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01 -187-07-406-010
Phenomenological Research
and
Analysis
Authors:
Edwin C. May, Ph.D., Wanda L. W. Luke, and Nevin D. Lantz, Ph.D.
30 November 1992
SAIC
R
Science Applications International Corporation
An Employee-Owned Company
Presented to:
U. S. Government
Contract MDA908-91-C-0037
(Client Private)
Submitted by:
Science Applications International Corporation
Cognitive Sciences Laboratory
1010 El Camino Real, Suite 330, P.O. Box 1412, Menlo Park, CA 94025 · (415) 325-8292
""Approved For Release 2000/08/08": 'CIA"ROP96-00789R603100230667-2
Palo Alto, Seattle, Tucson

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
ii
LIST OF TABLES
iii
I
OBJECTIVE
1
II
INTRODUCTION
2
III
PROGRESS TO DATE
3
6.1
Basic Research
3
6.2 Data Patterns/Correlations
4
6.3
Applied Research
4
6.4 Theoretical Issues
9
6.5 Research Methodology
9
IV BIBLIOGRAPHY
12
V
GLOSSARY
16
APPENDIX
17
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LIST OF FIGURES
1. Response threshold (1.196) for target pack 1, coding bit 3.
8
2. A two-by-five bit, error correcting block code.
9
.
-
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LIST OF TABLES
1. Visual memabership values for target pack 1.
6
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I. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this document is to provide an interim technical report on tasks 6.2, "Basic Research,"
6.3, "Applied Research," and 6.4, "Research Methodology," as listed in the 1991 Statement of Work.
This report covers the time period from 23 July to 30 November 1992, and includes all subtasks."
* This report constitutes the fifth and sixth deliverable DI-MISC-80508 under contract number MDA908-91-C-0037.
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II. INTRODUCTION
Under Statement of Work items 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4 in contract MDA908-91-C-0037, the Cognitive Sciences
Laboratory of Science Applications International Corporation is tasked to conduct phenomenological re-
search and analysis. This document details the activity accomplished under these items and constitutes the
interim report covering the period from 23 July to 30 November 1992.
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III. PROGRESS TO DATE
This section describes the progress to date for each of the subtasks listed under items 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4
(basic research, applied research, and research methodology, respectively). The section numbering
corresponds to the numbering in the Statement of Work.
6.1 Basic Research
6.1.1 Biophysical Measurements
6.1.1.1 MEG and EEG Correlates
We have identified a considerable literature that describes the correlation between MEG and EEG
measurements. Since each of these techniques measure different aspects of brain activity, we would
expect correlations of some types of measurements and not for other types. Currently, a neuroscientist
on our staff is examining the pertinent literature and formulating a comparison for our specific types of
MEG/EEG measurements.
6.1.1.2 MEG Data Analysis
We are examining over 800 megabytes of brainwave data from two different analytical perspectives.
(1) Traditional Event-Related Desynchronization (ERD). A brain indicates that it is inattentive by
the production of alpha waves. It is well-known that the brain can be aroused by motor action (e.g.,
moving a body part such as a finger), cognitive process (e.g., mentally reviewing a word list), and
responding to an external stimulus (e.g., direct light flash). One of the brain's indicators of arousal
from these activities is called ERD (i.e., alpha power either vanishes or is sharply reduced). Thus,
if we can assure ourselves that the stimuli that we used in the MEG experiment constituted a AC
stimulus, it would be likely that they also would show an ERD.
To search for ERDs in the previous data, we filtered each 2-minute run for alpha activity (i.e.,
7-13Hz). As is published in the general ERD literature, we computed the power by squaring each
sample point. We performed an ensemble average for 500 milliseconds of prestimulus time and for
1,500 milliseconds of poststimulus period.
We are currently examining a variety of normalization techniques so that we will be able to combine
the data from run-to-run and across blocks. A combination across blocks of data will allow a very
sensitive determination of whether ERDs are seen in the previous data.
(2)
Wavelet Transform. In a recent article, Schiff demonstrated the use of wavelet mathematics to
identify transients in non-stationary time series data .* This technique appears to be straight-for-
ward, and we are currently adapting it to our MEG data.
* Steven. J. Schiff, "Resolving Time-Series Structure with a Controlled Wavelet Transform," OpticalEngineering, Vol.31, No. 11,
pp. 2492-2495 (November 1992).
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6.2 Data Patterns/Correlations
6.2.1 Sender/No Sender Analysis
We are very sad to report the recent death of Mr. Charles Honorton of the Psychophysical Research
Laboratories (PRL). Through the PRL, Mr. Honorton had been subcontracted to conduct a detailed
analysis of sender/no sender issues. This analysis was to include statistical evaluation methods and a
discussion of the implications regarding target-individual matches. Mr. Honorton was an invaluable
contributor to the field of anomalous mental phenomena research and will be greatly missed.
At the time of his death, we were working closely with Mr. Honorton in the analysis of the Ganzfeld
data; however, he had not conducted any experimental activity on his subcontract. We are currently
discussing the possibility that Dr. Robert Morris of the psychology department at University of Edin-
burgh will assume the tasks under a separate subcontract.
6.2.2 MEG and EEG Correlates with Anomalous Cognition
We have conduced a detailed literature search for MEG and/or EEG correlates with anomalous mental
phenomena, and identified 53 relevant papers, which can be found in the bibliography in Section IV.
We are currently examining these papers to provide a mini-meta-analysis on the topic area.
6.3 Applied Research
6.3.1 Long Distance Experiment
The objective of this experiment is to adapt a standard anomalous cognition (AC) experiment to a
forced-choice situation. An additional objective is to incorporate fuzzy set technology into a "crisp,"
two-by-five, error correcting block code to improve AC detection.
6.3.1.1 Background
In the Spring of 1992, SAIC conducted a pilot experiment that was designed to explore the potential for
maximizing the reliability of AC responses through objective and rapid analysis. In this study, we re-
verted to using a dichotomous binary procedure as opposed to a fuzzy set technique. By carefully select-
ing the dichotomous elements, we could use standard block coding techniques to incorporate complete
single-error correction and a few two-fold error corrections as well. We used a message sending motif as
a test-bed for this kind of analysis.
Unfortunately, only one receiver demonstrated an effect size larger than 0.20 (i.e., 0.22) for evidence of
AC and no evidence of enhanced detection was seen.
One of the primary problems, which may have contributed to this result, was the nature of the target
pool. In an attempt to make the targets dichotomous within packs and at the same time inherently in-
teresting, targets within the pool ranged in scale from a panoramic scene of a cityscape to a photograph
of three chairs and thus possessed a large variety of potential target elements. Since receivers were told
in advance that the targets could contain absolutely any material, they were unable to censor their inter-
nal experiences, which may have resulted in enhanced intrinsic receiver noise. We define such a target
pool as possessing a large target-pool bandwidth.
Another problem was that each encoding bit in the block code was linked to only one percept (e.g., the
single target element of water). This exaggerated the importance of the chosen dichotomous elements.
For example, if a receiver failed to sense water in the target but managed to sense most other aspects of
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the target regardless of whether they were part of the bit structure, then the block code was not particu-
larly applicable.
In an AC application, a fundamental imbalance exists in this type of bit structure. The block coding
assumes that binary zero is "assertive." For example, when water is not indicated in the response, it is
equivalent to indicating that water is definitely not in the target. Unfortunately, it is possible or even
likely that unless a receiver specifies explicitly that water is not present, then the presence or absence is
indeterminate. The net effect is to render this type of discrete block coding invalid for AC applications.
To achieve our second objective (i.e., improved coding procedures), our new experimental protocol at-
tempts to correct the problems discussed above, so that potential enhancement of the detection of AC
may be optimized. The following modifications have been made.
. We used the National Geographic static target pool, which has been successful for many AC experi-
ments in the past. This pool appears to include enough basic elements to keep a receiver from gues-
sing, yet allow for some internal self editing to decrease the receiver intrinsic noise (i.e., intermediate
target-pool bandwidth).
· The sensitivity to discrete block coding has been reduced by using a number of fuzzy-set elements to
define each block coding bit. . Thus, each bit will not rely upon a single percept, but rather represent
classes of different percepts.
We anticipate that these improvements will allow for a much improved detection of AC, and provide a
more sensitive test of whether error-correction can be successfully applied to AC detection.
To achieve our primary objective (i.e., apply AC techniques to a forced-choice circumstance), we used
an associative anomalous cognition (AAC) procedure. In this technique, AC targets are assigned one
each to a limited set of alternatives. For example, in message sending each of four possible messages are
assigned to a different National Geographic magazine photograph. In principle, a receiver provides his/
her impressions as in a standard AC trial, and if an on-site analyst, who is blind to the target choice, is
able to correctly match the response to the intended target, then the message, which was previously
associated with that photograph is "received" correctly.
6.3.1.2 Target Construction
To accommodate the error correcting portion of the protocol, we assigned each of the block coding bits
to five individual fuzzy set descriptors. These descriptors were developed under another program, but
are included here in the Appendix. Each target in the National Geographic pool had been consensus
encoded with regard to each descriptor's visual importance to the scene. For example, the element wa-
ter fall would most likely be coded as a numerical value of one in a close-up photograph of Yellowstone
Falls, whereas it might only receive 0.2 for a distant view of Yosemite Falls. These assignments are called
membership values in fuzzy set parlance. A collect of membership values for a photograph constitute the
fuzzy set representation of the visual content of the scene.
Since the error-correction code that we are using requires us to construct the following four binary num-
bers: 00000, 01110, 10101, and 11011 (see Figure 2, on page 9), we identified five sets of descriptors for
each bit position in the block code word. Each target pack of four photographs possessed their own
unique set of 25 descriptors.
Consulting the historical fuzzy set target database, we summed the membership values for the descrip-
tors for each bit position in each of the 20 target packs. Let the sum of the membership values for a given
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bit position be E. By inspection, we determined a threshold of 1.5 such that if _ _ 1.5, then the bit was
defined as one. If > < 1.5 then the bit was defined as zero. We illustrate the technique for target pack
one. Table 1 shows the fuzzy set descriptors and the result of the threshold analysis for the four targets in
a pack. For example, target three corresponds to the binary number 10101 (i.e., the shaded cells in Table 1).
That is, the sum of the membership values exceed the threshold for bit positions zero, two, and four.
Table 1.
Visual membership values for target pack 1.
Block Bit Position
Descriptor
Target 1
Target 2
Target 3
Target 4
Wilderness
0.3
1.0
0.5
Urban
0.5
Hills
0.1
0.7
0.1
0
Rocky
0.3
0.5
Aligned
0.9
0.5
TOTAL:
0.3
1.0
2.0
2.1
BINARY:
10
0
0
0
1
1
Rise
0.1
0.7
0.8
Boundaries
0.7
0.6
Closed
0.3
0.2
0.3
1
Settlement
0.8
Vegetation
0.9
0.4
TOTAL:
0
2.8
0.9
2.1
BINARY:
0
0
1
1
Parallel Lines
0.2
0.9
Repeat Motif
0.2
0.8
0.2
0.3
Striated
0.1
0.6
0.4
0.4
Weathered
0.7
Grainy
0.3
0.7
0.1
TOTAL:
0.8
2.3
2.0
0.8
BINARY:
0
1
1
0
Agriculture
0.9
0.2
Rectangle
0.5
0.3
0.6
Buildings
0.5
0.6
0.7
3
Agricult. Fields
0.9
0.2
Fuzzy
0.5
0.3
TOTAL:
1.0
3.2
0
2.0
BINARY:
0
0
1
1
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Table 1. (continued)
Visual membership values for target pack 1.
Visual Membership Value
Block Bit Position
Descriptor
Target 1
Target 2
Target 3
Target 4
Valley
0.5
0.1
Mountains
0.4
0.6
Diagonal Lines
0.2
0.6
0.5
4
Vertical Lines
0.2
0.1
0.4
Horizontal Line
0.3
0.9
0.3
0.2
TOTAL:
0.5
1.2
1.8
1.8
BINARY:
0
0
1
In this way, four targets were were assigned to the four binary numbers of the block coding scheme for
the remaining 19 packs.
6.3.1.3 Target Selection
For each trial in this experiment, a target pack was first selected randomly, and followed by a random
selection of a target within the pack.
6.3.1.4 Receiver Selection
Four receivers participated in this experiment. Each was selected on the basis of their significant results
from previous AC experiments. All receivers conducted their AC sessions at sites designated by the
client and with the aid of a monitor.
6.3.1.5 Number of Trials
Three receivers will contribute a total of four trials each, and one will contribute eight. Thus, 20 trials
will be collected for the experiment.
6.3.1.6 Trial Protocol
The following steps are performed for each trial:
(1)
A receiver and a monitor traveled to an east coast location, which was designated by the client. The
monitor had a sealed package containing all of the targets from one target pack.
(2) At a prearranged time, Menlo Park laboratory personnel on the west coast randomly selected a
target binary number (i.e., photograph) from the pack and placed it in a designated location. This
target remained in the designated location for the duration of a trial.
(3) For a period lasting no longer than 15 minutes, each receiver wrote and drew his/her impressions of
the target.
(4) The response was collected and secured by the monitor.
(5) The monitor rank-ordered the four photographs from best to worst match to the response.
(6) After reporting the rank-order values to the Menlo Park laboratory, the monitor obtained the cor-
rect target and provided feedback to the receiver.
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6.3.1.7 Analysis
To test the AAC portion of the experiment, the number of first place matches from the rank ordering
will be computed for each receiver as well as across all receivers. An exact binomial distribution will be
used to compute effect sizes and associated p-values.
To determine if the fuzzy set version of error correction is effective, we must define a response thresh-
old, which is similar to the target threshold, that determines the value of the associated coding bit. Our
first approach is to determine the threshold values from empirical data. We examined 160 responses
from earlier experiments that used the same target set. Each response from this experiment had been
coded using the fuzzy set elements shown in the Appendix. Different from the target coding, each mem-
bership value now represented the analysts' belief that each element was indicated in the response. For
example, if the response assertively mentioned water, then the water membership value would be 1.0. If
the response, however, only showed lines that might be interpreted as waves and water was not men-
tioned, then the membership value might be 0.6. This value indicates a 60% confidence factor that the
response markings really means water.
Figure 1 shows the distribution for the sum of fuzzy set elements that represent coding bit three from
target pack one (i.e., see Table 1). The distribution is computed from 160 responses across four differ-
ent receivers. This curve represents the "natural" bias for the bit-3 elements in responses to the Nation-
al Geographic target pool.
Threshold-
Relative Density
0.2 -
0.0
0
1
2
3
4
Sum of Membership Values
Figure 1. Response threshold (1.196) for target pack 1, coding bit 3.
The threshold of 1.196 is the mean value of this distribution. For bit three to be coded as a one, the sum of
the response membership values must equal or exceed this value. Otherwise bit three will be assigned a
value of zero. In a similar fashion, a unique threshold value is computed for each bit for each target pack.
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In the fuzzy set analysis, each response is coded by an analyst who is blind to the target choice and un-
aware of which elements are used to form the coding bits. Membership sums are then computed for
each bit and a single 5-bit binary number, which represents the response, is constructed.
Figure 2 shows the decoding matrix, which is specified by the block coding.
-
00000
01110
10101
11011
Targets
00001
01111
10100
11010
00010
01100
10111
11001
00100
01010
10001
11111
Single Error
Correction
01000
00110
11101
10011
10000
11110
00101
01011
00011
01101
10110
11000
-
Double Error
Correction
01001
00111
11100
10010
Figure 2. A two-by-five bit, error correcting block code.
The analyst must then locate the 5-bit binary number from the fuzzy set analysis within the decoding
matrix. The actual target binary number is the one represented by the 5-bit code that tops the column in
which the encoded AC response is found. This matrix allows for correction for all single bit errors and a
number of two bit errors within the AC response. As in the AAC case, the binomial distribution will be
used to compute the effect sizes and related p-values for this approach.
6.3.1.8 Current Status
Data has been collected for the first eight of 20 trials. The remaining trials are scheduled for the third
week in December. Analysis of the first eight trials is in progress.
6.4 Theoretical Issues
6.4.1 Anomalous Perturbation
This task has been deleted as per modification P00004.
6.4.2 Models
We have identified approximately 30 articles from the physics literature that bear directly or are
associated with a number of potential models of AC. The most promising approach at this time involves
aspects of general relativity and quantum gravity. The associated papers are being studied to provide
assistance for model construction.
6.5 Research Methodology
6.5.1 Committees
We have received responses from three of the five members of the Scientific Oversight Committee on
the previous year's work. Those comments are being addressed and will be included in the final report.
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The Institutional Review Board did not meet during the reporting period; however, we obtained writ-
ten permission for the use of humans in the experiment, which is described in Section 6.3.1.
SG1B
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SG1B
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IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Hughes, Dureen J., Melville, Norbert T., "Changes in Brainwave Activity During Trance
Channeling: A Pilot Study," Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 1990, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 175-189.
2. Hartwell, J. W., "An Extention to the CNV Study and an Evaluation," European Journal of
Parapsychology, 1979 (May), Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 358-364.
3. Bender, Hans, "Hans Berger and an Energetic Theory of Telepathy," Zeitschrift fur
Parapsychologie und Grenzgebiete der Psychologie, 1963, Vol. 6, Nos. 2/3, pp. 182-191.
4. Whitton, J. L., "Response in the Brain to Telepathic Stimulus," New Horizons, 1975 (Jan.), Vol. 1,
No. 5, pp. 227-230.
5. ? , "Report on Demonstrations and Experiments Performed During the Conference," New
Horizons, 1975 (Jan.), Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 191-194.
6. Beloff, John, "ESP: The Search for a Physiological Index," Journal of the Society for Psychical
Research, 1974 (Sep.), Vol. 47, No. 761, pp. 403-420.
7. Bierman, D. J., De Dianna, I. P. F., and Houtkooper, J. M., "Preliminary Report on the
Amsterdam Experiments with Matthew Manning," European Journal of Parapsychology, 1976
(May), Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 6-16.
8. Casavesio, Orlando, "Electroencephalography of Metaphychical States," Proceedings of the First
International Conference of Parapsychological Studies. New York: Parapsychology Foundation,
1955, pp. 127-128.
9. Duane, T. D., and Behrendt, R., "Extrasensory Electroencephalographic Induction Between
Identical Twins," Science, 1965, Vol. 150, No. 3694, p. 367.
10. Gertz, John, "Hypnagogic Fantasy, EEG, and Psi Performance in a Single Subject," Journal of the
American Society for Psychical Research, 1983 (Apr.), Vol. 77, No. 2, pp.155-170.
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Psychical Research, 1982 (Oct.), Vol. 51, No. 792, pp. 382-384.
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1980 (Sep.), Vol. 50, No. 785, pp. 489-490.
14. Heseltine, G. L., "Electronic Random Number Generator Operation Associated with EEG
Activity," Journal of Parapsychology, 1977 (Jun.), Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 103-118.
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and EEG Activity: Further Studies," Journal of Parapsychology, 1978 (Jun.), Vol. 42, No. 2, pp.
123-136.
16. Honorton, Charles, "Relationship Between EEG Alpha Activity and ESP Card-Guessing
Performance," Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1969 (Oct.), Vol. 63, No. 4,
pp. 365-374.
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17. Honorton, Charles, and Carbone, Mildred, "A Preliminary Study of Feedback- Augmented EEG
Alpha Activity and ESP Card-Guessing Performance," Journal of the American Society for
Psychical Research, 1971 (Jan.), Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 66-74.
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in a Gifted Subject," European Journal of Parapsychology, 1977 (Nov.), Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 68-79.
19. Hurst, Lewis A., and Neppe, Vernon M., "A Familial Study of Subjective Paranormal Experience
in Temporal Lobe Dysfunction Subjects," Parapsychological Journal of South Africa, 1981 (Dec.),
Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 56-64.
20. Kobayashi, Ken, "A Relationship Between Psi Performance and EEG Alpha Activity of the
Cerebral Hemispheres," Ph.D. Thesis, Baylor University, 1976.
21. Lloyd, D. H., "Objective Events in the Brain Correlating with Psychic Phenomena," New Horizons,
1973 (Sum.), Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 69-75.
22. Morris, R. L., Roll, W. G., Klein, J., and Wheeler, G., "EEG Patterns and ESP Results in
Forced-Choise Experiments with Lalsingh Harribance," Journal of the American Society for
Psychical Research, 1972 (Jul), Vol. 66, No. 3, pp.253-268.
23. Nelson, Gorden K., and Nappe, Vernon M., "The Neurophysiological Wave Correlates of a
Controlled Sample of Subjective Paranormal Experiments - A Preliminary Report,
Parapsychological Journal of South Africa, 1980 (Jul./Dec.), Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 99-101.
24. Osis, Karlis, and Mitchell, Janet Lee, "Physiological Correlates of Reported Out-of-Body
Experiences," Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 1977 (Jun.), Vol. 49, No. 772, pp.
525-536.
25. Owen, A. R. G., "A Preliminary Report on Matthew Manning's Physical Phenomena," New
Horizons, 1974 (Jul.), Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 172-173.
26. Paul, Margaret A., Fantl, Kurt, Gardner, Leonard B., and Puharich, Henry K., "Physical and
Psychological Factors Involved in Psychokinetic Table-Rapping: Results of a Preliminary
Investigation," Zeitschrift fur Parapsychologie und Grenzgebiete der Psychologie, 1963, Vol. 6, Nos.
2/3, pp. 122-146.
27. Rao, K. Ramakrishna, and Feola, Jose, "Electrical Activity of the Brain and ESP: An Exploratory
Study of Alpha Rhythm and ESP Scoring," Journal of Indian Psychology, 1979 (Jul.), Vol. 2, No. 2,
pp. 118-133.
28. Schmeidler, Gertrude R., "Research Projects in Parapsychology," Joumal of Parapsychology, 1948
(Jun.), Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 107-113.
29. Schouten, Sybo A., "Autonomic Psychophysiological Reactions to Sensory and Emotive Stimuli in
a Psi Experiment," European Journal of Parapsychology, 1976 (May), Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 57-71.
30. Stanford, Rex, G., "EEG Alpha Activity and ESP Performance: A Replicative Study," Journal of
the American Society for Psychical Research, 1971 (Apr.), Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 144-154.
31. Stanford, Rex, G., and Lovin, CaroleAnn, "EEG Alpha Activity and ESP Performance," Journal of
the American Society for Psychical Research, 1970 (Oct.), Vol. 64, No. 4, pp. 375-384.
32. Stanford, Rex, G., and Palmer, John, "Free-Response ESP Performance and Occipital Alpha
Rhythms," Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1975 (Jul.), Vol. 69, No. 3, pp.
235-243.
33. Stanford, Rex, G., and Stanford, Birgit E., "Shifts in EEG Alpha Rhythm as Related to Calling
Patterns and ESP Run-Score Variance," Journal of Parapsychology, 1969 (Mar.), Vol. 33, No. 1,
pp. 39-47.
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34. Stanford, Rex, G., and Stevenson, Ian, "EEG Correlates of Free-Response GESP in an
Individual Subject," Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1972 (Oct.), Vol. 66,
No. 4, pp. 357-368.
35. Tart, Charles T., "Physiological Correlates of PSI Cognition," International Journal of
Parapsychology, 1963 (Aut.), Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 375-386.
36. Tart, Charles T., "A Second Psychophysiological Study of Out-of-the-Body Experiences in a
Gifted Subject," International Journal of Parapsychology, 1967 (Win.), Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 251-258.
37. Tart, Charles T., "Psychophysiological Study of Out-of-the-Body Experiences in a Selected
Subject," Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1968 (Jan.), Vol. 62, No. 1, pp.
3-27.
38. Ullman, Montague, Krippner, Stanley, and Feldstein, Sol, "Experimentally-Induced Telepathic
Dreams: Two Studies Using EEG-REM Monitoring Techniques," International Journal of
Parapsychology, 1966 (Aut.), Vol. 8. No. 4, pp. 577-603.
39. Varvoglis, Mario P., and McCarthy, Donald, "Conscious-Purposive Focus and PK: RNG Activity
in Relation to Awareness, Task-Orientation, and Feedback," Journal of the American Society for
Psychical Research, 1986 (Jan.), Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 1-29.
40. Venturino, Michael, "An Investigation of the Relationship Between Feedback-Augmented EEG
Alpha Activity and ESP Performance," Mater of Arts Thesis, State University College of Arts and
Science, Geneseo, New York, 1976.
41. Venturino, Michael, "An Investigation of the Relationship Between EEG Alpha Activity and ESP
Performance," Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1978 (Apr.), Vol. 72, No. 2,
pp. 141-152.
42. Wenger, M. A., Bagchi, B. K., and Anand, B. K., "Voluntary Heart and Pulse Control by Yoga
Methods," International Journal of Parapsychology, 1963 (Win.), Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 25-41.
43. West, Donald J., "Experimental Parapsychology in Britain: A Survey of Recent Work," Journal of
Parapsychology, 1954 (Mar.), Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 10-30.
44. Whitton, Joel L., "Ramp Functions in EEG Power Spectra During Actual or Attempted
Paranormal Events," New Horizons, 1974 (Jul.), Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 174-183.
45. Brown, C. C., Fischer, R., Wagman, A. M. I., and Horrom, N., "The EEG in Meditation and
Therapeutic Touch Healing," Journal of Altered States of Consciousness, 1977-78, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.
169-180.
46. Fahler, Jarl, and Cadoret, Remi J., "ESP Card Tests of College Students with and Without
Hypnosis," Journal of Parapsychology, 1958 (Jun.), Vol. 22, No. 2, pp.125-136.
47. Lorenz, F. W., "Electroencephalogram Experiments with Matthew Manning," In Jeffrey Mishlove
(Ed.), A Month With Matthew Manning: Experiences and Experiments in Northern California
During May-June 1977, pp. 62-71, San Francisco, Washington Research Center, 1979.
48. Maher, Michaeleen, "Correlated Hemisperic Asymmetry in the Sensory and ESP Processing of
Emotional and Nonemotional Stimuli," European Journal of Parapsychology, 1986 (Nov.), Vol. 6,
No. 3, pp. 217-257.
49. McCreery, Charles, and Price, H. H., "Science, Philosphy and ESP," London: Published for the
Institute of Psychophysical Research by Hamish Hamilton, 1969.
50. Millay, Jean, "Comment on Lorenz's EEG Experiment," In Jeffrey Mishlove (Ed.), A Month
With Matthew Manning: Experiences and Experiments in Northern California During
May-June 1977, pp. 72-73, San Francisco, Washington Research Center, 1979.
51. Targ, Russell, and Puthoff, Harold, "Information Transmission Under Conditions of Sensory
Shielding," Nature, 1974 (Oct. 18), Vol. 252, No. 5476, pp. 602-607.
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52. Healy, Joan, "Hippocampal Kindling, Theta Resonance, and PSI," Journal of the Society for
Psychical Research, 1986 (Oct.), Vol. 53, No. 805, pp. 486-500.
53. Alford, Danny K., "The Origin of Speech in a Deep Structure of PSI," Phoenix: Journal of
Transpersonal Anthropology, 1978 (Fall/Win.), Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 13-18.
. .
·
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V. GLOSSARY
Not all the terms defined below are germane to this report, but they are included here for completeness.
In a typical anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) task, we define:
· Anomalous Cognition-A form of information transfer in which all known sensorial stimuli are ab-
sent. That is, some individuals are able to gain access, by as yet an unknown process, to information
that is not available to the known sensorial channels.
· Receiver-An individual who attempts to perceive and report information about a target.
· Agent -- An individual who attempts to influence a target system.
. Target-An item that is the focus of an AMP task (e.g., person, place, thing, event).
. Target Designation-A method by which a specific target, against the backdrop of all other possible
targets, is identified to the receiver (e.g., geographical coordinates).
· Sender/Beacon-An individual who, while receiving direct sensorial stimuli from an intended target,
acts as a putative transmitter to the receiver.
· Monitor-An individual who monitors an AC session to facilitate data collection.
· Session -- A time period during which AC data are collected.
· Protocol-A template for conducting a structured data collection session.
. Response-Material that is produced during an AC session in response to the intended target.
· Feedback-After a response has been secured, information about the intended target is displayed to
the receiver.
· Analyst -- An individual who provides a quantitative measure of AC.
· Speciality-A given receiver's ability to be particularly successful with a given class of targets (e.g.,
people as opposed to buildings).
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APPENDIX
Fuzzy Set Coding Forms
.
.
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CONCRETE DESCRIPTOR LEVELS i
Experiment:
Trial:
Response:
Coder:
Viewer:
LEVEL
SINGLE STRUCTURES
SUBSTRUCTURES
1
fort
2
castle
3
3
palace
10
4
church (other religious buildings, monastery)
5
mosque
6
pagoda
7
coliseum (stadium,
amphitheater, arena)
10
boats (barges)
8
bridge
11
pier (jetty)
9
[dam (lock, spillway)]
12
[motorized vehicles
(cars, trucks, trains)]
13
column
14
spire (minaret, tower)
15
fountain
16
fence
17
arch
18
wall (e.g., the Great Wall)
19
monument
8
20
roads
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CONCRETE DESCRIPTOR LEVELS II
Experiment:
Trial:
Response:
Coder:
Viewer:
LEVEL
SETTLEMENT
ELEVATION
LAND/WATER
INTERFACE
NO
WATER OR
VEGETATION
VEGETATION
AMBIENCE/
FUNCTION
21
port (harbor)
23
agricultural
fields
(orchards)
24
industrial
22
25
recreational
26
religious
27
mechanical
7
28
technical
29
agricultural
30
commercial
34
ruins
(incomplete
buildings)
35
mesa
(plateau)
36
waterfall
39
desert
40
forest
31
wilderness
37
glacier
41
jungle
32
urban
6
38
42
(marsh)
(pastoral)
131
historical
(archaeological)
43|
isolated
settlement
46
single peak
54
unbounded large
expanse of water
(ocean, sea)
60
vegetation
(trees)
hills (slopes,
44
town (village)
47
bumps, humps,
55
completely bounded
expanse of water
(lake, pool, pond)
45
city
48
mountains
partially bounded
56
expanse of water (bay)
49
cliff(s)
[plain, delta]
57
island
50
valley (cleft,
gully, irreg.
58
river (stream, creek)
51
depression)
59
coastline
52
canyon
53
[crater, bowl-
shape, regular
depression]
canal (channel,
manmade
waterway)
swamp
rural
33
mounds)
5
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[oasis]
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ABSTRACT DESCRIPTOR LEVELS I
Experiment:
Trial:
Response:
Coder:
Viewer:
QUALITIES
LEVEL
COLOR
OTHER
VISUAL
IMPLIED
TEXTURE
IMPLIED
TEMPERATURE
IMPLIED
MOVEMENT
AMBIENCE
61
yellow 71
shiny (reflective)
80
smooth
85
hot
89
flowing
91
congested (cluttered,
dense, busy)
62
orange 72
[gold]
81
fuzzy
86
cold (snow, ice) 90|
63
red
73
[silver]
82
grainy (sandy,
crumbly)
87
humid
other
implied
movement 92
serene (peaceful,
unhurried,
unfrenetic)
64
blue
74
[chrome]
rocky (ragged,
88
dry (arid)
65
green
75
[copper]
83
rugged, jagged,
rubbled, rough)
66
purple 76
(pink)
obscured (fuzzy,
dim, smoky)
84
striated
67
brown
(beige)
77
cloudy (foggy,
misty)
68
black
78
old
69
white
79
(eroded,
70
grey
incomplete)
ARCHETYPES
STRUCTURE
ELEVATION
INTERFACE
UNIQUENESS
AMBIENCE
97
building(s)
(structure(s))
98
rise (vertical rise
as well as slope)
100
light/dark areas
(big swaths)
104
single (or central)
predominant feature
106
manmade
(or altered)
99
flat
101
boundaries
105
odd (or surprising)
juxtaposition of
elements
107
natural
102
land/water
interface
land/sky
103
interface (horizon)
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94
open (spacious,
vast, expansive)
95
ordered (aligned)
96
disordered (jumbled,
unaligned)
weathered
3
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closed in
(claustrophobic)

ABSTRACT DESCRIPTOR LEVELS II
Experiment:
Trial:
Response:
Coder:
Viewer:
2-D & 3-D GEOMETRIES
LEVEL
RECTILINEAR
FORMS
CURVILINEAR
FORMS
MIXED
FORMS
IRREGULAR
FORMS
REPEAT
MOTIF
108
rectangle
(square,
box)
112
circle (oval,
sphere)
114
cylinder
117
118
repeat motif
triangle
109
(trapezoid,
pyramid)
116
semicircle
(hemisphere,
dome)
110
other polygonal
(> 4 sides: hexagon,
octagon, etc.)
111
cross-hatch
(grid)
1-D GEOMETRY
119
stepped
127
arc (curve)
130
meandering curve
120
parallel lines
128
wave form (ripples)
121
vertical lines
129
spiral
122
horizontal lines
1
123
diagonal lines
124
V-shape
125
inverted V-shape
126
other angles
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113
[torus]
115
cone
irregular
forms
(irregular
features)
2
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