CIA-RDP96-00789R001602150001-6

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0
may
NOFORN
PROJECT SUN STREAK
WARNING NOTICE:
INTELLIGENCE SOURCES AND METHODS INVOLVED
--------
PROJECT NUMBER: 0760
SESSION NUMBER: 01
DATE OF SESSION:
10 May 88
DATE
OF REPORT:
11
May 88
START:
1340
END:
1440
METHODOLOGY: CRV-S VI
VIEWER IDENTIFIER:
079
1.
(S/NF/SK)
MISSION:
As a training session in Stage VI CRV,
access and describe the site of Stonehenge, UK.
2.
(S/NF /SK)
VIEWER TASKING:
Encrypted coordinates 8793 1422
3.
(S/NF/SK)
COMMENTS:
Viewer is developing a little more
facility in manipulating modeling materials. Worked a little
with mid-air modeling and on-paper diagraming/matrixing as well.
4.
(S/NF/SK)
EVALUATION:
A generally successful SVI training
.
session.
Viewer has slight difficulty distinguishing AOL from
AOL/S .- This was discussed between monitor and viewer and some
suggestions provided by monitor to viewer to improve this aspect.
HANDLE VIA SKEET CHANNELS ONLY
/NOFORN
CLASSIFIED BY:
DIA (DT)
DECLASSIFY:
OADR
aguiar 003
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.
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---
CRV TRAINING
10 MAY 88
DURING
TODAY 'S
TRAINING,
FIRST
FELT THAT THE SITE HAD
MOTION, MOVEMENT, AND MOBILITY.
I
FELT A
FAST MOTION.
I FELT
THAT
THE
SITE
WAS
AIRY
AND
LIGHT
I FELT SPACIOUSNESS AND
I
VASTNESS.
I ASSOCIATED
BLACK AND
NAVY BLUE
WITH THE
SITE.
ALSO ASSOCIATED
WHITE AND TWINKLING WITH THE SITE.
THE SITE HAD
A VACUUM SOUND.
THE SITE WAS HARD AND IT
FELT SMOOTH.
I COULD
ALSO FEEL SLIDING AND GLIDING.
THE OVERALL FEELING WAS CLEAN AND
I COULD HEAR MUSIC SOUNDS.
I FELT
THAT THERE
WERE OCCURRENCES
HERE.
IN TWO AI BK'S, I OBJECTIFIED LUXURIOUS AND WONDERFUL.
THE SITE CONSISTS OF A STRUCTURE OR SEVERAL STRUCTURES.
THE STRUCTURE
WAS ROUND,
HARD, AND CURVING.
THE STRUCTURE
WAS SCIENTIFIC AND A MUSEUM.
I OBJECTIFIED ASTRONOMY.
IN AN AOL
BK, I OBJECTIFIED BIG DIPPER.
I THEN OBJECTIFIED BIG WHITE PILLARS.
:
I THEN OBJECTIFIED PEOPLE IN A LARGE TOWN.
GOING
BACK
TO
THE
STRUCTURE,
1
OBJECTIFIED
STUDYING,
LEARNING
KNOWLEDGE.
AN
INSTITUTE.
FACTUAL ,
INFORMATIVE,
HELPING,
WATCHING,
TAKING
NOTES ,
OBSERVING,
RESEARCHING,
SUBSIDIZING, HEALING.
WHEN OBJECTIFYING THE PEOPLE, I SAID THAT THEY WERE TALKING,
WALKING, AND
THEY WERE
NICE AND
CARING.
PEOPLE BELIEVING.
I
OBJECTIFIED YOUNG MEN.
I
ALSO
OBJECTIFIED
PEOPLE
WORKING,
VISITING,
HERE
ON
VACATION, AND
PEOPLE WITH
THEIR FAMILIES.
I
COULD ALSO SMELL
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1
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FOOD AND
THE STRUCTURE
WAS CLEAN.
I
SAID THAT THE SITE WAS NOT
AS MUCH FUN AS DISNEYLAND BUT NOT AS SERIOUS AS A SPACE MUSEUM.
I
THEN OBJECTIFIED WHAT THE STRUCTURE
LOOKED LIKE.
I SAID
THAT THERE
WERE TWO ROUND OR CIRCULAR PORTIONS THAT WERE LINKED,
ON A
HARD STRAIGHT, AND
LOOPED, RINGED OR TIED TOGETHER SITTING
THICK BASE.
THERE WERE WINDOWS.
THE STRUCTURE IS EASILY SEEN.
IN AN
AI BK,
I
SAID
THAT THE STRUCTURE WAS VERY DECORATIVE AND
VERY ARTFUL.
THE STRUCTURE REMINDED ME OF NEW, MODERN ART.
I COULD THEN SEE PEOPLE OUTSIDE THE STRUCTURE.
THERE
WAS A
LOT OF
ACTIVITY.
PEOPLE WERE WITH CHILDREN ENJOYING THEMSELVES
AND THEY WERE HAVING FUN.
IT WAS WARM AND HUMID AND
HOT.
THERE
IS WATER
NEARBY.
PEOPLE COME HERE ON VACATION.
IN AN AOL BK, I
OBJECTIFIED BALLOONS.
WHEN TRYING TO OBJECTIFY THE PILLARS, I GOT
STUCK IN
AN AI
BY SAYING
BIG
THERE WAS GREEN LAWNS AND ONE HAD TO LOOK UP AT
THE PILLARS AND WALK UP TO
THE PILLARS.
I
COULD FEEL
THE AIR
GOING IN
AND AROUND THE PILLARS.
THE PILLARS ARE CONTAINED IN A
CERTAIN AREA.
THE PILLARS WERE PLACED IN A CIRCLE.
THE PILLARS
HAD
HISTORICAL
VALUE
AND
THERE WERE BLACK MARKINGS AROUND THE
PILLARS
THE PILLARS
REMINDED ME OF A
MONUMENT.
THE PILLARS
REMINDED ME OF A MAN THAT IS DEAD NOW.
I
SAID A PRESIDENT.
THERE ARE ANIMALS HERE.
IT IS VERY PLEASANT HERE.
THE
PILLARS
REMINDED
ME
OF
HISTORY
AND
THE
STRUCTURE
REMINDED ME OF A SCIENCE.
I FELT THAT THE PILLARS AND THE STRUCTURE WERE MAN-MADE
AND
THEY WERE NOT ROCKS.
I FELT THAT I WAS IN SAN FRANCISCO OR
WASHINGTON D.C.
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Monitor's
Sketch of Viewers
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Pillar.
3
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8793
1422
1-6
1
10 ARRY 88
1330
A. CURVING
-
CONF BK.
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2
87.934
1420
A. Straight
COMING
DOWN
Dlagnol
DOWN
anal
0
across
hard
B.
--
1
A. Downing
Straight
-
52
motion
mobility
movement
fast motion.
feels light
feels airy .
SpaciousNess
vastNess
black
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(3)
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AF BI- Incredible
52
feels any
blue
black
white
twinkling
vaccuum
SOUND
tuRe
hard
feels smooth
feels gliDing
Slidas
-
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-

4
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52
tastes clean
MUSIC SOUNDLA.
Spacious
vastNess
occuremelo
AlBK- luxurious.
A.I BK - wonderful.
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.
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5
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6
. . .... ... ...
-----
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7
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:
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8
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9
.........
...
. .. ..
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Space
SZ
D
open area
however
site is a big , vast , spacious ,
SITE consists of a
structure of several structure.
10
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IS
11
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A
S2
Dark
light
big
vast
open
spacious
7
CUIVing
TOUND
hals
Structure
Scientific.
museum
Stars.
astravary
AOCBA-
BIG
DIPPER.
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,
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12
pilares.
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13
Cen object
or structure
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14
52
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7
Structure
pilars
white
Square
19
Smaller
structures
peuple
lange town.
Not acity
large
town.
Studying
C
learning
knowledge
V
7
tute
(
factual
IN formating
helping
watching
takinges
observing
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52.
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C
PINK
observations
StuDING
researching
SUBSIDIZING
monet
ital
factual.
Scientific
. healing
walking
Talking
NICE
Earing
Perple
Nice
Caling
Father young
people
Young men
believing
white
blue
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15
Object
or structure
of
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52
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16
A15
10
people
working
visiting
business
families.
" futuristic-
GOOD
Smells
Clean
AuL BK-
Space
museum
AIL BK -
sto
acatIn
austri
AUL BL-
Not as much fun
as Disneyland
but Not as serie
as a space museum.
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.52
FOUND
HoopING
LaID
56
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ALS.
17
54€
a round portion
linked or loupes
or Ringt or
tied together.
Very Decorative FAJ
very artful. I AI
New modern artfulls.
Sitting on a
hard straight
hich
1
base,
Silvery
glassy
Cricular.
yellow.
WINDOWS
All through.
Structure.
easily Reen.
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56
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AI
N
5
1
to C
Als
52
blue
Yellow
large.
WINDOWS
people
outside
walking
amused
outside
a lot of
activity.
Children
enjoying
SUN.
openness
FUN.
FUN.
light-hearted
ALLBE-
balloons
UGEe
vacation,
-
water.
Nearby
water
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het
warm.

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18
€
GUNS
green grass
walking up
to pilar.
X Loc!
Locking
UP
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19
52
AI
5
AOL
ALS
pilars .
white
tall
thick
outstanding
Feel air going
100
+ GROUND
the
pilars.
AI BK-
BIG!
Looking UP
to look at
the pillan.
pilares are
Container
- ¿
a certain
are. more than
pilar. They
que placol una
GralT.
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20
X
X
X
XX
X
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56
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21
AOL Als
52
A
1
Pillan
white.
turllal
6
lue
Markings
around
the pilaRy
marking
are black.
AUL BI-
pilaes
remind me
al a
monument.
man
Dead NOW.
Aa BK.
president.
man.
official
( MIND JUMPED)
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56
22
AUL
AIS
52
AI
El
5
animals
green
grassi
pleasest
pleasant pleasant
pilars
walk walking
history
pilarA reminder
we of a
unowument
AUL BL-
San Francisc
A. L BK.
wash DC.
1
-
Felt that
man-made
Struc 20kg
od Not rocks.
9:40
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breezy
arry
Spacious.
humid

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CPYRGHT
WHO RAISED THE MEGALITHS?
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1
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One of the mysteries of Stonehenge is how the buge stones
were placed in position. The drawings below explain a
possible method of erecting a trilithon. For each of the
uprights a bole is dug; then the stone is bauled into posi-
tion on rollers, the bottom end is tipped into the bole,
and the stone is beaved into vertical position by
hundreds of men on long ropes. The lintel stone is Soen
raised by levers, in small stages, as a platform is built up
under it; finally it is moved sideways until mortises on
its underside fit into the tenons on the tops of uprights.
The total lack of agreement among the experts hardly
inspires confidence: if Stonehenge was so manifestly
a structure designed for predicting eclipses, there
should be at least some meeting of minds on how it
was done. In 1857, in order to settle whether cunei-
form had really been deciphered, the Royal Asiatic
Society challenged scholars to submit translations of
a newly discovered inscription; four did so, the re-
sults were found so alike that there could no longer
be room for doubt, and the issue was declared set-
tled. When the astronomers who have been studying
Stonehenge come up with at least convergent ideas,
then we may be readier to believe that its priests
knew how to predict eclipses.
its original position, one is fallen flat, and two have
disappeared.) Newham and Hawkins point out that
the short sides of the rectangle are parallel with
Stonehenge's main axis. So, when one looks along
them to the northeast, one sights, just as along the
axis, upon the point of midsummer sunrise. If one
looks along them in the opposite direction, toward
the southwest, one sights upon the point of mid-
winter sunset. And the line of the long sides marks, in
the southeast direction, the southernmost point at
which the full moon rises at midsummer, and, in the
northwest direction, the northernmost point at which
it sets at midwinter. Both men were struck by the
same idea as to why Salisbury Plain was chosen for
>
MICHAEL CRAIG THE ATLAS OF EARLY MAN BY JACQUETTA HAWKES - DORLING KINDERSLEY, LTD
Happily, some of Hawkins' findings do converge
with those of another student of Stonehenge-
although he was unaware of it. Stonehenge offered
sightlines, Hawkins argues, not only for the midsum-
the site; at its latitude the lines of midsummer sunrise
and moonrise cross at right angles and so a rectangu-
lar disposition of observation points is possible.
The claim that Stonehenge was so sophisticated an
veloped the skill to idegify the:
erable accuracy.
If, then, this unique negalit
number of specific astbnomi
was set on a site deliberately (
tions, what of its humWler rel.
and alignments, even the lone
objects of veneration and no me
a fi
astronomically useful? Bere we
dropped by a Scot professor
makes Hawkins' seem
stream of articles bulked qut
ander Thom has tried 6 demo
hirs and cromlechs of Britain.
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CPYRGHT
-
tion to whatever religious purp
instruments for determining c
tings not only of the sun and mi
-

CPYRGHT
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Stonehenge, the ruins of an ancient religious center and astronomical observatory. Sightings from different
positions and along the various stones were used to predict astronomical events with remarkable accuracy.
STONEHENGE, ston'henj, is the ruins of a Stone
Alge monument situated on Salisbury Plain in
southern England. It is one of the most imposing
and complex of the 40 to 50 prehistoric circular
enclosures or "henge" monuments known in the
British Isles.
The most striking features of Stonehenge are
the remains of a great circle of lintel-capped
rectangular stone columns surrounding a still
taller "horseshoe" of trilithons, each trilithon
consisting of two columns supporting the ends of
a
horizontal top piece, or lintel. The tallest
tfilithon rises 24 feet ( 7.3 meters ) above ground,
and each of the uprights weighs up to 50 tons.
Other conspicuous features of the monument
include the Slaughter Stone, the Heel Stone, the
Lluestones, and ditches.
Many of the elements have changed through
time as the result of natural forces or human
activity. Standing stones have toppled, ditches
Have silted, and additions and changes have been
made by the prehistoric peoples to whom this
site was an important religious center during the
feolithic Period and the Early Bronze Age,
roughly from 1900 to 1400 B. C.
Speculation on and study of Stonehenge have
continued unabated from the time that it was
Arst mentioned in the literature shortly after the
forman Conquest of 1066. Its construction has
Heen attributed to many of the various peoples
Who have inhabited the British Isles. The most
Fidely held belief was that Stonehenge was built
by the Britons, a Celtic people, for druidical rites.
# is now known, however. that the Celts and
their druid priests did not come to Britain until
1,000 years after Stonehenge was abandoned.
The first architectural study of the site was
hade in the 17th century by the English archi-
fet Inigo Jones at the command of King James
More accurate surveys and observations were
conducted subsequently by such British anti-
quaries as John Aubrey, Sir Richard Colt Hoare,
and William M. Flinders Petrie. The numbers
assigned by Petrie to the various holes and stones
are still employed in identifying them.
Archaeological research has provided the most
trustworthy evidence concerning not only the
several phases of construction and their dates.
but also the cultures to which they belong. In-
terpreting the original function of Stonehenge is
partly an archaeological matter and partly an
astronomical problem. Scientific excavation and
restoration began in the 20th century, especially
with the work of William Hawley from 1919 to
1926. The most meticulous investigations were
conducted jointly by Richard J. C. Atkinson,
Stuart Piggott, and John F. S. Stone from 1950
to 1954. The result of these excavations was an
extremely complicated picture of successive pe-
riods of construction.
Construction. The history of Stonehenge may
be, divided into three main periods. The first
major construction, or Period 1, took place be-
tween 1900 and 1700 B. C. It was accomplished
by people belonging to the secondary Neolithic
culture, a blend of earlier hunting and gathering
peoples and the first groups with an agricultural
economy to appear in the British Isles. This
construction consisted of a circular ditch and
hank about 320 feet (97 meters) in diameter.
broken by an entrance causeway from the north-
cast. Just inside the bank and concentric with
it was dug a circle of 56 equally spaced holes-
called the Aubrey holes for their 17th century
discoverer John Aubrey. The holes were filled
with chalk rubble and, in some instances, with
cremated human bones. Charcoal from one hole
yielded a radiocarbon date of 1848 B. c. : 275
years. The 16-foot ( 4.9-meter) tall Heel Stone
was erected at this time or earlier, a short dis-
751
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da
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CPYRGHI
752
STONEHENGE
tance outside the ditch to the northeast. The
Heel Stone is a block of sarsen stone, a type of
sandstone used for many of the larger stone
elements in the monument.
The structure of Period II ( about 1700-1500
B. C. ) does not now exist but can be inferred
from the existence within the ditch and the
Aubrey hole circle of the "Q" and "R" holes.
These holes form a double circle, 86 feet (26.2
meters) and 74 feet (22.5 meters ) in diameter,
each circle originally containing about 38 blue-
stones. Many of these stones were removed and
used for later constructions. Two parallel ditches
were dug outward from the main entrance, form-
ing an avenue running northeast toward the point
on the horizon at which the sun rises on mid-
summer day, or the summer solstice. Because
of the absence of holes in the western part of
the double circle, it would appear that Stone-
henge II was never completed. The architects
must have belonged to the Beaker culture, col-
onizers who came from the European continent
at the end of the Neolithic Period, for shards of
Beaker pottery have been found in association
with the traces of this structure.
Period III ( about 1500-1400 B. c. ) witnessed
the final and most spectacular phases of construc-
tion. One of the principal features is the 100-
foot (30.5-meter) circle of 30 sarsen stone columns.
Each column weighs about 25 tons; measures
about 3 to 4 feet (0.9-1.2 meters ) thick. 7 feet
(2.] meters) wide, and 13 feet ( 4 meters ) high;
and is capped by a continuous circle of horizontal
lintels held in position by mortise and tenon
joints. Within this circle is the central horseshow
of five sarsen trilithons referred to previously
Other features, such as the circles of "Y" and
"Z" holes outside the sarsen circle and a small
horseshoe of bluestones within the trilithon atra
appear to represent later modifications of the
plan. The largest of the bluestones, called iln
Altar-Stone, now lies under two fallen trilithor
stones. Its original location and function and
unknown. The builders of Stonehenge III well
almost certainly members of the Early Bronz.
Age Wessex culture, at the time one of the mos
advanced European cultures outside of the Medi
terranean area. Other sites of this culture, large
ly graves, have produced bronze ax blades and
other artifacts resembling strikingly in details
many objects from central Europe and My.
cenaean Greece. In 1953 a carving of a bronze
dagger similar in form to those used at Mycenae
during the period of the shaft graves was found
on one of the sarsen stones.
As for the construction techniques of Stone
henge, much practical experimentation has beer
done with simple equipment to determine pos
sible methods of transport and the size of ilu
labor force needed to move and erect the largo
sarsens. Geological studies have shown that the
sarsens came from Marlborough Downs, some 20
miles (32 km ) north of Stonehenge. The bhe
stones were brought from the Prescelly Moun,
tains of southwestern Wales, probably by sca and
then overland by sledges running on rollers. ]
has been estimated that it might require upwards
of 500 men to pull a 50-ton stone up the steepes
Hee sione
Mound :
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
U
0
..
C
0
C
c
€
Sarsen circle
0
C.
0
0
0
0
C
0
0
0
0
0
Wrectangle
0
0
0
C
.
0
4
0
€
0
C
C
4
0
D
Z holes
-
0
0
0
Y holes
Fallen or missing stone
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
0
Mound
0
50 Feet
0
Midsummero
.sunrise
0
0
Bluestone
· Bluestone
0
.Station-stone
0
0
hor
o Seshoe
4620000000000000
--
0
0
0
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Aubrey holes
0
0
0
Standing stone
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CPYRGHT
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 GIA RDP96 00789R0016021500016
STONE'S RIVER, BATTLE OF-STONEWARE
753
slope along the route. Timber cribwork, levers,
and ropes were considered adequate for raising
stones to vertical positions and placing lintels on
their tops.
Function. The original function of this ex-
traordinary monument has been the subject of
much speculation. It has been thought of as a
monument, funeral or otherwise, to various leg-
endary or historie personages. It has also been
considered to be the center of a religions cult.
Because of its orientation toward the rising sun,
scientists have seen it as an astronomical observa-
tory of some kind. Archaeologists are in general
agreement that the site had both a religious and
an astronomical function. It is likely that the
monument at Stonehenge, hallowed by its early
use as a purely religious structure, became modi-
fied gradually in its carly phases to perform
astronomical functions as well-first to record the
advent of the summer solstice, then to predict
sunrise, moonrise, and probably eclipses, all as
part of a religious and agricultural ritual.
In 1963, Gerald Hawkins, an astronomer, used
a computer to work out all observations that
could be made by sighting along and through the
various markers, stone posts, and openings be-
tween uprights, including four "station" stone
locations that form a rectangle on the line of the
Aubrey holes. His calculations indicated with al-
most perfect probability that Stonehenge can be
used as an astronomical instrument to predict
accurately, with adjustment of movable marking
stones once a year, the movements of both sun
and moon as well as eclipses. Various objections
to the theory and its implications have been
raised by archaeologists. One of the important
ones is the unlikelihood of the existence of such a
sophisticated device, requiring the passing on of
accumulated observational data over a long period
of time, in a culture that was otherwise on a con-
siderably lower level of development than the
heart of Bronze Age culture in the eastem
Mediterranean.
DONALD F. BROWN
Boston University
Further Reading: Atkinson, Richard J. C., Stone-
henge ( Macmillan 1956): Hawkins, Gerald S., and
White, John B., Stonehenge Decoded ( Doubleday 1965 );
Petrie, William Flinders, Stonehenge ( 1881 ); Stone
John F. S., Wessex Before the Celts ( Praeger 1958).
STONE'S RIVER, Battle of, in the American Civil
War, fought Dec. 31, 1862-Jan. 2, 1863, about
30 miles (48 km ) southeast of Nashville, Tenn.
It is often called the Battle of Murfreesboro. A
hand-fought but indecisive conflict, it had no
apparent influence on the strategic situation, but
President Abraham Lincoln observed that if the
Union Army had been defeated, "the nation
could scarcely have lived over it."
After Gen. Braxton Bragg led an unsuccessful
invasion of Kentucky in the autumn of 1862, he
retired to Murfreesboro, in southeastern Tennessee.
Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, the new com-
mander of the Union Army of the Cumberland,
was based at Nashville. Eastern Tennessee was
favorably inclined to the Union, and the high
command in Washington was determined to drive
the Confederates from the region.
Under strong pressure for action, Rosecrans
led his army out of Nashville on Dec. 26, 1862.
Rain, fog, and Confederate cavalry patrols hin-
dered his advance, and his leading elements did
not approach Murfreesboro until the evening of
the 29th. The next day, the two armies con-
fronted each other in strength. Rosecrans had
about 45,000 men; Bragg a little less than 40,000.
Brags deployed his forces astride the west
fork of Stone's River, a few miles northwest of
the town. The bulk of them were on the west
bank, but one division, about 5,000 men, was on
the east. Rosecrans concentrated entirely on the
west side of the river.
The battle plans of the opposing commanders
were identical in principle. Each planned to hold
with his right wing and attack with his left wing,
seeking an envelopment of the enemy.
Bragg struck first, about 6 A. M. on Dec. 3].
Ile surprised the Union troops at the right end
of the line; many were cooking breakfast. His
assault gathered momentum as reinforcements ar-
rived. The Union right was bent back at right
angles to the left, and by midafternoon the Union
army was compressed into a tight horseshoe with
its back to the river.
But stout resistance and minor counterattacks
had jolted the Confederates. Bragg called for the
division on the east bank of the river to strength-
en a last blow, but its commander did not move,
fearing a Union attack. At a council that night,
some Union generals wished to retreat to Nash-
ville, but Rosecrans decided to hold.
On Jan. 1, there was little fighting. Both
armies were exhausted and had suffered heavy
losses. The next day, the only important action
was east of the river, where a Union force that
had crossed there repulsed a Confederate attack.
Bragg realized that Rosecrans had received
ammunition and supplies, and on Jan. 3 he with-
drew through Murfreesboro and proceeded south.
Rosecrans occupied the town but did not pursue
his foe. The situation in Tennessee remained
static for six months, but by holding fast Rose-
crans had averted what would have been a serious
defeat for the Union at that stage of the war.
The Union losses were about 12,800 men
killed, wounded, and missing. The Confederate
casualties totaled about 11,600. The Stones River
National Battlefield now occupies part of the
battle site. In the Stones River (or Murfreesboro)
National Cemetery are graves of soldiers of both
annies.
STONEWARE is a hard, nonporous ceramic. It
is made of a highly siliceous paste, either a
special clay or clay mixed with other materials,
such as ground flint, feldspar, or marble. The
paste is fired at a high temperature until it
vitrifies (fuses ) to form a nonporous, glassy sub-
stance that gives a ringing sound when struck.
Stoneware thus differs from soft, low-fired porous
earthenware. It closely resembles hard, high-
fired, nonporous porcelain and is often called por-
celaneous ware. However, because stoneware is
usually heavy and opaque, with a bluish gray of
reddish brown color, Western authorities have
tended to distinguish it from porcelain, which
they characterize as thin. translucent, and white.
Stoneware may have incised, impressed, or
applied relief decorations. It may be unglazed,
or it may be glazed to resist acidic liquids or for
decoration. A thin, slightly pitted salt glaze is
common. Thicker, colored lead glazes are also
found.
-
Stonewares were made in Shang China be-
fore 1000 B. c. Heavy, porcelaneous stonewares
of the Han, T'ang, Sung, and Yuan dynasties had
black or brown painted decoration or relief decora-
tion with celadon green glaze. In the Ming period,
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R001602150001-6
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