four !
selected trainees who embarked on S-I training at the beginning of the
year completed S-I around mid-July -- after approximately 13 weeks of
training. The numbers of training sites required for each trainee to
achieve proficiency in Stage I procedures are shown in Table 2.
The total number of training sites used
was somewhat in excess of what was anticipated. The average of approx-
imately 83 sites per trainee was compared with that of two earlier
trainee groups: a prototype development group of four (average of 54
sites per trainee), and a previous,
selected group of two (also
average of 54 sites per trainee). We also see a wide variation in the
number of sites per trainee to complete Stage I.
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3.
(U)
Session Protocol (Training)
(U)
At the beginning of the session, the monitor and the RVer
enter the RV session chamber. The monitor has in his possession target-
ing information in the form of a folder of feedback materials; coordi-
nates are notated on the outside. The monitor reads the coordinates as
a prompter (stimulus) for the RVer, takes notes for later discussion,
and so forth. Unlike the protocols used in the documentation studies
( see, for example, reference referred to in Introduction Section), the
monitor here is not blind as to the target. Thus, the training sessions
are not carried out in a double-blind protocol. As part of the beginning
gradient of orienting the trainee to the RV structure, the training
monitor has the option of providing intrasession feedback as the session
progresses. The environment of the training sessions, not being cue-
free, therefore constitutes a separate category of activity as compared
with double-blind testing conditions required for documentation of proof-
of-principle.
B.
(U)
Trainee Progress
1.
(U) Task Scheduling
Beginning in January 1984, four 1
RV
trainees were assigned to S-I through S-III training. A training
schedule for the year was set up in accordance with the following time
estimates derived from earlier development work:
Stage I
4 to 7 weeks
Stage II
2 to 6 weeks
Stage III
12 to 16 weeks
Total
Approximately 24 weeks
The training effort was generally broken up into 2-week sessions each,
with 2-to-4-week breaks between sessions. Training was carried out at
both the SRI/New York and the SRI/Menlo Park facilities on a site
UPON.
schedule that was mutually agreed
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INTRODUCTION (U)
A.
(U) General
At the beginning of FY 1981, SRI International
made aldecision to develop and codify a promising RV enhancement proc-
edure that had emerged from earlier work -- a multistage coordinate
remote-viewing training procedure developed in conjunction with an SRI
consultant,
. In this procedure, coordinates ( latitude and
longitude in degrees, minutes, and seconds) are utilized as the targeting
method! The method is structured to proceed through a series of well-
defined stages in a particular order -- hypothesized to correspond to
stages of increased contact with the target site (see Table 1). The
basic hypotheses of the procedure have been investigated under strict
double-blind testing conditions to document whether, and to what degree,
the training approach can provide a viable vehicle for RV technology
transfer i
For this effort,
we
selected four individuals
to be trained in the techniques of the first three stages (S-I through
S-III) of the procedure as it stands to date (six in all have been
developed) .
B.
(U)
Description of Procedure
1.
(U)
Overview
(U)
We begin with the basic premise of the training procedure
under study:
the major problem with naive attempts to remote view is
that the attempt to visualize a remote site tends to stimulate memory and
imagination -- usually in visual-image forms. As the RVer becomes aware of
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OBJECTIVE (U)
(V)
SRI International is tasked with developing remote
viewing (RV)" enhancement techniques
Of par-
ticular interest is the development of procedures that have potential
1
application, and that can be transmitted to others
in a structured fashion (i. e., "training" procedures) .
1
-
Under particular study in this effort is whether a
Coordinate Remote Viewing (CRV) technology, a technique that utilizes
coordinates to facilitate acquisition of a remote-viewing target, can be
successfully transferred |
*
(U)
RV is the acquisition and description, by mental means, of infor-
mation blocked from ordinary perception by distance or shielding.
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C
SRI International
L'
Final Report
Covering the Period 15 November 1983 to 15 December 1984
December 1984
SPECIAL ORIENTATION TECHNIQUES:
S-I, S-II, S-III (U)
.
1
Copy No.
6
This document consists of 27 pages.
941/CL-0024
-
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5 . U.S.A. .
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The emergence of ERA6 as a potentially psi-positive reference group is
an especially encouraging event. Of all the groups we have had reason to mention, this one is
normatively the most common, by far, and is especially common in
organi-
zations, in which ERA6 individuals function well and comfortably as the middlemen in a chain
of command. They are more loyal to individuals than to abstract ideas and are capable of
insulating themselves from philosophical and ethical questions. In terms of psi, therefore, they
appear to be willing, able, and relatively likely to stick with it. A problem for selection,
however, is that ERA6 ranges over several MBTI types, reducing the potential efficiency of
first-stage screening. The meaning of ERA6 is given by the following narrative description:
ERA6: Role-Player -- These persons are proactive problem-solvers who are
naturally both involving (A) and involved (E). As an adult, ERA6 persons
have presumably found a socially functional role that requires them to be
active and apparently relating but depends upon a minimum of true
involvement. In effect, ERA6 persons spend life "proving" that they cannot
be tempted. The tension that this implies is relatively repressable because of
the R, but somatic symptoms may develop over time. Members of this group
are relatively common and have included actors, dancers, musicians, waiters,
salesmen, policemen, teachers, and managers.
(U) On balance, our efforts to cross-validate the important PAS patterns have yielded
only partial results. There is nothing strongly inconsistent with expectations, but the results
are not statistically conclusive primarily because of the low proportion of psi-talent estimated
to exist in unselected populations. Future efforts to achieve cross-validation should be
planned so that approximately 50 percent of the experimental trainees are expected to show
strong learning curves. This will require excluding about 80 percent of an unscreened
population.
C. (U) Preliminary Identification of Promising PSI-Q2 Patterns
(U) We report the initial exploratory results of psi in relation to self-report personality
measures.
(U) The first level of RV analysis on the PSI-Q2 data involves a simple one-in-six
"guessing" task. Viewers were asked to pick which of six target categories best matched their
response. No significant evidence of psychoenergetic functioning was found. However, a
"forced choice" task is shown throughout the literature as an ineffective way of eliciting good
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(U)
have three of the eight cases falling into "known" psi-positive categories. Two of these (063
and 372) are ERA6, now grouped with ERU6; the same two already have the strongest track
records represented in Table 4. The third one (016) is ERA8, now grouped with ERU8; he
is still a trainee, but is seen as "making the fastest progress" of anyone in his training group.
Without identifying any new categories, it is possible to relate six of the
eight
viewers to the previous data. Viewers 101 and 035, who are unambiguously
Primitive F, are left over after this process. We have seen very few F personalities in the
whole course of this project, and would be ready to write it off but for Viewer 414 shown in
Table 1. |
Several of the viewers have spontaneously suggested that the PAS task that defines
this primitive dimension (the WAIS Block Designs) seemed to them especially relevant.
Theoretically, we see this dimension as defining an individual's signal-to-noise requirements:
R persons work with a relatively high threshold, and can count on the "reality" of percep-
tions that pass through their filter. The problem for them is to make up for what does not
pass. F persons operate with a lower threshold requirement and can count on not missing
much that's real, but they also perceive a lot of noise as though it too were real. Thus, an R
person is typically better motivated than an F person to learn how to perceive more with
higher accuracy regardless of the use of psi abilities.
1
(U) Only two of the individuals in Table 4 (035 and 018) display the trend within the
time estimation task thought to be a hall-mark of psychic performance. In view of the much
larger effect previously observed in IRU2 as compared with ERU8, the present observation
may mean nothing at all. On the other hand, it may relate to the need/use of technical aids
to initiate psi conducive attitudes, particularly for Level 6 viewers. More than any other
groups, Level 6 individuals are accustomed to making time work for them, and their time
estimates tend to be among the most accurate.
(U)|
The self-report data in Table 4 illustrate the point that the PAS versus MBTI
correlation is complex. Two INTJ persons have very different PAS patterns; likewise, so do
two INFP persons. It is difficult to imagine that these eight viewers have, in fact, been
selected partly on the MBTI; the only clear trend in the data is toward intuition, but intuition
is common at high normal levels regardless of WAIS patterning. A self-report analysis
employing a finer breakdown, perhaps along the lines of PSI-Q2 (see below), seems likely to
be necessary if the goal of mass screening is to be attained. MBTI Form J, the form used
thus far, contains enough items to support such a finer breakdown.
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(U)
already identified. Either we may regard these training data as a fluke, or we may regard
them as suggesting that IRU7 is a fifth group for which to watch. The latter possibility is
somewhat reinforced by the presence of another IRU7 in Table 1.
-
Perhaps the most important observation to make about the results of the
group (Table 4) is that they represent the results of a selection process very
different from the "process" implicit in Table 1. We need be neither surprised nor
discomfited by the apparent absence of any IRU2, ERU8, ERU6, or IFU3 cases. For one
thing, except for ERU6, we suspect that good examples of these groups simply were not
available in the pool from which the selection began. (Part of this may be because IRU2
and ERU8 personalities, on average, might have difficulty 1
)
Also, we
observed earlier that our known IRU2 viewers initially made themselves known, and our
known ERU8 viewers responded to calls for volunteers explicitly for psychoenergetic research.
By contrast, the viewers in Table 4 were much more deliberately recruited; they are all
"volunteers" in the sense of "informed consent," but the request for this consent was only
the final step in a multistage process of testing and interviewing.
(U) We regard the confirmatory signs in Table 4 as encouraging. For example,
although we find no actual IRU2, we note that our IRU2 training monitor regards his IRU4
student as "having the most long-term potential" despite his also being the "most difficult to
work with." Apart from the irony in this, IRU4 is theoretically just an IRU2 with a
successful PAS contact pattern built on the surface. As another example, although we find
no single unmistakable ERU8, we see four of these eight cases falling within three standard
deviations of the ERU8 centroid according to ERU8 norms.
(U) Although we have yet to see a bona fide star viewer in the IRU7 reference group,
Table 4 provides at least one (018) and possibly a second (043, a borderline IRU7) example
with affirmative precalibration, reinforcing the context already developed earlier ( ??? and
249).
(U) Reasonable arguments can be made that self-generated interest in psi flows from
Primitive U (17 of 19 cases in Table 1 are Primitive U) and that selection by interview will
tend to favor Primitive A (five of eight cases in Table 4 are Primitive A). On the other
hand, it is not obvious that A-U differences should affect psi performance. (We think it is
obvious that E-I and R-F differences should affect psi performance.) If we set aside the
A-U differences on grounds they may be artifactual and then reexamine Table 4, we now
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(
currently unevaluated. These measures are very subjective; for example, the difference
between " ** " and "*" is somewhat arbitrary.
Table 4
1
RESULTS OF THE
RV TRAINEES
Viewer
PAS
MBTI
RV Ability
Estimate
1
372
ERA6
INTJ
**
063
ERA6
INFP
*
016
ERA8
ENTP
+
099
IRU4
INTJ
+
1
...
043
IFA5
INFP
+
018
IRU7
XNXP
+
035
IFU5
INTP
?
101
IFA6
ESTJ
?
1
-
Note: The RV Ability Estimate is qualitative.
.
(U) When we compare all 15 of the training subjects with all four of the potentially
interesting reference groups identified above, there is only one trainee who can be properly
regarded as a member of any currently interesting group-Viewer 807. Because of this,
much depends on how we perceive the training results for Viewer 807. Actually, among the
seven trainees with quantitative data, Viewer 807 ranks as best on three of the six RV
measures and ranks as second-best on two more of them (only two measures are shown in
Table 3. Puthoff and May8 and Humphrey® contain complete details.) The significant
positive slope for Viewer 807's Figure-of-Merit is what we might expect from an ERU8
personality. We have stated earlier that ERU8 personality should expect to experience at
least initial difficulty with overcoming AOL.
(U) The only other trainee in Table 3 with consistently positive RV measures is Viewer
249. There is simply no way to regard this person as a member of any of the four groups
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10 percent of the population. We must expect that most of the trainees in an unscreened
sample will have little psi aptitude.
(U) The results of the SRI training efforts and the personality measures are shown in
Table 3. Two measures of RV performance are shown. The RV-Figure-of-Merit column
displays an overall level of RV ability. (Because different target sets were used for the two
training efforts, the Figures of Merit are valid as relative measures within a training group
only.) The RV-Learning column displays a statistical assessment (student's t-test) of the
slope of a line drawn through the session-by-session Figure of Merit data. Although there
are other possible RV measures that could be considered, these two represent the current
state of the art.
Table 3
(U) RESULTS OF SRI RV TRAINEES
Viewer
PAS
MBTI
RV Learning
RV Figure of Merit
807*
ERU8
ISFJ
2.06
0.227
249
IRU7
ISTJ
1.43
0.239
997
IFA1
ESFP
0.70
0.194
454
IFU4
ENFP
0.52
0.199
309 ₸
IRA5
INXP
1.72
0.353
558
IFA8
XNFX
1.40
0.372
694
ERA2
IXXP
0.91
0.387
-
Track II SRI training group.
t Track I SRI training group.
Note: The figure of merits are only valid within a training
group.
UNCLASSIFIED
(U)
i
Table 4 shows the results for the
trainees. The
RV-Ability-Estimate column represents the best qualitative assessment RV abilities of the
trainees. A " ** " represents a "star viewer", while a "*" represents an extremely good
viewer. "+" represents "good" or "OK" viewers and "?" represents viewers who are
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have not yet seen enough exemplars to warrant specific discussion. Certainly, it is important
to continue the process of gathering PAS data from known viewers in the expectation that
further exemplars will be recognized. The meaning of ERU6 and IFU3 are given by the
following narrative descriptions:
ERU6: Manager -- Proactive problem solvers who are forthright in their
dedication to constituted authority and decisively rational in their views, but
who tend to be overcommitted to their work and tend to overcontrol their
own feelings and emotions. They are extremely competitive and ambitious
and seek to inspire and involve others through example. Their social behavior
often demonstrates a concern to show that they cannot be manipulated by
others. They are better at creating procedures than policies, but nevertheless
see themselves as intellectually creative and expect to be appropriately
rewarded for these efforts on behalf of their organization. Members of this
group are found in the middle echelons of any major organization, such as a
bank, business, hospital, or government agency.
IFU3: Votary -- Polyactive problem-solvers who are prone to be autistically
self-centered, who recognize and feel guilt about this, and who combat the
implied threat by immersing themselves in a multitude of worthy activities. As
children they were permitted to pursue their considerable intellectual curiosity,
without the imposition of either mental discipline or social conformity. As an
adult, they remain intellectual and creative, and attach much importance to
their own and others' right to be "different." They have a strong conscience
and are likely to be politically "liberal" and to have well-developed aesthetic
judgment. Their vocational interests are likely to be in the humanities and
social science, rather than in mathematics or physical science. They may
function well as teachers, administrators, consultants, or team-members.
B. (U)
Training Results
As reported earlier, two training groups at SRI (
served as the confirmation cases. The PAS, including its Fourth Dimension, and Form J of
the MBTI were administered to each of the trainees. None of the results of the PAS testing
were available to either the trainees or the trainers before the tabulation of the results.
(U) The bunching of the precalibrated viewers in PAS-space, shown in Table 1,
suggests that outstanding psi ability is not a widespread trait. ERU8 and IRU2 together may
represent as much as 2 percent of the general population and, allowing for a few other PAS
patterns still to emerge, our ultimate interest is estimated to be limited to no more than 5 to
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OBJECTIVE
The objective of this program is to investigate the phenomenon of
remote viewing (RV) :
1
The type of counter-
measures and factors that inhibit RV will be investigated. The work
effort will involve gathering data on specific geographic areas throughout
the world and examining research pertinent to improving the reliability
of the data obtained via the RV process.
.
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INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
for assessing
The purpose of this program is to provide a data base
the area of remote viewing (RV). RV is the acquisition
and description, by mental means, of information blocked from ordinary
perception by distance or shielding, and generally believed to be secure
against such access. This includes the ability of subjects to view remote
geographical locations, even at intercontinental distances, given only
geographical coordinates or a known person on whom to target.
Investigations into the RV phenomenon at SRI International over the
past eight years have ranged from basic research with regard to proof or
the lack thereof as to the existence of the phenomenon, ta
applications where existence of the phenomenon is taken as a given. The
present study, with its emphasis on application potential, leans toward
the latter -- extensive proof of the phenomenon is not pursued here. A
measure of proof is provided, however, by the quality of results obtained
in'
tests carried out under double-blind conditions.
In this report we present the results of a several-month reliability
study. The purpose of this study was to delineate those factors which
appear to affect the reliability of the RV phenomenon, to develop a
methodology to minimize the deleterious effects of such factors, to test
that methodology in a training procedure involving several RVers, and to
evaluate the effects of such training on the basis of success in!
applications.
The factors affecting reliability, and the training methodology
designed to improve reliability are presented in Section III. In Section
III we also discuss the apparent impact on the training program on'
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III
PROGRESS DURING THE REPORTING PERIOD
The primary objective of this program is to provide a basis for
evaluating the RV capability.
Of particular interest with regard to application is the use of an
abstract targeting procedure known as coordinate remote viewing (CRV),
a procedure we have had under investigation at SRI since 1972. In this
procedure the target site coordinates (latitude and longitude in e.g.,
degrees, minutes, and seconds) are relayed with no further information
to the individual who is to view the site. The remote viewer is asked
simply to proceed on the basis of the coordinates alone.
Admittedly, such an abstract targeting procedure seems without basis,
at least with regard to the present scientific paradigm. As a result we
can make no claim for the technique other than the purely pragmatic one
that it appears to work. It can only be pointed out that in psychoenergetics
research in general, the possibility of success in such a protocol is in
accord with an observed "goal-oriented" nature of the laws that appear to
govern psychoenergetic functioning.
In this section we discuss the findings of an investigation into CRV
reliability, the factors that affect it, the development of procedures to
improve it, and the results of application challenges to test it.
An investigation into the general problem of target acquisition has been
carried out an reported. See R. Targ, H. E. Puthoff, B. S. Humphrey,
and C. T. Tart, "Investigations of Target Acquisition," Research in
Parapsychology 1979, Scarecrow Press, Inc., Metuchen, NJ, 1980.
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applications. The results of the study to date indicate that substantial
progress has been made. Finally, in Section IV we outline the potential
for a broad-based integration of RV phenomena
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A.
Advances in Development of CRV Potentials
1.
Background
Since the introduction of coordinate remote viewing (CRV) several
years ago, it has been apparent that CRV is often capable of yielding
highly accurate and useful data.
There are, however, several instances of failures, in which the
CRV description did not correspond to ground truth reality.
Since one of
the program tasks is to "continue the investigations of methods to improve
the phenomena," a special study program was set up to attempt to determine
the factors that affect CRV reliability, and, to the degree possible, to
develop procedures to minimize the deleterious effects of such factors.
It was recognized at the outset that there were two facets of
the reliability problem that were of interest and would therefore have to
be addressed:
(1)
Vertical Potential. Given that an individual exhibits
a demonstrable CRV ability, is it possible to develop
that ability beyond a neophyte status, that is,
increase the signal-to-noise ratio?
(2)
Horizontal Potential. Does the CRV process possess
a structure sufficiently definable to imply a
meaningful construct for transfer/trainability
across a broad base of individuals, potentially
providing increased reliability on the basis of
cross correlation of multiple CRV responses?
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Results of the study program to date, described below, indicate progress
in both areas.
2.
Signal/Noise Characteristics
The anatomy of the CRV phenomenon has been under intense scrutiny
at SRI in an effort spearheaded by remote viewer #002. These explorations
have centered about two areas :
(1)
Observing and understanding the characteristics
of the noise.
(2)
Observing and categorizing the characteristics
of the signals.
With regard to the noise aspect of the CRV channel, the process
of mapping out its characteristics has consumed a large part of a two-year
effort to isolate the factors involved. Four major categories of noise
have been delineated in this process. They are:
(1)
Analytical Overlay. As the remote viewer becomes
aware of the first few data bits, there appears to
be a largely sponteneous and undisciplined rational
effort to extrapolate and "fill in the blanks."
This is presumably driven by a need to resolve the
ambiguity associated with the fragmentary nature of
the emerging perception. The result is premature
internal analysis and interpretation on the part
of the remote viewer. Example: An impression of
an island is immediately interpreted as Hawaii. To
circumvent this, a procedure for disciplined
rejection of premature interpretations and conclusions
is called for.
(2)
Associational Overlay. In addition to provoking
premature interpretation, the incoming data bits
appear to stimulate pre-existing mental formations
that are associationally related to the target
material. Example: An impression of a round object
triggers an image of a favorite childhood ball. The
triggering of such associational overlays leads to
imaginative images that divert or embellish the picture
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being built up from the incoming data bits. To
overcome the effects of this type of overlay,
training to recognize and discriminate against
associational images is required.
(3)
Monitor Overlay. This is comprised of noise
intruding into the remote viewer's awareness
inadvertently as a result of undisciplined talk
or actions on the part of the session monitor.
Examples cover a broad spectrum, ranging from,
e.g., stimulation of sailboat images by a casual
pre-session discussion on sailing, to the subtle
reinforcement (e.g., by body language) of certain
responses that match the monitor's biases and
preconceptions as to the nature of target; in
short, any action on the part of the monitor
that degrades the remote viewer's attentiveness to
the task at hand. To bring this under control,
:
a standardized monitor behavior must be introduced
in which, for example, the monitor is restricted
to the use of certain standard phrases during his
monitoring of a CRV session.
(4)
Environmental Overlay. This type of overlay has its
source in the physical surroundings of the CRV
session. Specifically, conditions of the session
chamber (e.g., obtrusive shapes, sounds, visual
highlights) are found to insinuate themselves into
the CRV response. A mundane example: an after-
image produced by a strong vertical line in the
session chamber can lead to a predominant vertical
line in the "target" image. More esoteric examples
involve peripheral and subliminal perception of
environmental features, since, as is known from the
study of subliminal perception, information not
processed at a conscious level can nonetheless
infiltrate perceptual and thought processes.
Environmental overlay can be minimized by judicious
control of environmental factors, such as by providing
a quiet, dimly lit, relatively homogeneous monochrome
visual field absent of strong features and peripheral
clutter.
Although the latter overlays can be dealt with by controlling
elements in the environment of the remote viewer, the analytical and
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associational "fill-in-the-blanks" overlays stem directly from cognitive
processes within the remote viewer. Our investigation of these overlay
patterns leads to a model of RV functioning shown schematically in
Figure 1. With the application of the "stimulus" (e.g., the reading of
a coordinate) there appears to be a momentary burst of "signal" that enters
into awareness for a few seconds, and then fades away. The overlays
appear to be triggered at this point to fill in the void. Success in
handling these complex processes apparently requires that a remote viewer
learn to "grab" incoming data bits while simultaneously attempting to
control the overlays. A strict and disciplined methodology to perform
this delicate and difficult task, involving repeated coordinate presenta-
tion and quick-reaction response, has been developed and is presently
being confirmed with four remote viewers; #002 who was primarily responsible
for developing the basic concept, and Nos. 009, 131, and 504 who are in
the role of trainees with regard to this particular methodology. The
procedure designed to minimize overlays coupled with use of a specifically
designed acoustic-tiled featureless room with homogeneous coloring to
minimize environmental overlay, and adoption of a uniform, limited monitor
behavior role to minimize monitor overlay, constitute the basic methodology
for noise reduction in our newly-developed approach to CRV.
With regard to mapping the signal characteristics of the CRV
channel, a progressive multistage target acquisition process appears to
be emerging. The stages outlined in Table 1 appear to track an increasing
contact with the target site that takes place during the CRY process.
An example of these stages of elaboration in a completely successful
remote viewing would be the series:
(1)
Recognition and decoding of
major gestalts
(2)
Achieving sensory contact
with target
Land surrounded by water,
an island
Humid sensation, tropical
feeling
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(3)
Experiencing motion and
mobility within target
(4)
Recognition and decoding of
minor signals while sustaining
major gestalts
(5)
Decoding special characteristics
of target
(6)
Analytical recognition and
decoding of significant aspects
of the target
Rising up, a panoramic
view
Mountains on the island, a
small port city on the
water's edge
Large areas devoted to
agriculture
Some tourism, agriculture
devoted primarily to sugar
cane, main island in Fiji islands
Table 1
CRV STAGES OF TARGET ACQUISITION
.
1.
Recognition and decoding of gestalts
2.
Achieving sensory contact with target
3.
Experiencing motion and mobility within target
4.
Recognition and decoding of minor signals while sustaining major
gestalts
5.
Decoding special characteristics of target
6.
Analytical recognition and decoding of significant aspects of the
target
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Knowledge of the above multistage process of target acquisition
appears also to provide a filtering function, in that apparent data that
does not emerge somewhat in this order tends to be overlay (e.g., immediate
recognized image of the St. Louis Arch [Stage 6] as first response to
coordinate presentation).
For the training procedure, in which feedback plays an essential
role, a pool of several hundred target locations was prepared using
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material from a large library of National Geographic magazines. The
coordinates for the chosen sites were obtained from the Second Edition
(Revised) of the Times Atlas of the World -- Comprehensive Edition, Houghton
Miflin Co., Boston (1971).
In a typical training session, a half dozen targets are chosen
at random for use.
In the early stages of the process the monitor makes
himself aware of the target material he is using so that he can provide
running feedback during the session. (We call this a Class C target
protocol.)
During this phase the monitor is allowed only a few stock
phrases ("correct," "near the target," etc. ) so as to minimize cueing and
leading. Once some degree of apparent competence has been reached, the
monitor is given targets to which he is blind (a Class B target protocol )
so as to eliminate confounding of the results by potential cueing. In
this case feedback information is accessed by both monitor and remote viewer
only at termination of the CRV session. A training series with a given
remote viewer generally consists of roughly a hundred of these trials
spread out over a two-month period. The output of a sample successful
trial is shown in Figure 2.
In detail, the training procedure is as follows:
(1) The remote viewer and monitor seat themselves at opposite
ends of a table, the former with a supply of paper and a
pen, the latter with target folders (contents initially
unknown) and reference atlases.
(2)
The remote viewer is instructed that the monitor will begin
the CRV process by selecting a folder and reading aloud
target coordinates printed on the outside. The remote
viewer is to note down on paper any immediate impressions
1
(which he may also express aloud") and then, rather than
embellishing on his first impressions, to ask for the
coordinates to be read aloud again so that the original
process may be repeated, etc., until a coherent picture
of the site emerges.
The session is tape recorded.
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(3)
Following these instructions, the monitor selects a
folder and begins the process described above.
(4)
After one or more repetitions of the coordinates
(each followed by a CRV response) leads to
recognizable target characteristics, the folder
is accessed by the monitor, and the atlas consulted
(if necessary) in order to give feedback. In the
Class B protocol this is the termination of the
session. In the Class C protocol a line is drawn
on the remote viewer's data sheet to separate the
data thus generated from further data, since up to
this point the data were generated in a double-blind
protocol and can be objectively evaluated later as
a test of target acquisition.
(5)
In the Class C protocol, having terminated the target
acquisition "test" phase, feedback can now be given
and/or further data solicited. The feedback given at
this point is non-negative, ranging from "correct,"
through "near the target," to "you are at another
target" (giving the remote viewer the benefit of the
doubt ). The monitor then has the option of terminating
the viewing, asking for more detail ("there's something
ten miles to the north that should be visible") or
restarting the process when the viewer's original
description did not correspond to the target site.
(In the latter case the monitor can, of course, guide
or cue the remote viewer into a correct response.
This is acceptable in the non-test part of the sequence,
however, and provides an opportunity to investigate
whether such cueing procedures can be useful in
operationally oriented applications in which one
guides the remote viewer onto the target site with
cues "a," "b," ... "f," and then asks for detail in
a nearby region, or concerning an unknown, "g.")
To give an example, we present here a summary of results obtained
with a remote viewer who was a relative neophyte with regard to CRV. He
was exposed to this protocol, a few targets per session, over a several-
day period, resulting in a data pool of 26 CRV target viewings. They
were:
Salt Lake Desert, Utah; Lake Eric; Chicago; Mono Lake; Aruba Island;
Lake Okeechobee; Yount's Peak, Wyoming; Pitcairn Island; Pike's Peak;
1
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Los Angeles; Atlantic Ocean; Rio de Janeiro; Kansas plains; St. Peter and
Paul Islands; Randall Dam, South Dakota; Lake Titicaca; Cape May; Niagara
Falls; Munich; Amazon River; Midwestern plains; Venezuelan Peninsula;
Sierra Blanca Mountain; Oregon Desert; Panama Canal; Puerto Rico.
Following the first pilot session of five, in which essentially
immediate feedback was given (Class C protocol), the remaining twenty-one
were carried out with delayed feedback (Class B protocol) and thus provided
material that could be assessed objectively. As a first cut the targets
can be categorized roughly into five groups (mountains, flats, water,
cities, islands/peninsulas). The target/response matrix obtained in the
series is as shown in Table 2. The probability of such an alignment
.
Table 2
DISTRIBUTION OF CRV TARGET/RESPONSE MATCHINGS
Transcripts
Targets
Mountains
Flats
Water
Cities
Islands /
Peninsulas
Mountains
3
0
0
0
0
Flats
0
1
1
1
0
Water
0
0
6
0
0
Cities
0
0
0
2
1
Islands/Peninsulas
1
0
, 0
0
5
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occurring by chance alone can be calculated by a direct-count-of-
permutations method (see Appendix), and leads to p = 1/5! = 0.0083.
The
distribution of responses is therefore statistically significant. Further-
more, beyond simple statistics, certain individual responses were excep-
tionally accurate during the acquisition "test" phase. In the final trial
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in this series, for example, when the target coordinates were for Guayama
in Puerto Rico, the viewer described a "fishing village on the southeast
coast of a boat-shaped island," which is an entirely correct description
of the locale at the target coordinates. He then drew an island, resembling
Puerto Rico in both shape and orientation.
A secondary application of the target pool/training mode procedure
is as an auxiliary calibration tool\
Immediately
prior, during, or after at
task (which we designate
Class A protocols), a National Geographic CRV can be used to determine
whether a remote viewer is "on."
This procedure was used immediately following the third and
final scan of one of the operational CRVs described in the next section
of this report. Under Class B protocol (monitor blind to target, no
feedback during session) coordinates for the Sault Ste. Marie Locks in
the Soo Canal were given. The CRV response, shown in Figure 3, centered
on a channel with islands in it, leading to a large lake, and traversed
by a large white bridge, a result of high quality. Eventual feedback on
the
target of interest revealed matching quality.
B.
CRY Applications
In this program SRI is charged with investigating
RV in order to provide data
Specifically, SRI has
been tasked
with examining a series of geographic coordinates using RV
techniques with the goals of :
(1)
Establishing the authenticity and reliability
of the RV phenomenon.
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(2)
Developing and refining experimental techniques and
understanding of the RV phenomenon.
(3)
Establishing the best potential kinds of targets and
best potential use of the RV phenomenon.
In response to these requirements SRI has pursued application tasks
of interest
1.
These tasks (Class A protocols ) have
been pursued during the time frame in which the reliability-improvement
program of the previous section has been in effect.
Therefore, the quality
of response to these tasks provides an indirect measure of the efficiency
of the reliability-improvement procedures.
The CRV tasks described below were carried out in response to quick
reaction requirements.
nvolved in monitoring the
progress of the work. During these scans all SRI personnel were kept
blind to the target.
The tasks and associated response data are outlined
here in summary form. Complete documentation (transcripts, messages,
evaluation, etc. ) can be made available (
1.
Site No. 1 ("Mound" Site)
·
RV Session Dates:
22 June 1979 (Session 1);
5 July 1979 (Session 2).
· Remote Viewer:
#009
. Interviewer :
(Session 1);
H. Puthoff (Session 2).
Two scans were carried out on a
¡site designated'
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( during a site visit) to be a target of interest.
For
the interviewer
Scan 1, Viewer #009 was closeted alone with
-- no other
personnel were present. The target site was designated by coordinates
only (latitude and longitude to seconds ). (
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. An evaluation was provided
SRI
--
A second scan was then carried out with the same viewer
on 5 July 1979, targeting not by coordinate, but on the basis of familiarity
with the site established in Scan 1. Details can be made available through
separate channels.
2.
Site No. 2 (Ship Construction Site)
· RV Session Dates: 12 July 1979 (Session 1);
17 July 1979 (Session 2).
· Remote Viewer:
: #009
. Interviewer:
H. Puthoff
It was arranged in advance that an SRI remote viewer would
attempt to target on a site designated only on the basis of the following:
On the day of viewing a'
representative, known to the viewer, would be
carrying an envelope, inside of which were coordinates of a target of
interest, location and function unknown even to him. This was to con-
stitute an exercise in abstract targeting
Two scans were carried out on this basis on different dates.
The viewer's response centered on the description of a building of specific
design, together with information on internal layout and activities,
certain quite unique elements of which have been verified as being correct.
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3.
Caribbean Site
RV Session Dates: 14 December 1979 (Session 1);
17 December 1979 (Session 2); 18 December 1979
(Session 3); 21 December 1979 (Session 4); 28 December
1979 (Session 5).
.
Remote Viewers :
#698 (Session 1); #002 (Sessions 2-4);
#009 (Session 5).
.
Interviewer:
H. Puthoff
A total of five remote viewing sessions, involving three remote
viewers, was carried out on a Caribbean site designated
Targeting was on the basis of coordinates
supplied to SRI
The analysis of this site has been completed. Each of the three
viewers individually supplied pertinent, relevant data with regard to the
target site, and their data taken together resulted in a target/transcript
correspondence rating of 7 (given by user) on a 0-7 point evaluation scale
shown in Table 3.
The results generated in these \
tasks to date, all
obtained with remote viewers incorporating the procedures developed in
the reliability-improvement program, appear to provide our first (and
encouraging ) evidence with regard to a possible upgraded level of per-
formance. Further data needs to be generated, however, before a definitive
assessment can be provided, and this requirement will be pursued during the
remainder of the program.
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Table 3
0-7 POINT EVALUATION SCALE FOR TARGET/TRANSCRIPT CORRESPONDENCE
7
=
Excellent correspondence, including good analytical detail (e.g.,
naming the site by name), and with essentially no incorrect
information.
6
= Good correspondence with good analytical information (e.g., naming
the function) and relatively little incorrect information.
5
=
Good correspondence with unambiguous unique matchable elements,
but some incorrect information.
4
=
Good correspondence with several matchable elements intermixed
with incorrect information.
3
=
Mixture of correct and incorrect elements, but enough of the
former to indicate viewer has made contact with the site.
2
=
Some correct elements, but not sufficient to suggest results beyond
chance expectation.
1
=
Little correspondence.
0
No correspondence.
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Appendix
STATISTICAL PROCEDURE FOR FIRST-CUT ANALYSIS
OF CRV RESULTS
A precise measure of the statistical significance of a matrix of
target/transcript correspondences is given by a direct-count-of-permutations
method of great generality.
*
It is an exact calculation method requiring
no approximations such as normality assumptions. Furthermore, the judging
process that went into generating the matrix is not required to be inde-
pendent transcript-to-transcript nor target-to-target. The only require-
ment is that no artifactual information is provided as to the order of
targets and transcripts. In particular, it can be shown that if targets
are used with replacement or are nonorthogonal (the case here), then the
method applies even in the case in which there is trial-by-trial feedback
and the target pool is known a priori to both remote viewer and interviewer.
Thus the possibility of interviewer cueing or subject guessing based on
a priori knowledge of the target pool is handled at a fundamental level
by a statistical procedure that assumes the worst. The argument is as
follows.
In the absence of knowledge as to which transcript was generated in
response to which target, one observes that in setting up the target-
transcript matrix there are n' possible ways to label the columns (tran-
scripts), given any particular order of the rows (targets), and vice versa.
Thus, there are n! possible matrices that could be constructed from the
*
C. Scott, "On the Evaluation of Verbal Material in Parapsychology: A
Discussion of Dr. Pratt's monograph," Jour. Soc. Psych. Res., Vol. 46,
No. 752, pp. 79-90 (June 1972).
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· By:
SRI Project 7408-12
SRI International
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Final Report
Covering the Period October 1983 to October 1984
May 1985
AN AUTOMATED RV EVALUATION PROCEDURE (U)
C
....
Copy 1081
Copy No.
....
.........
This document consists of 28 pages.
-SAI/GF-0275
SRI
International
333 Ravenswood Avenue . Menlo Park, California 94025 . U.S.A.
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L
II SUMMARY OF RESULTS (U)
We have modified a computer-automated remote viewing analysis procedure,
first developed at Princeton University, to be more responsive to the needs of the
community. Our procedure is based upon defining the information content in both a RV
response and its associated target as the presence or absence of a series of items (called
descriptors). Various mathematical comparisons can be made between responses and targets.
By defining RV accuracy as the fractional part of the target information that was correctly
perceived, and defining RV reliability as the fractional part of the response that was correct,
we are able to construct an RV "figure of merit " as the product of the two. The RV figure
of merit is a sensitive, target-pool-independent assessment of the quality of a single, remote-
viewing response.
(U) We have developed a technique to assess an analysts' RV judging ability by using a
standardized test case of a series of remote viewings. Judging consistancy in a training
environment is the most important factor in assessment ability. Thus, it is a requirement that
the same analyst assess the information content in both the response and the target. In a
training environment, an analyst would first determine the information content in all of the
targets in the target pool before assessing the information content in any RV response. All of
the RV assessments are done without knowledge of the particular matching target.
We have suggested ways in which a priori probabilities, on a descriptor-
by-descriptor basis, can be used as RV assessments in the absence of any knowledge of the
site. This technique requires the building of track records for each item on a viewer-by-
viewer basist:
As the track records begin to stabilize, we will be able to
integrate the analysis techniques described in this reporti
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III BACKGROUND (U)
(U) Since publication of the results from the initial remote viewing effort at SRI
International,1* two basic questions remained about the evaluation of RV data:
· What is the definition of the target site?
.
What is the definition of the RV response?
For example, consider a typical IEEE-style, outbound-experimenter remote-viewing trial.
After an experimenter travels to a randomly chosen location at a prearranged time, a remote
viewer's (RVer) task is to describe that location. In trying to assess the quality of the RV
descriptions (e.g., in a series of trials), an analyst must go to each of the sites and attempt to
match responses to them. For example, while standing at a site, the analyst must decide not
only the bounds of the site, but must also determine the site details that should be included in
his/her analysis. While standing in the middle of the Golden Gate Bridge, should the analyst
consider the buildings of downtown San Francisco, which are clearly and prominantly visible,
as part of the Golden Gate Bridge target? Similarly, the RV response to the Golden Gate
Bridge target might be 15 pages of dream-like free associations. A reasonable description of
the bridge may be contained in the response; however, it might be obfiscated by a large
amount of unrelated material. How should an analyst approach this problem?
(U) The first attempt at quantitatively defining an RV response involved reducing the
raw transcript to a series of declarative statements called concepts.2 Initially, it was
determined that a coherent concept should not be reduced to its component parts. For
example, a small red VW car should be considered as a single concept rather than four
separate concepts: small, red, VW, and car. Once a transcript had been "conceptualized,"
that list of concepts constituted, by definition, the RV response. The analyst, then, rated the
concept lists against the sites. Although this represented a major advance over previous
methods, no attempt was made to define the target site.
During the FY'82 program, we developed a procedure to define both the target
and the response material.3 We learned that before a site could be quantified, a goal for the
*(U) References are listed in the order of appearance at the end of this report.
I3107
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I
overall remote viewing must be clearly defined. If the goal is simply to demonstrate the
existence of the RV phenomena, then anything that is perceived at the site is important. But
if the goal is to gain information'
then specific
items at the site are important, while others remain insignificant. For example, consider an
office as a hypothetical target. Let us assume that a single computer in the office is of
specific interest. Suppose an RVer gives an accurate description of the shape of the office,
provides the serial number of the typewriter, and gives a complete description of the owner of
the office. While this kind of a response might provide excellent evidence for remote viewing,
the target of interest (the computer) is completely missedl
-
What is needed is a specific technique to allow assessments that are
mission oriented.
The procedure developed during FY'82 was a first attempt at solving the
mission orientation problem. In this technique, the transcript is conceptualized as described
above, and a similar process is applied to the sites. A target site is conceptualized as a set of
target elements, which are to be considered "mission independent." In the office example
above, target elements might be: desk, safe, window, telephone, computer, and chair. A
second layer of conceptualization is then applied, which is "mission specific." Each target
element is assigned a number between 1 and 5 corresponding to the mission's relevance.
Again, in the office example, the computer would be assigned a relevance factor of 5 (most
relevant), while all other target elements would be assigned a factor of 1 (least relevant). The
target elements and their relevance factors constitute the site definition and mission
orientation. The final report for the FY'82 task3 described in detail how a mission specific
assessment was made. Although, the procedure proved to be quite sensitive, it was nonetheless
cumbersome and difficult to apply.
-
This report describes a major advance over the FY'82 technique. The original
idea, which involves computer-automated scoring of RV data, was developed at the Anomalies
Laboratory of Princeton University.4 We have significantly extended and modified the
Princeton technique and have developed procedures that can be used in actualt
applications.
4
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IV METHOD OF APPROACH (U)
The overall method of approach was to begin with the Princeton group's known
evaluation procedure, then determine what would be appropriate for our environment. The
next step was to expand the analysis concept to be more responsive tot
requirements, and to integrate the entire procedure with our on-line data bases.
A. (U) The Princeton Evaluation Procedure (PEP)
(U) In general, the Princeton Evaluation Procedure (PEP) is based on comparing
a priori, quantitatively-defined target information with similarly quantitatively-defined response
information. (A complete description of this procedure can be found in Reference 4.) The
procedure was developed for use as a research tool in the university environment, where
complete knowledge of the target sites could be obtained. Once the target and response
information was defined, the PEP applied various methods of mathematical comparisons to
arrive at a meaningful assessment score.
1. (U) Target Information
(U) The definition of a particular target site (usually outdoor sites in and around
Princeton, New Jersey) was contained in the yes/no answers to a set of questions called
descriptors. These descriptors were designed in such a way as to characterize the typical
Princeton target. By definition, the only target information to be considered in the analysis
was completely contained in the yes/no answers of the descriptor questions for that site. For
example, one descriptor from their list, "Are any animals, birds, fish, major insects, or figures
of these significant in the scene?" defines the animal content of the site. The question would
be answered "yes" for a zoo and a pet store target, but answered "no" for a typical campus
building target. Similarly a set (30 for the PEP) of yes/no responses constitutes the target
information.
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2. (U) Response Definition
(U) The descriptor list for the target sites is used as a definition of the response as
well. For a given RV session, an analyst (blind to the target site) attempts to answer the 30
questions based entirely on the single RV response. Using the same example above, an
analyst would have to decide if a particular verbal passage or a quick sketch could be
interpreted as animals or not. For some responses this might be an easy task, "I get a picture
of a purple cow." Most responses, however, require a judgement, "I hear a funny sound and
there may be an odd smell in the air." Nonetheless, the yes/no answers to the 30 questions
constitute the only response information that will be used in the analysis.
3. (U) Analysis
(U) For a given response/target combination, the information is strictly contained in
the yes/no answers to the descriptors. A binary number (30 bits long for PEP) is constructed
for the target and the response descriptor questions respectively. A yes answer is considered a
binary "1" while a no answer is considered a binary "0." The resulting two 30-bit binary
numbers can then be compared by a variety of mathematical techniques to form a score for
that specific RV session. For a series of RV sessions, a quantitative assessment is made by
comparing a given response (matched to its corresponding target site) against the scores
computed by matching the response to all other targets used in the series. This procedure has
the added advantage of a built-in, within-group control. In other words, this assessment
determines the uniqueness of the target/response match compared with all other possible
matches for the series.
B. (U) Problems with the PEP
There are a number of problems with the PEP when the conditions under
which the PEP was developed are no longer valid. Because we are trying to develop an RV
analysis procedure that is useful both in the RV training environment as well as in
applications, we have identified four basic problems with using the PEP for our purposes:
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· The bit descriptors were not appropriate for our training environment.
. The PEP was not interfaced to a standard data base management system
(DBMS).
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. The cross-target scoring procedure was not sensitive to
requirements.
· Any cross-target scoring procedure is inappropriate for a training
environment.
(U) As stated above, the PEP descriptors were optimized for natural outdoor sites in
the Princeton area. Because we planned to use different target material, the PEP descriptor
list was completely inadequate. Having obtained the computer codes used at Princeton, we
noticed that the PEP required a special on-line, within-code data base. We felt this was an
inefficient way to procede because we already had most of our data in a commercial DBMS,
Ingres.5
One of the principal problems of RV used as an adjunct to conventional
collection techniques is that RVers tend to add information, sometimes called
analytical overlay (AOL), to the response. If training techniques are to be developed that are
sensitive to'
requirements, they must attempt to inhibit AOL. Specifically, any
training analysis procedure must be particularly sensitive to the addition of extraneous
information. The PEP was completely insensitive to this requirement.
(U) We also observed that for the purposes of training, any scoring procedure that
cross compares a training response against all targets in the target pool, might penalize
excellent RV simply because of the lack of target pool orthogonality (i.e., how different one
target is to the next). For example, consider a typical National Geographic Magazine
photograph of a flat desert showing few features. A very good description of this site will also
match many other similar sites in the target pool. Thus, a comparison of the actual match
with others in the pool will tend to reduce the score for reasons other than the quality of the
particular RV response.
(U) We, therefore, felt obligated to modify the PEP in such a way to address the above
criticisms.
C. (U) The SRI Evaluation Procedure (SEP)
The SRI Evaluation Procedure (SEP) was developed to address not only various
RV training programs, but also the potential application of the SEP to-
.problems.
Thus, it was recognized that the SEP must contain cross comparison analytical procedures that
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were sensitive to AOL, and at the same time, provide a meaningful assessment of RV
responses that were independent of other targets in the pool.
1. (U) Target Information
) As in the PEP, the SRI Evaluation Procedure quantifies the target material
into binary numbers corresponding to yes/no answers to a set of descriptors. Before any of
the training programs had begun, a descriptor list was developed on the basis of the target
material (National Geographic Magazine photographs), and on the responses that might be
expected for novice RVers. Table 1 shows the 20 questions (descriptors) that were used for
the Alternate Training Task." This descriptor list, while applicable to a novice RV training
environment, is not appropriate for either advanced training ort
applications. The
questions are strongly oriented toward outdoor gestalts typical of National Geographic
Magazine material. Each descriptor list must be tailored to the application requirements. The
horizontal lines separating the descriptors in groups of three are an aid in translating binary
numbers (derived from the yes/no answers to the questions) into an octal shorthand notation.
(U) To illustrate exactly how a target might be coded into an octal number, let's
consider a photograph of San Francisco on a clear day showing the bay, the central city sky-
scrapers, and the centrally-located hill (Twin Peaks). Referring to Table 1 Bit Numbers 1, 6,
8, 9, 12, 13, 16 and 17 would all be answered "yes" and thus would be assigned a binary
"1." The remaining questions would all be answered "no" and thus be assigned a binary "0."
Starting with Bit Number 1 on the left, the binary number that defines the information for this
target is 10000101100110011000. This representation, while convenient for computers, is
difficult for humans; therefore, we convert it to the octal representation as a shorthand.
Using the horizontal lines shown in Table 1 as divisions, we consider each triad of bits as a
binary number ranging from 000 to 111. Table 2 shows the binary-number triad to octal
conversion factors.
(U) Rewriting the above binary number with triad separations for clarity, we have
10 000 101 100 110 011 000. Using Table 2, we find that this binary number converts to
2054630g. This octal number is the shorthand notation for all the information contained, by
definition, in the San Francisco target example. All targets in the data base are coded by the
same technique.
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Table 2
(U) BINARY-TO-OCTAL CONVERSION
Binary Triad
Octal Equivalent
000
0
001
1
010
2
011
3
100
4
101
5
110
6
111
7
UNCLASSIFIED
2. (U) Response Definition
(U) The descriptor list shown in Table 1 and the coding techniques described using
Table 2 are prepared in exactly the same way to define each RV response. For a particular
training program, however, a set of a priori guidelines must be defined in order to aid an
analyst in interpreting the various aspects of the training procedure with regard to the
descriptor list. For example, it might be correct within a given training context to advise the
analyst to consider all isolated lines as a land/water interface, and set descriptor Bit Number
13 by definition. How this is done is completely dependent upon the particular training
procedure in question. For an example see Alternate Training.6
3. (U) Analysis
1
The SRI evaluation procedure involves two different types of analysis:
· Target-pool-dependent analysis
· Target-pool-independent analysis (training).
(U) The first of these involves descriptor weighting that gives more or less credit in
the final score in accordance with an a priori defined algorithm. It is within this analysis that
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(U)
combination would provide good RV assessments. The correlation coefficients averaged over
all analysts were 0.431 and 0.462 for the Princeton and the SRI procedures respectively.
While this difference is not significant, there is a bias in favor of the SRI procedure. Within
the SRI procedure, No. 642 was the least consistent analyst. There were no significant
differences between the full and the selective scoring.
Í
In summary, we have developed a computer-based RV analysis tool that is
applicable for both the training
The figure-of-merit analysis
allows target-pool-independent assessment of the relative progress of RV trainees. Within a
given training program absolute probabilities (against chance) can be assigned for a single
training session.
By carefully creating an appropriate
descriptor list, and by tracking
figures of merit on a bit-by-bit basis,
The figure-of-merit analysis requires that complete descriptor
information of the site be known. (
as feedback information is
available, descriptor track records (figure-of-merit analysis) can be kept over many sessions to
provide accuracy and reliability data on a viewer-by-viewer basis. Thus, viewers can be
selected on the basis of their a priori probabilites on thet
descriptors of interest,
and a priori assessments of their responses can be made by using the same track record.
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SRI Internationa
C
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Final Report-Task 6.0.3
October 1989
Covering the Period 1 October 1988 to 30 September 1989
A PROTOTYPE ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR SPECIAL
REMOTE VIEWING TASKS (U)
By:
.
Prepared for:
SRI Project 1291
Approved by:
Copy 5 of 5 Copies
This document consists of 27 pages
Copy 1082
NOT RELEASABLE TO
FOREIGN NATIONALS
SRI
International
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park, CA 94025
415 326-6200 . TWX: 910-373-2046 . Telex: 334-486
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1 .
ACT (I)
ABSTRACT (U)
one.s n em. for
We have developed a prototype analysis system for remote viewings conducted
:10 25 וח׳
against target's of
interest. The system uses individual viewers' performance histories
1
in conjunction with current data to prioritize a set of possible
site.
interpretations of the
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1.
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(U) LIST OF TABLES
?
1.
(U) Numerical Listing of Targets
8
2.
(U) Technology Cluster
11
3.
(U) Principal Elements Contained in the Technology Template
11
FT Birs
(U) LIST OF TABLES
Targets
10
L .. ..
1.
1
Cluster Diagram for ł
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I INTRODUCTION (U)
(U) Since 1973, when the investigations of the human information-accessing capability
called remote viewing (RV) first began at SRI International,1* evaluating the quality of the
-
information obtained has been a continuing challenge. In order to develop valid evaluation
procedures, two basic questions must be addressed:
.... .
(1) What constitutes the target?
(2) What constitutes the response?
· If the RV task is research-oriented, the targets are known, and therefore can be
precisely defined. In application-oriented tasks, however, the targets are generally unknown
and their descriptions are problematical. In both task domains, RV responses tend to consist of
sketches and written phrases. A method to encode unambiguously this type of "natural
language" is one of the unsolved problems in computer science, and there has been little progress
to date. Thus, a complete definition of an RV response is also problematical.
An application-oriented RV task poses further problems. High-quality RV does
not always provide useful application For example, the RV may provide additional support for
information that has been verified from other sources, but provide no new information. In some
cases, however, an overall low-quality RV may provide key elements that positively influence an
analyst's interpretation.
Another characteristic of current laboratory analysis techniques is that they do
not provide an a priori assessment of the RV quality. While this is not a problem in the
laboratory,
applications require such evaluation. An RV analyst cannot provide
ratings from the RV alone; rather, the analyst must provide a priori
probabilities that individual RV-response elements (or concepts) are present at the target site. It
remains the responsibility of an
analyst to determine whether such data are ultimately
useful.
;
Analysis of laboratory RV has been a major part of the ongoing Cognitive
Sciences Program.2-7 For FY 1989, we focused on the development of a prototype analysis
system that would provide the needed a priori assessments for application tasking
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+
(U) References are at the end of this report.
._ LI_ __ C .. .
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II METHOD OF APPROACH (U)
The analysis of remote viewing (RV) data in an application environment differs
considerably from laboratory analysis. Most often, analysts have incomplete or no information
about the target site and are required to provide a priori assessments of data gathered from RV
sessions. In this section we outline a prototype analysis system for
RV that uses
concepts from fuzzy set theory, historical archival data, and "templates" of typical/
targets. In addition, we apply this prototype system to an existing target pool as an illustration of
the power of the technique.
A. (U) Fuzzy Set Formalism
A more complete description of the full fuzzy set formalism can be found in our
literature.6,7 For the purpose of this report, we have summarized that formalism in general terms
that are not specific to either laboratory experiments or application tasking.
1. (U) Construction of Target and Response Fuzzy Sets
(U) A formal definition of a target and its associated RV response (i.e., the data
obtained from an RV session) is necessary to any analysis system. To use the fuzzy set method, a
universal set of elements is constructed on which target and response descriptions are based.
These elements should contain descriptive aspects of the target material and incorporate items
that typify responses from the intended viewers. This universal set should also be extendible
(i.e., allow for additional items that may arise in the responses).
(U) In general, the task of an RV analyst is to assign a membership value (1)
between 0 and 1 to each element in the universal set. The numerical value for each element in a
response is assigned by the degree to which the analyst is convinced that the given element is
present in that response. Membership values for target elements are assigned on the basis of the
degree to which the elements contribute to the target description.
In the laboratory, the targets are known, so that defining a universal set of
elements is comparatively straightforward. 6.7 In application tasks, however, defining a single
universal set of elements that is appropriate for all operations is difficult. Because the usual
1
task is so highly mission-dependent, defining a single universal set of elements that is
customized to that mission becomes easier.
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The application analyst, as opposed to an RV analyst, should construct such
a list for each mission. While there may be considerable similarities between element lists for
different missions, undoubtedly the lists will require specialization. In Section II-C below, we
show the construction of one element list and how it can be applied to a set of 65 ;
L
targets.
2.
(U) Analysis of Complete Responses
Once an appropriate universal set of elements has been created, and fuzzy
sets that define the target and the response have been specified, the comparison between them is
straightforward. We have defined accuracy as the percent of the target material that is described
correctly by a response. Likewise, we have defined reliability (of the viewer) as the percent of
the response that is correct.6 Although in the laboratory it is required to provide a posterior
probability estimates of the target-response match, in an applications setting, this may be less
important. All that is usually necessary is to describe the accuracy and reliability for complete
responses, and for individual target elements of interest. These quantities for the jth sessions are
R
*= 1
C
{ WKRj.k
:
n
(1)
and
n
EWK(Ri Γ Τ;)
k = 1
aj =
E WkTj.k
(2)
k =1
where the sum over k is called the sigma count in fuzzy set terminology, and is defined as the sum
of the membership values (u) for the elements of the response, the target, or their intersection,
and n is the number of possible elements as defined by the element list. A fuzzy intersection is
defined as the minimum of the intersecting fuzzy set membership values. In this version of the
definitions, we have allowed for the possibility of weighting the membership values, Wk, to
provide mission-defined relevances.
(U) For the above calculation to be meaningful, the membership values for the targets
must be similar in kind to those for the responses. For most mission-dependent specifications,
this is generally not the case. The target membership values represent the degree to which a
particular element is characteristic of the target, and the response membership values represent
the degree to which the analyst is convinced that the given element is represented in the
response.
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(U)
Then, Ro(airport) = 0.20 is the chance probability (i.e., guessing airport during every session
would only by 20 percent reliable). Assume that the viewer mentioned airport Nr = 6 times and
was correct Ne = 4 times. Then this viewer's reliability for airports is computed as R(airport) =
0.67 > Ro(airport) = 0.20. The viewer's accuracy for airports is computed as A (airport) = Nc/No
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= 0.80. Thus in this example, we can conclude that this viewer is reasonably accomplished at
remote viewing an airport.
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B.
(U) Prototype Analysis System
We assume that ani
. analyst has constructed a mission-dependent
universal set of elements. We further assume that there are a number of competing
interpretations of the target site in question.
1. (U) Target Templates
The first step in our prototype analysis system is to define templates (i.e.,
general descriptions of classes of target types) of all competing target interpretations from the
universal set of elements. (
-
Exactly what the templates should represent is entirely dependent upon
what kind of information is sought. Both the underlying universal set of elements and the
templates must be constructed to be rich enough to allow for the encoding of all the information
-
That is, if neither the set of elements nor the templates can meaningfully
represent information about the target.
-
", then it will be unreasonable to consider
asking . relevant questions about
the site.
Furthermore, a certain
amount of atomization is necessary because such division into small units provides the potential
for interactions within the universal set of elements. If the profile of a \"facility consists of a
single element, the template would be useless unless the response directly stated that particular
element; rather, the profile should be constructed from groups of elemental features
There are two different ways to generate target templates. The most
straightforward technique is also likely to be the most unreliable, because it relies on the analyst's
judgment of a single target type. With this method, the analyst, who is familiar with the
intelligence problem at hand, simply generates membership values for elements from the
universal set of elements based upon his or her general knowledge. Given the time and
resources, the best way to generate template membership values is to encode known targets that
are closely related
Each template u is the average value
across targets, and thus is more reliable. If it is known that some targets are more
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"characteristic" of the target type than others, then a weighted average should be computed. In
symbols,
MT =
k =1
E wk
(4)
k=1
where the sums are over the available targets that constitute the template, wk are the target
weights, and the uj,k are the assigned membership values for target k.
2. (U) Archival Database
A critical feature of an analysis system for
RV data is that along
with the current RV data to be evaluated, the individual viewer's past performance on an
element-by-element basis must also be included. For example, if a viewer has been relatively
unsuccessful at recognizing
facilities, then af
preference in the current data should not
contribute much in the overall analysis.
As ground truth becomes available for each session, a performance database
should be updated for each viewer to reflect the new information This database should be a
fuzzy set whose membership values for each element are the reliabilities computed from
"Equation 3.
3. (U) Optimized Probability List
The goal of any
›RV analysis system is to provide an a priori
prioritized and weighted list of target possibilities that results from a single remote viewing that is
sensitive to the performance history of the viewer. Assuming that a template exists for each of
the possible
interpretations, an analyst should adhere to the following protocol:
(1) Analyze the RV data by assigning a membership value (u) for each element inthe
universal set of elements. Each u represents the degree to which the analyst is
convinced that the particular element is included in the response.
(2) Construct a crisp set, Re, as an a-cut of the original response set. By adopting a
threshold of 0.5, for example, then the resulting crisp set contains only those
elements that the analyst deems most likely as being present in the response.
(3) Construct an effective response set, Re, as Re = Re U R., where Ra is the reliability set
drawn from the archival database.
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SRI Internation®
Final Report- - Objective D, Task 1
Covering the Period 1 October 1985 to 30 September 1986
December 1986
A SUGGESTED REMOTE VIEWING
TRAINING PROCEDURE (U)
1
Prepared for:
SRI Project 1291
Approved by:
1
3/15
Copy No.
This document consists of 86 pages.
-SAH/GF-0297
Copy 1024
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International
MA161 226-6200 . Cable: SRI INTL MPK . TWX: 910-373-2046
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(4) Using this effective response set, compute an accuracy and reliability in accordance
with Equations 1 and 2. Then compute a figure-of-merit, Mi, for the jth competing
interpretations as
Mj = aj X Tj .
Of course, the accuracy and reliability use the effective response set from step 3
above.
(5) Order the Ms from largest to smallest value. Since the figures-of-merit range in value
from 0 to 1, they can be interpreted as relative probability values for each of the
alternative target possibilities.
By following such a protocol, an analyst can produce a list of target alternatives that is sensitive to
the current remote viewing yet takes into consideration to the individual viewer's archival record.
C.
(U) Partial Application of Analysis System to Existing Target Pool
(U) We have used an existing target pool (developed under a separate program) as a test
bed for the analysis system described above.
1. (U) Criteria for Inclusion in the Target Pool
Targets in this pool have the following characteristics:
. Each target is within an hour and a half automobile drive of SRI International.
· Each target simulates al
site I
»interest.
. Each target fits generally within one of five functional categories: Production,
Recreation, Scientific, Storage, and Transportation.
: Each target meets a consensus agreement of experienced RV monitors and
analysts about inclusion in the pool.
(U) The pool consists of 65 targets. Initially, they were divided into 13 groups of five
targets each, where each group contained one target from each of five functional categories. By
carefully organizing the targets in this way, the maximum possible functional difference of the
targets within each group was ensured. Table 1 shows a numerical listing of these targets.
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Table 1
(U) Numerical Listing of Targets
- Tensformer Station
23. Space Capsule
45. Pump Station
: __ park
24. Coastal Battery
46. Ice Plant
: wedlite Dish
25. Bay Area Rapid Transit
47. Caves/Cliffs
- Tampons Storage
26. Salt Refinery
48. Bevatron
wal Fleet
27. Candlestick Park
49. Barn
Zavel Quarry
28. Solar Observatory
50. Golden Gate Bridge
LEmming Pool
29. Food Terminal
51. Modern Windmills
& Servatory
30. Pedestrian Overpass
52. Baylands Nature Preserve
U
31. Electrical Plant
53. Gas Plant
1( Zsping and Receiving
32. White Plaza
54. Auto Wreckers
1: Zenhouse
33. Space Shuttle
55. Fishing Fleet
12 F == c Area
34. Coastal Battery
56. Radio Towers
13 icelite Dishes
35. Train Terminal
57. Vineyard
14 I Warehouse
36. Sawmill
58. Pharmaceutical Laboratory
15 esi Air Station
37. Pond
59. Toxic Waste Storage
16 : pr Refinery
38. Wind Tunnel
60. Airport
17 == ground
39. Grain Terminal
61. Car Wash
18 -Quarium
40. Submarine
62. Old Windmill
19 Zan Yard
41. Cogeneration Plant
63. Nuclear Accelerator
20 -Eft
42. Park
64. Reservoir
21 Enge Treatment Plant
43. Linear Accelerator
65. Train Station
22. =_ ver Tower
44. Dump
UNCL .- MEFIED
(U) Fuzzy Set Element List
In FY 1089, we developed a prototype analysis system for analyzing targets
ans =conses inf
remote viewings. A list of elements, based on target function (i.e.,
the =mon specification), is arranged in levels from relatively abstract (information poor) to the
rela: = complex (information rich). Having levels of elements is advantageous in that each can
be we sted separately in the analysis.
(U) This universal set of elements (included as Appendix A) represents primary
elena in the existing target pool of 65 targets. The set was derived exclusively from this
knov. arget pool. In an actual RV session, however, a viewer does not have access to the
elemez ist, and thus is not constrained to respond within its confines. An accurate RV analysis
mus: == ude any additional data that may be provided in the response; therefore, additional
spac: mas been provided on the analysis sheets (see Appendix A) to include elements that are
par == = e response but not initially included as part of the universal set.
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13
22
2
Cluster 1
Recreation
27
33
9
5
55
50
$4
61
15
Cluster 2
Transportation
20
38
35
30
60
NO
4
40
Cluster 3
Weapons
34
1
51
31
41
3
8
28
43
48
44
59
Cluster 5
Storage
14
39
19
49
46
6
21
64
₹
Cluster 6
Production/Distribution
28
28
-
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1 - Sj.x
UNCLASSIFIED
Figure 1.
Cluster Diagram for'
Targets
(U) We used the technology cluster (i.e., number 4 in Figure 1) to apply Equation 4
to construct a technology target template. Table 2 shows the targets in this cluster, where the
horizontal lines indicate the subclustering within the technology group shown in Figure 1.
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56
13
Cluster 4
Technology
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(U) As a self-consistency check, we included the technology template in the total
target pool and recalculated the clusters. As expected, the technology template was included
within the subgroup of targets 3 and 13, and well within the technology cluster as a whole.
D. (U) General Conclusions
The goal of this effort was to develop an analysis system that would prove
effective in providing a priori assessments of
remote viewing tasks. If the proper
mission-dependent universal set of elements can be identified, then, using a viewer-dependent
reliability archive, data from a single remote viewing can be used to prioritize a set of alternative
target templates so as to chose the most likely one for the mission.
1
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REFERENCES (U)
1.
Puthoff, H.E., and Targ, R., "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer Over
Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent Research," Proceedings of the
IEEE, Vol. 64, No. 3, March 1976, UNCLASSIFIED.
2.
Targ, R., Puthoff, H.E., and May, E.C., 1977 Proceedings of the International
Conference of Cybernetics and Society, pp. 519-529, 1977, UNCLASSIFIED.
3.
May, E.C., "A Remote Viewing Evaluation Protocol (U)," Final Report (revised), SRI
Project 4028, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, July 1983,
4.
May, E.C., Humphrey, B.S., and Mathews, C., "A Figure of Merit Analysis for
Free-Response Material," Proceedings of the 28th Annual Convention of the
Parapsychological Association, pp. 343-354, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts,
August 1985, UNCLASSIFIED.
5.
Humphrey, B.S., May, E.C., Trask, V.V., and Thomson, M. J., "Remote Viewing
Evaluation Techniques (U)," Final Report, SRI Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo
Park, California, December 1986,(
6.
Humphrey, B.S., May, E.C., Utts, J.M., Frivold, T.J., Luke, W.L., and Trask, V.V.,
"Fuzzy Set Applications in Remote Viewing Analysis, " Final Report-Objective A, Task 3,
SRI Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, December 1987,
UNCLASSIFIED.
7.
May, E.C., Humphrey, B.S., Frivold, T J., and Utts, J M., "Applications of Fuzzy Sets to
Remote Viewing Analysis (U)," Final Report-Objective F, Task 1, SRI Project 1291,
SRI International, Menlo Park, California, December 1988,
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I INTRODUCTION (U)
1
Through work at SRI International and other laboratories, a
number of individuals have demonstrated an apparent ability to accurately
perceive information, which is inaccessible through the "conventional"
senses and to convey their impressions in words and symbols. At times
these individuals can apparently describe events, places, people, objects,
and feelings with very high quality. At SRI, the particular ability to
provide detailed descriptive information has been termed remote viewing
(RV). Although latent ability and motivation undoubtedly play a
significant role, some accomplished remote viewers have claimed that this
ability can be taught and learned to varying degrees. In FY 1986, SRI
awarded a subcontract to Consultants International (CI) to assemble a
detailed report of subjective experience that might lead to a testable RV
training methodology. CI was selected because of the long and successful
remote viewing experience of its founder, Mr. Gary Langford. CI's reports
detailing the suggested training methodology and the concepts upon which
the procedure is based are given in Appendices A and B.
(U) SRI's overview* contains, in condensed form, the basic concepts and techniques
that CI proposed and a critique of them. Selected RV examples will be shown to clarify and
demonstrate the ideas involved. Certain figures appearing in this overview have been
abstracted from the CI report. Because the contents of this document are subjective and
exploratory in nature, we will not examine RV from an experimental protocol or evaluation
perspective.
(U) We emphasize strongly that these concepts and hypotheses have been arrived at
almost entirely through personal observation, introspection and informal experimentation.
Almost none of these concepts have been rigorously tested with sufficient data collection to
. ..
(U) This report constitutes Objective D, Task 1: Design, develop, and improve training
protocols and methodologies for all RV subjects.
.
1
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III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (U)
(U)
Whether the percipient is a novice, advanced or expert viewer the foregoing
procedure applies. With rare notable exceptions, CI asserts that correct descriptions of targets
are always built out of much smaller data bits that are gradually assembled into a whole .* As
the viewer progresses from novice to expert, the amount of time spent on the various steps of
the procedure changes. For example, an expert should find access routine and focus the
most attention on details of form and function. A detailed discussion of the division of effort
as a function of expertise may be found in Appendix A.
A. (U) Anatomy of a Viewing
(U) An example of how the foregoing process is applied by an expert may be found in
Figures 4(a) through 4(f). These six figures comprise the entire response of the viewer for a
given session. Other than the labeling, the transcripts have not been edited in any way.
Where the viewer's handwriting was illegible or where an abbreviation was used, we have
provided a "translation."
1. (U) Figure 4(a) -- Initial Access Period.
Note that the uniqueness requirement of the target
has been satisfied by writing down name, date, time and
session number. This is the access phase. Need and
motivation for a description were provided by informing
the viewer this RV was one of a series intended to
calibrate the viewer's proficiency. The objectify phase
is indicated by the primary and multiple bits. The
initial primary bits are of a steep angle drop-off and a
flat area. Multiple bits (a series of connected
impressions) serve to fill in the gap between the two
primary bits. Access is brought to an end by writing
"break. " This amount of data is much greater than that
which a novice would perceive during an initial access
period.
*(U) Experienced viewers do report very occasional sessions where detailed descritions of the
target are possible during the initial access period.
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2. (U) Figure 4(b) -- Second Access Period
At this point, the viewer was overwhelmed by a vivid
impression of cliffs with water and other features. The
viewer correctly recognized this as IO and labeled it as
such. IO is not considered valid data in subsequent
analysis.
3.
(U) Figure 4(c) -- Third Access Period
[ More primary bits are presented, and the viewer
enters the Qualification phase for the first time (e.g.,
hard surface) . For purposes of visual clarity, we will
not routinely label the objectify and qualify phases in
subsequent figures. However, the distinction can be
easily made by the reader because primary and multiple
bits always represent objectification, while any further
description of form or function is qualification.
4.
(U) Figure 4(d) -- Fourth Access Period
) As the viewing proceeds, more time is spent on
describing form and functional aspects.
5.
(U) Figure 4(e) -- Fifth Access Period
{ At this point in the session, the viewer has made use
of a technique in which he retraces a bit to acquire more
information. These advanced procedures are discussed more
thoroughly in Appendix A. Note that the viewer has begun
to arrange bits perceived during previous access periods
into a more nearly pictorial representation.
6.
(U) Figure 4(f) -- Sixth and Final Access Period
1
Note the detailed description of the elements of
target. The bits have now been arranged into a more
coherent whole (sometimes called a composite), and the
viewer has provided a summary word that characterizes the
entire target "ruins. "
The actual target is shown in Figure 5. Aside from the obviously
correct assessment of the target as ruins, it is very important to note
that all of the other data bits are also correct. Furthermore, the session
required only approximately 15 minutes to complete. Such a result is
particularly compelling when compared with other free-response techniques.
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For example, telepathy experiments using the so-called Ganzfeld technique
of sensory isolation typically require one-and-one-half hours, during which
time the percipient produces extensive stream-of-conscious descriptions. The
sheer mass of data and dreamlike quality of the responses prevent any
effective transcript analysis that might separate signal from noise.
(U) In early RV experiments at SRI (c. 1975), unstructured free-response descriptions
were used, but were limited to 15 minutes. Even with that restriction, discrimination between
the product of imagination, memory, and RV was a burdensome analysis task.
(U) The twin insights that mental noise can be briefly suppressed and that correct data
appear in fleeting, indistinct, and sometimes symbolic form has resulted in an enormous
increase in viewing efficiency.
B.
(U) Applications to RV Training
(U) As the preceding example demonstrates, the procedure described earlier works
well when used by the expert who invented it. The task that CI addressed in FY 1986 was to
supply sufficient detailed instruction so that individuals with no prior exposure to RV could be
trained. A test of this training methodology is presently underway.
1.
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4
2010 - Gary
1
009
16 Sep 86
0615
ACCESS
Tam -
(Target)
·
-PRIMARY BITS
step.
OBJECTIFY
1
MULTIPLE BITS
(break)
flat.
break- END ACCESS
FIGURE 4(a)
(U) INITIAL ACCESS PERIOD
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2010-Gray
Try :
15
vird.
white.
for water.
1.
brede
INTERPRETIVE OVERLAY
FIGURE 4(b)
(U) SECOND ACCESS PERIOD
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Tapt-ACCESS
£
well bonded
OBJECTIFY -- PRIMARY BITS
L
L
flat
1
hard surface
I am
QUALIFY -- TEXTURE
long
back-END ACCESS
FIGURE 4(c)
(U) THIRD ACCESS PERIOD
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Tay, ACCESS
Steps
·FUNCTION
L
(verticals)
PRIMARY BITS
break END ACCESS
FIGURE 4(d)
(U) FOURTH ACCESS PERIOD
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Target ACCESS
PRIMARY BITS
RETRACING BITS
Vises up very happy.
(rises up, very sharply)
man made
(Man-made)
Str.
(stone)
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
MULTIPLE BITS
vertical
long Shot.
(long flat)
bank
END ACCESS
FIGURE 4(e) (U) FIFTH ACCESS PERIOD
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1
1
-
-
ACCESS
-
bom det.
PRIMARY BITS
str.
(structure)
Structure
(structure)
main pathway
ruins.
(ruins)
!
FUNCTIONAL DETAILS
ent (sem)
END OF SESSION (END ACCESS)
FIGURE 4(f)
(U) FINAL ACCESS PERIOD (Composite)
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20
Along the old road to
Petra, a Nabataean
mausoleum in Saudi
Arabia was hewn from
a massive outcrop
around the first
century A.D.
480
FIGURE 5
(U) THE RUINS
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(U) Some indication of the previous success of the training method can be found in
existing data. In FY 1984, CI first began to outline the basic elements of an RV novice
training program. Six individuals with limited or no exposure to RV were selected on the
basis of interest and subsequently participated in a series of lectures and experimental sessions
that served as the model for the FY 1986 program. Two of the participants in the FY 1984
program demonstrated independent statistically significant evidence of RV ability.
I
(U)
During FY 1986, three of the best viewers from the FY 1984 program and CI's
expert viewer participated in a series of 6 RV sessions each for another Task in the program.
As of the time of the FY 1986 experiment, all three previous novice viewers had participated
in a total of approximately 100 viewings each. All of those viewings followed the procedure
proposed by CI.
As shown in detail in another report, * 3 of the 4 viewers
independently scored statistically significant in that 6 session series.
(If the probability of a successful series is 0.05, the binomial
probability of three out of four successful series is 4.8 x 10-4). Two of
the 3 FY 1984 novices scored significantly, one scoring slightly better
than the expert viewer. This result suggests that, at least for certain
individuals, the viewing ability can be learned. Whether these particular
viewers learned successfully as a result of practice, motivation, latent
ability, CI's "technology," or a combination of all four elements is at
this time unclear. Considerable future experimentation will be required to
begin to determine the relative importance of each element.
Hubbard, G. S., and May, E. C., "An Experiment to Explore Possible
Whomalistic Behavior of a Photon Detection System During A Remote Viewing
Task," Interim Report, SRI Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo Park, California
(December, 1986).
-.
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*

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C
Prepared for:
C
SRI Project 1291
1
Approved by:
-
SRI Internation
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Interim Report-LObjective E, Task 1 .
Covering the Period 1 October 1985 to 30 September 1986
December 1986
AN EXPERIMENT TO EXPLORE POSSIBLE
ANOMALISTIC BEHAVIOR OF A PHOTON DETECTION
SYSTEM DURING A REMOTE VIEWING TEST (U)
.
-
L
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6
of 15 Copies.
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-GRI/GF-0296
1
1)
copy 183
SRI
International
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(415) 326-6200 . Cable:
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III RESULTS (U)
A.
(U) Remote Viewing Results
(U) Four viewers were asked to contribute six viewings each. In this experiment, the
personnel consisted of four of the best viewers participating in ongoing RV programs at SRI.
(U) Each RV session was judged using a figure of merit analysis. The FM is defined as
the product of two measures: accuracy and reliability. The accuracy of an RV response is the
fraction of the target material that is described correctly. Reliability is the fraction of the
response that is correct.1,2 Tables 1 through 4 show the RV results for each trial. The
session number (9001.cr, etc.) incorporates a code for each viewer as well as the
chronological sequence of viewings.
Table 1
(U)
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 009
Session
Figure-of-Merit
p-value
9001.1g
0.5714
0.0238
9002.1g
0.3810
0.1961
9003.1g
0.4444
0.0497
9004.1g
0.3333
0.3650
9005.1g
0.0667
0.9233
9006.1g
0.3556
0.2697
Overall p < 0.0450
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Table 2
(U)
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 105
Session
Figure-of-Merit
p-value
9001.rs
0.4571
0.0412
9002.rs
0.1667
0.3486
9003.rs
0.1600
0.3618
9004.rs
0.3333
0.1039
9005.rs
0.0000
1.0000
9006.rs
0.3810
0.0475
Overall p ≤ 0.0488
Table 3
(U)
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 177
Session
Figure-of-Merit
p-value
9001.hs
0.4444
0.2430
9002.hs
0.1143
0.9579
9003.hs
0.3810
0.2978
9004.hs
0.5000
0.2392
9005.hs
0.5952
0.0677
9006.hs
0.6429
0.0136
Overall p < 0.0385
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Table 4
(U)
REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS FOR VIEWER 807
Session
Figure-of-Merit
p-value
9001.cr
0.0000
1.0000
9002.cr
0.3333
0.2267
9003.cr
0.5208
0.0240
9004.cr
0.0833
0.7494
9005.cr
0.3750
0.1321
9006.cr
0.1333
0.5911
Overall p < 0.1895, n.s.
(U) From the FM analysis performed for our FY 1984 experiment, we determined that
by computing the p-value for each FM we could determine an average p for each viewer and
for all sessions combined. The overall probability of obtaining that average p-value was then
calculated, either by an exact method for small numbers of sessions7 or by using the central
limit theorem for greater than 20 sessions.8 In the current analysis, an additional test of
significance, the Fisher Chi-square technique, has been added to supplement the probability
associated with average p-value for a given series.
The overall p-values given for each viewer's series as shown in
Tables 1 through 4 were calculated using the Fisher Chi-square technique.
Averaging all p-values for all sessions yielded p(avg. ) = 0.3437. Using
the central-limit theorem, the probability associated with that average
value is p < 0.004. Using the Fisher Chi-square method, a p-value of <
0. 0036 was calculated for all 24 sessions, indicating good agreement
between techniques. We observed that three out of the four viewers
independently produced significant results. This outcome is an extremely
rare event. If the probability of success is p ≤ 0.05, the binomial
probability of obtaining three out of four successful results is p <
0.00048. These individual and overall results are substantially better
than achieved in the FY 1984 study. 3
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r
SRI Internationa
-.
C
Final Report -- Objective F. Task 1.
Covering the Period 1 October 1987 to 30 September 1988
December 1988
APPLICATIONS OF FUZZY SETS TO REMOTE
VIEWING ANALYSIS (U)
..
Prepared for:
SRI Project 1291
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of 5 Copies
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II TECHNICAL DISCUSSION (U)
A. (U) Retrospective Analysis
-
, We have reanalyzed all of the remote viewing experiments conducted during FY
1987 that used National Geographic magazine targets. There were a total of 292 sessions from
the tachistoscope, real-time versus precognition, and hypnosis experiments. Using an overall
p-value < 0.05 as a definition of statistical evidence of RV, only the real-time versus
precognition experiment failed to meet that criterion.
During FY 1987, the analysis of these data used a subjective rank-order
technique. For each RV response, the intended target and 6 decoys were ranked in order from
most to least correspondence. The combined average sum-of-ranks was 3.781, where the
expected average was 4.00 (z = 1.87; p ≤ 0.031). Thus, even including the real-time versus
precognition experiment, the total RV effort for FY 1987 showed statistical evidence of an
information transfer anomaly.
It is possible that a mechanism other than psychoenergetics could account for this
overall result. Suppose that analysts tended to rank the target packs in order of complexity -- the
most complex first, the least last. That is to say, a target with an abundance of elements would
have more correspondence with any response, psychoenergetically mediated or not. To examine
this hypothesis, complexity was defined as the total number of target elements such that their
membership (in the target fuzzy set) was non-zero .*. Two distributions were then constructed:
(1) The distribution of complexities for the targets ranked first by the analyst
(2) The distribution of complexities for the correct target regardless of rank.
Figure 1 shows these two distributions. The black histogram clearly demonstrates
a bias (X2 = 11.30, df = 6; p ≤ 0.08) on the part of the analysts to favor the most complex target
as the best match to a given response. This is to be expected, in that the instructions to the
analysts are to find the best match between target and response. Thus, especially for noisy data,
it is not surprising to find such a bias. On the other hand, the complexity distribution shows no
*(U) The universe of elements for the target fuzzy sets was described during FY 1987,7 but
is repeated here in the Appendix.
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such bias for the intended target (X2 = 9.29, df = 6; p ≤ 0.16). In other words, since the
intended target is chosen by a random number generator, the cross-hatched histogram is a
simple test of the randomization algorithm. To test the null hypothesis that the proportions are
the same in the two distributions, a chi-square was computed where the expected value in each
cell was the row-total times the column-total divided by the grand-total. The proportions are
significantly different for these distributions (X2 = 15.35, df = 6; p < 0.018). Thus it is unlikely
that judging bias in favor of the most complex target can account for the overall significant
evidence of RV during FY 1987.
70
First-Ranked
60
Intended Target
50
40
Sessions
30
20
10
0.
1
2
4
5
6
7
Max
Complexity
Min
... .
FIGURE 1
(U) COMPLEXITY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR FIRST-RANKED
AND INTENDED TARGETS
B.
(U) Target Pool Reduction
(U) To provide a more manageable target pool for rank-order judging, we reduced the
original National Geographic magazine target pool from 200 to 100 targets. The fuzzy set
approach, in conjunction with cluster analysis, was used to produce 20 sets of 5 orthogonal
targets. These sets were "fine tuned" by visual inspection to provide the best possible target sets.
Approximately 20 percent of the targets required changing. The set of 100 targets was
photographed and duplicated to form to identical target pools, one for analysis purposes only and
the other for target purposes only. Separating these functions into two separate pools ensured
that there could be no inadvertent handling cues (i.e., the experiment team "marking" the
intended target so the analyst could recognize it).
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(U)
(i.e., responses assigned to targets that were not the intended target for the session), we were
able to explore a number of options. If the information channel is not saturated, then it is
reasonable to assume that the more information available in the target, the more information
could be received via remote viewing. The criterion that was adopted was that the information
calculated from a set of randomly selected cross-matches could not show significant correlations
with the complexity (defined by the sigma count) of the associated targets.
Unfortunately, this method failed. A strong correlation was found between the
cross matches and target complexity. In retrospect, the problem is obvious. Even using the
modified responses, the probability of a match with a random target increases with target
complexity (i.e., the more that is said, the more likely that there is a match to a random target).
We explored a number of different variations on the above formalism. To date,
however, we have been unable to arrive at an appropriate formulation that meets the above or
other criteria for a measure of information transfer during remote viewing experiments.
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III CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (U)
It is extremely likely that there is an even more fundamental reason why the
various procedures failed as a measure of information transfer during remote viewing. The
elements from which the target and response sets are drawn are not of equal weight in
information space. For example there is considerably more information (in any sense of that
term) contained in an element such as church compared to an abstract element such as
horizontal lines. Yet in this first attempt, the u-values were all weighted equally.
(U) One direction that deserves exploration is limiting the target descriptions (by the
weighting factors for each element in the fuzzy set) to sets of targets that appear to have constant
"information" content. This might allow for a more systematic search for an appropriate
information representation.
(U) Another problem was that the most uncertainty in a response was assumed to be a
blank page. In the final days of FY 1988, Dr. L. Gatlin, a specialist in biological information
systems, suggested that we approach the problem from a different point of view. The most
uncertain situation is that in which a viewer is completely driven by his/her own response biases.
Thus, Ho should be calculated from the bias set, B, or something like it.
(U) It is very important to continue along these lines. Until a meaningful encoding of the
information transferred during remote viewing experiment is found, there is little hope of success
for quantitative modeling. We recommend that a consultant be found who is a specialist in
applying information theory to natural scenes and natural language."
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SRI International
Final Report
Covering the Period October 1983 to October 1984
May 1985
BACTERIAL MUTATION STUDY (U)
:
SRI Project 7408-10
Copy 1 8 12
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (U)
-
:
The experiment presented in this document was a conceptual replication of
reported work in the parapsychological literature, claiming positive statistical evidence for
psychoenergetic interactions with biological systems. Both the energetic and informational
aspects of human interaction with bacteriological systems were examined, with the ultimate
objective of determining, to first order, whether biological systems can be employed as
psychoenergetic "intrusion detectors."
(U) There were two principal experimental hypotheses under consideration. The first,
which will be referred to as the Intuitive Data Sorting (IDS) hypothesis, posits that individuals
are able to identify or "sort out" locally-deviant subsequences contained within a larger
random sequence using psychoenergetic means. In our experiment, an IDS hypothesis
predicted that individuals would be able to identify psychically -- from a set of test tubes with a
normal statistical spread of mutation rate -- subsets of test tubes either with slightly higher or
slightly lower average mutation rates than the overall mutation rate for the entire set. Because
an IDS mechanism appears to be predicated on an individual's ability to gain information
about a system psychoenergetically, it is thought to involve informational processes primarily.
(U) The second experimental hypothesis, which will be referred to as the Remote
Action (RA) or IDS Unfavorable (IDSU) hypothesis, postulates that certain individuals are
able to effect either a predetermined increase or decrease in a given samples's mutation rate,
by somehow "mentally" causing physical (e.g., genetic) changes in the bacteria. Because an
RA mechanism appears to be predicated on an individual's ability to effect physical changes in
a system psychoenergetically, it is thought to involve causal or energetic processes primarily.
A total of seven subjects contributed six sessions each: three sessions were
designed to test the IDS hypothesis, and three were designed to test the RA hypothesis. In all
sessions, the subject was confronted with nine test tubes, which were visible inside a locked,
environmentally-stable ice chest. The tubes contained dilute solutions of the bacterium
Salmonella typhimurium. The bacteriological preparations were carried out by SRI's Microbial
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Genetics Department, which routinely uses the Ames Salmonella assay that was adapted for
use in this study.
1
(U) In the IDS sessions, the subjects were able to choose three test tubes in which they
wished to promote the mutation rates psychoenergetically (high aim), three tubes in which
they wished to inhibit mutation rates (low aim), and three that they wished to leave
"uninfluenced" as controls (no aim). In all of the RA sessions, Tubes 1, 2, and 3 were
predetermined as the low-aim tubes (the subject would attempt to inhibit mutation rates);
Tubes 4, 5, and 6 were the no aim controls; and Tubes 7, 8, and 9 were the high-aim tubes
(the subject would attempt to promote mutation rates). The basic premise in comparing the
IDS and RA conditions is that the subjects were given the opportunity to select high-versus-
low mutation rates from a natural spread of nine in the IDS sessions. Given the
predetermined tubes of the RA sessions, however, the subjects were required to cause
physical changes in the bacteria, in order to achieve the desired high-versus-low mutation
rates.
(U) The overall result of the experiment showed weak statistical evidence that
individuals are able to sort bacteriological samples according to mutation rate -- that is, a p ≤
0.05 was obtained overall in the IDS sessions for the mutation rates of the low-aim test tubes
being lower than the no-aim controls. Statistical significance was not achieved in any of the
other IDS conditions (i.e., for no-aim mutation rates being less than high aim or for low aim
being less than high aim). There were no significant differences for various aims observed in
the RA condition. It must be concluded, therefore, that while there was some evidence that
subjects are able to gain information psychoenergetically about the mutation rates of
Salmonella, there was no compelling evidence that subjects are able to cause physical
perturbations in these bacteria.
According to criteria set forth in the beginning of this study, a physical system
will not be considered a candidate intrusion detector unless there is clear evidence that it is
registering energetic effects (i.e., physical perturbations) concomitantly with psychoenergetic
intent. To first order, therefore, it must be concluded on the basis of this one experiment
that the Salmonella bacterium does not appear to be a promising intrusion detector.
Because this is the only known experiment of its kind using Salmonella bacteria
as the target biological system, replication is strongly recommended -- both to verify the
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robustness of the IDS capability, and to evaluate definitively the efficacy of using Salmonella
as an intrusion detector.
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I OBJECTIVE (U)
The objective of this subtask was to determine the veracity of the claims in the
parapsychological literature regarding psychoenergetic interactions with biological systems. A
conceptual replication of the most promising of these earlier claims was undertaken, as a
means to examine whether biological systems register physical effects concomitantly with
psychoenergetic "intent" by an observer. This initial experimental effort was an attempt to
determine, to first order, whether biological systems can eventually be employed as
psychoenergetic "intrusion detectors."
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II INTRODUCTION (U)
One of the ultimate applications goals of psychoenergetic phenomena is the
determination of whether psychoenergetic intrusion can be detected, and whether counter-
measures exist against such intrusion. From a phenomenological perspective, the term
psychoenergetic intrusion can entail what appears to be either energetic or informational
processes, or both, as indicated by the following set of operative definitions:
. The direct perturbation of physical systems that appear to be well shielded
against, or otherwise inaccessible to, human influence (energetic).
· The psychoenergetic acquisition of information thought to be secure against
access (informational).
· The perturbation of a physical system that occurs indirectly as a result of an
individual's attempts to acquire information through psychoenergetic means
(energetic and informational).
Only those intrusions that entail causal interactions with physical systems are likely to be
detected. A physical system will not be considered a candidate intrusion detector, therefore,
unless it registers energetic effects directly (as a result of intentional perturbation), or
indirectly (as a result of concomitant acquisition of information).
In the parapsychological literature, the energetic manifestations of psycho-
energetic intrusion are variously referred to as remote action (RA), remote perturbation (RP),
psychokinesis (PK), telekinesis (TK), and so forth; informational processes are most often
referred to as remote viewing (RV), clairvoyance, precognition, and the like. The term
countermeasures may be defined as the shielding or jamming of psychoenergetic intrusion by
either physical or mental processes.
Before the higher-order problem of countermeasures can be addressed,
experimental verification of the existence of psychoenergetic intrusion must first be obtained.
Detection of the putative energetic aspects of psychoenergetic intrusion can be accomplished
most directly by designing experiments in which an individual's primary task is to actively
attempt to cause perturbations in various types of physical systems. Numerous RA
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experiments of this type, using a wide variety of physical systems, have been cited in the
parapsychological literature.
(U) One category of candidate target physical systems is biological systems; the
precedent for using these in RA experiments has been well established. Of particular interest
(because of its similarity to the experiment detailed in this document) is Carroll B. Nash's
experiment involving the psychokinetic control of bacterial mutation .* The published abstract
of the Nash experiment is provided here:
Three experimenters each tested 20 subjects not known to be psychically
gifted. Because of procedural errors, results were obtained for only 52
subjects. Each subject was tested in a single run with a separate set of
nine tubes of a mixed culture of lac-negative and lac-positive strains of
Escherichia coli. Mutation of lac-negative to lac-positive was mentally
promoted in three of the tubes, mentally inhibited in three, and three of
the tubes served as controls. The mutant ratio of lac-positive to total
bacteria was greater in the promoted than in the inhibited tubes, with
two-tailed p < 0.005; less in the inhibited tubes than in the controls, with
two-tailed p < 0.02; and greater in the promoted tubes than in the
controls, although not significantly so. The results are interpreted to
suggest that the rate of bacterial mutation was psychokinetically affected.
The experiment described in this report also undertook to investigate
psychokinetic influence on bacterial mutagenicity, but it differs significantly from the Nash
experiment in certain of its experimental protocols and underlying theoretical assumptions.
The overall objective was also different than that of the Nash experiment in that the SRI
study is concerned with providing a "first order" examination of the existence of psycho-
energetic intrusion detection with biological systems,
*(U) Nash, C. B., "Psychokinetic Control of Bacterial Growth," Journal of the Society for
Psychical Research, Vol. 51, pp. 217-226 (1982).
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(U)
with medium containing histidine), and selective minimal glucose plates
(i.e., plates with medium lacking histidine) to allow for the growth and
appearance of bacterial colonies.
2. (U) Procedural Terms
1
The following are the most common procedural terms:
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Subject -- One of seven volunteers who undertook to psychoenergetically
influence the mutagenicity of the bacterial samples.
· Monitor -- The individual recording the events that transpired during an
experimental session, and supervised the subject's activities.
· Technician -- The microbiologist who was responsible for all aspects of the
pre- and post-session preparation of the biological samples.
· Session --- A single sitting in which the subject attempted to (1) increase the
mutation rate of bacteria placed in three test tubes, (2) decrease the
mutation rate of those placed in three different test tubes, and (3) leave yet
a different group of three uninfluenced as "controls." Each of the seven
subjects contributed six such sessions.
.
Trial -- An attempt by a subject to psychoenergetically influence (or not
influence, as in the case of control test tubes) the bacterial culture in a
single test tube. There were nine such trials in each experimental session.
1
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. Controls -- Two types of controls were employed in this experiment:
intrasession and extrasession. Intrasession control test tubes consisted of
three bacterial test tubes, which the subject was instructed not to attempt to
actively influence, from among the set of nine session test tubes. Extra-
session controls consisted of two tubes per session that were prepared by the
technician in exactly the same manner as the session test tubes, but were
not used as part of the experimental session set of nine tubes. The
extrasession controls remained at all times in the Microbial Genetics
Laboratory, and provided the requisite data for establishing an independent
measure of mutation rate.
.
Feedback -- A drawing presented to the subject that indicated his/her
performance on a given session. Feedback for a given session was typically
administered prior to the start of the subject's next session.
B. (U) Biological Background
In this section, we will give a general overview of the Ames Salmonella assay
that is used routinely by SRI's Microbial Genetics Department, and that was adapted for use
in this experiment to study psychoenergetic effects on mutation frequency.
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(U) The heritable material of living organisms is contained in the DNA (RNA in some
viruses), a large molecule so constructed that it can replicate itself in a most exact fashion one
cell generation after another. This is the basis of biological continuity and unity. It is also,
however, the basis for biological diversity, which occurs through mutations. Each mutation
alters the action of a specific gene, which is a genetic entity with its own specific end product,
or protein. Genes are very stable structures, but each has its own spontaneous mutation
frequency. The probability that a spontaneous mutant cell will be obtained every time a cell
divides is constant, provided the environmental conditions are unchanged. Changes in the
environment are known to influence the mutation frequency. Such changes include the
presence or absence of certain trace elements (e.g., selenium), plus the presence of physical
or chemical agents (mutagens).
1/
Bacteria provide a convenient way to study mutations because millions of cells
can be grown in a very short period of time. Over the past few years, several bacterial assays
have been developed to screen chemicals for their ability to induce mutation. Because there
is a close correlation between mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, such mutagenicity assays are
very often used together with the in vitro tests that employ single microbial and/or mammalian
cells, as well as in vivo tests that employ multicell organisms from insects (fruit fly) to
mammals (rodents). One of the best known bacterial mutagenesis assays is the Salmonella/
mammalian microsome histidine reverse mutation assay developed by Dr. Bruce Ames at the
University of California in Berkeley. The Microbial Genetics Department at SRI International
is using this assay system on a daily basis for Government agencies and commercial clients to
determine the mutagenic potential of chemicals; they have performed such testing over a
period of more than 10 years.
(U) The Salmonella assay employs several tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium,
each with a unique specificity for detecting chemical mutagens. The Salmonella strains, under
optimum conditions, have a generation time of less than 30 minutes. The bacterial strains are
unable to grow in the absence of the essential amino acid histidine because of a mutation in
one of the genes that is needed for histidine synthesis. When these bacteria are plated on
defined selective medium having little or no histidine, little or no growth occurs except those
few bacteria that spontaneously mutate back to histidine independence (ability to grow in the
absence of histidine). In this case, a nonfunctional gene product is reverted back to a
functional one. This event allows the mutant cells to grow and divide. Because a mutation is
stably inherited, all progeny of the mutated cells retain the ability to grow in the absence of
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histidine. Distinct individual colonies will appear on the solid selective growth medium, with
each colony containing billions of progeny of the spontaneously mutated cells. Exposure of
the bacteria to a chemical mutagen will result in an increased number of colonies appearing
on the solid selective growth medium, due to an increase in mutation induction.
(U) In the Ames Salmonella assay, a small amount of histidine is added to the growth
medium to allow for a few cell divisions of all the plated histidine requiring mutants (~10*).
Such growth is often necessary for chemical mutagenesis to occur. The results of the
Salmonella assay are usually expressed in terms of the number of revertant colonies per
amount of chemical added to the selective growth medium, which is usually delivered to the
plate in 25-ml volumes. Because of the presence of limited histidine in the selective medium,
the results of the Ames Salmonella are considered "semiquantitative," since residual growth
on all plates (control as well as chemical treated) does not allow for quantitative survival
determination. A quantitative mutation frequency, however, can be determined. It is more
labor intensive than the standard Ames assay, because survival determination requires diluting
of the cell cultures, and a different growth medium is needed for determining (1) the mutant
fraction and survivors for each of the controls, and (2) the different exposure concentrations
of the test chemical. The mutation frequency is defined in terms of number of mutants per
given number of surviving cells, usually per 106 cells.
Because of its simplicity and the rapid response time of about two days, the
Ames Salmonella assay can readily be adapted to study the effect of RA on the mutation
frequency. Such an adaptation was established by SRI's Microbial Genetics Department for
use in this experiment; a detailed discussion of the specific biological procedures that were
followed can be found in Section D, Protocols.
C. (U) Experimental Design
1. (U) Conceptual Replication
The experiment undertaken in this study represents a conceptual replication
of the Nash experiment described in our Introduction chapter. The replication presented here
is termed conceptual, because several of the experimental details of the Nash experiment
have been changed and improved. First, two potential mechanisms have been postulated that
could account for the acquisition of a statistically significant effect -- that is, an IDS hypothesis
has been advanced, in addition to the more established RA hypothesis. Second, Salmonella
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typhimurium rather than Escherichia coli were used as the target bacterial cultures. Because
this particular species of Salmonella is used most frequently by SRI's Microbial Genetics
Department in toxicity studies, its behavior is particularly well understood in terms of assay
conditions and experimental protocols. Finally, the Nash analysis was extended to include
multiple analyses of variance.
! As in the Nash experiment, nine test tubes filled with dilute bacterial
culture were used per session. Mutation from histidine dependence to histidine independence
was mentally promoted by the subject in three of the tubes, mentally inhibited in three, and
the remaining three tubes served as controls. For the purposes of obtaining baseline data, two
additional control test tubes (for a total of eleven altogether per session) were prepared in the
same manner as the session test tubes, but were kept in the Microbial Genetics Laboratory.
2. (U) Model Testing Criteria
a. (U) The IDS Model
(U) As mentioned previously, there were two primary models under
investigation in this experiment. A pivotal concept to the first, or IDS favorable model, is
freedom of choice: namely, that by using some type of psi-mediated informational processes,
subjects have the opportunity to select out locally-deviant subsequences from a larger random
sequence. For example, in half of the sessions, the subjects were allowed to select the three
test tubes in which they wished to promote mutation, and the three test tubes in which they
wished to inhibit mutation. A statistically significant deviation from mean chance expectation
(MCE) in this condition, therefore, could be interpreted theoretically in two ways: (1) the
subjects somehow mentally "forced" genetic changes to occur in the bacteria in accordance
with their desires to either promote or inhibit mutation rates (the RA hypothesis); or (2) given
the natural spread of mutation rates in a biological system, the subject was able to psycho-
energetically sort those test tubes containing bacteria with high mutation rates from those
tubes containing bacteria with low mutation rates (a session-by-session IDS hypothesis).
b. (U) The RA or IDSU Model
(U) The second model under investigation has been termed the Remote
Action (RA) or Intuitive Data Sorting Unfavorable (IDSU) model. In this condition, the
conduits by which either the subject or experimenter are able to select test tubes are rendered
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the seven had been participants in previous psychoenergetic experiments -- i.e., all four had
demonstrated some ability in remote viewing. One of these four subjects also scored
significantly in an earlier SRI random number generator PK experiment, and another had
demonstrated some ability previously in Computer-Assisted Search (CAS) tasks. All of the
participants were SRI employees: one was a statistician, two were secretaries, and the
remainder were research professionals in either physics or computer science.
b. (U) Experiment Site Locations
À
For reasons stated in Section C.2.a, it was determined that the
biological technician should be kept entirely blind as to all facets of the experiment, and that,
in order to facilitate this situation, the psychoenergetic testing should occur in a location that
was different from the one used for the biological preparations. The Microbial Genetics
Laboratory, therefore, was used for all aspects of preparation of the biological cultures, and a
room in another building at SRI was used for the psychoenergetic sessions.
c. (U) Hardware Construction
Once it had been determined that two separate facilities were
necessary for conducting the experiment, a container had to be constructed that was suitable
for transporting the biological samples from the Microbial Genetics Laboratory to the
psychoenergetics facility. There were three primary factors that dictated the design of the
container: (1) the biological samples had to be protected from extreme variations in
temperature; (2) the samples had to be protected from sunlight; and (3) the container had to
be lockable.
1
To control against extreme variations in temperature, which can greatly
affect the mutagenicity of Salmonella, a Coleman® ice chest was chosen as the transport
container. Triple-paned insulated glass windows were specially installed in the top and front
side of the ice chest to allow an unobstructed view of the experiment test tubes. Because
sunlight also affects the mutagenicity of the bacteria, a tarpaulin was used to completely cover
the cooler during transport between the biological laboratory and the psychoenergetics facility.
A lock was installed; the key was retained exclusively by the biological technician, to preclude
the possibility of tampering with the biological samples once they had been removed from the
Microbial Genetics Laboratory.
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2. (U) Presession Protocols
(U) A series of activities took place prior to the start of every experimental session.
First, the experiment monitor identified the session type from the fixed session sequence,
"aababb," (cf. Section C.2.b), to determine whether the session would be an IDS favorable or
an IDS unfavorable (RA or IDSU) condition.
Second, the technician in the Microbial Genetics Laboratory prepared the
bacterial cultures for the session (see Appendix). Eleven numerically-labelled, sterile,
16-X-150-mm test tubes were aseptically filled with 2.5 ml of glucose minimal broth. Fifty
ul of a 37℃ overnight culture of strain TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium was then added to
each tube .* In a standardized manner, the first nine tubes were arranged in a test-tube rack,
which was placed in the specially designed ice chest, and then locked. The remaining two
control cultures were shielded from visible light by a covering of aluminum foil, and were
maintained at room temperature in the Microbial Genetics Department laboratory.
(U) The ice chest, with its enclosed cultures, was placed on a cart and covered with
a tarpaulin to ensure that the mutation rate of the cultures was not affected by sunlight during
transportation from the laboratory to the experimental facility.
(U) Third, the experiment monitor transported the covered ice chest on the cart
from the biological laboratory to another facility at SRI, where the psychoenergetic portion of
the experiment was performed. Prior to the arrival of the subject, the monitor wheeled the
ice chest into a room equipped with a table and two chairs. The ice chest was then
uncovered and positioned in such a way that a seated subject could readily view the nine
numbered test tubes through the glass.
3. (U) Session Protocols
(U) For other than the first session for each subject, a session usually commenced
with feedback to the subject of the previous session's results (to be discussed in "Postsession
*(U) It should be noted that there was no visible evidence of "cloudiness" caused by the
bacterial culture in any of the prepared test tube solutions. The appearance of the liquid
was uniformly that of clear tap water. Thus, there were no visual cues available to the
subject, as to which test tubes might contain greater amounts of the bacterial culture.
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the appropriate test-tube-selection numbers. The order of selection and an estimate of the
duration of effort per each test tube were noted in the "Comments" section. Upon debriefing
the subject at the end of a session, the monitor also recorded any comments the subject
wished to make regarding possible strategies employed in the performance of the task, and
any personal statements the subjects wished to volunteer pertaining to their state-of-mind,
health, and so forth.
4. (U) Postsession Protocols
1
At the conclusion of the session, and after the departure of the subject
from the psychoenergetics facility, the monitor once again covered the ice chest, then
transported it on the cart back to the Microbial Genetics Laboratory.
(U) The microbiologist removed the nine bacterial cultures from the ice chest and
placed them, together with the additional two extrasession control cultures, in an incubator
(G24 Environmental Incubator Shaker, New Brunswick Scientific Company, Inc., Edison,
New Jersey). The bacterial cultures were shielded from visible light by aluminum foil, and
grown with gentle shaking (100 rpm) for about 24 hours.
(U) Following the incubation period, testing of the eleven bacterial cultures to
determine the extent of mutation induction was initiated. The testing was divided into two
parts:
Quantitation of number of cells plated, which measures the number of
plated cells that are able to form colonies (CFU) on medium containing
histidine (yeast complete medium).
. Quantitation of mutant cells, which measures the number of cells that are
able to grow in the absence of histidine.
(U) The quantitation of CFU was accomplished according to a standardized set of
laboratory procedures. First, each of the eleven bacterial cultures (i.e., the cultures contained
in the nine-session test tubes plus the two controls) was serially diluted by combining 0.20 ml
of the culture with 1.80 ml of sterile saline until an overall million-fold dilution was obtained
(10-6). Complete medium plates were then divided into three sections with a marking pen,
and a 10-ul aliquot of the 10-4, 10-5, and 10-6 dilutions were then delivered in triplicate to
the appropriate sections on the plate. The 10-ul spots were allowed to dry on the surface of
the solid medium in the plates. The plates were then incubated at 37℃ for up to 24 hours
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There was no compelling evidence, however, that subjects are able to interact causally with
this particular biological system.
(U) Tables 2 through 8 display the data contained in Table 1 in a subject-by-subject
format. One subject (310) produced strong effects in the IDS condition: his low-aim
condition was significantly lower than his high-aim condition (p ≤ 0.003), and his low-aim
condition was also significantly lower than the no-aim condition (p ≤ 0.018).
.
(U) In addition to the various t-tests, a multiway analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
conducted as a second form of analysis (post hoc). Aim (low, no, and high) and condition
(IDS and RA) were used as the two "main effects" for the analysis. When the ANOVA
examines one "main effect," it sums all the data in the other "main effects." For example,
to examine the IDS and RA condition, the ANOVA sums across all aims. Likewise, to
examine an aim effect, the ANOVA sums across the IDS and RA conditions. No significance
was anticipated in these two dimensions, and none was observed. Significance was observed,
however, in the interaction term between the IDS and the RA condition (p ≤ 0.05), which
may indicate that there is some difference between the IDS and RA conditions when
examined as a function of aim. This does not imply that IDS or RA is "more significant." It
should be noted that the interpretation of the ANOVA interaction term has been traditionally
difficult, and Rosenthal has suggested that ANOVA with more than one "main effect" should
not be used in the social/psychological sciences. * The analysis has been included here merely
for the sake of completeness.
1
! In summary, this experiment has produced a relatively weak, but statistically
significant effect, which most readily supports the conclusion that subjects are able to acquire
information, psychoenergetically, about the mutation rates of Salmonella, but are unable to
cause physical perturbations in these bacteria. To reiterate the criteria set forth in the
Introduction, a physical system will not be considered a candidate intrusion detector unless it
registers energetic effects directly (as a result of intentional perturbation), or indirectly (as a
result of concomitant acquisition of information). To first order, therefore, it must be
concluded on the basis of this one experiment, that the Salmonella bacterium does not appear
to be a promising intrusion detector.
*
(U) R. Rosenthal and R. Rosnow, Essentials of Behavioral Research, p. 254 (McGraw Hill
Book Co., New York, 1984).
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Table 2
(U) NORMALIZED MUTATION RATES X 10 -6
(Subject 164)
Aim
Condition
Low
No
High
Remote Action (RA)
3.00
2.76
3.54
Remote Action (RA)
3.69
2.90
2.59
Remote Action (RA)
3.06
3.09
3.09
Mean
3.25
2.92
3.07
t (Low < No) = - 1.430
n.s.
Statistics*
t (No < High) = 0.484 n.s.
t (Low < High) = - 0.475
n.s.
Aim
Condition
Low
No
High
Intuitive Data Sorting (IDS)
2.99
2.89
3.26
Intuitive Data Sorting (IDS)
2.79
3.54
2.93
Intuitive Data Sorting (IDS)
3.57
2.68
2.83
Mean
3.11
3.04
3.01
t (Low < No) = - 0.310
n.s.
Statistics*
t (No < High) = - 0.112
n.s.
t (Low < High) = - 0.475
n.s.
* Degrees of freedom = 16.
UNCLASSIFIED
1
Given the weak statistical nature of the effect and the potential
importance of intrusion detection, replication is recommended for a variety of compelling
reasons. First, there are a number of proposed methodological changes to this experiment (as
discussed in Chapter V) that would in all likelihood enhance the robustness of the effect.
From this perspective, the experiment might legitimately be considered a pilot study. Second,
this is the first experiment of its kind that has used Salmonella as the target biological system;
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Table 3
(U) NORMALIZED MUTATION RATES × 10 -6
(Subject 240)
Aim
Condition
Low
No
High
Remote Action (RA)
2.91
3.45
2.87
Remote Action (RA)
3.48
3.09
2.68
Remote Action (RA)
3.45
2.58
3.16
Mean
3.28
3.04
2.90
t (Low < No) = - 0.809
n.s.
Statistics*
t (No < High) = - 0.543
n.s.
t (Low < High) = - 1.443
n.s.
Aim
Condition
Low
No
High
Intuitive Data Sorting (IDS)
2.59
3.23
3.40
Intuitive Data Sorting (IDS)
3.40
2.87
2.98
Intuitive Data Sorting (IDS)
2.98
3.20
2.92
Mean
2.99
3.10
3.10
t (Low < No) = 0.345
n.s.
Statistics*
t (No < High) = - 0.004
n.s.
t (Low < High) = 0.317
n.s.
* Degrees of freedom = 16
UNCLASSIFIED
thus, at least one attempt at replication would be appropriate, before any definitive statements
could be made regarding the efficacy of Salmonella as an intrusion detector. Finally, the
statistically significant result in the IDS condition -- the informational ability to obtain a desired
outcome using intuition -- demonstrates the existence of a psychoenergetic ability that has
numerous
japplications; replications could be designed to further explore and
enhance this potentially useful psi talent.
C
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SRI International
Final Technical Report
Covering the Period 1 July 1986 to 15 November 1986
December 1986
ENHANCED HUMAN PERFORMANCE
INVESTIGATION (U)
7
1.
SRI Project 1291
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Copy 1 of 15 Copies.
This document consists of 78 pages.
SRI/GF-0294
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I INTRODUCTION (U)
A. (U) Overview
In accordance with the requirements set forth under the program, "Enhanced
Human Performance Investigations"
this document
provides a progress update for work performed by SRI International and its subcontractors
during Fiscal Year 1986. The aim of the five-year program (FY 1986-1990) is to provide
research and development in the area of psychoenergetics as a means to enhance human
performance
B.
(U) Definitions
(U)
Psychoenergetic phenomena are defined here as direct interactions between human
consciousness and the environment, which, although the mechanism is unexplained, can be
observed and recorded. These human capabilities fall into two main categories: (1) the
acquisition of information, and (2) the production of physical effects. These can be further
defined as
·
Remote Viewing (RV)/Extrasensory Perception (ESP) -- The ability to
gain access, by mental means alone, to concealed data or remote sites.
.
Remote Action (RA)/Psychokinesis (PK) -- The ability to influence, by
mental means alone, physical or biological systems.
C.
(U) Program Scope
The program is designed to provide the necessary foundation to assess various
aspects of psychoenergetics"
The program is highly diverse
and interdisciplinary; it spans many fields and involves academic and research facilities,
subcontractors, and consultants. Furthermore, it initiates an in-depth investigation into the
life sciences aspects of psychoenergetic phenomena.
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D. (U) Program Objectives
(U) Basically, there are three program objectives: (1) to document that
psychoenergetic phenomena are real and reproducible, (2) to determine the mechanism(s)
underlying these phenomena, and (3) to bring the field of psychoenergetics into the
mainstream of human performance research, by providing a scientific foundation equivalent to
the rest of the performance research field. In the minds of some, there is no doubt that
psychoenergetic phenomena are real and reproducible. In the minds of many others, both
scientific professionals and informed lay persons, this is not the case.
The categories of research interest under consideration form a hierarchy ranging
from basic research on fundamental mechanisms to methodologies for applications, including
.
Identifying explanatory mechanisms (e.g., electromagnetic effects,
neurophysiological mechanisms).
·
Specifying phenomenological properties (e.g., the effects of distance and
shielding).
.
Determining physical, physiological, and psychological correlates (e.g.,
geophysical environment, EEG and GSR measures, and personality
profiling) .
.
Developing optimal strategies for use in applications (e.g., statistical
averaging).
.
E. (U) Program Resources
(U) To meet the above objectives, the SRI program is using both in-house and
external expertise. For over a decade, a core group of researchers at SRI has been studying
a wide variety of subjects in psychoenergetics -- augmented by access to specialty centers such
as our neurosciences and our microbial genetics laboratories. -
(U) Some of the work is being subcontracted to institutions, groups, and consultants
who have a demonstrated track record in this research area. Other subcontractors may have
had no association with this field but, because of their specific area of expertise, can make
valuable contributions to our program goals. Thus, the widest possible interdisciplinary
viewpoints are available to the program, and the mixture of resources will ensure that peer
group review and scientific interactions are maximized. Subcontractors and consultants
currently include personnel from Princeton University, Syracuse University, John F. Kennedy
University, the Palo Alto Medical Clinic, MARS Measurements Associates, the Parapsychology
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III PROBLEM AREAS (U)
As a result of the SOC comments at the commencement of the FY 1986 program,
substantial criticism was directed toward the Time Research Institute (TRI) subcontract. An
extensive review of TRI's proposed Statement of Work, facilities, techniques, and
qualifications was subsequently carried out by SRI, and three major problem areas were
revealed: (1) tenuous overall scientific justification for pursuing this area of investigation; (2)
inaccurate measurement techniques employed by TRI; and (3) questionable statistical
approaches proposed by TRI for data analysis.
As a result of this review, the decision was made to terminate TRI's subcontract.
This termination was effective 19 May 1986. At the time of the termination, approximately
$25,000 remained in this subcontract. TRI has provided an initial estimate of approximately
$9,800 in termination expenses. According to
-
however, TRI has until one year after the termination date to formalize its claims. In
addition, a determination must be made as to the disposition of the equipment purchased by
the subcontractor under the present contract and the one immediately preceding. Therefore,
a final settlement on the TRI subcontract is still pending.
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I INTRODUCTION (U)
A. (U) Overview
| In accordance with the requirements set forth under the
1
program, "Enhanced Human Performance Investigations"
, this document provides a progress update for work
performed by SRI International and its subcontractors during Fiscal Year
1987. The aim of the five-year program (FY 1986-1990) is to provide
research and development in the area of psychoenergetics as a means to
enhancing human performance
B.
(U) Definitions
(U) Psychoenergetic phenomena are defined here as direct interactions between human
consciousness and the environment, which, although the mechanism is unexplained, can be
observed and recorded. These human capabilities fall into two main categories: (1) the
acquisition of information, and (2) the production of physical effects. These can be further
defined as:
· Remote Viewing (RV)/Extrasensory Perception (ESP) - The ability to gain
access, by mental means alone, to concealed data or remote sites.
· Remote Action (RA)/Psychokinesis (PK) - The ability to influence, by mental
means alone, physical or biological systems.
C. (U) Program Scope
This program is designed to provide the necessary foundation
to assess various aspects of psychoenergetics(
The program is highly diverse and interdisciplinary; it spans many
fields and involves academic and research facilities, subcontractors, and
consultants. Furthermore, it initiates an in-depth investigation into the
life sciences aspects of psychoenergetic phenomena.
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D. (U) Program Objectives
(U) There are three basic program objectives: (1) to document that psychoenergetic
phenomena are real and reproducible; (2) to determine the mechanism(s) underlying these
phenomena; and (3) to bring the field of psychoenergetics into the mainstream of human
performance research, by providing a scientific foundation equivalent to that of the rest of the
performance research field. In the minds of some, there is no doubt that psychoenergetic
phenomena are real and reproducible. In the minds of many others, both scientific professionals
and informed lay persons, this is not the case.
The categories of research interest under consideration form a
hierarchy ranging from basic research on fundamental mechanisms to
methodologies for applications including:
· Identifying explanatory mechanisms (e.g., electromagnetic
effects, neurophysiological mechanisms) .
· Specifying phenomenological properties (e.g., the effects of
distance and shielding) .
· Determining physical, physiological, and psychological
correlates (e.g., geophysical environment, EEG and GSR
measures, and personality profiling) .
· Developing optimal strategies for use in applications (e.g.,
statistical averaging) .
E.
(U) Program Resources
(U) To meet the above objectives, the SRI program is using both in-house and external
expertise. For over a decade, a core group of researchers at SRI has been studying a wide variety
of subjects in psychoenergetics -- augmented by access to specialty centers such as our
neurosciences and our microbial genetics laboratories.
(U) Some of the work is being subcontracted to institutions, groups, and consultants who
have a demonstrated track record in this research area. Other subcontractors may have had no
association with this field but, because of their specific area of expertise, can make valuable
contributions to our program goals. Thus, the widest possible interdisciplinary viewpoints are
available to the program, and the mixture of resources will ensure that peer group review and
scientific interactions are maximized.
Subcontractors and consultants currently include
personnel from Princeton University, Syracuse University, John F. Kennedy University, the Palo
Alto Medical Clinic, MARS Measurements Associates, Psychophysical Research Laboratories,
the Parapsychology Sources of Information Center, Mind Science Foundation, and the
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4. (U) Objective A, Task 4 -- Gross Physiological Correlates to RV
1
One of the persistent problems in deploying RV .
.
Lis the lack of an a priori method for assessing the
quality of a particular RV session. The present exploratory investigation
was an attempt to discover whether external physiological cues could be
used to discriminate accurate from inaccurate sessions.
.
-
(U) In an exploratory attempt to learn more about this aspect of the RV process, 20
RV sessions, comprising the output of one subject from a separate experiment, were videotaped
and analyzed by a behavioral psychologist to discover if accurate sessions could be blindly
separated from inaccurate sessions by gross external physiological changes which occurred during
the RV session. Behaviors defined and coded included latency to first response, head
movements, hand gestures, and interactive and descriptive verbalizations. Frequency counts of
each behavior were made and correlated with a measure of the quality of the RV.
----
----
(U) Unfortunately for this analysis, the measure of RV quality showed no significant
RV function. Thus, correlation between RV quality and the behaviors rated could not be
expected to show a significant relationship. Results matched this expectation; there were no
significant correlations between the measure of RV quality and the behaviors noted. There was a
non-significant trend in the positive direction for latency to first response which is similar to the
measurement of latency from stimulus to response time measured in another pilot experiment
(see Task F-3). It should also be noted that two behaviors of particular interest, namely eye
movement and facial expression, were not analyzed in this study because facial expression was
considered too subjective without multiple observers while the quality of the video recordings did
not permit accurate observation of eye movement.
(U) In conclusion, this study does not rule out the possibility that external
physiological cues may give important clues to the quality of RV. It would be necessary to
conduct a similar study with a sample of known high-quality remote viewing.
5. (U) Objective B, Task 1 -- Resource Library
(U) The Parapsychology Sources of Information Center (PSIC, Rhea A. White,
Director) has completed two years of a multi-year effort intended to provide and maintain an
extensive data base facility for parapsychological literature, described in a separate report. The
overall goal is to have the data base, called PsiLine, include bibliographic information and
abstracts of the entire literature of parapsychology and related disciplines. During the first year
of a multi-year effort, PSIC purchased the necessary hardware and software, and then
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13. (U) Objective F, Task 1 -- Fundamental Parameters of RV
, Two different precognition experiments were conducted
during FY 1987. The first of these involved a well-calibrated viewer
(Viewer 372) and used natural Bay Area sites as targets. Ten real-time
and ten precognitive trials (counterbalanced) yielded no statistical
evidence for remote viewing. In the second experiment, 4 viewers
contributed approximately 30 trials each in a similar counterbalanced
real-time versus precognition protocol. In this experiment, however, the
target material was photographs from a national magazine. No statistical
evidence for remote viewing was observed in this experiment. In a third
experiment designed to explore the role of feedback upon remote viewing
quality, two of four viewers produced independently highly significant
evidence for remote viewing. There was no correlation between the quality
of RV and the intensity of the feedback for either of the significant
viewers. These data do not generally support the precognition model. To
confirm this, we must examine the validity of the assumption that the
actual feedback is related to the consciously perceived feedback. In
other words, we question what constituted "enough" feedback to saturate
the RV signal.
14. (U) Objective F, Task 2 -- Video Disk Training Technology
(U) The FY 1987 effort was aimed at developing a technology for enhancing the
acquisition of remote viewing skills. One important factor in the development of a new skill is the
ability to practice the skill under conditions similar to a test situation. Until now, practice was a
time-consuming effort that required the services of a monitor and an assistant in order to ensure
a double-blind protocol. With the advent of video disk technology coupled with the random
number capability of a personal computer, it has become possible to develop the capacity to do
multiple RV sessions at a single sitting as well as work on specific target features with the ease and
timeliness of a forced choice task.
(U) Assembling the components of the system involved the purchase of a video
camera, a video disk recorder, and a MacIntosh computer. The heart of the system is the video
disk recorder, a specialized machine making possible the recording of both static and dynamic
targets from a variety of video inputs. Access to any target is on the order of one-half second.
Each 10-inch disk can store 24,000 still targets or up to 15 minutes of a motion target.
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(U)
(3) Cost effectiveness, i.e., individual subject session times should be
kept manageably brief to facilitate rapid turnover; this approach
would also tend to sustain the subject's interest in the task, thereby
maximizing the potential for success in the screening process.
(U) A preliminary survey of the extant technology for attaining these
objectives indicates that the most feasible option would include a video camera, a video disk
recorder, a video monitor, and a Macintosh computer. The video camera would be used to
photograph a variety of target materials for frame-by-frame inclusion on the video disk.
Random access to the target photographs would be computer-controlled and therefore very
rapid -- i.e., on the order of 0.5-second display time. The disk, monitor, and computer would
comprise the equipment actually deployed to the screening site. Overall, this equipment is
relatively inexpensive, portable, and durable.
c. (U) Target Selection
1-
A wide variety of target materials should be
incorporated onto the disk to exercise the full potential range of the
subject's abilities. Candidate target materials would include photographs
drawn from the following categories: (1) natural scenes, (2)
alphanumerics, (3) technical sites \
(4)
Zener cards, and (5) the Maimonides target set. A selection of dynamic
(i.e., moving video) targets has also been suggested .* A small subset of
approximately five targets would be selected from each category for
inclusion on the disk: this would tend to minimize the potential for
deviation from prescribed screening procedures; it would also enable
greater standardization for RV performance across the screened population.
d. (U) Subject Populations
(U) Judicious selection of candidate subject populations is recommended over
the less-efficient and more labor-intensive "shotgun" approach. One possible guideline, which
has been derived primarily from the observations of RV monitors, is that a certain richness of the
subject's vocabulary may be important for a comprehensive debrief of the RV signal. This would
(U)
This is not intended to be a comprehensive list of target categories: some may be
deleted or others may beadded as the mass screening protocol is developed, deployed,
and refined. The samecaveat applies to other research items mentioned in this discussion.
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tend to imply that subjects should be sought out from groups that have members with superior
verbal abilities.
(U) Other candidate populations might include groups whose members exhibit
superior skills in drawing, draftsmanship, or other visual abilities. This approach is suggested
because pictorial representation is another rich modality for debriefing the RV signal.
A third approach might center on drawing from
populations whose members excel at pattern recognition or in the ability
to discern a tenuous signal line in a noisy background.
-
1
Also subsumed under this category are groups whose members show
an aptitude for institutional decision-making -- i.e., what might be
referred to in the vernacular as "playing hunches." Such groups might
include, for example, police detectives, businessmen who make consistently
correct decisions in risky or problematical ventures, or individuals with
a special proclivity for locating oil.
(U) These are but a representative few of the kinds of populations that might
be targeted for screening initially. It is anticipated that other promising populations will emerge
empirically as the screening system is deployed on a pilot basis.
e. (U) Methodology and Deployment
(U) Research issues pertaining to screening methodology and deployment fall
into two principal categories: (1) manipulation of intra-session variables for arriving at the most
1
meaningful and efficient screening procedure, and (2) standardization of inter-session guidelines
for deploying that procedure in a variety of settings. The first area focuses primarily on the most
profitable use of the hardware, while the second area emphasizes standardization across
screening sessions.
(U) Primary research issues concerning the design of the optimal screening
package include (1) determination of feedback conditions (e.g., whether there should be a "no
feedback" target in each screening session), (2) identification of the optimal number of targets
per session and their randomization (e.g., whether targets should be presented on a gradient of
complexity, or whether they should be randomly selected), and (3) determination of the analysis
techniques to be employed (e.g., forced-choice guess by the subject versus detailed verbal and
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visual assessment by an independent analyst). Recent developments in the uses of fuzzy set
theory and cluster analysis show promise for affording "on-line" analysis of RV on National
Geographic Magazine targets.
(U) In the second major area of investigation, several preliminary guidelines
have emerged with respect to optimizing inter-session standardization. First, screening settings
must be chosen with the aim of mitigating a subject's performance anxiety: a one-on-one
private or semi-private session with a trained monitor is indicated. Second, a series of general
instructions must be devised that serve to inform the naive subject as to what the RV task entails.
These instructions must be specific enough to elicit RV performance without biasing the subject
towards any particular RV technology. Third, monitors must be thoroughly conversant with a
standard set of screening procedures, in order to minimize idiosyncratic variability in such areas
as feedback to the subject. Monitors may be required, for example, to memorize scripts that
dictate the nature of subject/monitor interactions for each target. Scripts might also serve the
function of providing the framework for the systematic elicitation of RV data along a number of
predetermined dimensions -- e.g., visual, conceptual, functional, depending on the nature of the
target material. Fourth, a standardized questionnaire must be devised to address psychological
parameters. It would include a section for standard biographical data and a section for questions
drawn from the MBTI and the Psychophysical Research Laboratory's PIF. The purpose of the
form would be to investigate, across a large population, whether psychological self-report
correlates with RV ability. If such correlations were obtained, then the questionnaire might
profitably be used as an initial pre-screening device.
(U) All of the research issues presented in this discussion will be most
profitably determined and refined from actually using the system. If possible, the optimal
approach would entail successive pilot deployments of the screening device in a variety of
settings.
20. (U) Objective F, Task 8 -- Host Physiology Conference
, On 28 July 1987, SRI International hosted a.
physiology conference. In attendance were D. Arthur, Ph.D., and E. Flynn,
Ph. D from Los Alamos National Laboratory; S. Kornguth, Ph. D. from the
Neurology Department of the University of Wisconsin; R. Murray, M.D.,
Chairman, the Department of Medicine, Michigan State University; R.
Dickhaut, Spectra Research Institute; M. Hecker, Ph.D., SRI International,
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T. Piantanida, Ph.D., SRI International, E. May, Ph.D., SRI International;
The goal of the conference was to determine the proper
direction for investigating possible correlates to psychoenergetic
functioning, and to recommend specific experiments to search for
correlates. The primary emphasis was on neurophysiology. Attendee
comments are available upon request.
After an overview of the Enhanced Human Performance
Investigation project by May, the discussions centered upon metabolic
measurements (PET) and possible physiological indicators of
psychoenergetic functioning with visual evoked response.
7
Other topics that were discussed were other possible
physiological areas of investigation, including technical voice analysis.
It was generally decided, however, that except for PET, and certain
button-pressing experiments, physiological correlates to the subtle forms
of psychoenergetic functioning would be difficult to find.
As a direct result of the conference, the Los Alamos group
will use visual evoked response techniques with the MEG to replicate
earlier successful experiments demonstrating physiological responses to a
remote stimulus.
(U) A number of the participants responded to the conference in letter form. These
letters are contained in Appendix B.
21. (U) Objective F. Task 9 -- Neuropsychological Assessment
(U) During FY 1986 exploratory work was begun to attempt the discovery of
neuropsychological correlates of psychoenergetic function. As part of that effort, Dr. Ralph
Kiernan of the Stanford Medical School developed a battery of tests designed to test the function
of the frontal lobes which he hypothesized to be involved in psychoenergetic function. As a
follow-on to his theoretical formulation and hypothesis generation, Dr. Kiernan tested 37
subjects who had participated in previous RV and Search/Dowsing studies. His test battery was
composed mainly of scales from Guilford's measure of intelligence, and scales were combined to
give a score for productive ideation, a component directly related to positive frontal function.
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placed it on a small empty table, and then rang a bell into the telephone, signaling to the viewer
to perceive the target. The viewer than declared "yes," "no," or "?" and gave his response; he
then received immediate feedback from the experimenter. For every trial, the experimenter
made a written record of the possible targets, actual target, declared condition, and viewer
response, as well as date and time of the trial.
(U) The hypothesis being tested was whether Viewer 002 is able to recognize
"contact" with the target.
If this hypothesis is true, we would expect above-chance,
below-chance, and chance results in the "yes," "no," and "?" conditions, respectively. The
reason that we would expect below-chance results in the "no" condition is that psychoenergetic
functioning is required by the viewer if he "knows" that he is not in contact with the target. In
other words, the viewer is willing to declare that he is likely to be wrong.
The trials took place at approximately the same time every
day between January 5 and February 20, 1987, with a varying number of
trials per day. Of 147 trials in the "yes" condition, 88 were hits, where
74 would be expected by chance. Of 59 trials in the "no" condition, 23
were hits, where 30 would be expected by chance. Of the 121 trials in the
"?" condition, 66 were hits, where 61 would be expected by chance. The
p-values for these three conditions are 0.01, 0.05, and 0.23,
respectively. From p-values alone, it appears that the hypothesis is
supported. The trend in the psychological sciences is to use some measure
of "effect size" in conjunction with p-values. The reason is that
p-values are sample-size dependent and, therefore, may mask important
results. The "effect size" for the three conditions is 0.20, 0.21, and
0.09, respectively.
This result indicates that the equivalent amount of
psychoenergetic functioning was used by Viewer 002 to determine his degree
of contact with the target. We are encouraged by this result because it
represents a modest success toward the goal of recognizing the source of
"noise" in forced-choice experiments.
(U) During the second half of FY 1987, we conducted another series of trials of the
forced-choice format, using the same protocol as described above but with slightly different
conditions and testing a slightly different hypothesis. These trials took place from 23 February
through 21 September 1987, a total of 82 sessions (one session per day at approximately the
same time every day), with a varying number of trials per session. Before each session the viewer
declared how he felt, and he assessed how successfully he would contact the targets in the coming
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In FY 1987, an experiment was conducted which successfully
replicated this finding. Of eight participants (six experienced and two
novices), one scored significantly in the space condition, and none in the
time condition. However, the two subjects who scored the best in the
space condition had previously been successful in that condition, and the
subject who scored best in the time condition had previously been
successful in that condition.
This suggests that participants are likely
to consistently do well in one condition or the other, but not both.
Since this is the third successful laboratory replication
of this experiment, it suggests that this technique for finding a hidden
target may be robust enough to use ini
applications for which such
information is needed, such as locating a kidnap victim
The
best subject in the FY 1987 experiment showed a reduction in the area that
would need to be searched in 72% of the trials in the space condition,
with an average reduction in area of 33%. Previous experiments showed
even greater reductions.
In real-world applications, this could represent
a substantial savings in resources.
(U) A second search experiment was conducted in FY 1987 to see if self-proclaimed
dowsers could find a lost ship by searching a grid overlaid on a map. The object of the search
was a sunken Spanish galleon called The Atocha, which was actually found in 1985. The
experiment was preceded by a real-world search in which one of the participants successfully
located another sunken ship by choosing the correct locations on an unmarked grid.
Accompanied by SRI personnel, the participant was in a vessel anchored over the site of the
wreck at the time of the experiment. The Atocha experiment was carried out with two sets of 25
trials for each of five participants, but failed to produce a single significant result.
25. (U) Objective H, Task 1 -- RA Effects on Single Alpha Particles
(U) Due to unforeseen circumstances, the alpha particle experiment never reached a
point where it was stable enough to collect data from human participants. After careful
consideration of the cost to continue and the results of the other RA experiments for FY 1987, it
was decided to stop work on this task. What follows is an engineering summary of the state of
the system at close-out.
(U) During FY 1987, SRI developed a novel, position-sensitive system to detect
alpha particles. In order to reduce the cost and complexity of the system, we elected to employ
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32. (U) FY 1986 Objective E, Task 1 -- PMT Final
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We conducted a replication of work published in FY 1984 in
which we experimentally examined the possibility that light is emitted in
the vicinity of correctly identified remote viewing target material.
In
that earlier experiment, a state-of-the-art, ambient temperature,
photon-counting system was used to monitor the target material (35-mm
slides of National Geographic photographs) . The statistical measure derived
from the photon counting apparatus in that study showed a significant
positive correlation with the RV results (p ≤ 0.035). That is, when the
remote viewing was good, there was an increase in the signal detected by
the photon-counting system. In addition, we observed two anomalous pulses
having a signal-to-noise ratio of about 20 or 40:1. In the present
experiment (FY 1987), we improved all hardware aspects of the previous
work, substantially reducing the background noise level and improving
shielding against artifact. In addition, analysis of the remote viewing
indicates that three out of the four viewers produced independently
significant results.
Our analysis of the PMT data shows no evidence of any
anomalous high-count-rate pulses, no evidence of any effect on the PMT
output during the RV session, and no evidence of any significant
correlation between RV performance and PMT output. We conclude that (1)
the effect proposed by the Chinese is artifactual in nature, and (2)
suggest that the significant correlation observed in our 1984 study is
either a statistical anomaly or the result of Intuitive Data Sorting on
the part of the experimenters.
33. (U) Objective J, Task 1 -- Administrative Support
(U) There are no deliverables required for this Task.
34. (U) Objective J, Task 2 -- Publications
(U) There are no deliverables required for this Task.
35. (U) Objective J, Task 3 -- Computer Hardware/Software Maintenance
(U) SRI has negotiated a contract with Sun Microsystems that offers software
maintenance and support coverage at a greatly reduced rate to all Sun users at SRI. The overall
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SRI International
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Final Technical Report
December 1988
Covering the Period 1 October 1987 to 30 September 1988
ENHANCED HUMAN PERFORMANCE
INVESTIGATION (U)
C
Prepared for:
SRI Project 1291
-Copy 5 of 5 Copies
This document consists of 10 pages
Copy 1002
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SRI
Internation:
333 Ravenswood Ave. . Menlo Park. CA 94025
415 326-6200 . TWX: 910-373-2046 . Telex 334-486
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(U) TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
I
INTRODUCTION
1
A.
Overview
1
C.
Program Scope
1
D.
Program Objectives
1
E.
Program Resources
2
II
PROGRESS TO DATE
3
A.
Status of Subcontracts
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B.
Status of Consultants
3
C.
Progress to Date for Each Objective/Task
4
III
PROBLEM AREAS
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IV
PROJECT MILESTONE CHART
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V
COST SUMMARY
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APPENDIX -- A POSTERIORI ASSESSMENTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC OVERSIGHT
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Status of Consultants for FY 1988
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Enhanced Human Performance Investigation -- FY 1988
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3.
Summary of Finances -- FY 1988
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I INTRODUCTION (U)
A.
(U) Overview
1
n accordance with the requirements set forth under the program "Enhanced
Human Performance Investigations"
, this document
provides a progress up late for work performed by SRI International during Fiscal Year (FY)
1988. The aim of the five-year program (FY 1986-1990) is to provide research and
development in the area of psychoenergetics as a means for enhancing human performance
B.
(U) Definition?
(U) Psychoenergetic phenomena are defined here as direct interactions between human
consciousness and the environment which can be observed and recorded although the
mechanism is unexplained. These human capabilities fall into two main categories: (1) the
acquisition of information, and (2) the production of physical effects. These can be further
defined as:
· Remote Viewing (RV)/Extrasensory Perception (ESP) - The ability to gain
access, by mental means alone, to concealed data or remote sites.
· Remote Action (RA)/Psychokinesis (PK) - The ability to influence, by mental
means alone, physical or biological systems.
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C.
(U) Program Scope
This program is designed to provide the necessary foundation to assess various
aspects of psychoenergetics (
.
The program is highly diverse and
interdisciplinary; it spans many fields and research facilities, personnel, and consultants.
Furthermore, it initiated an in-depth investigation into the neurophysiological aspects of
psychoenergetic phenomena.
D.
(U) Program Objectives
The program has four basic objectives: (1) to document that psychoenergetic
phenomena are real and reproducible; (2) to determine the mechanism(s) underlying these
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phenomena; (3) to develop practical applications'
and (4) to bring
the field of psychoenergetics into the mainstream of human performance research, by providing a
scientific foundation equivalent to that of the rest of the performance research field. In the
minds of some, there is no doubt that psychoenergetic phenomena are real and reproducible. In
the minds of many others, both scientific professionals and informed lay persons, this is not the
case.
E.
(U) Program Resources
(U) To meet the above objectives, the SRI program uses both in-house and external
expertise. For over a decade, a core group of researchers at SRI has been studying a wide variety
of subjects in psychoenergetics-augmented by access to centers that specialize in related topics.
(U) Some of the work is subcontracted to institutions and consultants who have a
demonstrated track record in this research area. Other subcontractors may have had no
association with this field but, because of their specific area of expertise, can make valuable
contributions to our program goals. Thus, the widest possible interdisciplinary viewpoints are
available to the program, and the mixture of resources ensures that peer group review and
scientific interactions are maximized.
Subcontractors and consultants currently include
personnel from Psychophysical Research Laboratories and Los Alamos National Laboratory
(LANL), * plus consultants having expertise in specific areas of interest to the program.
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(U) The project does not have a technical subcontract with LANL for administrative
reasons only. The sponsor has let a separate contract that is technically supervised by SRI.
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C.
(U) Progress to Date for Each Objective/Task
(U) The progress to date for each Objective and Task in the Statement of Work is
described below.
1. (U) Objective A, Task 1 -- Statistical Protocols and Research Design
(U) In June, we sent four separate protocols to the Scientific Oversight Committee
(SOC) for review. They were:
(1) An RV experiment to be conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
(2) A hypnosis experiment to be conducted at SRI.
(3) A mass screening procedure.
(4) A neurophysiological investigation using magnetoelectroencepholography
techniques.
Because we did not receive any comments back from the SOC on these protocols, we proceeded
with the various experiments as stated.
2. (U) Objective A, Task 2 -- Access to Ongoing Experiments
(U) During the year, three members of the SOC, Dr. M. Wartell, Dr. B. Skyrms,
and Dr. R. Morris, paid site visits.
3. (U) Objective A, Task 3 -- Critical Review.
(U) In order to review the year's work, SRI International hosted a two-day
conference for the SOC on November 3 and 4, 1988. Their comments and SRI's responses can
be found in the Appendix.
4. (U) Objective B, Task 1 -- Identify New and "Excellent" Remote Viewers
(U) During FY 1988, SRI screened a total of 196 individuals from SRI,
, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Society for Scientific Exploration for remote
viewing ability. The video disk technology and protocol that were developed during FY 1987
were used in this effort.
Of the 196 individuals who participated in the first-level screening, 16 were
selected for a second-stage screening that involved 8 trials under SRI's normal remote viewing
protocol. Of these, 2 produced excellent results and have subsequently been invited to join the
research effort as part-time viewers.
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5. (U) Objective C, Task 1 -- Obtain Successful Replications Of RV
(U) This task was abandoned by agreement with the sponsor in order to focus more
attention on Objective D, Task 1.
6.
(U) Objective D, Task 1 -- Determine Physiological Indicators Of RV
(U) A contract was let to Los Alamos National Laboratory in order to determine
whether there are neurophysiological indicators of remote viewing. Two protocols were designed
that represented replications of earlier work. One was a remote-conditioning design where a
viewer received a direct stimulus (light) after a remote light had flashed. The second was a
replication of earlier SRI work in which it was found that one individual exhibited significant
alpha blocking as the result of a remote stimulus (light).
Six individuals participated in experiments conducted at Los Alamos. Some
of them exhibited a response to a remote stimulus approximately 100 ms after the onset of the
stimulus. Given the shielding environment, it remains possible that the central nervous systems
of these individuals are sensitive to high-frequency electromagnetic radiation. High-frequency
radiation should be shielded in any further investigations.
All of the three individuals who participated in the SRI replication attempt
demonstrated significant changes in alpha power across the remote stimulus boundary.
7.
(U) Objective E, Tasks 1 and 2 -- Determine The Effects Of Robust Feedback On
RV Quality
(U) We have used the data from the second-level screening screening task
(Objective B, Task 1) to examine the role of robust feedback on RV performance.
The data from 85 second-level screening remote viewings were used in the
analysis.
One of the target categories, Natural, showed a significant tendency over the other
categories
Science/Industrial, and Projects) to produce better remote viewing. One
single target in the Projects category (Deep Quest-an underwater scene and submersible) also
showed a significant tendency to be "visible."
We have examined the possibility that such results could arise because of a
judging preference for more interesting targets. In one case, there was bias against one of the
less interesting targets, but judging biases are unable to account for the target preferences. As
was found in other laboratories, it appears that moving targets with complete (video and audio)
feedback provide the best RV targets, static images with no audio feedback the worst.
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8. (U) Objective E, Task 3 -- Determine The Effects Of Hypnosis On RV Quality
(U) During FY 1987, we found that significant remote viewing was observed after a
hypnotic recall of an earlier viewing against the same target. In FY 1988, remote viewing sessions
were conducted while the viewers remained in trance. The idea was to determine if factors that
lead to noise in the response could be reduced or eliminated using hypnosis.
Two viewers (one experienced and one not) participated in the experiment.
The results failed to meet statistical significance, and the qualitative assessment of the viewings
was in agreement with the statistical result. We conclude that conducting remote viewing
experiments with the viewers in trance does not decrease or eliminate the confounding noise.
9. (U) Objective E, Task 4 -- Determine The Source Of "Mental Noise" In Binary
Psychoenergetic Tasks
1
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During the FY 1986 effort we conducted a formal series of 50 binary trials
using a forced-choice protocol. One selected viewer (V002) produced a hitting rate of 64%
(p ≤ 0.033) and an effect size of r = 0.26. These data were collected after a number of
exploratory trials that were conducted earlier in that year, but this formal result was declared to
be a fiducial point (i.e., relative baseline) with which to measure any future progress.
1
During FY 1987, 327 binary trials were conducted to see if V002 could
sense if he were in psychoenergetic contact with the intended target, and 1341 trials were
conducted to if V002 could predict in advance his hitting rate. V002 was unable to accomplish
the latter task, but but he was able to sense contact with the target in the former task. The effect
sizes (i.e., a measure of psychoenergetic magnitude) that were observed for the in-contact and
not-in-contact conditions were identical (r = 0.2), while for the uncertain case chance hitting
was observed (r = 0.09).
During FY 1988, 477 binary trials were conducted with the same viewer, in
order to determine (subjectively) the source of mental noise in binary remote viewing. The
excess hitting rate involved periods of growth followed by periods of consolidation. One period
(68 trials) showed a marked decline. This was the only period during which V002 attempted a
large number of trials at one sitting. V002's hitting rate (computed in trial increments) showed a
strong, but not significant, increase. According to V002's subjective impression of his own
internal mental processes, the sources of noise include (but are not limited to) beliefs about the
target, imagination, and comparison with past experiences.
At the end of FY 1988, V002 participated in another formal series of 50
trials each. He produced a hitting rate of 76% (p ≤ 1.53 x 10-4) for an effect size of 0.51.
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Assuming that the fiducial value of 64% hitting rate was the true rate in FY 1986, then the FY
1988 result is significantly greater (p ≤ 0.038).
Given that there was a significant enhancement in hitting rate during the
formal trials, and that in FY 1988 there was a strong improvement in hitting rate during the
exploratory phase, it is possible, then, to conclude that some of the sources of noise found by
V002 might be valid. Although it is unlikely (because of the decline effect) that practice can
account for the improvement, we are unable to rule it out with the current protocol. The
challenge for future research is to develop a protocol to test specific sources of noise.
1
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10. (U) Objective F, Task 1 -- Determine Appropriate Parameters For Fuzzy Set RV
Analysis
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,All of the remote viewings conducted during FY 1987 that used National
Geographic magazine have been reanalyzed during FY 1988. The analysis of these data used a
subjective rank-order technique. For each RV response, the intended target and 6 decoys were
ranked in order from most to least correspondence. The combined average sum-of-ranks was
3.781 where the expected average was 4.00 (z = 1.87; p ≤ 0.031). Thus, even including the
real-time versus precognition experiment which failed to reach independent statistical
significance, the total RV effort for FY 1987 showed statistical evidence for remote viewing.
(U) One of the most pressing problems in remote viewing is to determine the
quantitative amount of information that is transferred. Before any basic physics model of remote
viewing can be developed, it is critical to know the amount of information. There have been a
number of attempts to quantify the information content in natural scenes in the past, but none of
them appeared to work as a description of even that target portion of the remote viewing. It is an
even more difficult problem to codify the information content in natural language (i.e, the
response).
(U) A number of attempts were made during FY 1988 to use various entropy
encodings in order to discover what is required for more precise determinations. None of the
attempts produced satisfactory results. We speculate that there may by a fundamental limit to
information encoding of an RV experiment. The limit arises in that is appears impossible to tell
whether a particular target element is sensed by RV techniques or is simply due to a natural bias
on the part of the viewer. It may be possible, however, to construct an information encoding
based on a measure of average response bias. Much more work is needed before an accurate
encoding is possible.
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Final Report .
December 1988
Covering the Period November 1983 to October 1985
Z
ENHANCED HUMAN PERFORMANCE
:
INVESTIGATIONS (U)
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I.
(U) Objective
(U) The objective of this program was to provide an overview of the current.
psychoenergetics research and, based upon this assessment, to recommend avenues of approach
for future investigations.
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II.
(U) Background
(U) Psychoenergetic research can be divided into two major areas of interest:
(1) Informational Processes
(2) Causal Processes.
Each of these areas can be subdivided further into training, screening, and fundamentals such as
various type of functional correlates (e.g., psychological, physiological, and physical).
During FY 1985, SRI International completed a retrospective
analysis of a substantial body of open and classified literature in order
to assess existence issues, research questions and potential applications
of the previously reported activity in these areas. Subsequently, part of
this analysis produced two reports that outlined an improved remote
viewing analysis technique and provided a meta-analysis of the random
number generator literature. (These two reports are included as Appendix
A and B, respectively. ) What follows are the recommendations, for a
three-phase multi-year research effort.
III. (U) Recommendation
A. (U) Phase I-Knowledge Building
(U) Phase I is considered to be a knowledge building effort. During this phase, SRI
recommends that some form of technical oversight be included in order to provide guidelines on
research protocols, to assess the credibility of the research, and to provide insight into new
directions for future research. This phase should be as wide in scope as resources allow. More
focused research should be delayed until a knowledge base is established. Table 1 shows the
specific areas that are recommended for consideration as research items for Phase I.
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Table 1
(U) PHASE I RECOMMENDED RESEARCH AREAS
Topic
Description
Informational Processes
Analysis
Training
Screening
A quantitative remote viewing (RV) analysis technique.
Novice and advanced RV training methodologies.
Techniques to identify good remote viewers.
Physical Correlates
A search for RV correlates to the physical environment.
A search for personality traits in good remote viewers.
Personality Correlates
Physiological Correlates
Medical Correlates
Feedback
Spatial Search
Temporal Search
A search for physiological correlates to RV.
Monitor medical conditions of all viewers.
Determine the role of feedback in RV experiments.
Determine if items can be located in space.
Determine if events can located in time.
Causal Processes
Micro-remote Action
Intuitive Data Sorting
Macro-remote Action
Correlates
Remote action (RA) on random number generators.
Test the Intuitive Data Sorting Model.
Test a variety of physical systems as RA targets.
As above, determine correlates to RA.
General
Information Services
Develop a user-accessible library system.
UNCLASSIFIED
(U) While some of the items shown in Table 1 can be considered beyond existence
issues and thus should be considered during Phase II, the predominant effort is toward
knowledge building.
B. (U) Phase II-Development
(U) During Phase II, research areas from the Phase I effort that yielded
incontrovertible evidence for their existence, will be expanded. With the assistance of a
technical oversight committee, hypotheses will formulated and tested.
Those areas under Phase I that showed the most promise,
will be expanded toward a potential application area. For example, if a
physiological measure could be found that correlated strongly with
excellent remote viewing, then that measure could be used to improve
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C. (U) Phase III-Applications
While continuing Phases I and II on specific items of
interest, Phase III will be devoted toward applications:
. This activity should include at least two parts:
(1) Applications research -- Formulate and test hypotheses
that are specific with regard to potential
applications.
(2) Application testing -- Under actual.
conditions, conduct psychoenergetic activity to assess
field utility.
IV.
Financial Report
During FY 1985 a total of $1,240 K was allocated to contract
for the psychoenergetic investigation and review. All
moneys were expended in accomplishing the stated objective.
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Covering the Period 1 October 1987 to 30 September 1988
FEEDBACK AND TARGET DEPENDENCIES IN
REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENTS (U)
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I INTRODUCTION (U)
(U) One of the intriguing questions about remote viewing (RV) and similar kinds of
experiments is the extent to which feedback influences the results. For example, in FY 1987 SRI
International conducted an experiment which showed that subject performance did not seem to
be dependent on the intensity of the feedback provided.' The feedback intensities in that
experiment, however, were all minimal and did not allow for detailed study of the target.
(U) In FY 1988 we created a new target pool. This pool is contained on video disks and
consists of short movie segments, natural scenes, and other composite target material. Some of
the targets have no sound; some contain music only but no words; and some have complete
conversations. Thus, various targets differ in both visual and audio complexity.
(U) In all of the experiments for which this target pool has been used, the subjects have
been given feedback by viewing the video disk segment selected as the target. For all of the
experiments covered in this report, feedback was vivid in the sense that the subjects could view
the target segment as many times as desired.
(U) The purpose of the task covered by this report was to see if the quality of these
remote viewings (as measured by rank-order judging) differed based on an amalgam of target
type and feedback complexity. Because the target pool was not constructed specifically with this
task in mind, we were unable to differentiate between the effects of target type and feedback
complexity.t
We examined the ranks assigned by judges when each video disk segment was the
intended target, compared with the ranks assigned when that segment was not the intended
target. We found that the targets in the "natural" category, which were more homogeneous than
the other targets, tended to result in better remote viewings. Further, of the individual targets,
one resulted in a significant sum of ranks.
That particular target did not receive higher than
· (U) May, E. C. and Lantz, N. D., "Feedback and Precognition Dependent Remote Viewing
Experiments (U)," Final Report, Objective F, Tasks la and 1b, Project 1291, SRI
International, Menlo Park, California (December 1987)
t (U) This report constitutes the deliverable for Objective E, Tasks 1 and 2. Due to project
priorities, separate experiments were not performed for these Objectives.
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chance ranks when it was not the intended target, so the result is not due to bias on the part of
the judge.
The series of remote viewings was not significant overall, but the significant
findings in the previous paragraph allow us to make some tentative conclusions (Section IV). In
addition, many of the subjects in this experiment were novices who were being tested to see
whether or not they had any special abilities. Therefore, the trends observed in this report may
be enhanced when working with subjects who are able to produce higher quality remote viewings
overall.
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III RESULTS (U)
(U) The remote viewing trials were scored by assigning ranks to the actual target and the
three other possible targets within the same category. For example, if the intended target was the
Greek temple, then the response would be compared with the four targets in the natural category
and a rank would be assigned to each one. For the analysis in this report, the Greek temple
would be designated as the intended target, and the other three natural targets would be
designated as unintended targets.
1
| Table 1 shows the distribution of ranks that were assigned to the intended target
by an RV analyst. For example, the aircraft-carrier-takeoff target in the military category was
randomly chosen as the intended target 5 times. It was ranked first 2 times, and it was ranked
second, third and fourth once each. Table 2 shows similar data, but for the unintended targets.
Suppose that the Greek Temple is the intended target; then for that trial, the ostriches, skiing,
and waterfall targets are unintended. Thus, for each trial in the series there is one entry in Table
1, and there are three entries in Table 2. There are a total of 85 remote viewings represented.
The most interesting result is that the sum of ranks for the trials in the natural
category is independently significant. Out of 16 trials, the sum of ranks is 32, p = 0.046. For the
other three categories, the rank sums are nonsignificant. For the projects,
military, and
science/industrial categories the (sum of ranks, number of trials, p-value) are (70, 28, 0.53),
(46, 19, 0.42), and (56, 22, 0.43), respectively. Thus, it appears that the targets that were the
most homogeneous and were set to music with few or no words were the easiest to remote view
and/or to match correctly in judging.
1
The only individual target for which the sum of ranks was significant is Project
Deep Quest (8 trials, sum of ranks = 12, p = 0.007). This is the only target in the projects
category that has a dynamic segment; the others consist of a series of still photographs. Also, the
main theme of this target is water. We were concerned that the significance might be due to a
bias toward choosing this target on the part of the judge, whether or not it was the intended
target. To check this, we computed the rank sum for Project Deep Quest when it was the
unintended target. The sum was 46, for 20 trials, p = 0.24, so the bias hypothesis can not
explain the significant result.
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In contrast, judges did appear to be biased against Project Ultra. Out of the 28
times it was included in either table, it was ranked last place 16 times, including 5 of the 10 times
it was the intended target and 11 of the 18 times it was the unintended target. This target is quite
different from Project Deep Quest because the theme is unclear even after observing the target,
unless one is already familiar with Project Ultra.
Table 1
(U) RANKINGS FOR INTENDED TARGETS
Category
Rank 1
Rank 2
Rank 3
Rank 4
Projects
Manhattan Project
1
1
1
1
Project Blue Book
2
1
0
3
Project Deep Quest
5
2
1
0
Project Ultra
1
1
3
5
Totals
9
5
5
9
Military
Aircraft Carrier Takeoff
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2
1
1
1
Atomic Blasts
2
1
2
1
Control Room
0
0
3
0
Russians in Space
0
3
2
0
Totals
4
5
8
2
Natural
Greek Temple
2
1
1
0
Ostriches
2
0
4
0
Skiing
1
0
0
0
Waterfall
2
2
0
1
Totals
7
3
5
1
Science/Industrial
Bottling Factory
0
2
3
1
Building Construction
4
2
1
0
John Glenn Launch
3
0
0
2
Tacoma Narrows Bridge
0
0
3
1
Totals
7
4
7
4
1.
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Table 2
(U) RANKINGS FOR UNINTENDED TARGETS
Category
Rank 1
Rank 2
Rank 3
Rank 4
Projects
Manhattan Project
9
6
2
Project Blue Book
arno
7
5
0
7
5
3
Project Ultra
3
4
11
Totals
19
24
22
19
Military
Aircraft Carrier Takeoff
5
5
2
2
Atomic Blasts
3
2
2
6
Control Room
3
3
1
9
Russians in Space
4
4
6
0
Totals
15
14
11
17
Natural
Greek Temple
1
1
1
9
Ostriches
1
1
5
3
Skiing
7
4
2
2
Waterfall
0
7
3
1
Totals
9
13
11
15
Science/Industrial
Bottling Factory
3
4
4
5
Building Construction
5
4
2
4
John Glenn Launch
3
5
2
7
Tacoma Narrows Bridge
4
5
7
2
Totals
15
18
15
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IV CONCLUSIONS (U)
The results of this analysis are intriguing, since they suggest that the complexity of
the target and/or the feedback may affect the quality of the results. The natural targets, the only
group to achieve a significant sum of ranks, differed from the others in a few respects. First, they
tended to be more homogeneous visually than the targets in the other three categories. Second,
they were accompanied by music but few or no words. Third, they tended to represent more
pleasant situations than the other target categories.
Two of these three features distinguishing the Natural target category also applied
to the Project Deep Quest target. It represented a more pleasing situation than the other targets
in the projects category, and it was also more homogeneous.
In conclusion, while we are not able to identify a single distinguishing factor from
these results, it does appear that certain characteristics may enhance remote viewing quality. The
targets for which significant results were achieved were those that were visually homogeneous.
Further, from subjective reports of the viewers, they were the most appealing targets in the pool.
1.
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II METHOD OF APPROACH (U)
A. (U) Objectives
(U) The primary long-term objective of this effort is to improve the single-bit hit rate in
binary psychoenergetic experiments significantly beyond baseline or fiducial values. One
secondary and one tertiary objective are of interest as well.
. Secondary-To track the various internal mental techniques used, in order to develop
hypotheses for later testing.
· Tertiary-To determine if the binary remote viewing techniques can be expanded to
choices greater than two (i.e., for between 3 and 6 possible targets).
(U) The specified objective for FY 1988 was set forth under Objective E, Task 4 of the
SOW for that year, "Determine the source of 'mental noise' in binary psychoenergetic tasks."
B.
(U) Viewer Selection
In discussions, one of SRI's longstanding remote viewers V(002), reported a
desire to renew his/her interest in this area and to address the general problem of single-bit hit
rate enhancement.
Since V002 had demonstrated a willingness to address difficult
psychoenergetic research problems in the past, SRI decided that he/she would be an appropriate
candidate for this effort.
C. (U) General Approach
(U) A number of problems arise in studying internal mental processes. It is not yet
possible to determine the neurological sources of such processes, so we must rely upon subjective
techniques in order to begin to understand them. Progress has been made in understanding one
area of subjective experience: internal mental imagery. Kosslyn describes successful techniques
involving relative internal versus relative external imagery measures to begin to understand this
robust mental process .* However, even those techniques cannot yet be applied to remote
viewing research, because much of the subjective impressions are reported to precede imagery.
*
(U) Kosslyn, S. M., Ghosts in the Mind's Machine-Creating and Using Images in the Brain,
W. W. Norton & Company, New York and London (1983) UNCLASSIFIED.
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III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (U)
(U) Throughout this section p-values have been computed for various experiments in
exploratory phases. Since the number of trials was not declared in advance in these cases, the
results for the exploratory work are to be interpreted only as indicators rather than as estimates
of the probability that, upon repeating the experiment, the data would be as deviant as the
original set (i.e. Type I error). In the formal tests described below, the total number of trials was
declared in advance, and, thus the quoted statistics are measures of Type I error.
A.
(U) Early Similar Experiments
-
¿ Viewer 002 has been involved in psychoenergetic experiments since the mid
1960s. The earliest record SRI has for V002 in any forced-choice experiments were those
conducted for a different sponsor during FY 1976 .* While a number of different experiments
were tried during an exploratory period, none produced significant results. Effect sizes are not
available from that period. However, data from a formal, automated one-in-four forced-choice
experiment are available. V002 produced 167 hits in 500 trials for a hit rate of 33.4% (p ≤ 1.59
× 10-5) and an effect size of 0.19.
In later forced-choice experiments involving binary and one-in-ten target
systems, V002's results did not produce significant deviations from mean chance expectation. t
Because V002 has been involved in this type of research for such an extended period of time,
these data possess historical value and interest, and can serve as a long-term baseline. However,
because of the general approach described above, it is more appropriate to use newer data as a
fiducial point for the differential measures.
B.
(U) Exploratory and Formal Efforts-FY 1986
1. (U) Results
During FY 1986, and using a protocol similar to the one described above,
V002 contributed 479 binary trials as part of an exploration phase-exploratory because of a
(U) Puthoff, H. E., and Targ, R., "Advanced Threat Technique Assessment (U)," Interim
Engineering Report 1, Proiect 5309, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California
(September 1976)
!
t (U) Puthoff, H. E., Targ, R., and May, E. C., "Advanced Threat Technique Assessment
(U)," Final Report, Project 5309, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California,
(October 1978) !
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possible sensory leakage path. Of these, 276 were hits for a hit rate of 57.6% (p ≤ 5.01 × 10-4)
and an effect size of 0.15. In a one-in-three target system, V002 contributed 142 trials with a
hit rate of 47.9% (p ≤ 2.30 × 10-4) and an effect size of 0.30. In a one-in-four target system,
58 trials were conducted with a hit rate of 29.3% (p < 0.27) and an effect size of 0.02.
-
Under formal conditions (described in Section II, D.3.) between 15
September and 13 October, 1986, V002 contributed 50 binary trials.
The hit rate was 64%,
p ≤ 0.033, and the effect size was 0.26 (corrected for continuity).
2. (U) Discussion
Keeping in mind that during FY 1986 this was part of a larger search effort
and extremely preliminary, the results looked quite encouraging. Even on those few trials
(one-in-four target system) where the results failed to meet the 0.05 significance level, the effect
size was typical of those seen during the historic Rhine investigations. The remaining exploratory
trials produced effect sizes an order of magnitude larger.
This exploratory effect size was confirmed by the formal series. The effect
size, 0.26, is somewhat larger than that in the exploratory phase, but not significantly so. Two
main conclusions can be drawn from these results:
(1) Because there was chance hitting, there was no evidence for subliminal
cuing during the exploratory phase; therefore, its protocol should be
kept intact.
(2) The formal result, which cannot be considered as a formal baseline (i.e.,
a large number of pilot trials before the formal series), can, however,
serve as a fiducial point for comparison with later efforts.
C. (U) FY 1987 Exploratory Experiments-Results and Discussion
(U) Encouraged by the FY 1986 effort, and in accordance with the FY 1987 SOW, SRI
initiated a second exploratory phase of forced-choice experiments with V002. Rather than
conducting a simple forced-choice paradigm as in FY 1986, SRI designed this effort was
designed to be more sensitive to the subjective internal states of the viewer.
(U) All trials for the year were binary, and two principal subjective internal states were
investigated. The first of these was to determine if the viewer could "tell" (sense) in advance of
feedback when he/she was in contact with the remote target. The second internal state was
related to the overall subjective feeling of the viewer.
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1. (U) Exploratory Series
The 1668 trials collected in FY 1987 can be divided into two separate
segments-the first half reported in the Mid-Year Technical Report,* and the second half
reported in the Final Technical Report.t This division is a natural one, in that V002 used two
different internal strategies.
During the first half of FY 1987, V002 felt he/she could sense being in
psychoenergetic contact with the target material. To test this concept, V002 was required to
register, in advance of each trial, whether he/she was in psi contact, definitely not in psi contact,
or not sure. The hypothesis under consideration in this protocol was that V002 would be able to
sense contact with the remote target and would score significantly positive in the contact
condition, score significantly negatively in the no-contact condition, and score at chance in the
uncertain condition. Table 1 shows the results of 327 trials collected under this protocol.
Table 1
(U) RESULTS FOR FIRST HALF OF FY 1987
Condition
Trials
Hits
p-value
Effect
Size
Fractional
Hit Rate
Contact
147
88
8.40 X 10-3
0.20
0.60
No Contact
59
23
9.55 × 10-1
-0.22
0.39
Uncertain
121
66
1.52 × 10-1
0.09
0.55
-
Although we must acknowledge that there was a remote possibility of
inadvertent cuing, these results suggest that V002 was able to sense contact with the remote
target. In a formal test of this hypothesis, it would be stated a priori that the trials during the
no-contact condition would be automatically inverted in the analysis (i.e., V002's remote
viewing would be used to reject one of the targets). It is important to note that the amounts of
psychoenergetic functioning required to sense contact are similar to those required to sense no
contact with the target. Since the effect sizes a under these two conditions are so similar (i.e.,
the minus sign for the no-contact condition reflects the fact that V002 scored below mean
.
(U) May, E. C., "Enhanced Human Performance Investigation (U)," Mid-Year Technical
Report, Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo Park, California (June 1987)
t (U) May, E. C., "Enhanced Human Performance Investigation (U)," Final Technical ke-
port, Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo Park, California (December 1987){
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chance expectation-the expected direction if the hypothesis is true), it forms the basis for a
strong hypothesis for formal testing.
1
The directional effect sizes are statistically equivalent to a fiducial condition
value of 0.26. Thus, V002 did not exhibit a decline effect, but there was no indication of
improvement either. If a direction is specified in advance of an experiment, it is appropriate to
use one-tailed tests. From this perspective, the hitting rate was 61%, p ≤ 1.37 × 10-3, and the
effect size was 0.21-results that are statistically equivalent to the fiducial data, but with the
added feature of possible directional control.
The conditions for the second half of FY 1987 were defined at the session
level. V002 defined three types of sessions - positive days, negative days, and unknown days -
that had to be specified in advance of any trials during a session, reflecting the overall subjective
state of being of V002. If these a priori statements correlated with performance, they could be
used as a filter to reject part of the data. Table 2 shows the results for 1341 trials collected under
this protocol.
Table 2
(U) PRELIMINARY RESULTS FOR SECOND HALF OF FY 1987
Session
Condition
Trials
Hits
p-value
Effect
Size
Fractional
Hit Rate
Positive
311
174
1.82 X 10-2
0.12
0.56
Negative
484
243
4.63 × 10-1
-0.04
0.50
Uncertain
546
322
1.37 X 10-5
0.18
0.59
--
1
The positive-day and negative-day data did not exceed mean chance
expectation. The uncertain case scored similar to the fiducial data. Yet, the effect size changes
are small and not statistically meaningful. To be consistent with the calculations for the data
collected in the first half of FY 1987, the one-tailed combination of the data yields a fractional
hit rate of 52%, p ≤ 1.00 x 10-1, and the effect size is 0.045. Thus, it appears that V002's
perception of good and bad days may interfere with good functioning (earlier performance was
replicated only during V002's uncertain days). Since there was no evidence for a decline effect
for 546 trials during the uncertain days, it is unlikely that the decline effect is responsible for the
reduced scoring for the other data.
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2. (U) Formal Test
The experiment coordinator decided to cancel the formal test at the year's
end for two reasons :.
(1) One main objective of the year-end formal test was to protect against
possible cuing. The hit rate for the year was 55%, p ≤ 2.97 x 10-5 and
the effect size was 0.10. Thus, if inadvertent cuing was present, it
resulted in a decrease in effect size-an unlikely circumstance. This is
consistent with one of the main conclusions drawn from the results of
the FY 1986 test.
(2) V002 requested that we postpone formal tests until FY 1988, because
V002 felt he/she was concentrating and beginning to understand
something about his/her internal processes. According to V002, a
formal test at this time would seriously interrupt the discovery activity at
a critical juncture.
In the experiment coordinator's opinion, canceling the formal year-end test did not detract from
the FY 1987 results, since they were marginal to begin with and, it was felt that if insights were
being gained, they could be tested during FY 1988. As shown below, this decision was justified.
D.
(U) FY 1988 Experiments
1. (U) Theoretical Constructs
(U) Viewer 002 has been working for over 20 years in attempting to understand
his/her own internal, subjective awareness. What follows is a summary of V002's current
understanding with regard to the specific task of determining the source of mental noise in
forced-choice experiments.
(U) The fundamental idea is quite straightforward. Forced-choice remote viewing
perception* is susceptible to massive overlay by memory (e.g., from earlier trials) and/or
expectations (e.g., the target was number one ten times in a row, this time it must be number
two). To understand the source of these difficulties requires the understanding of the
development of thought itself.
(U) As a starting point, V002 followed the ideas of Dr. N. Dixon, a well-known
investigator of subliminal perception. Figure 1 summarizes Dixon's concepts of the processing of
preconscious information.t It is beyond the scope of this report to describe all the processes
(U) These problems arise in traditional remote viewing; however, they are particularly
troublesome in the forced-choice arena.
t (U) Dixon, N. E., Preconscious Processing, John Wiley, Chichester and New York, p. 25,
(1981) UNCLASSIFIED.
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final level of the hierarchy is to perceive the meaning of different conditions of similar objects.
For example, the difference between a piece of blank paper with UNCLASSIFIED printed top
and bottom and one with
7. CLASSIFIED
top and bottom lies only in the meaning of the words. If this
last stage could be realized, it would have obvious'
significance.
RV Output
Noise Overlay
Intellectual Decisions
Idea Making
Random Uncontrolled
Thoughts
Imagination
Creative Additions
Memory Comparisons
Labels
Beliefs
Feelings
Sources of Noise
Subliminal Level
Psychoenergetic
Input
UNCLASSIFIED
FIGURE 2 (U) SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF ANALYTICAL OVERLAY
1
1
I
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degrees of freedom. Clearly, this is different from the expected value of zero, and thus on the
average, there was not a constant hit rate.
Strategy
Change
50
100
40
90
537B
30
-
·
80
20
70
.
.535
60
536
R
0
MCE
- 50
-10
40
-20
30
-30
.
-
20
0
100
200
300
400
500
Trial Number
FIGURE 3 (U) EXCESS HITTING DURING EXPLORATORY TRIALS-1988
Shown also in Figure 3 is the "instantaneous" hit rate, R, calculated over 10
trial segments (open circles). The first point, at 10 trials, represents the average hit rate from
trial 5 to trial 15; the second point at 20 trials represents the average hit rate from trial 15 to trial
25 and so on. The line labeled MCE (mean chance expectation) corresponds to a 50% hit rate.
The unlabeled line (R = 0.529 + .003 n) is the regression line for the instantaneous hit rate.
While the curve demonstrates a clear trend toward performance enhancement, the linear
correlation coefficient is not significantly (r = 0.203, p ≤ 0.09) greater than chance (r = 0.0).
-
Figure 3 shows periods of significant growth followed by periods of
consolidation. Major strategy 535 fits this model, but major strategy 536 does not. Yet, major
strategy 537 produced another period of growth. Strategy 537B is also labeled because it was the
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one that was used in the formal test (see Section 3 below), and V002 claimed that it represented
a transition from three-dimensional to two-dimensional targets. In V002's theoretical construct,
this also represents a change from perceiving object conditions to perceiving object meaning.
As can been seen from both the hit rate and accumulated excess hits, there
was one period (approximately 14.3% of the total number of trials-trials 254 through 321) that
corresponds to a decline in performance. This period is the only time during the exploratory
sessions in which a large number of trials (68) were attempted during a single session (average hit
rate of 40%). The second longest continuous segment was from trial 335 to 358 (24 trials for an
average hit rate of 54%).
In answer to questions about what was occurring with each of these strategy
shifts, all V002 could say is that they represent new psychoenergetic contact with some of the
noise sources shown in Figure 2 . It is frustrating from SRI's perspective as well as from that of
V002 that these strategies remain so subjective.
In addition to the 477 binary trials, 18 were collected, but not included in
the record. For these trials, the target was whether or not a second person was in the SRI
analyst's office. The hit rate for these 18 trials was 78%, p ≤ 1.69 x 10-2, and the effect size
was 0.50. These data are not to be considered part of the experimental record, however, since it
became apparent that the background noise level was obviously different when a second person
was in the office. Thus, it is assumed that the strong scoring could easily be attributed to cuing.
(U) During FY 1988, two smaller series of forced-choice experiments (n = 3 and n =
6) were conducted. The protocol for these was the same as for the binary case except that the
target pool was appropriately larger.
V002 contributed 135 trinary (i.e., one-in-three) trials. The hit rate was
48% (expected hitting rate is 33%), p ≤ 1.83 × 10-4, and the effect size was 0.31. This effect
size is slightly larger than the fiducial binary case and represents an increase from 0.25 for the
first half of the data to 0.34 for the second half. With so few trials, it is difficult to interpret this
increase. These trials were primarily used to form a fiducial point for later trinary experiments.
jV002 contributed 49 trials in a one-in-six experiment. The hit rate was
18%, p ≤ 4.49 × 10-1, and the effect size was 0.018. These trials were exploratory for V002,
to determine subjectively if some of the binary routines were applicable to a larger pool of target
choices. This small effect size and hit rate (expected hit rate is 17%) indicate that more work is
needed to understand the forced-choice remote viewing of one-in-six target possibilities.
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3. (U) Formal Test
!
As in earlier years, there is no indication (except where noted) that these
results can be accounted for entirely on the basis on inadvertent cuing. However, SRI conducted
a formal test of 50 trials as a concluding effort for FY 1988. V002 used strategy 537B throughout
the formal series.
(U) The protocol for the formal experiment was designed to eliminate the possibility
of any inadvertent cuing. In general, it was similar to the binary procedures that had been in use
since the beginning of the binary search program in FY 1986 as described above.
a.
(U) Number of Trials
(U) The total number of trials for the formal experiment was specified in
advance as 50.
b. (U) Target Material
(U) For each trial, pairs of targets were selected from the material shown in
Table 3. Some of the time V002 suggested a pair, but most of the time the choice was up to the
experiment coordinator. These pairs were not chosen randomly. Rather they were chosen in
accordance with a subjective opinion as to the difference between the pair. Occasionally, V002
would request a different pair before the trial was initiated.
c. (U) Computer Link
(U) To ensure that there was no inadvertent cuing, a computer link was
established between the experiment coordinator (EC) and the research assistant (RA). After a
target had been generated (see below) the only communication allowed over the computer link
from the EC was the single word "Ready." To further protect against inadvertent cuing, the word
"Ready" was typed automatically by a special program rather than manually.
d. (U) Sequence of Events for a Single Trial
(1) Viewer 002 selected a pair of possible targets from the list shown above,
and informed the RA.
(2) The RA informed the EC by computer link of the choices.
(3) The EC used established computerized random procedures to select one
of the pair as the actual target and placed it in a predetermined place.
The other target of the selected pair was placed in a desk drawer. One
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(U)
minute after Step 2, the EC informed the RA that a target was ready by
typing the single word "Ready."
(4) The RA informed the viewer that a target was ready by striking a bell.
(5) The viewer responded, and the RA informed the EC of the choice by
the computer link.
(6) The EC recorded the data and informed the RA of the target.
(7) The RA provided feedback to the viewer.
(8) Before a new trial could begin, the EC had to replace the targets in the
target pack and signal the RA by typing "Next."
Table 3
(U)
TARGET LIST FOR THE FORMAL EXPERIMENT
Number
Description
1
Graph paper: red, circular.
2
Contour map: black, ovals.
3
Contour map: black, concentric circles.
4
Graph paper: black, rectangular.
5
Circular graph paper: Black, concentric circles.
6
Reactance frequency graph paper: orange, rectangular/triangular.
7
Reactance frequency graph paper: green, rectangular/triangular.
8
Circular percentage graph paper: green, 3 circles.
9
Geomagnetic meridian plot paper: black, 3 half circles.
10
Perspective graph paper: blue, rectangular, diagonal lines.
11
Triangular coordinate paper: orange, triangles.
12
Triangular coordinate paper: green, triangles.
13
Square graph paper: green, 10 x 10 to the inch.
14
Square graph paper: orange, 4 x 4 to the inch.
15
Square graph paper: 5 x 5 to the centimeter.
17
Circular, polar coordinate graph paper: green, 10 parts to the inch.
Chart geomagnetic latitude paper: black, 11x18 inches.
19
20
document cover ::
21
SKI document cover: brown beige.
'manila envelope.
23
24
1
mat paper.
25
26
`NUCLEAR DEVELOPMENT: large sign.
PLANS: large sien. -.
28
; large sign.
29
CODE XLTZ: large sign.
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Circular, polar coordinate graph paper: orange, 10 parts to the inch.
18
flag/alert sheet with red-striped border.
22
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e.
(U) Record
(U) The date, target pair, intended target, and the response were tabulated for
later analysis (see Table 4).
f.
(U) Analysis
(U) A single p-value and effect size were calculated from the data shown in
Table 4.
. (U) Results
1
Table 4 shows the targets that were used and the results for the
50-trial formal series. There were 38 hits, corresponding to a hit rate of 76% (p ≤ 1.53 x 10-4)
and an effect size of 0.51. The hit rate is consistent with that observed using strategies 537 and
537B, and the effect size is nearly double that obtained during the fiducial run at the end of FY
1986. If it is assumed that the hit rate of 64% is the actual hit rate, then there has been a
significant increase (p ≤ 0.038) since FY 1986. The one-sided confidence interval (95%) is
66%, which is greater than the fiducial value of 64%.
1
2
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Table 4
(U)
RECORD SHEET FOR THE FORMAL EXPERIMENT
Trial
Date
One
Two
Target Choice
Response
Hit
1
9/20
8
22
8
22
2
9/20
8
22
22
22
X
3
9/21
12
18
12
18
4
9/21
12
19
19
12
5
9/21
12
19
19
19
X
6
9/21
18
22
22
22
X
7
9/22
22
23
22
22
X
8
9/26
18
19
19
19
X
9
9/27
5
24
24
24
X
10
9/28
26
29
26
26
X
11
9/29
27
28
27
27
X
1
13
9/29
21
27
27
27
X
14
9/30
18
19
18
18
X
1
16
10/3
2
19
2
2
17
10/3
26
29
26
29
18
10/3
20
23
20
20
X
I
19
10/3
5
22
5
5
X
20
10/4
1
20
20
20
X
21
10/4
11
27
27
27
X
22
10/4
19
26
26
26
X
23
10/4
12
16
12
16
24
10/4
19
24
24
24
X
25
10/5
19
24
19
24
12
9/29
12
19
19
12
15
10/3
26
29
29
29
X
× ×
.
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Table 4, Continued
(U)
RECORD SHEET FOR THE FORMAL EXPERIMENT
Target Possibilities
Trial
Date
Target Choice
Response
Hit
One
Two
26
10/5
26
29
26
29
27
10/5
19
21
21
21
X
28
10/5
2
27
27
27
X
29
10/5
18
28
18
18
X
30
10/6
2
19
19
19
X
31
10/6
11
12
12
12
X
32
10/6
18
23
23
23
X
33
10/6
18
22
18
18
X
34
10/6
5
26
5
5
X
35
10/6
6
7
7
7
X
36
10/6
19
23
19
23
37
10/6
18
20
18
18
X
38
10/6
22
29
22
22
X
39
10/6
5
10
5
10
40
10/6
2
6
2
2
X
41
10/7
2
19
2
2
X
42
10/7
5
29
5
5
X
43
10/7
6
18
6
6
X
44
10/7
12
26
12
12
X
45
10/7
22
24
24
22
46
10/7
2
20
20
20
X
47
10/7
18
27
27
27
X
48
10/7
1
28
28
28
X
49
10/7
3
22
3
3
X
50
10/7
5
26
26
5
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December 1988
Final Report-+
Covering the Period 1 October 1987 to 30 September 1988
FORCED-CHOICE REMOTE VIEWING (U)
SRI Project 1291
C
.
SRI Internation®
4
Copy of 5 Copies
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If the problems of forced-choice remote viewing (i.e., remote viewing of a limited
and known set of target alternatives) could be solved, a number of potential applications come to
mind. First and foremost, standard redundancy coding techniques could be employed to
improve the hit rate further. This is not a new idea. In 1964, Ryzl demonstrated the
psychoenergetic transmission of 50 binary bits without a single error, * and in 1985 SRI published
a white paper describing a program to determine optimum coding parameters.t In that report,
SRI showed that if psychoenergetic functioning were stable over time, it would be possible to
trade number of trials for reliability. Using techniques similar to the ones described in SRI's
white paper, it is possible to increase the single-bit hit rate for a binary experiment from a
nominal 60% to over 99%. With such a low initial hit rate, the efficiency (i.e., one divided by
the number of trials required to obtain the desired certainty) is of the order of 0.002 or lower.
Such a low efficiency might be problematical in an
environment.
-application
One solution to this problem is to increase the single-bit hit rate. To do this,
however, requires that longstanding problems with the forced-choice psychoenergetic
experiments be solved.
As part of the
"Enhanced Human Performance
Investigation," (Contract DAMD17-85-C-5130), SRI initiated a pilot investigation of
forced-choice remote viewing to address the problem of low efficiency. Since a binary search
strategy is one of the most likely applications if an increased single-bit hit rate could be realized,
the effort to increase the rate was included as part of the FY 1986 Objective E, Task 2, Search.
In FY 1987 and FY 1988, this effort was under Objective F, Task 10, and Objective E, Task 4,
respectively.
(U) This report summarizes the work performed from FY 1986 through FY 1988.
.. .
1
....
-
.
(U) Ryzl, M., "A Model of Parapsychological Communication," Journal of Parapsychology,
Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 18-30, (March 1966) UNCLASSIFIED.
t (U) Humphrey, B. S., "Psi Communications Experiments (U)," White Paper, SRI Interna-
tional, Menlo Park, California, (November 1985)'
# (U) This report constitutes the deliverable for Objective E, Task 4, FY 1988.
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IV CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (U)
-
"The single most interesting outcome during the three-year experiment is that
there was a significant enhancement of hit rate in the formal series in FY 1988 over the results
from the formal series during FY 1986.
In examining the performance during the exploratory phase in FY 1988, we
observed strong enhancement (not significant) of hit rate (see Figure 3). At this point, a number
of possible explanations could account for the improvement:
· V002 has correctly identified his/her source of internal noise,
· Although SRI believes it unlikely, V002 may have learned to use weak sensorial cues
during the exploratory phase, or
. Due to the complexity of the protocol during the formal series, there is still an
unknown sensory leakage path.
While it is impossible to rule out unknown sensory leakage paths, all of the known ones were
addressed in the formal protocol. We include this remote possibility for completeness. Because
of the protocol complexity, the remote viewing processes are indeterminate at present, but the
end-point statistic is valid .*
It is important that this study be continued in order to isolate which of these
explanations is more able to explain the results, and to identify a technique to quantify the
internal experiences of V002, should that prove to be the proper explanation. Should such a
technique be found, specific hypotheses could formulated and tested, and a training procedure
and applications could be developed based upon that knowledge.
* (U) During the Scientific Oversight Committee meeting of 4 November 1988, a number of
comments were made concerning the adequacy of the protocols with regard to process.
However, there was general agreement about the endpoint statistic. See "Enhanced Human
Performance Investigations (U)," Final Technical Report, SRI Project 1291, SRI
International, Menlo Park, CA (December 1988).
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SRI Internationa
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Interim Report-1
Covering the Period 1 October 1985 to 30 September 1986
December 1986
LOCATION OF TARGET MATERIAL
IN SPACE AND TIME (U)
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I INTRODUCTION (U)
A continuing
need
is
determining the location of'
targets of
interest, whose positions are not known or are known only approximately.
It has been claimed by the parapsychological community that
individuals can search for and locate water, oil, minerals, objects,
individuals, sites of archaeological significance, and so forth.
If this
can be demonstrated to be a genuine ability, and if it can be applied.
then we may have a potential match to the
above requirement.
This ability can be contrasted to the related psychoenergetic
ability "remote viewing," in the following manner. In remote viewing, the
viewer is given location information (e.g., coordinates, a "beacon" agent,
or a picture), then asked to provide data on target content
.
In "search, " the viewer is given information on target content,
then asked to provide location data (e.g., position on a map). The two
functions thus compliment each other.
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(U) The ability to locate targets is most often referred to as "dowsing" in the Western
literature, and "biophysical effect (BPE)" in the Soviet/East Bloc literature. In this report, *
we shall refer to such techniques simply as "search." Although much of the literature is
anecdotal,1t attempts to quantify the ability and to determine its mechanisms have been
pursued. #
The goal of the present effort is to research the literature,
then perform laboratory experimentation to determine whether, and to what
degree, such functioning is a viable candidate for applications
-
This includes determining (1) the best
methods and efficiencies of various search techniques, and (2) the
appropriate statistical analyses for evaluating results.
(U) In attempting to determine if this putative ability can be brought under laboratory
control, we have simulated "field conditions" with a computer-assisted-search (CAS)
experiment.
(U) Our CAS experiments generally contain the following basic elements:
.
(1) A finite matrix of possible target locations (e.g., a 20 x 20 graphics
matrix grid) from which one cell is randomly selected by the computer
as the target.
(2) An individual whose task is to "scan" the graphics display area, and
indicate, by pressing a button, his/her choice as to the target location.
(3) A feedback mechanism that displays the response and actual target
location.
(4) An a priori defined analysis procedure.
(U) Using this general procedure, we conducted an experiment during FY 1984 in
which two conditions were tested simultaneously:1§
-
· Searching for a target that remains fixed in space for the duration of the
trial (space condition).
(U) This report constitutes Objective E, Task 2: Develop methodologies to locate target material in space
and/or time.
t.
(U) For the most comprehensive and authoritative survey of the claims for dowsing, see Christopher Bird,
The Divining Hand, E. P. Dutton, New York, New York (1979).
(U) See, for example, papers published by Z. V. Harvalik, beginning 1970, in The American Dowser,
The Journal of the American Society of Dowsers (Harvalik is the ex-director of the basic research group
at the U.S. Army Engineering Laboratories, Fort Belvoir, Virginia).
§
(U) References are listed at the end of this document.
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III RESULTS (U)
Table 1 shows the p-values for each participant in each
condition. Two individuals achieved significant p-values in the space
condition and six persons showed significant p-values in the time
condition.
Table 1 (U)
(U) p-VALUES FOR PARTICIPANTS IN SEARCH EXPERIMENTS
Subject I.D.
Space
Time
105
0.84078
0.16176
177
0.44148
0.13012
111
0.98868+
0.96894+
274
0.96954+
0.74088
144
0.63678
0.67126
099
0.95199+
0.21685
933
0.70792
0.14378
728
0.26703
0.11501
537
0.34966
0.19182
161
0.44627
0.31385
258
0.43465
0.96682+
594
0.54688
0.41565
677
0.76812
0.49793
653
0.23560
0.81473
636
0.85025
0.36908
570
0.67064
0.26024
393
0.44284
0.49724
255
0.97783+
0.96208+
425
0.74256
0.98615+
989
0.56330
0.80866
498
0.23507
0.84781
790
0.70135
0.63873
642
0.27391
0.03106*
300
0.13345
0.00010*
463
0.16690
0.01473*
428
0.34136
0.03143*
05
0.63092
0.03778*
004
0.99536+
0.04630*
531
0.25078
0.91276
432
0.01245*
0.29625
837
0.04117*
0.69349
003
0.10618
0.19182
580
0.08974
0.53519
763
0.18481
0.26932
038
0.18619
0.35158
164
0.97838+
0.61381
* Significant at < 0.05 in predicted direction
+ Significant at < 0.05 in direction of target avoidance
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Evidence supporting the tendency for significant subjects to do
better on one task over the other (as reported in previous research) can be
demonstrated by calculating a z-score for the difference between the
z-scores associated with the average (across individuals) p-values of the
significant condition versus the nonsignificant condition. We find z =
2.87, which is significant at the 0.002 level.
. ..
. . ..... .
. .....
..*
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IV DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS (U)
The results are in line with predictions; eight persons showed
significant deviation from chance expectation (probability equals 0.027) .
In addition, post hoc analysis shows a significant tendency to do better on
one condition than ON the other.
(U) In FY 1987, the seven best individuals in each condition will participate in a formal
CAS study, in which the conditions will be separated and the number of trials increased.
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SRI International
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Final Report-Objective D, Task 1
December 1988
Covering the Period 1 October 1987 to 30 September 1988
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES TO
REMOTE VIEWING (U)
Prepared for:
SRI Project 1291
1
Approved by:
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SAHOF-0916
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(U) LIST OF TABLES
1.
Data Format
36
2.
Button Pressing Results
36
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III RESULTS (U)
(U) Viewers 002, 007, 009, 372, 531, and 908 from SRI International, and viewers 262
and 734 from Los Alamos National Laboratory participated in the effort. Viewers 002, 009, and
372 were experienced while viewers 007, 262, 531, and 734 had not previously participated in
remote viewing trials. As described in Section II, the output from the MEG consisted of seven
channels of data recorded simultaneously from different physical locations. These data were
stored either in average mode (i.e., signal averaging was accomplished in real time) or as single
passes (i.e., the signal averaging was accomplished during later processing).
A.
(U) Vassy Protocol
(U) Since there was no initial hypothesis (other than a possible response to remote
stimuli), the following analyses are, by definition, post hoc. In the signal-averaged condition, the
data from each viewer and each series were visually inspected for prominent peaks regardless of
the data channel. Candidate peaks for a possible response to the remote stimuli were identified
for later comparison. See Figure 1 for a schematic representation of a candidate peak.
(U) This particular post hoc approach is problematical. Because the data across viewers
are especially ill behaved (statistically), it is difficult to estimate the degree to which the timing of
candidate peaks is fortuitous.
As shown in Figure 3, the response (in channel 1) to direct stimuli for V002
exceeds 400 ft. The arrows in each channel mark a candidate peak for response to remote
stimuli. This peak appears approximately 100 ms after the onset of the remote stimulus, and is
most prevalent in channel 1. (The peak is the left-most component of a broader response.)
This peak can be seen in channel 2, but is absent from channels 4, 5, and 6 and is sharply
reduced in channel 3. This candidate peak, by itself, is not particularly compelling. Yet data
from the next session, one day later, show a strong peak with the identical timing.
[ On that day, 23 August, the detector array was placed as close as possible to the
location on the previous day. This new placement resulted in a sharply reduced response to the
direct stimulus (see Figure 4) from that shown in Figure 3. In fact, all channels show a reduced
response to the direct stimulus indicating that the detector array might have been moved away
from the CNS site that was responding to the direct stimulus. The arrows indicate a peak in each
channel that corresponds (=2 ms) to the peaks indicated in Figure 3. In all channels the
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2
3
7
1
4
300
200
=
Field (ft)
100
0
-100
6
5
1
0
500
1000
1500
Time (ms)
FIGURE 3 (U) VASSY PROTOCOL: 0 TO 1700 MS - V002, 8/22/88
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2
3
»
1
4
300
200
Field (ft)
100
Mahnt
0
-100
6
5
=
3
0
500
1000
1500
Time (ms)
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FIGURE 4 (U) VASSY PROTOCOL: 0 TO 1700 MS - V002, 8/23/88
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amplitude of the peak is greater than its earlier amplitude; and in channel 1, its amplitude
approaches one-half of the response to the direct stimulus.
(U) Figure 5 shows MEG data from one run and one detector for all participants in the
Vassy protocol. Since the baseline recording period varied among viewers in length (designated
"Long" and "Short" in Figure 5), the data, displayed at 5-ms intervals, are shown with the onset
of the remote stimulus as a common point.
The peak labeled "ERF-RS" can be seen in data from all participants. The
mean time of the peak (one detector per run) identified in the Vassy protocol is 98.2 ± 7.1 ms
(three data channels) after the onset of the remote stimulus.
-
Figure 6 shows averages across viewers for long, short, and both ("All") timings.
They are normalized by the individual run with the largest spread in magnetic field.
V009 participated in four separate runs: One in the psi protocol and three in the
Vassy protocol. The candidate peak across all four runs has a mean of 102.25 ±± 1.70 ms. No
peaks are observed in the baseline period for four runs with similar timing constraints.
¡Several peaks in the remote stimulus (RS) poststimulus region appear to be
present for all viewers; however, the candidate peak is the first one after the remote stimulus.
.
Some peaks shown in Figure 5 are responses to high-frequency (6-cpd) stimulus,
and others are responses to a low-frequency (2-cpd) stimulus. No participant responded to both
frequency stimuli.
The two protocols under consideration (Vassy and psi) are identical in one
respect: They both contain a remote stimulus, and a putative response to that stimulus is sought.
Therefore, one might expect a candidate peak identified in the Vassy protocol should be
observed in the psi protocol as well. We have indicated that this is the case for V009 (this is
discussed further in Section III.C).
While the averages shown in Figure 6 appear to provide evidence for a strong
response to the remote stimulus, we must recognize that the data shown in Figure 5 could be
examples of fortuitous peak selection. If so, then the averages shown in Figure 6 are the
expected result.
Given the caveat about the approach, at least one candidate peak for a response
to the remote stimulus appears to have been identified. More analysis and/or research is needed
before a definitive statement can be made.
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ERF-RS ?
ERF-DS
V009
1
V531
Long
Field (ft)
N
V007
N
V908
200
V262
V372
Short
V002
V734
Baseline
RS
Poststimulus
DS
Poststimulus
0
500
1040
1700
Time (ms)
FIGURE 5 (U) VASSY PROTOCOL-50-TRIAL AVERAGES FOR EACH VIEWER
Should this peak be a response to a remote stimulus, then at least one alternative
(to the psychoenergetic interpretation) must be considered. Since the shielded room for the
MEG is nearly transparent at frequencies above 100 Hz, the observed peak might result from a
CNS response to an electromagnetic signal related to the display of the stimuli on a standard
television monitor.
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ERF-RS ?
-
ERF-DS
V009
V531
Long
Field (ft)
N
Mr
V007
1
200
V262
V372
Short
V002
V734
Baseline
RS
Poststimulus
D.S
Poststimulus
0
500
1040
1700
Time (ms)
FIGURE 5 (U) VASSY PROTOCOL-50-TRIAL AVERAGES FOR EACH VIEWER
Should this peak be a response to a remote stimulus, then at least one alternative
(to the psychoenergetic interpretation) must be considered. Since the shielded room for the
MEG is nearly transparent at frequencies above 100 Hz, the observed peak might result from a
CNS response to an electromagnetic signal related to the display of the stimuli on a standard
television monitor.
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ERF-RS ?
AII
Field (ft)
Normalized
Long
MV
Short
Baseline *;
RS
Poststimulus
DS
Poststimulus
0
500
1040
1700
Time (ms)
FIGURE 6 (U) VASSY PROTOCOL-AVERAGES
-
B. (U) Psi Protocol Results
(U) Viewers 002, 009, and 372 participated in the psi protocol experiment. Seven
iį.
channels of MEG data, one channel of stimuli data, and one channel of button-response data
were stored for each run of 120 seconds for later analysis. A series consisted of 10 such runs.
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(U)
The complete protocol (described in Section II) was used for V002 and V372. Since V009 was
the first viewer to participate and the experiment was mostly exploratory, no pseudostimuli were
present, nor were postsession control runs conducted.
1. (U) Viewer 002
Viewer 002 visited Los Alamos National Laboratory from 22-26 August
1988. During that time V002 participated in three separate series in the psi protocol experiment.
Figures 7 and 8 show the time series and power spectra, respectively, for the average of 118 pre-
and poststimuli for all channels on 25 August. These data were chosen for display because this
series was the first using the complete psi protocol. For the remote stimuli (Figure 7), channels
1, 4, and 7 show a qualitative change of activity in the time series across the stimulus boundary.
All channels show a decrease of power in the prominent 10-Hz peak (Figure 8). Figures 9 and
10 show the same data for 74 pseudostimuli.
(U) To determine if the qualitative changes are exceptional, we analyzed the data by
the Monte Carlo procedure outlined in Section II. We simulated the remote stimuli by
generating 2000 sets of 118 Monte Carlo stimuli having the same timing as the original data. For
each set, the data were averaged, detrended, and filtered, and the 10-Hz and total power were
calculated for the pre- and poststimulus periods. The ratio of pre- to poststimulus power was
also calculated, as were p-values (defined as the ratio of the area equal to or greater than the
specified value, divided by the total area under the histogram).
(U) Figure 11 shows the resulting histograms of the 2000 sets for the 10-Hz peak in
channel 4 (Figure 8); the ratio histogram is not shown. While separate histograms were
generated for 74 pseudostimuli, for convenience the results shown on the histograms are for the
remote stimuli-the histograms are nearly identical. The p-values shown, however, are derived
from their appropriate histograms.
For this case (channel 4), the prestimulus 10-Hz power is not exceptional
(p ≤ 0.093) when compared with the rest of the data in this series. The postsession 10-Hz
power is exceptionally small-94.4% of the 2000 Monte Carlo cases produce 10-Hz power larger
than the observed value. The ratio of pre- to poststimulus 10-Hz power is significant
(p ≤ 0.093). In other words, the change in 10-Hz power across the stimulus boundary primarily
results from a large drop (relative to the rest of the data) in power just after the stimulus.
/ Significant changes in 10-Hz power are also observed in channel 7
(p ≤ 0.038), while no significant changes are observed for the pseudostimuli. Channels 4 and 7
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1
1
1
1

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2
3
1
150
7
1
4
100
50
Field (ft) 0
-50
1
1
1
I
-100
4
-150
6
5
I
1
1
1
I
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Time (sec)
FIGURE 7 (U) TIME SERIES: - 0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM REMOTE STIMULI - V002, 8/25/88
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3
1
1
1
1.0
7
1
4
0.8
0.6
Power
0.4
0.2
1
1
1
1
0.0
6
5
1
1
0
10
20
30
0
10
20
30
40
Frequency (Hz)
FIGURE 8 (U) POWER SPECTRA: - 0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM REMOTE STIMULI - V002, 8/25/88
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2
3
1
150
7
1
4
100
1
50
Field (ft) 0
-50
-100
-150
6
5
1
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Time (sec)
JRE 9 (U) TIME SERIES: - 0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM PSEUDO STIMULI - V002, 8/25/88
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2
3
1
1.0
7
1
4
2
0.8
0.6
Power
0.4
0.2
1
1
0.0
6
1
0
10
20
30
0
10
20
30
40
Frequency (Hz)
FIGURE 10 (U) POWER SPECTRA: - 0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM PSEUDO STIMULI - V002, 8/25/88
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Remote Stimuli
Pseudostimuli
Arbitrary
Prestimulus
p (remote) ≤ 0.093
p (pseudo) ≤ 0.839
T"
-
0
11
2
3
4
5
0.653
1.582
Ratios
p (remote) ≤ 0.017
p (pseudo) ≤ 0.762
Arbitrary
Poststimulus
p (remote) ≤ 0.944
p (pseudo) ≤ 0.512
0
1
2
3
4
5
0.279
1.208
10-Hz Power X 107
1
FIGURE 11 (U) 10-HZ POWER: CHANNEL 4-V002, 8/25/88
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show significant decreases in total 0- to 40-Hz power (p ≤ 0.002, 0.033, respectively), but no
pseudostimuli show significant changes.
A postsession background series was conducted with both sender and viewer
absent from the experimental area (see Section II.B). Figures 12 and 13 show the time series
and power spectra, respectively, for the background "remote" stimuli. As can be seen from the
power spectra (all data for this day are plotted on the same vertical scale), overall power is
sharply reduced, reflecting that the MEG was not observing any CNS activity. Qualitatively, the
changes shown for the experimental conditions (remote stimuli) do not result from noise in the
MEG hardware.
These qualitative results are confirmed by the Monte Carlo analysis. The
p-values for the changes in 10-Hz and total power for channel 4 are 0.406, and 0.141,
respectively; for channel 7, the p-values are 0.993 and 0.243, respectively. The significant
change in 10-Hz power in channel 7 is in the opposite direction from that observed under
experimental conditions.
1
During the series on 25 August 1988, V002 kept his eyes closed throughout
the session. On 26 August, V002 was instructed to keep his eyes open. Similarly to the analysis
of the 25 August series, the Monte Carlo analysis shows a sharp decrease in 10-Hz power (p ≤
0.100) and a significant decrease in total power (p ≤ 0.049) for the CNS activity detected in
channel 4. No significant changes are observed for channel 7, nor are significant changes seen in
the pseudostimuli. The change from 25 to 26 August might result from a slight change in
positioning of the detector array.
Figure 14 shows the positions of the detector array, relative to the inion, for
V002 for the 25 and 26 August placement of the detector arrays. The magnitude of change in
detector placement is approximately twice the magnitude of the changes used in searching for the
response to direct stimulus during initial calibration. This relatively large position change could
account for the reduction in changes across the stimulus boundary.
2. (U) Viewer 009
Viewer 009 visited Los Alamos National Laboratory from 20-24 June 1988.
During that time, V009 participated in one psi series on 24 June 1988. Figure 15 shows the time
series data averaged over 97 trials, displayed -0.5 to +0.5 seconds from the remote stimulus.
Figure 16 shows the power spectra for the 0.5-second pre- and poststimulus times for all
channels.
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-
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1
150
7
1
4
100
50
-
Field (ft) 0
-50
I
1
-100
-150
1
6
S
-0.6
-0.4 -0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Time (sec)
FIGURE 15 (U) TIME SERIES: - 0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM REMOTE STIMULI - V009, 6/24/88
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2
3
I
I
1.0
7
1
4
-
0.8
0.6
Power
0.4
0.2
1
1
0.0
6
5
0
10
20
30
0
10
20
30
40
Frequency (Hz)
FIGURE 16 (U) POWER SPECTRA: - 0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM REMOTE STIMULI - V009, 6/24/88
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150
7
1
4
100
-
50
Field (ft) 0
-50
I
-100
-150
1
6
5
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Time (sec)
FIGURE 17 (U) TIME SERIES: - 0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM REMOTE STIMULI - V372, 10/19/88
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31
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M
1
1.0
7
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4
0.8
0.6
Power
0.4
0.2
-
0.0
6
5
N
0
10
20
30
0
10
20
30
40
Frequency (Hz)
FIGURE 18 (U) POWER SPECTRA: - 0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM REMOTE STIMULI - V372, 10/19/88
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Using the Monte Carlo technique we find channel 4 shows a significant
increase in 10-Hz power (p < 0.038), and channels 3 and 5 show similar trends. The strong
peak at 8.9 Hz in channel 4 is significantly larger in the poststimulus condition.
Figures 19 and 20 show the time series and power spectra for the
pseudostimuli. The 10-Hz and total power in channel 4 show no change across the stimulus
boundary (p ≤ 0.667 and p ≤ 0.506, respectively). Channel 3 also shows no significant changes
in the 10-Hz and total power (p ≤ 0.140 and p ≤ 0.180, respectively). Channel 5, however,
shows a significant increase in total power (p ≤ 0.026), and a strong increase (p ≤ 0.082) in
10-Hz power.
C.
(U) Psi Protocol Results-Vassy Consideration
(U) Because the Vassy and psi protocol both present a remote stimulus to the viewer, the
candidate peak seen in the Vassy protocol data should also be seen in the psi protocol data. One
run on one channel is shown in Figure 21 for each participant in the psi protocol experiment.
V009's data show a candidate peak within ±2 ms of the candidate peak
identified under the Vassy protocol. Similarly, small peaks are seen for the other two viewers.
The cross-viewer normalized average is also shown in Figure 21.
D.
(U) Psi Protocol Results-Button-Press
(U) In the early SRI studies significant changes in alpha production were observed in
response to a remote stimulus. The statistical evidence, however, did not indicate that the viewer
was able to recognize a remote stimulus cognitively (i.e., the viewer's button presses did not
exceed mean chance expectation).
(U) In the psi protocol of the current experiment, viewers are asked to press a button
whenever they think a remote stimulus occurs. The total number of trials during a series of 10
runs is not known in advance because of the trial randomization procedures. To determine if a
viewer is cognitively sensing the remote stimuli, the null hypothesis that the probability of a time
interval having a stimulus is the same for those intervals with a button press as for those without a
button press. In other words, the presence or absence of a stimulus is independent of the
présence or absence of a button press.
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-
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7
1
4
100
50
Field (ft) 0
-50
-100
-150
6
5
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Time (sec)
FIGURE 19 (U) TIME SERIES: - 0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM PSEUDO STIMULI - V372, 10/19/88
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3
1
1
1.0
7
1
4
0.8
0.6
Power
0.4
0.2
1
0.0
6
5
0
10 20
30
0
10
20
30
40
Frequency (Hz)
FIGURE 20 (U) POWER SPECTRA: - 0.5 TO +0.5 SECONDS FROM REMOTE STIMULI - V372, 10/19/88
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-
ERF-REMOTE ?
Normalized
AVG.
T
1
V372
Field (ft)
V002
100
V009
Baseline
RS
Poststimulus
-500
0
100
500
Time (ms)
FIGURE 21 (U) VASSY PROTOCOL-AVERAGES FOR EACH VIEWER
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(U) To test the hypothesis, the entire series is broken into 1-second intervals. Table 1
shows the format for data accumulated for one series.
Table 1
(U) DATA FORMAT
Stimulus
Yes
No
Yes
A
B
Response
No
C
D
UNCLASSIFIED
(U) The fractional hitting rate is p1 = A/(A+B), and the fractional missing rate is
P2 = C/(C+D). The total number of 1-second intervals is N = (A+B+C+D), and the total stimulus
rate is Po = (A+C)/N . Then the following statistic is approximately normally distributed with a
mean of 0 and a variance of 1 under the null hypothesis:
2 =
(P1 - P2)
po ( 1- po) (A+B) + (C+D)
1
1
V
/Table 2 shows N, Po, P1, P2, z, p-value, and the effect size, r, for the three psi
protocol series for which button press data exist. As in the early SRI study, nothing indicates
cognitive recognition of the remote stimuli.
Table 2
(U) BUTTON PRESSING RESULTS
Viewer
N
Po
P1
P2
Z
p
r
002
1210
0.167
0.198
0.164
0.951
0.163
0.027
009
1280
0.091
0.068
0.094
-0.978
0.836
-0.027
372
1089
0.157
0.119
0.160
-0.996
0.840
-0.030
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IV DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS (U)
We have observed two types of CNS activity possibly related to a response to a
remote stimulus. The first of these (changes in alpha and/or total power) is generally considered
to be less localized than an ERF to a direct stimulus. Thus, one expects that changes of power
across a remote stimulus boundary should be seen in some related channels.
This is the case for V002 (Figure 8). While channels 4 and 7 show significant
changes across the stimulus boundary, a qualitative trend is clear for all channels. The associated
pseudostimuli show no obvious trends. Viewer 009 demonstrates significant changes in 10-Hz
power in channel 2, and strong changes in channels 1 and 7 (Figure 16). The grouping of these
channels might indicate a broad neuronal source in the channel-2 direction.
The data from V372 (Figure 18) are less clear.
Alpha power changes
significantly in channel 4, and a qualitative trend is clear in channels 3 and 5, but the trend is less
obvious than for V002 or V009. V372 posed a special problem. Anatomically, his strongest
response to a direct visual stimulus was located below the inion-a difficult location to reach with
the MEG. To obtain good data, V372 was required to hunch his head forward by bracing his
arms under his chest. During a long session (20 minutes), V372 could have relaxed slightly from
this uncomfortable position and pulled away from the detector array. In this location, some
detectors were positioned just above V372's neck.
Considering that all three viewers (002, 009, and 372) showed a change (increase
or decrease) in total or 10-Hz power across a remote stimulus boundary, and considering that
this constitutes a positive replication of SRI's earlier work, we probably observed a response to a
remote stimulus.
The situation is much less clear concerning a localized response to a remote
stimulus.
While a candidate peak has been identified using the Vassy protocol and later
observed using the psi protocol, a quantitative measure must be developed to determine the
probability of observing peaks with similar timing in the same data but with random
pseudostimuli.
(U) This work will be continued during the first half of FY 1989.
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.. ...
U
SRI International
. ... .
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November 1985
White Paper
PSI COMMUNICATIONS EXPERIMENTS (U)
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. International
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INTRODUCTION (U)
One potentially important aspect of psi phenomena is that no methods exist
currently for shielding or jamming the psi "signal". The implications of this are quite
apparent -- namely, that a psychoenegetic method of communication may be impervious to
interference and may represent, therefore, a truly secure channel for message-sending.
Traditionally, the major impediments to deploying a psi communications system'
have centered on the difficulties inherent in receiving highly analytical information
accurately and reliably. From a basic research perspective it is believed, at present,
that degredation of psychoenergetic reception of analytical information may be at least in part
attributable to:
.
The analytical nature of the information, which has traditionally been a
difficult area to address
· Delay in presentation of feedback to the percipient
.
Displacement phenomena occurring as a result of requiring the percipient
to perform multiple tasking with global (as opposed to trial-by-trial)
feedback.
The aim of this white paper is to explore how these problems in psi
communication might be addressed by research, with the ultimate aim, if successful, of
conceptually replicating Czech researcher Milan Ryzl's experiments, in which five three-digit
numbers were correctly identified by subject Pavel Stepanek (cf. Appendix A). The area of
psychoenergetic message-sending is not being addressed currently by any of SRI's clients
given the relative dirth of information
we would like to propose a
shift in emphasis towards foreign experimental replication by initiating a careful investigation of
the Ryzi experiment.
(U) Of the three fundamental "problem areas" ennumerated above, the analytical
nature of the information is, perhaps, the easiest to address in communications
experiments-i.e., the psychological biases inherent in the reception of numbers can be
-
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FEEDBACK EXPERIMENT
trial-
by-trial
feedback
work?
no
PHASE 1
yes
yes
new
concept
work?
more
new
concepts?
yes
no
no
stop
no
global
feedback
work?
yes
PHASE II
yes
more
new
concepts?
new
concept
work?
no
yes
no
stop
PHASE III
screening
FIGURE 1 FLOW CHART DEPICTING RESEARCH PATHS FOR
DEPLOYMENT OF PSI MESSAGE-SENDING CAPABILITY
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PHASE I (U)
(U) Phase I will examine the effects of increasingly delayed feedback on performance.
The proposed experiments will be performed using a computerized binary search program
(b.search), which can easily be linked to a "real world" coin flip task and requires no
extensive evaluation. Feedback will be provided on a trial-by-trial basis according to the
following schedule:
(1) Twenty-five binary choice trials with immediate feedback
(2) Twenty-five binary choice trials with feedback delayed in each case by one
hour.
(3) Twenty-five binary choice trials with feedback delayed in each case by two
hours.
(4) Twenty-five binary choice trials with feedback delayed in each case by four
hours.
(5)
Twenty-five binary choice trials with feedback delayed in each case by 24
hours .*
(U) If degradation in functioning does not occur as a result of increasingly delayed
feedback, then the global feedback experiments proposed in Phase II can be initiated.
If degradation of performance does occur, then the decay rate should be
identifiable, and it should be possible to determine whether the decay rate is subject-specific
or universal. In any case, to ameliorate this situation, Phase I proposes that a new technique
known as bracketing, which has been hitherto untested, be applied in order to provide closure
for experiments in which degradation of performance has occurred because of feedback delay.
Specifically, bracketing refers to the performance of identical experiments with immediate
feedback directly before and after the delayed feedback experiment, in the same manner as
"on-line" check experiments have been employed previously in operational remote viewing.
The hypothesis under consideration is that these bracketing experiments may serve to provide
. We have chosen 25 trials in each condition, because at the observed hit rate of 75%,
25 trials are sufficient to demonstrate significance.
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space/time anchors for the subject, thereby defining a discrete location in space and time for
reception of the delayed feedback information. This experimental series will also yield
information, incidentally, concerning the veracity of the "on-line check," prior claims being
that on-line checks with known targets can accurately provide calibration for those
experiments in which feedback is delayed or nonexistent
If
bracketing is unable to address the delayed feedback signal attenuation problem, then other
new concepts (presently uknown, but perhaps focussing on making the feedback more of an
"event") will have to be applied successfully before the Phase II series of global feedback
experiments can be initiated. *
*It is logical to assume that if trial-by-trial delayed feedback experiments fail, global
feedback experiments will also fail, because they entail delayed feedback by definition.
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DISCUSSION (U)
The applications-oriented research proposed in this paper has been aimed
ultimately at a statistically streamlined, conceptual replication of Milan Ryzl's work with
subject Pavel Stepanek. Given the encouraging beginning we have made in a pilot series with
one subject, to whom trial-by-trial feedback was administered on a binary choice task, it is
important to determine how such functioning is maintained in the global, delayed feedback
arena that is typical of the
world in general. Some of the parameters that might
be uncovered in the course of the proposed research program may also have important
implications for other areas of psychoenergetic applications such as remote viewing.
1
Should the Ryzl experiment be able to be replicated in the proposed fashion,
the implications for a
reliable psi comunications system are apparent in terms of
-
potential.
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