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Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R000400040001-3
"THE WASHINGTON POST
:A36 TUESDAY, DECEMBER 13, 1988
...
Lebanese Kidnapers Vow
To 'Execute" Col. Higgins
HIGGINS, From A1.
vas "nonsense." The statement
called captor efforts to "try" their
victims "grotesque" and a "perver-
sion of civilized and universal con-
cepts of justice." Denouncing what
it called the "cynical attempt" to
exploit the plight of Higgins during
Christmas season, the State De-
partment called for his immediate
and unconditional release.
[Administration sources said U.S.
officials have been unable to deter-
mine the validity of the announce-
ment or any of the previous claims
by : Higgins' captors, Washington
Post staff writer Molly Moore re-
ported. "There is a great feeling of
helplessness," said one administra-
tion official.]
Higgins, 43, of Danville, Ky., was
head of a 76-man observer group
attached to the U.N. peace-keeping
force in southern Lebanon when he
was kidnaped near the southern
port city of Tyre on Feb. 17.
The new picture of Higgins, the
second in 10 months, resembled a
photograph released by the kidnap-
ers April 21. That photo showed
the balding Higgins stoop-shoul-
dered with his eyes cast down, not
looking at the camera. He had gray
stubble on his cheeks and was wear-
ing a dark field jacket.
The statement accompanying the
earlier picture said the group had
put Higgins on trial before "a tribu-
nal of the oppressed" on spying
charges.
: The Organization of the Op-
pressed on Earth, believed made up
of Shiite Moslems loyal to Iran, had
charged that Higgins used his U.N.
uniform as a cover for espionage.
In today's statement, the group
said, "It has been proven by clear-
cut evidence that [Higgins) and his
American team of observers are **
guilty of providing the Zionist en-
emy with accurate and detailed mil-
itary and security information about
our resistance fighters, their posi-
tions, movements, supply routes
and the quantity and quality of their
weaponry."
"The spy has been turned over to
those responsible for executing this
just and revolutionary verdict," the
statement said. No specific execu-
tion date was mentioned.
There have been three other
communications from the group
since
Higgins' abduction-two
statements listing demands for his
release and a videotape in which
Higgins repeated the demands.
The demands focused on the re
lease of Palestinian and Lebanese
prisoners held by Israel and its
proxy militia, the South Lebanon
Army. Israel rejected the demands / American Terry Anderson, 40, of
The Associated Press, who was kid;
naped March 16, 1985.
CPYRGHT
WILLIAM RICHARD HIGGINS ....
,"revenge for blood of martyrs"
...
Perez de Cuellar, made a special
appeal for Higgins' release when he
accepted the Nobel Peace Prize in
Oslo on behalf of the 10,000 U.N.
peace-keeping forces.
Tonight, a U.N. spokeswoman
said, "the secretary general urgently
calls on those holding Col. Higgins
not to carry out their threat but to
release him immediately : and un-
harmed. The secretary general also :.:
urges all those who may be in a po -**
sition to help to do all that they can
to assist in securing the release."-
Fifteen foreigners are missing
and presumed kidnaped in Lebanon.
They are nine Americans, three
Britons, one Irishman, one Italian
and a Swiss. The longest held is
CPYRGHT
Kidnapers Vow to Execute'
U.S. Marine Col. Higgins
Threat Linked to Lethal Israeli Raid Friday
By Farouk Nassar
COPYRIGHThundred
BEIRUT. Dec. 12-Lebanese
"kidnapers holding -U.S. Marine LE.
-Col. William R. Higgins said today
they had decided to "execute" their
hostage because they believe he is a:
spy for Israel.
=
"We have issued the irrevocable
sentence to execute this American
spy," said a typewritten Arabic
statement signed by the Organiza-
tion of the Oppressed on Earth and
delivered to the independent Beirut
newspaper An Nahar.
A photocopy of a picture purport-
ing to show Higgins, the most re-
cent kidnap victim of nine Ameri-
cans held hostage in Lebanon, was
printed at the bottom of the 15-line
statement. Hostage holders in Leb-
anon usually insert a picture with a
Istatement to prove its authenticity.
In its statement, the group said
the decision to kill Higgins was a
retaliation for>. Israeli ,attacks
against "our people in occupied Pal-
estine"-zthe West Bank and Gaza
Strip-and predominantly Shiite
southern Lebanon.
It also said Higgins would die in
"revenge for the blood of the mar-
tyrs of the latest Israeli raid" on a
Palestinian guerrilla base nine miles
south of Beirut. Nine guerrillas
were killed Friday in the Israeli at-
tack. An Israeli officer also died.
: [In Washington, the State De-
partment issued a statement saying
the charge that Higgins was a spy
See HIGGINS, A36, Col. 1
CPYRGHT
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On Saturday, the secretary gen-
eral of the United Nations, Javier

/11/12
- 111ay 18, YL
MARIO RUIZ FOR TIME
CPYRGH
Terry Anderson with Madeleine Bassile and their daughter Sulome in a "fresh and bright and beautiful" world
INTERVIEW
"The World Is
Fresh and Bright
And Beautiful"
After
recuperating in
Antigua,
Terry Anderson
talks about his
chief captor
(surprisingly
pleasant) and
the West's
mistrust of
Islam
By DAVID AIKMAN NEW YORK
Q. Did you ever know for sure who your kidnappers
were?
A. We had our guesses. They would always deny be-
ing connected with the Hizballah [ Party of God ], but
I don't think it's surprising that kidnappers should
lic. We believed Hizballah was the umbrella organi-
zation, although it's not a unitary group but an as-
semblage of factions or family-connected groups.
All had different names.
It was very strange. There were Brian Keenan,
John McCarthy. Frank Reed, Tom Sutherland and I,
all in the Bekaa Valley in one underground secret
prison, all of us being held under different names.
We would laugh about it, wondering which hat they
were wearing when they came in to talk to us. Was
he going to wear the Islamic Jihad hat and talk to
Tom [Sutherland ] and me? Or was he going to wear
the Islamic Dawn hat and talk to Frank Reed?
Q. Did you ever meet the person who seemed to be in
charge of all the hostages?
A. Yes. There was a gentleman called the Haj who
was the chief of our particular faction, and I guess
one of the senior members of Hizballah. He was ac-
tually a very pleasant man.
He was a rather stocky man. I never saw his
face, of course, was not allowed to, but my biggest
impression is of his hands. Ile has big, thick hands,
and he's paunchy. He would come in, and he'd take
my hand, and he'd say, "Essalamu alaykum [Peace
be with you ]." I'd say, "Wa alaykum essalam. Haj."
He'd say, "Keef halak [How are you ]?"
He was unquestionably in control. I mean, they
jumped when he came. He almost always spoke soft-
ly, and he almost always seemed reasonable. He was
not vicious to us, as some of the guards were, partic-
ularly when he wasn't there.
Q. If he came into the room now, what would you say
to him?
A. Ooh, that's much, much too difficult. I have no
reason to like the man. Ile was responsible for hav-
ing me kidnapped and for chaining me to a wall. I
don't want to see him ever again, and I have no idea
what I would say to him.
Q. You were with Terry Waite for a long time. What
was he like as a fellow prisoner?
CPYRGHT
TIME. MAY 18, 1992
CPYRGHT
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57

CPYRGHT
Approved For Release 2000/08/08/CIA-RDP96+00789R000460040004fagrly plain, and they're not all that
personality. There were disagreements in the
room. I have nothing bad to say about Mr. Waite. I
think he's a very, very courageous man, and I ad-
mire what he tried to do. About half the year we
were together, he had extreme asthma, to the point
where I thought he was going to die on us. He
would hyperventilate himself to unconsciousness.
It's very difficult to live in a small room with a man
who has got asthma, because you don't get any
sleep. He's gasping all night long and having crises
and attacks.
Q. What were the disagreements about?
A. You can't lock five men in a room for 24 hours a
day without fighting about something. Sometimes it
would be something as small as "Stay off my cot, or
my mattress," or "I don't like the way you play
bridge," or something like that.
Q. You were moved to different locations about 20
times. How did they move you?
A. Usually in the trunk of a car or quite often in a se-
cret compartment built under the bed of the truck
and bolted in. They would come in, and they'd take
this wide plastic tape, shipping tape, and they'd tape
you up. Then they would wrap a towel around your
head this way and over your eyes: You were just like
a mummy.
"You can't lock
five men in a
room for 24.
hours a day
without
fighting about
something.
Sometimes it
would be
something as
small as Stay
off mycof.
or my
matire: : ,
or Idon't
like the way
you play
bridge . . . '"
Q. How could you breathe?
A. They left your nose out. A couple of times I had
fights with them. I had to struggle and buck and go
"Mmmmm!" because I had a cold. I had to make
them understand that they couldn't completely cov-
er my mouth, because I couldn't breathe. You'd get
exhaust fumes underneath the truck. I was deathly
afraid during one move that I was going to vomit-I
was very sick, and of course my mouth was taped
up-and that I would choke to death on my vomit.
When we went to South Lebanon, it was four or five
hours underneath that thing.
Once they dressed me in a chador [the head-to-
toe veil of strictly religious Muslim women] and put
those little round spot Band-Aids on my eyes, and
then they put the sunglasses on. Well, the Band-
Aids came loose, and with the prescription sun-
glasses on, I could see perfectly well. So I was sitting
in the back of the car with a guard sitting next to
me, just kind of peering around.
Q. What do you think about the Iran-contra affair?
A. It was a bad mistake. Those kinds of bargains
are not the way to deal with kidnappers. They only
encourage more kidnapping. I think it made it very
difficult for Reagan to convince the kidnappers
that he was still a virgin, that he wasn't going to
bargain with them, because he had already done it
once.
Q. During your years as a captive, you were constant-
ly exposed to the beliefs of your kidnappers about
themselves and the rest of the world. What were they
saying?
A. They were radicals within the fundamentalist
movement. The way they interpret their religion al-
low's them to do things or to justify to themselves
doing things that any normal reading of the Koran
would find insane or evil. I've read the Koran; I'm
net an Islamic scholar but the words and the con-
different from Christianity at base.
They are paranoid in the way they look at the
world. They see America as the Great Satan that
does everything wrong, and yet it is all-powerful,
and therefore all American acts must be deliberate;
they can't be the result of accident or misunder-
standing, or simply stupid policy.
Q. Do you think Westerners understand this
mentality?
A. No, not at all. Even many of the hostages after
some years of it could not understand it, could not
grasp it. We need to understand these people, we've
got to understand their motives, how their minds
work.
Q. What did they allow you to read in captivity?
A. At various times we did have a lot of books. The
book I got first was the Bible, and I kept that almost
throughout my captivity, though not the same copy.
I read that over and over and over and over and over
again and thought about it. That book was by far the
most important to me and remains the most impor-
tant to me.
We got westerns, we got science fiction, we got
good books, we got some excellent books on political
theory, college textbook stuff in paperback that was
very interesting. Then when we moved to the Bekáa
Valley, the books ended for some reason. They got
us TIME and Newsweek and the Economist and, for
some reason, FORTUNE and Business Week fairly
regularly.
Q. Did your philosophical outlook change while you
were a captive?
A. I was brought up a Catholic. I left the church and
was an apostate for most of my life. I called myself
an agnostic, which simply means I was too lazy to
figure it out. I returned to the church, luckily
enough, about six months before I was kidnapped. I
believed in God, I believed in Jesus Christ, I believed
in the things the Catholic Church believed in. Well,
not all of them. I'm not sure the Pope would like me
too much, but I am a Catholic, whether he likes it or
not. And thinking seriously about my religion was
providential, I guess, because I needed it very badly
when I was kidnapped.
Q. After being away from the U.S. so long, what has
struck you on your return?
A. I think it's a better world, in general. Despite the
events of the past few days, I think America is also
making progress. I think it is a better place than
when I left.
I had worked through in my head a lot about
my life before I was kidnapped that I didn't like. I
thought of myself as not a good person. And pray-
er, and I think God's touch, brought me back out
of that, gave me a different way of looking at
things.
Q. Do you have any bitterness toward the people who
held you for so long?
A. I don't have any time for it. I don't have any
need for it. It is required of me as a Christian to
put that aside, to forgive them. I pray for them. I
wish them no ill in their lives. My life is very,
very busy-it is full of joy. The world is fresh and
bright and beautiful.
58
TIME, MAY 18, 1992
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A42 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990
.
Vianhung ton Post
AR
Moslem Group Threatens
To Kill Three Hostages
photograph of Robert Polhill, one of three
American educators kidnapped in 1987.
The others are Alann Steen and Jesse
Turner.
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
BEIRUT-A Moslem faction holding
three American professors hostage threat-
ened yesterday to kill them if the United
States fails to meet its demands, which it
did not specify.
The statement denounced "media reports
about humanitarian moves to free the hos-
tages" and asked "the authors of these
moves not to interfere in this matter be-
cause we are holding agents and spies
against our people, and they will be exe-
cuted if the American administration fails to
meet our demands."
The group, the Islamic Jihad for the Lib-
eration of Palestine, also threatened to at-
tack airlines that carry Soviet Jewish im-
migrants to Israel.
Mongolians Promised Vote
The organization, believed made up of
Shiite Moslems loyal to Iran, made the
threats in a statement delivered to the
newspaper An-Nahar, accompanied by a
ULAN BATOR, Mongolia-Mongolia's
new Communist Party leaders promised to
hold the country's first free elections after
69 years of communist dominance.
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CPYRGHT
INTERNATIONALA
R000400040001-3
DRISCOLL-GAMMA-LIAISON
Self-defense: Armed peacekeepers on patrol north of the Israeli border
A New Victim
in Lebanon
Terrorists kidnap a U.S. officer serving
with unprotected United Nations observers
CPYRGHT
DEPARTMENT OF DOG
A glaring security breach: Higgins in the field
CPYRGHT,
T
he first reports were bad enough. A
U.S. Marine Corps officer attached
to a United Nations peacekeeping
unit had been kidnapped in south-
ern Lebanon, apparently by pro-
Iranian gunmen. The victim, Lt. Col. Wil-
liam R. Higgins, 43, instantly disappeared
into Lebanon's terrorist underground,
where eight other Americans have long
been held prisoner. Then came word that
made the nation's newest hostage drama
look even more serious. It turned out that
in his previous assignment, Higgins had
worked in the office of Caspar Weinberger,
who was secretary of defense at the time.
Contrary to usual practice, Higgins went
from his sensitive post at the Pentagon to a
new job as an unarmed, unguarded U.N.
observer in lawless Lebanon, with an
American flag sewn on his shoulder.
It wasn't clear what Washington could
do to help Higgins. President Reagan off-
handedly told reporters that "we'll try to
get him located, and certainly we want to
rescue him." Fearful of increasing the risk
to Higgins, White House aides quickly said
that they had no idea where he was being
held and insisted that no rescue mission
was in the works. The administration's
strongest hope was that other Muslim mili-
fiamen would track Higgins down and take
him away from the rival Shiites who kid-
happed him-a perilous undertaking at
best. Meanwhile, Washington tried not to
think about the glaring security breach
that allowed Higgins to go to Lebanon in
the first place.
For more than 48 hours, the Pentagon
managed to keep a lid on Higgins's back-
ground. The Defense Department's new
spokesman, Assistant Secretary Dan How-
ard, easily persuaded Pentagon corre-
spondents not to publicize the fact that
"Rich" Higgins had spent two years as a
relatively low-ranking aide to Weinberger.
But that was hardly a secret; Higgins's as-
signment was listed in recent editions of the
Pentagon phone book, which is sold to the
public. Two days after the kidnapping, a
Beirut radio station revealed the Weinber-
ger connection. With Higgins's cover
blown, the Pentagon announced that he
had served as "a junior military assistant"
and was "one of 36 people who worked in the
immediate office of the secretary," where
The "handled paperwork and other adminis-
"trative duties." During part of that perio
Weinberger's top military assistant was Cd
lin Powell, then an Army major general and
now Reagan's national-security adviser.
Higgins, who is married to a Marine ma-
jor and has a teenagedaughter, volunteered
for duty with the United Nations in Leba-
non. He was facing one of the toughest
"cuts" in an officer's career, the jump from
lieutenant colonel to full colonel, and there
was a shortage of jobs in which he could
stand out. "He wanted a field command,"
said one colleague, "and he wanted some-
thing that was adventuresome, where he
could be independent." The U.N. assign-
ment would give him command of 75 truce
observers and could open the door to other
political-military slots in Washington.
Pulling strings: He was well qualified for
the job, having specialized in Middle East
issues during a hitch on the Pentagon's
International Security Affairs staff. Hig-
gins pulled strings to get the U.N. assign-
ment, which normally goes to an Army
officer. Pentagon gossip had it that Wein-
berger's influence won him the post; in any
case, his position on the secretary's staff
gave him what the military calls "juice."
32 NEWSWEEK : FEBRUARY 29, 1988
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Approved For Release
Dragnet
00789R000400040001-3
The
hunts
Evening
Sum.
Marine
Thurs
19 Tb
.85
colonel
CPYRGHT
TYRE, Lebanon (AP) - United
Nations peacekeeping troops and
Shiite Moslem militiamen sealed off
300 square miles of southern Leba-
non today, searching for a kidnapped
U.S. Marine officer who heads a
U.N. observer team.
Lt. Col. William R. Higgins, 43,
was abducted yesterday by gunmen
who blocked a highway and pulled
him from his car. His abduction
brought to nine the number of Amer-
icans held hostage in Lebanon.
U.N. troops and Justice Minister
Nabih Berri's Shiite Moslem Amal
militia combed the region around
the ancient port of Tyre' as the
search went into its second day.
"We hope the kidnappers will
have no chance of slipping out with
their captive. That's why all exits
have been blocked," an Amal spokes-
man said.
Timur Goksel, spokesman for the
U.N. Interim Force in Lebanon, or
UNIFIL, said the search had U.N.
peacekeeping troops operating in
their zone and Amal militia active in
other non-U.N. sectors.
He said Amal "has vowed to car-
ry on the search until Higgins is
found."
1
Officials said two gunmen in a
brown Volvo car seized Higgins af-
ter blocking the coastal highway
three miles south of Tyre. Higgins
was driving back to UNIFIL head-
quarters in the border town of
Nagoura after meeting Amal offi-
cials.
Higgins, of Danville, Ky., has
commanded the 76-member Observ-
See LEBANON. A6. Col. 1
CPYRGHT
Dragnet for abducted American
LEBANON, From Al
rDer Group, Lebanon, since Jan. 8. The
*group, made up of officers from 16
uxcountries, is attached to the 5,800-
man, nine-nation UNIFIL, deployed
asin south Lebanon since 1978 to police
w.the border with Israel.
Higgins was the third U.N. offi-
""cial to be kidnapped in south Leba-
" non in two weeks and the 25th for-
wxeigner being held in the country.
Amal spokesmen refused to say
"whether they believe Higgins was
""seized by the militant, pro-Iranian
*. Hezbollah, or Party of God, which
«« has been vying with Amal for domi-
withance of the south. Hezbollah fac-
sations in Beirut are believed to hold
wwmost of the 24 other hostages.
Plainclothes militia security men
""in cars blocked roads along the Li-
"tani River from the Mediterranean
Excoast 25 miles inland to the slopes of
** Mount Hermon.
Uniformed militiamen armed
aywith submachine guns and rocket-
wpropelled grenade launchers pa-
LT. COL. WILLIAM HIGGINS
Pulled from car by gunmen
north of Tyre to the scene of the ab-
duction, the spokesman added.
"Our men are searching villages
in an 800-square-kilometer area
north, east and south of Tyre," he
said. "U.N. troops are blocking the
southern exits."
ment's military commander in south
Lebanon, and security chief Moham-
med Harqous.
"They have personal orders from
Berri that no one sleeps until we get
the man back," the spokesman told
the Associated Press.
He said Amal was "anxious to
protect and safeguard UNIFIL irre-
spective of the nationality of the
peacekeepers. Amal views Higgins'
abduction as a deliberate challenge."
Security sources said French spe-
cialists were dispatched to Tyre
from UNIFIL headquarters to inter-
rogate an unidentified Lebanese bus
driver who claimed he witnessed the
abduction.
"The French have managed to
draw a face sketch of the gunman
the eyewitness says he saw pointing
a pistol at Higgins' head as he forced
him into the kidnappers' car," said
one source, speaking on condition of
anonymity.
In Washington, White House
spokesman Roman Popadiuk said
for Higgins' safety.
Approved For Release @000/08/08 : CIAKRE286400789R0004000400041Old the kidnappers responsible"
** coast from the Qassmieh Bridge
vised by Daoud Daoud, the move-

CPYRGHT
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Washington Post 18 7 e 88
U.S. Marine Officer Thurs.
Abducted in Lebanon
Gunmen Seize Colonel Working With U.N.
By Nora Boustany
Special to The Washington Post
BEIRUT, Feb. 17-A U.S. Ma-
rine officer in charge of a U.N. ob-
server group in Lebanon was kid-
naped by unknown gunmen today as
he drove in a two-car convoy near
the southern port city of Tyre.
The officer, identified by Penta-
gon officials as Lt. Col. William
Richard Higgins, 43, of Wood-
bridge, Va., was seized after leaving
a meeting in Tyre with Abdel Ma-
jeed Saleh, a senior political official
of the mainstream Shiite Moslem
Amal group, Amal officials said.
By late tonight there was no
claim of responsibility for the attack
and no indication of who might have
carried it out or of the motive.
The kidnaping, which brings to
nine the number of Americans held
captive in Lebanon, brought imme
diate expressions of concern from
the White House and the United
Nations, whose peace-keeping
forces in southern
Lebanon
mounted a wide search for the miss
ing officer.
"Most of [the U.N. peace-keeping
force] is involved in the search, in
cluding helicopters, and we are get
ting substantial help from Amal,
Timor Goksel, spokesman for the
U.N. peace-keeping force, said.
The White House called for th
prompt release of Higgins. Presi
dent Reagan, asked about the kid
naping as he boarded Air Force One
in California to return to Washing
ton after a vacation, said, "We're
still investigating, trying to learn
more about it."
U.N. Secretary General Javier
Perez de Cuellar, traveling in Al-
rica, expressed "profound concern
a U.N. spokesman in New York
said, and Undersecretary General
Marrack Goulding, who is traveling
in the Middle East, began diploma -
ic efforts to gain Higgins" release.
The kidnaping came just 12 day!
after two Scandinavian officials
the U.N. Relief and Works Agency,
which administers the Palestinian
refugee camps in the Middle East,
were kidnaped by unknown gunmen
in southern Lebanon, and it raised
new fears for the safety of the tholl-
sands of foreigners working in van-
ious U.N. organizations in chaotic
Lebanon.
Higgins served with the U.M.
Truce Supervision Organization,
a
small unit that, since its formation
in 1948, has supervised armistine
agreements between Israel and
See LEBANON, A19, Col. 3
Unit Leader
Had Sought
Lebanon Duty
By Molly Moore
and Lynda Richardson
Washington Post Staff Writers
Marine Lt. Col. William
Richard (Rich) Higgins, kid-
naped by gunmen in Lebanon
yesterday, "actively sought"
the post with the U.N. obser-
vation unit he heads in that
country, according to Penta-
gon officials.
Higgins, 43, lived in Wood-
bridge when he was assigned,
last June to the Lebanon Ob-
server Group, part of the
U.N. Truce Supervision Or-
ganization that operates
throughout the Middle East,
Pentagon officials said. Last
month, he became chief of the
75-member Lebanon unit,
which includes 16 U.S. mil-
itary officers, officials said.
Pentagon and State Depart-
ment officials said yesterday
that Higgins' kidnaping has
not triggered discussions
about removing the remaining
U.S. team members from
Lebanon.
"These people are not as-
signed as a national contin-
gent," said State Department
spokesman Charles E. Red-
man. "There are U.S. officers
assigned to this organization,
and as such, they are under
the authority and responsibil-
ity of this [U.N.] organiza-
tion."
Some Pentagon officials ex-
pressed concern over the vul-
„„nerability of U.S. troops serv-
ing in Lebanon, noting that"
the State Department has
recommended for the past
several years that American
civilians leave that country.
But other military officials
noted that the United States
has participated in the U.N.
unit since it was formed in
1948 and did not withdraw its
members even after the 1983
bombing of the Beirut Marine
barracks, in which 241 Ma-
rines and other U.S. person-
nel died.
The Lebanon Observer
See MARINE, A19, Col. 1
CPYRGHT
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USA TODAY · THURSDAY, FEBRUAR.
The other eight
held in Lebanon
CPYRGHT
Terry Anderson, corre-
spondent for Associated
Press, was kidnapped
.. March 16, 1985.
Edward Tracy, a writer
from Vermont who was liv-
"ing in Beirut, was abducted
Oct. 21, 1986.
Thomas Sutherland, agri-
culture dean at American
University of Beirut, was
seized June 9, 1985.
Jesse Turner, a math in-
structor at Beirut University
College, was kidnapped
Jan. 24, 1987.
Frank Herbert Reed, direc-
tor of Lebanese Interna-
tional School, was kid-
napped Sept. 9, 1986:
Robert Polhill, a business
professor at Beirut Univer-
sity College, was seized"
Jan. 24, 1987.
Joseph Cicippio, comp-
troller at American Univer-
sity in Beirut, was kid-
napped Sept. 12, 1986.
Alann Steen, a journalism
professor at Beirut Univer-
sity College, was kid-
napped Jan. 24, 1987.
LT. COL. WILLIAM HIGGINS
Pulled from car by gunmen
associated w/
University of Benet .
The Missing Americans
2 Terry Anderson, 40, chief Middle East corre-
spondent of The Associated Press. Kidnapped
March 16, 1985.
Thomas Sutherland, 56, agriculture dean at the
American University of Beirut. June 9, 1985.
8 Frank Reed, 55, director of the Lebanon Interna-
tional School in Beirut. Sept. 9, 1986.
Joseph Cicippio, 57, acting controller of the"
American University of Beirut. Sept. 12, 1986.
Edward Tracy, 57, author. Oct. 21, 1986.
Jesse Turner, 40, visiting professor of mathe-
maties and computer science at Beirut Univer-
sity College. Jan. 24, 1987.
to lon 19k-10.
6
Robert Polhill, 53, assistant professor of busi-
ness at Beirut University College. Jan. 24, 1987.
7
Alann Steen, 48, journalism professor at Beirut
University College. Jan. 24, 1987.
9
Marine Lt. Col. William Higgins, 43, head of a U.N.
observer group attached to the U.N. Interim
Force in Lebanon. Feb. 17, 1988.
Don Kirk |
ENCL 3
CPYRGHT
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28 var 88
K
CPYRGHT
ATTAR-SYGMA
AFP
A tale of boatings, chains and blindfolde: Singh, Steert
Hostage Escape Attempt
CPYRGHT
A
lann Steen, one of nine
American hostages still
held in Lebanon, tried to escape
from his terrorist captors but
was caught and beaten, U.S. in-
telligence has learned. Fellow
hostage Mithileshwar Singh,
an Indian with U.S. resident
status who was freed last
month in Damascus, has told
U.S. officials that Steen didn't
make it far before neighbors in
the Beirut suburb where he was
held last year spotted him and
turned him in. Several fillings
were knocked out of Steen's
teeth when he was beaten,
Singh said.
One of three teachers cap-
tured with Steen from the Bei-
rut University College campus
in 1987, Singh told U.S. officials
he was treated better than the
Americans because he is Indi-
an. The four men were kept in
Beirut but moved frequently
because their captors feared a
U.S. rescue effort. Most of the
time they were chained and
sometimes blindfolded. Their
captors never talked politics;
critical of the United States,
they also fantasized about a
U.S. visit. All four hostages had
expected to be released around
Election Day or the presiden-
tial Inaugural, Singh said.
HOSTAGES
The Taxmen
Strike Again
It was just the sort of heartless
harassment that has made the
Internal Revenue Service one
of the most resented arms of the
Federal Government. A while
ago, the IRS sent a computerized
notice to journalism professor
Alann Steen, telling him that if
he did not cough up back taxes
due on his 1984 return within
30 days, the tax collectors
would take him to court. But
there was a hitch. For the past
21 months, Steen has been one
of the Americans held hostage
by Islamic terrorists in Leba-
non. As such, Steen, 49, seems
to qualify for the unofficial IRS
policy not to pursue hostages or
prisoners of war. That exemp-
tion expires once a hostage is
freed. It may be enough to
make captivity look just a little
bit appealing.
AFP
The captive Alann Steen
TIME, NOVI
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Israel Says 5 Hezbollah Guerrillas Killed
Associated Press
JERUSALEM, Aug. 24-Israeli
troops ambushed and killed five
guerrillas of the pro-Iranian Hez-
bollah group in southern Lebanon
today, the Army command said. Six
of the soldiers were wounded.
Guerrilla and Israel artillery bat-
teries exchanged fire after the bat-
tle, and the attacking soldiers
moved back behind their lines, Is-
rael television reported.
Hezbollah, or Party of God, is an
umbrella group for Shiite Moslem
extremists believed to be holding
American hostages in Lebanon. The
clash was near the village of Kaou-
kaba, north of Israel's security zone
in southern Lebanon.
The zone, up to 10 miles wide, is
patrolled by about 1,000 Israeli sol-
diers and more than 1,000 South
Lebanon Army militiamen trained
and financed by Israel. The Army
command said the Israeli force op-
erated in Lebanese territory on a
search-and-destroy mission.
The Army command said five of
the soldiers were treated on the
spot and a sixth was slightly wound-
ed and hospitalized.
Israeli troops were last known to
operate outside the security zone in
May, when they attacked two Hez-
bollah strongholds, killing more
than 40 guerrillas. Three soldiers
died in those attacks.
In Nablus, in the occupied West
Bank, Israeli soldiers shot and
wounded up to 15 Palestinians today.
Troops fired on Palestinians who
hurled stones and burned tires in the
central market, the Army said.
.
Ttoshington Post
2st cung 58
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CPYRGHT

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TON POST
16 Apr 19
$808
JACK ANDERSON and DALE VAN ATTA
Why Khomeini's Designated Heir Quit
CPYRGHT
T
he fanatical followers of Iran's Ayatollah
Ruhollah Khomeini tortured their own
ambassador to the United Nations nearly to
death. That was the last straw that drove
Khomeini's designated successor to resign last
month, according to a highly sensitive Central
Intelligence Agency report.
The report details the secret struggle between
Khomeini and Ayatollah Hussein Ali Montazeri,
·who was designated in 1985 as Khomeini's heir.
According to the CIA, Montazeri was furious over
the arrest of Mohammed Mahallati, Iran's
ambassador to the United Nations. The Pasdaran,
Khomeini's Revolutionary Guard Corps, claimed
that Mahallati was not faithful to the revolution.
They arrested him in Tehran and tortured him until
he had a heart attack. He was rushed to the
hospital in critical condition.
It was too much for Montazeri, who had long
been disgusted with Khomeini's abuse of civil rights
in his country. The resignation doesn't make
Montazeri a saint. Even at his most charitable, he is
by no means a nice guy. It was Montazeri who
called for attacking Americans anywhere in the
world after the USS Vincennes shot down an
Iranian airliner mistaken for a bomber last summer.
For years, Montazeri has supported terrorism
against Americans.
Montazeri's faction leaked the story of the U.S.
arms-for-hostages deal to a Lebanese magazine in
November 1986. Montazeri had hoped that the
exposure would cripple the chief backer of the deal,
Iranian Speaker of the Parliament Hashemi
Rafsanjani.
Instead of being mad at Rafsanjani, Khomeini
turned on Montazeri and had at least 200 of
Montazeri's followers arrested, including his son,
son-in-law and brother-in-law. The brother-in-law,
Mehdi Hashemi, was tried for various "crimes" and
executed in September 1987.
Montazeri wisely kept a low profile after that
episode, but would occasionally object to
Khomeini's repressive domestic policies.
Last summer, when Khomeini's regime hit rock
bottom and had to accept a cease-fire in its long and
bloody war with Iraq, Montazeri was emboldened.
He wrote at least two secret letters of protest to
Khomeini about the torture, imprisonment and
executions of political opponents.
Thousands of dissidents, many of them members
of the anti-Khomeini People's Mojahedin, have been
imprisoned without trial and tortured to make them
admit the error of their ways or cough up the
names of their compatriots. Khomeini ordered
wholesale executions of his opponents after the
cease-fire. He feared that without the distraction of
a war, his internal enemies could foment rebellion.
Montazeri's objections festered for months.
Khomeini became increasingly angry with the man
who was once his student, whom he called "the
light of my life.".
With Montazeri's final protest over the torture of
the U.N. ambassador, Khomeini demanded his
resignation. Khomeini said it was clear Montazeri
didn't have the stuff to succeed him to this "very
grave responsibility that requires endurance more
than your capacity."
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Mapa
STON POST
..
MONDAY, APRIL 17, 1989 A17
ERAL PAGE
Can Nominee Illuminate Hostage Deal?
State Dept.'s Bartholomew Was on Scene of First Arms Shipment CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
1
50
By Walter Pincus
Washington Post Staff Writer
Reginald Bartholomew, whose
confirmation hearing as President
Bush's choice for undersecretary of
state for security affairs, science
and technology takes place today
before the Senate Foreign Rela-
tions Committee, was on the scene
for the first, and one of the more
mysterious, arms-for-hostages ship-
ments in the Iran-contra affair.
He was the U.S. ambassador in
Beirut when Israeli shipments to
Iran of 508 American-made TOW
antitank missiles led to the release
on Sept. 14, 1985, of the Rev. Ben-
jamin Weir, one of six Americans
then held by Islamic Jihad, a group
of pro-Iranian extremists.
The background of that first
arms-for-hostages shipment, and
particularly the involvement and
knowledge of it by then-President
Reagan and his top Cabinet advis-
ers, has never been publicly ex-
plored, although it formed the foun-
dation of the Iran-contra scandal.
In their first statements, shortly
after reports appeared in November
1986 about the arms sales to Iran,
Reagan and others said they had not
known about the September 1985
shipments and their relationship to
Weir's release. The president and his
aides have always said the operation
was run solely by the Israelis.
Materials released by the White
House-authorized Tower Review
Board, by the congressional Iran-
contra panels, at the trial of Oliver
L. North and in interviews with par-
ticipants show that U.S. involve-
ment in the September 1985 events
was greater than publicly disclosed.
North testified at his trial last
week that there was ongoing intel-
ligence' monitoring of the planning
by the Iranians and Israelis for the
September shipment and U.S. re-
sponses. "We were aware when
Rev. Weir was going to be re-
leased," North said. "We didn't
know which hostage it was or how
many there would be. We had to
position people in places where he
could be safely recovered and
brought back to the United States."
Government sources have de-
scribed how a U.S. aircraft carrier
was moved near the Lebanese coast
and Delta Force commandos were
put aboard to be ready to attempt
to free any hostages not released in
response to the arms shipment.
Under the plan, a counterterror-
ist team would be sent into Beirut
in hopes it could track the hostage
release operation. If all six Amer-
icans were not freed, the plan called
for trying to follow the hostage-
holders back to their headquarters
and mounting a rescue operation
after the location of remaining pris-
oners was determined.
Weir was released Sept. 14, but
his freedom was kept secret. He
was flown to the U.S. carrier and
interrogated by the head of the Del-
ta Force, then transferred to Nor-
folk and questioned again. On Sept.
18, when it became apparent no
more hostages would be freed and
the counterterrorist
teams
had
failed to locate the others, Weir's
release was announced.
At his trial last week, North said
that "at the direction of the pres-
ident" he met with Weir, carrying a
letter from Reagan "in an effort to
assure Rev. Weir that his cooper-
ation was necessary for us to be
able to help rescue the other-or
recover the other hostages."
Bartholomew, who has been in-
formally interviewed, but never
called as a witness in any of the in-
vestigations, was identified by Sec-
retary of State George P. Shultz in
his 1986 appearance before the
Tower board as having informed
him on Sept. 4 that "North was han-
dling an operation that would lead
to the release of all seven hos-
tages," according to the board.
"[A U.S.] team had been deployed
to Beirut, we were told," the report
quotes Shultz as saying. "Ambassa-
dor Bartholomew had been alerted
directly by the [National Security
Council] and would assist."
The record on this first arms-for-
hostage effort is far from clear, and
Bartholomew's knowledge could help
in reconstruction of those events.
Reagan has said he cannot re-
member if his authorization of the
Israeli September arms transfer
took place before or after the event.
Then-national security adviser
Robert C. McFarlane, who said it
was authorized beforehand, has
been fuzzy in his recollections of
how the shipments occurred.
Then-Defense Secretary Caspar
W. Weinberger, who/ received
copies of the electronic intercepts
that North said monitored events
closely, has maintained he knew
nothing about the arms shipment
and its relationship to the hostages.
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2
1
Jan 69
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808 C -
Syria, Iran Impose
Truce in Lebanon
Halt in Shiite War Seen Aiding Hostages CPYRGHT
By Nora Boustany
Washington Post Foreign Service
CPYRGHT
BEIRUT, Jan. 30-Syria and Iran,
the chief supporters of two warring
Lebanese Shiite Moslem factions;
signed an 'agreement today that is
intended to impose a truce on the
rival groups and allow the pro-Iran-
ian Hezbollah forces to return to
southern Lebanon. Officials from all
three countries expressed hope that
the accord also will help gain the re-
lease of foreign hostages.
Leaders of the pro-Syrian Amal
movement and representatives of
Hezbollah, which is backed and fi-
nanced by Iran, grudgingly met and
embraced in Damascus after signing
a pact negotiated by Iran and Syria.
Syrian: Foreign Minister Farouk
Charaa attended the signing ceremo-
ny and told reporters later: "Any pos-
itive step in Lebanon like this will
help gain the release of hostages."
Iranian Foreign Minister Ali
Akbar Velavati expressed the same
wishes when prodded to comment on
the issue. "Anyhow," he said, "we do
hope that all hostages, despite their
nationalities, will be freed very soon
on humanitarian grounds."
1
f
-
Amal leader Nabih Berri, asked
about the fate of U.S. Marine Lt.
Col. William Higgins, abducted by
Hezbollah on Feb. 17, 1988, said:
that the agreement did not specif-
ically deal with the hostages but he,
too, sounded an optimistic note.
.
"I can say I am sure this agree-
ment will help the release of the
hostages [as] quickly as possible,
but I cannot say or give a date for
that," Berri said.
;
5
)
;
Under today's agreement, secu-
rity in Beirut's southern suburbs,
where most of the foreign hostages
reportedly are held, would be con-
sidered as part of/ Beirut's overall
security, which in; theory, at least,
puts the mainly Shiite slums under
Syrian control.
1
The plan signed today was the out-
come of long talks over the past
week between Charaa and Velayati
as well as senior Amal and Hezbollah
officials. The accord, worked out to
end bitter fighting that has killed
more than 150 people in the past
three weeks, was a setback to efforts
by Amal to shut Iran-inspired ex-
tremists out of the embattled south.
Amal fighters drove Hezbollah
from southern Lebanon last April
with the aim of policing and paci-
fying that part of the country to
protect it from Israeli reprisal raids
provoked by guerrilla attacks.
The agreement, however, calls for
a return to the situation before April
1988, but also provides that Amal
will be in charge of security in south-
ern Lebanon and allows both factions
to carry out political, cultural and
propaganda activities there.
A vague article provides that Amal
and Hezbollah will establish a joint
military operations room in southern
Lebanon to "coordinate and escalate
resistance missions against Israel,
with each side retaining the right to
carry out individual operations."
An Amal spokesmen here said he
was "not exactly happy with the end
result, but it seems this is the best
they could come up with."
The agreement calls on both par-
ties to abide by a cease-fire that
was declared last Wednesday but
has been largely ignored.
The only clear victory for the
more moderate Amal movement is a
declaration that both sides should
refrain from harming U.N. peace-
keeping forces or personnel of other
international organizations in Leb-
anon: Iran-backed groups attacked.
U.N. troops in southern Lebanon in
1986, and Hezbollah has seen them
as an obstacle to its missions against
Israeli soldiers.
In Christian east Beirut, mean-
while, a car bomb killed two people
and wounded 15 as the motorcade of
Phalange Party President George
but his car was destroyed.
Analysts here said last week that,
in any case, the intensity of Syrian
and Iranian peace-making efforts
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into focus.

1
CPYRGHT
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INGTON POST
Washington Post.
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 2, 1988 E5
JACK ANDERSON and DALE VAN ATTA
Swap of Spies, Hostages in the Works?
A
merican traitor Jonathan Jay Pollard and his
wife may be released from a U.S. prison and
sent to Israel in a three-way trade that could
mean freedom for one or more of the American
hostages in Lebanon.
U.S. intelligence sources tell us that the White
House and State Department are engineering the
swap, which also may involve a top Soviet spy who
has been secretly imprisoned in Israel for five
years.
Here is how the complicated trade would work:
The United States would send Pollard and his wife,
Anne Henderson Pollard, to Israel. Israel would
release a captured Soviet spy to the Soviet Union.
As the last link in the chain, the Soviet Union would
lean on Syria and Iran to negotiate the release of
one or more American hostages being held by
terrorists. Syria and the Soviet Union are allies,
and Syria controls Lebanon.
The Soviets are desperate enough for the release
of their spy, Marcus Klingberg, to consider pulling
some strings for U.S. hostages. Klingberg is
believed to have entered Israel as a Jewish
"immigrant" and then penetrated Israeli military
intelligence for the Soviet Union. His career as a
spy ended in 1983 when he was arrested by Israeli
counterintelligence. Klingberg's coup in
penetrating the inner workings of Israeli
intelligence and his arrest have been kept a secret
from the Israeli people and the world.
Pollard, an American citizen, is serving a life
prison term in the United States for spying on the
United States for Israel from 1984 to 1985. His
wife is serving a five-year term as an accessory.
The Israeli government, embarrassed that it was
caught spying on the United States, claimed that
Pollard was part of a renegade operation. Israel has
consistently denied any interest in having Pollard :
released. But our sources say Israeli officials have
been working behind the scenes to get Pollard out.
The Justice Department, which has jurisdiction
over Pollard, has refused to consider a swap, so the
Israelis turned to the State Department and White
House to try to cut a deal.
.Two experts in the art of spy-swapping have
been recruited to make the arrangements-East
Berlin lawyer Wolfgang Vogel and an American
rabbi in New York.
Anne Pollard's father, public relations executive
Bernard Henderson, has led the public campaign in
the United States for the release of the Pollards
and has made much of the fact that his daughter is
suffering from a stomach disorder.
If the three-way swap is carried out, it is likely
: that only the Pollards' side of the triangle will be
,acknowledged publicly. The United States could
explain the release of Anne Pollard as a
humanitarian gesture. The release of Jonathan .
Pollard would be harder to finesse. It would be the
first time a U.S .- born citizen and traitor was turned
over to another country.
Pollard gave the Israelis more than 1,000
classified documents, and more than 800 of those
were top secret. His revelations included
intelligence about Syrian and Iraqi chemical
weapons, Palestine Liberation Organization radar
systems and Libyan air defenses.«
------
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WEDNESDAY, APRIL 20, 1988 A29.
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THE WASHINGTON POST
CPYRGHT
3 Iranian Mines Found; U.S. Ship Reports Silkworms Fired Monday
By Molly Moore
Washington Post Staff Writer
No more armed clashes between U.S.
and Iranian naval forces were reported in
the Persian Gulf yesterday, but internation-
al minesweeping units found three addition-
al Iranian mines in gulf shipping channels
and confusion erupted over reports that
Iran had launched Silkworm missiles at
American warships during Monday's bat-
tles.
President Reagan said yesterday the gulf
activity was "quieting down and we hope it
stays that way" after U.S. warships at-
tacked two Iranian oil platforms in retalia-
tory action that set off a string of sea and
air battles that the Pentagon said sank
three Iranian vessels and crippled three
others.
The captain of the frigate USS Jack Wil-
liams reported that five Chinese-made Silk-
worm missiles were launched against three
American warships during missile ex-
changes between U.S. and Iranian forces in
the Strait of Hormuz Monday.
Defense Department officials said yes-
terday they have no "positive proof" that
the Iranian missiles were Silkworms, the
most powerful in Tehran's arsenal. But the
officials said that evidence of Silkworm at-
tacks would add a new dimension to the gulf
conflicts and could prompt further retali-
ation against Iran.
Pentagon spokesman Dan Howard said
that in the aftermath of Iran's renewed
mine-laying activities and Monday's battles,
the United States is "reassessing" its forces
in the gulf region. There are 30 Navy ships
in the gulf and north Arabian Sea, including
the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise, officials
said.
A Marine Cobra attack helicopter with
two crewmen aboard remained missing yes-
terday as nine ships and numerous helicop-
ters continued to search for it, but no other
American military personnel were reported
killed injured, or lost during Monday's day-
long hostilities, Defense Department offi-
cials said.
They identified the missing Cobra crew-
men as Capt. Stephen C. Leslie, 30, and
Capt. Kenneth W. Hill, 33, assigned to
Squadron HMLA-167 based at the New
River, N.C., Marine Corps Air Station.
Pentagon officials said there were no re-
ports of hostile fire in the area where the
Cobra was conducting patrols Monday. The
helicopter was reported missing after dark
when it was 40 minutes late returning to its
base on the guided missile cruiser USS
Wainwright.
Iranian officials reported that 15 of their
sailors were killed and 29 wounded in Mon-
day's clashes.
A French minesweeper discovered three
additional mines yesterday as an interna-
tional mine-hunting force continued comb-
ing the central gulf area where the U.S.
frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts hit a mine
Thursday, ripping a nine-foot gash in its hull
and injuring 10 crewmen. :
Pentagon spokesman Howard said yes-
terday that American, Dutch and French
vessels have found eight Iranian mines
since then, excluding the one struck by the
Roberts.
"All are new and recently laid," he said,
adding that serial numbers have identified
all of the mines as recently manufactured
Iranian weapons. He said it is unknown
whether the additional mines have been
sown since Friday.
Howard said Pentagon analysts are sift-
ing through reports that are pouring in from
U.S. units involved in Monday's gulf battles.
Many of the details remain confusing and
contradictory, officials said.
The most controversial issue involves
reports from the officers of the Williams
that their radars tracked five Silkworm mis-
siles fired from Iran at three U.S. warships
that had exchanged missile attacks with the
Iranian frigate SaApprovediFon Release 2000/08/08tinCIALRDP96400789R00040004600mad, who was accompanying
the gulf.
A dramatic account of the reported Silk-
worm attack was supplied by a pool of U.S.
reporters who were aboard the Williams,
but Pentagon officials say they have no pos-
itive proof that any Silkworms were fired.
The journalists' pool reported that five
times the call went up on the bridge of the
Williams: "Silkworm incoming!" after the
ship's radar detected the missiles. Each
time the frigate turned violently to put its
stern to the oncoming missile and fire metal
particles called chaff into the air to confuse
the missile's radar guidance system.
"Everybody look astern! Everybody look
astern!" Lt. Augustino Ponturier, the officer
of the deck, shouted.
None of the first four missiles were close
enough to be observed visually from the
Williams, according to reports. But the re-
ported fifth attack sent crewmen sprawling
flat on the deck as a missile crossed astern
of the ship and slammed into a nearby oil rig
with an orange-yellow flash.
Adm. William J. Crowe Jr., chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff, told President Rea-,
gan and Republican leaders during a White
House briefing yesterday that "we have no!
positive evidence to indicate that Silkworms
were used," Howard reported.
He said the Williams and the other ships
in its group "were operating well within the
envelope [range] of the Silkworms. Any
ship operating in such a circumstance that
gets a track on the scope has to assume a
worst-case scenario."
Pentagon sources said U.S. reconnais-
sance aircraft patrolling over the Strait of
Hormuz detected no activity at known Silk-
worm sites. Officials noted that Iran has
never before fired Silkworm missiles from
its mobile launch sites along the Strait of
Hormuz, with the exception of one known
test-firing. It has launched several Silk-
worms from the Faw Peninsula at the
northern tip of the gulf-one of which hit an
American-flagged Kuwaiti tanker last Oc-
on two oil platforms at the Rostam field a
few days later.
ASSOCIATED PRESS
USS Wainwright takes part in search for helicopter that failed to return from a patrol Monday.
Pentagon officiais speculated that in the
heat of battle the skipper and crew of the
Williams may have misidentified the mis-
siles. The Chinese-built Silkworm is essen-
tially the same weapon as the Soviet Styx
missile, which Iran has been known to
launch from surface ships.
Officials noted that half a dozen different
types of missiles and other weapons were
fired by both sides in a sea-and-air melee
that involved the Williams and two other
U.S. ships, U.S. A6 attack planes, and two
of Iran's biggest warships, the sister frig-
ates Sabalan and Sahand.
Army Maj. Barry Willey of the U.S. Cen-
journlists aboard the Williams, described
the scene from the flying bridge atop the
ship as "both spectacular and frightening,"
adding that contrails from missiles could be
seen in all directions.
The Pentagon reported that the Sabalan
fired a surface-to-surface missile at the Wil-
liams and antiaircraft missiles at A6s from
the USS Enterprise. The planes responded
by dropping laser-guided bombs that hit the
Iranian ship, disabling it.
The Sabalan was reported in port yester-
.day. Officials said it is believed to be seri-
ously damaged.
Meanwhile, the Sahand was struck by
laser-guided bombs and Harpoon antiship
missiles from the A6s, and a Harpoon from
the USS Strauss, a frigate. Left a smoking
wreck, the Sahand "has disappeared" and is
presumed sunk, Howard said.

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8808
Iran Breaks Diplomatic Ties With Britain
Tehran Attacks British 'Treachery,' Cites Need to Defend Islam
By Jonathan C. Randal
Washington Post Foreign Service
LONDON, March 7-Iran se-
vered diplomatic relations with
Britain today at the expiration of
Tehran's week-long grace period,
during which the two countries
failed to resolve their three-week
dispute over British author Salman
Rushdie's novel "The Satanic
Verses."
In fiery language that echoed of
the religious fervor that powered
Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution, the
nation's Foreign Ministry
an-
nounced the rupture in a statement
that simultaneously accused Britain
of treacheries dating back centuries
and proclaimed Iran a global pro-
tector of Islamic honor.
"In the past two centuries Britain
has been in the front line of plots
and treachery against Islam and
Moslems," the ministry statement
said, reiterating a view of British
manipulation in Iranian affairs that
has been common in Iran since the
late shah Mohamed Reza Pahlavi
was ousted a decade ago.
"The Foreign Ministry considers
itself not just the executor" of Iran-
ian foreign policy, the announcement
added, "but in a larger scope the
executor and protector of the for-
eign policy of the Islamic world
against blasphemy and thus regards
defending Islam and its values as a
divine and legal responsibility.".
A British Foreign Office spokes-
man said today the government had
not yet received formal notification
of the Iranian action. That notifica-
tion would likely come by way of the.
Swedish Embassy, which now rep-
resents British interests in Tehran.
The spokesman added that the For-
eign Office would "make known its
response in due course.".
Britain withdrew its five-man
staff from the Tehran embassy,
which had resumed normal opera-
tions only last November, after the
12-nation European Community
pulled out its top envoys from Iran
to protest an order of death against
Rushdie that was pronounced by
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the
Iranian spiritual leader.
The British Foreign Office spokes-
man said "the present situation was
entirely of Iran's making," had been
"vigorously condemned around the
world" and "made it impossible to
conduct normal business."
Today's announcement seemed
to confirm the Iranian Foreign Min-
istry's political accedence to the
hard-line policies of Islamic funda-
mentalists in the government. The
fundamentalists have used the
Rushdie crisis to reinvigorate the
Islamic revolution,
which was
drained by Iran's eight-year war
with Iraq, and have attempted to
prevent any diplomatic openings to
the West.
Khomeini first invoked Iran's
claims to pan-Islamic responsibilities
CPYRGHT
on Feb. 14 when he issued the
decree against Rushdie, whose
he declared a blasphemy a
Islam.
Last week, British Foreign
retary Geoffrey Howe, in an eff
defuse the crisis, criticized the
as "offensive" to Moslems, the
ish government and many Br:
Iran, however, rejected the ge
as insufficient to lift the death
tence against Rushdie, who ren
in hiding under police protectic
Britain.
The first consequence of the
lomatic: break with Britain
Iran's refusal to allow a prom
consular visit today to 53-year
businessman. Roger Cooper, 1
has been detained on spy
charges in Iran for three years.
[Reuter reported that Jc
Waite, cousin of Church of Engla
envoy Terry Waite, who vanished
Beirut in 1987 and is believed he
by pro-Iranian kidnapers, said
sympathized
with
fended by the book.
Moslems
(
["But no one could condone th
order to kill Rushdie," Waite said.
don't see that the British govert
ment could have acted in any othe
way over this."]
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
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30 Au 88
8808 -C.
HON POST
One Peace-Keeper Not Free to Celebrate
By Richard Homan
Washington Post Foreign Service .
While most of the 10,000 U.N.
peace-keeping troops were cel-
ebrating their Nobel Peace Prize
yesterday, one of the forces' high-
est-ranking American members,
Marine Lt. Col. William R. Hig-
gins, was in his 226th day of cap-
tivity in the Middle East.
Higgins, of Woodbridge, Va.,
was kidnaped last Feb. 17 near
Tyre, in southern Lebanon,
where he was serving as head of a
76-member unit of the U.N.
Truce Supervision Organization.
U.N. officials and Higgins' fam-
ily used the occasion of the an-
nouncement yesterday to renew
demands that his captors free him.
Higgins' sister, Mary Fisher,
told United Press International in
Louisville, Ky., "I hope this proves
to them that they are holding a
man who was on a peace mission.
We have been praying hard since
my brother was abducted. We
hope this Nobel prize will bring an
answer to our prayers."
Higgins' captors-the Organ-
ization of the Oppressed on
Earth-accused him of using his
U.N. post as a cover for U.S. es-
pionage, a charge U.S. and U.N.
officials have strongly denied.
Higgins, 43, was seized by gun-
men who ambushed his U.N. ve-
hicle after he left a meeting with a
senior official of the Shiite Moslem
Amal group, Amal officials said.
The U.N. group in which Hig-
gins served since June 1987 was
formed in 1948 to supervise armi-
stice agreements between Israel
and Arab countries. Earlier Hig-
gins served here and lived in
LT. COL. WILLIAM R. HIGGINS
226th day as hostage
Woodbridge with his wife, Marine
Maj. Robin Higgins, who is as-
signed to the Pentagon.
CPYRGHT
1
CPYRGHT
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U.S. Cautious About 'Signals' of Hostage Release
Nastanton Past 21 sep 88
By Lou Cannon
Washington Post Staff Writer
The Reagan administration is
exploring "inconclusive signals" that
some of the nine American hostages
now held captive in Lebanon will
soon be freed, a knowledgeable
U.S. official, who asked not to be
identified, said yesterday.
But the administration is ap-
proaching the issue gingerly be-
cause of its sensitivity and because
past reports of prospective hostage
releases have not proved accurate.
White House spokesman Marlin
Fitzwater, commenting on a story
in The Wall Street Journal about
"fresh hopes" that some of the hos-
tages may be released before the
end of the year, said he knew of no
change in the situation. Fitzwater
said "we're always hopeful and
we're always working, but we've
also had those hopes dashed so of-
ten that we're reluctant to read
anything into those events."
The events to which he referred
include the recent release of a West
German hostage, apparent political
changes in Iran and a message last
week from one of three Iranian-
backed terrorist groups thought to
be holding U.S. hostages. The
group released a photograph of two
hostages, Alann Steen and Jesse
Turner, and issued a statement
hinting that they might be freed if
the United States supported Pales-
tinian autonomy.
Fitzwater said Reagan plans to
raise the hostage issue next week
when he meets with a number of
the region's foreign ministers dur-
ing a two-day U.N. visit. But an of-
ficial who participated in a planning
meeting Secretary of State George
P. Shultz conducted for the trip said
the issue would be brought up only
"peripherally."
Nonetheless, officials said they
took seriously various signals that
some U.S. hostages may be freed.
"This is such a sensitive and emo-
tional issue, it's best not to talk
about it publicly at this time," one
official said.
On other issues yesterday Rea-
gan signed a spending bill that al-
locates $1.2 billion for the fight
against acquired immune deficiency
syndrome and prodded Congress to
complete work on 13 appropriations
bills before fiscal 1989 begins Oct.
1. Reagan also urged Congress to
complete work on a $299.5 billion
defense appropriations bill similar.
in some of its features to a defense
authorization bill he vetoed earlier.
"I want defense legislation to con
tinue the policies of the last eight
years-the policies that led the So-
viets to the bargaining table and out
of Afghanistan," Reagan said. "I
want defense legislation that will
advance national security, not sac-
rifice it on the altar of congressional
pork barrel."
At the same time, Fitzwater
praised Congress for making prog-
ress on appropriations measures
and said Defense Secretary Frank
C. Carlucci was ready to negotiate.
"We're trying to walk a fine line
between praising the Congress and
prodding it on these appropriations
matters," said an official.
CPYRGHT
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Kenneth Diells
WP 13 Les 88
CPYRGHT
U.S. Karate Expert Frees
Himself, Bride From Captors
Washington Post Foreign Service
Kenneth Wells, 25, who officials
said works in Saudi Arabia, and his
wife, Samia, were seized as they
left their wedding reception in Baal-
bek, 50 miles east of Beirut.
Wells, who has a black belt in
karate, according to his wife, over-
powered his attackers and the cou-
ple fled to a Syrian military post.
They were taken to the U.S. Em-
bassy in Damascus and released.
In Washington, State Depart-
ment spokesman Charles Redman
expressed gratitude to Syrian au-
thorities for their assistance.
Washington Post: 13 Sep 88
EN
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CPYRGHT
BEIRUT, Sept. 12-An Amer-
ican who had just been married to a
Lebanese woman used karate to
escape, still wearing his tuxedo,
from men who tried to abduct him
and his bride shortly after the wed-
ding yesterday, sources here and
U.S. officials in Washington said.

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One Cordes
3
Sep 88
CPYRGHT
Washing for/ Post /3 feb 88
AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE
Marlene Cordes leaves her home in Frankfurt after learning that her husband was about to be released in Beirut.
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THE WASHINGTI
CPYRGHT
HOSTAGES IN LEBANON
AMERICANS
Terry Anderson, chief Middle East correspondent of The Associated Press,
March 16, 1985.
Thomas Sutherland, dean of agriculture at the American University of
Beirut, June 9, 1985.
Frank Herbert Reed, director of the Lebanon International School in Beirut,
Sept. 9, 1986.
Joseph James Cicipplo, acting comptroller of the American University of
Beirut, Sept. 12, 1986.
Edward Austin Tracy, author, Oct. 21, 1986.
Jesse Turner, visiting professor of mathematics and computer science at
Beirut University College, Jan. 24, 1987.
Robert Polhill, assistant professor of business at Beirut University College,
Jan. ^4, 1987.
Alann Steen, journalism professor at Beirut University College, Jan. 24,
1987.
Marine Lt. Col. William R. Higgins, head of a 75-man observer group
attached to the U.N. Interim Force in Lebanon, yesterday.
BRITISH
Alec Collett, March 25, 1985.
John McCarthy, April 17, 1986.
Terry Walte, Jan. 20, 1987.
FRENCH
Marcel Fontaine, March 22, 1985.
Marcel Carton, March 22, 1985.
Michel Seurat, May 22, 1985.
Jean-Paul Kauffmann, May 22, 1985
WEST GERMAN
Rudolf Cordes, Jan. 17, 1987.
Ralph Rudolf Schray, Jan. 27, 1988.
OTHER NATIONALITIES
Mithlleswar Singh (Indian), Jan. 24, 1987
Brian Keenan (Irish), April 11, 1986.
Alberto Molinari (Italian), Sept. 11, 1985
William Jorgensen (Norwegian), Feb. 5, 1988.
Jan Stening (Swedish), Feb. 5, 1988.
Two people of unknown nationality were kidnaped Jan. 26, 1987.
NOTE: In March 1986 Islamic Jihad claimed that Michel Seurat had been killed. The following
month the Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Moslems said Alec Collett had been killed.
SOURCE Associated Press
Gunmen in Leb:
American Marin
LEBANON, From A1
neighboring Arab countries. The
organization's 75-man unit in Leb-
anon, which Higgins headed,
worked closely with the much big-
ger-and better known-U.N. In-
terim Force in Lebanon, the actual
peace-keeping force.
Higgins, according to witnesses
and U.N. officials here, was return-
ing to the U.N. peace-keeping
force's headquarters at Naqurah,
15 miles south of Tyre, when he
was abducted at 2:15 p.m. local
time (7:15 a.m. EST). He was driv-
ing alone in a U.N. car flying the
blue-and-white U.N. flag, they said,
following another U.N. vehicle,
when three men armed with
Kalashnikov assault rifles inter-
cepted his car as the first vehicle
rounded a curve near Ras Ain, four
miles south of Tyre.
Witnesses said they saw the gun-
men shove Higgins into the trunk of
a red Mercedes and speed off with
him along a dirt road forking off the
main coastal highway.
When the three U.N. officers in
the first vehicle realized Higgins
was no longer following them, Gok-
sel said, "they turned back and
found Higgins' car empty."
The coastal stretch where the
attack took place is contested by
the Amal militia and the more rad-
ical, Iran-backed Hezbollah move-
ment, which in 1986 launched rock-
et attacks against soldiers of the
U.N. peace-keeping force.
Amal chief Nabih Berri went into
a closed session with key military
advisers this evening. Hassan Yous-
CPYRGHT
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HOSTAGES
The Lost Life
Of Terry
Anderson
The American journalist is beginning
his fifth year in captivity somewhere
in the bowels of Beirut, a coin
for a cruel human barter that no
one has been able to redeem
1984
CPYRGHT
BY SCOTT MACLEOD
magine it. You are chained to a radia-
tor in a bare, dank room. You never
see the sun. When your captors fear
that a noise in the night is an impending
rescue attempt, you are slammed up
against the wall, the barrel of a gun
pressed against your temple. Each day
you have 15 minutes to shower, brush
your teeth and wash your underwear in
the bathroom sink. Your bed is a mat on
the floor. One of your fellow hostages tries
to escape, and the guards beat him sense-
less. Another tries to commit suicide. One
day you too reach the edge of your sanity.
You begin furiously pounding your head
against a wall. Blood oozes from your
scalp and smears down your face.
Life has been like that for Terry An-
derson ever since March 16, 1985, when
the chief Middle East correspondent for
the Associated Press was kidnaped in
West Beirut. The men who grabbed him.
members of the Shi'ite Muslim funda-
mentalist group called Hizballah, were in-
tent on swapping Western hostages for 17
comrades imprisoned in Kuwait for a ter-
rorist spree. Four long years later, Ander-
son is still held hostage. From accounts by
his former fellow captives, TIME has
pieced together a glimpse of the life he
has led.
The first day: Terry Anderson lies on
a cot in a dingy apartment in Beirut's
sprawling, bomb-ravaged Shi'ite slums. A
blindfold is tightly wrapped around his
head, and chains shackle a wrist and an-
kle, biting into the flesh. He can hear the
roar of jets; Beirut airport is near. The for-
mer U.S. Marine is stunned and sobs con-
stantly, frustrated, angry and afraid that
the kidnapers intend to execute him. A
guard bursts in and threatens him merely
because he creaked the bedsprings. "I am
a friend of the Lebanese," Anderson had
told his family. "They won't kidnap me. I
tell their story to the world."
Anderson is lost in the bowels of Bei-
rut, but he is not alone. In the same 12-ft.
by 15-ft. bedroom, also shackled hand
and foot and crouching on the floor of a
dirty clothes closet, Father Lawrence
Martin Jenco of Catholic Relief Services
(kidnaped Jan. 8, 1985) peers under his
blindfold at the new arrival. A month lat-
er, they are led down to the dungeon, a
basement partitioned into cramped cells
with thin plasterboard, and held prisoner
with others: William Buckley, Beirut sta-
A hostage's never ending ordeal: a
picture chronicle of Anderson's
captivity. When it suits them, the
kidnapers send Polaroids or
videotapes of their hostage to a
news agency in Beirut. The pictures
accompany the kidnapers' repeated
demands; in the videotapes,
Anderson usually pleads for help to
win his freedom. The final words in
his last message: "One day soon,
God willing, this will end."
MAY '85
OCT. '86
NOV. '86
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CPYRGHT
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tion chief of the CIA (kidnaped March 16,
1984), the Rev. Benjamin Weir, a Presby-
terian missionary (kidnaped May 8,
1984), and eventually David Jacobsen, di-
rector of American University Hospital
(kidnaped May 28, 1985).
The hostages are repeatedly threat-
ened with death. Their meals consist of
Arabic bread, foul-tasting cheese and tea.
Buckley's treatment reveals the full cruel-
ty of the kidnapers. He catches a bad cold
that develops into pneumonia, but the
guards show him no mercy. "Mr. Buckley
is dying," Father Jenco pleads one day.
"He is sick. He has dry heaves. Give us
liquids."
Speaking to one another in whispers,
the hostages listen to Buckley's moans as
he grows weaker, and finally delirious. On
June 3, Buckley squats on the tile floor be-
lieving that he is sitting on a toilet seat,
and food fantasies fill his head. "I'd like
some poached eggs on toast, please," he
mumbles. "I'd like an order of pancakes."
That night Buckley starts making strange
grunts and the others realize they are
hearing the rattle of death, and a guard
comes and drags Buckley's body away.
Anderson's first letter to his family con-
tains his last will and testament.
Out of the blue comes hope. At the
end of June Anderson learns that TWA
Flight 847 has been hijacked and 39
American passengers are being held.
Hajj, the chief guard, arrives with word
that a package deal is in the works. "You
will be going home," he says.
Nothing happens. The guards, how-
ever, improve living conditions for An-
derson and the others, apparently in fear
they might fall sick and die like Buckley.
"Christmas in July" brings dinner of
Swiss steak, vegetables and fruit, medical
checkups by a kidnaped Lebanese Jewish
doctor, and the chance to start worshiping
together. Anderson, once a lapsed Catho-
lic whose faith now grows stronger by the
day, wheedles permission from Hajj to
make his confession to Father Jenco. Lat-
er, all the hostages are allowed to hold
daily services in their "Church of the
Locked Door." They celebrate Commu-
nion with scraps of Arabic bread. Ander-
son tells the guards to shut up when they
mock the Christian service.
After the first worship, Pastor Weir
reaches out and grasps Anderson, and the
two men hug. Perhaps worried that the
frail minister might be slipping, Anderson
urges him to be strong. "Don't give up,"
he tells him. "Keep going."
Another new hostage has arrived,
Thomas Sutherland, dean of agriculture
at American University (kidnaped June
9, 1985). Eventually the captors permit
their prisoners to be together all the time
and to remove their blindfolds when the
guards are out of the room.
0
ne day in September. Hajj raises
everybody's hopes again by an-
nouncing that a hostage will final-
ly be released. He has them play a cruel
game: they must choose for themselves
who will go frec. "Think it over," he com-
mands as he walks away.
The hostages drag their agonizing dis-
cussion late into the night. Pastor Weir
and Father Jenco make no effort to put
themselves forward, and Sutherland is too
much of a gentleman. But Anderson near-
ly takes a swing at Jacobsen as the two
men engage in a bitter contest to be cho-
sen. Anderson wins the vote, but then is
devastated when Hajj refuses to abide by
the decision. "Terry Anderson will not be
the first to be released," he snaps. "He
might be the last one." A few nights later,
Hajj tells Pastor Weir he is going home.
On Christmas Eve the hostages hear
on the radio that Church of England envoy
Terry Waite has failed to negotiate their
freedom, and has returned to London. An-
derson is crushed. Father Jenco tries to
sing carols but is too depressed. Jacobsen
draws a crude Christmas tree on a piece of
cardboard and sticks it on the wall.
Anderson fights back boredom and de-
pression by throwing himself into habits
and hobbies. Each morning he obsessively
cleans the sleeping mats and takes spirited
40-minute walks around and around the
room. When he fashions a chess set from
scraps of tinfoil, the guards take the game
away. Anderson takes French lessons from
Sutherland, and stays up all night reading
the Bible and novels by Charles Dickens
that the guards provide.
After solitary confinement. the cama-
raderic is energizing. From memory Suth-
erland recites the poetry of his beloved
Robert Burns, in the brogue of his native
Scotland (he once played professional
football with the Glasgow Rangers). Fa-
ther Jenco takes the hostages on an imagi-
nary tour of Rome and the Vatican. An-
derson makes a deck of cards from paper
scraps, and they all play cutthroat games
of hearts.
Like sophists, Anderson the liberal
Democrat and Jacobsen the Reagan Re-
publican constantly provoke each other
into arguments to keep their minds alive.
More than the others, Anderson chal-
lenges the guards. although for some rea-
son he is beaten less frequently. He goes
on a seven-day hunger strike when they
suddenly ban the radio and the occasional
copies of the International Herald Tri-
bune. He does not know it. but the news
blackout is imposed so he will not learn of
the deaths of his father and brother back
in the U.S. He does find out. however, that
since his kidnaping his second daughter,
Sulome, has been born.
In July 1986 Father Jenco is freed. Ja-
cobsen goes home in November. but the
public revelation of a secret U.S. arms-
for-hostages deal with Iran torpedoes any
further releases. Two months later. Waite
the mediator is himself kidnaped.
Feeling increasingly abandoned by
his government, Anderson spends much
of 1987 in isolation. In December he gets
a new roommate, French diplomat Mar-
cel Fontaine (kidnaped March 22. 1985).
Anderson is denied permission to send
out a videotaped Christmas message to
his family. The frustration becomes un-
bearable, and one day he walks over to a
FEB. '87
OCT.'87
DEC. '87
--- --
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wall and beats his head against it. Blood
seeps from Anderson's scalp. "Terry!"
Fontaine pleads. "Think of your family!"
All the hostages find the cruelty too
much to take. Sutherland, who had gone
to Beirut passionately hoping to help Leb-
anese farmers, is treated worse than the
others. He tries to kill himself by putting a
nylon sack over his head. A more recent
kidnap victim, Frank Reed, director of
the Lebanese International School (kid-
naped Sept. 9, 1986), attempts to escape
but is caught. The guards beat him vi-
ciously and break his spirit, leaving him
prostrate on the floor.
In 1988 Anderson and Fontaine find
themselves in an apartment that has car-
peting, heat and hot food. Are they being
fattened up in preparation for their re-
lease? Despite the constant disappoint-
ments, Anderson is determined to think
about his future. He ponders quitting jour-
nalism to take up farming. At last on
May 3, after he has spent more than three
years as a hostage, his time appears to have
come when a guard tells him to get ready.
"You should do the same as I'm do-
ing," Anderson says, trying to improve
the Frenchman's chances. At midnight
they come and take Anderson away. Two
hours later, Fontaine learns that it is he
who is being freed.
Fontaine remembers a conversation
with Anderson. Feeling ill and more de-
pressed than usual, he had turned to An-
derson and said, "Terry, I am not afraid to
die. But I don't want to die here and have
them throw my body into the sea like they
did with Buckley."
Anderson thought for a moment and
replied, "I don't want to die anywhere."
Five months ago, Anderson's most re-
cent videotaped message was dropped off
at a Western news agency in Beirut. Sign-
ing off, he said to his family, "Kiss my
daughters. Keep your spirits up, and I will
try to do the same. One day soon, God
willing, this will end." --- With reporting by
William Dowell/Paris and Edwin M. Reingold/Los
Angeles
OCT. '88
Anderson in his most recent videotape
TRANS
W
4339
MERILLON-COLLECTIF /J.B. PICTURES
Mughniyah is also a prime suspect in the 1985 skyjacking of TWA Flight 847
The Man Who Holds the Hostages
t is no secret who holds Terry Anderson. Imad Mughniyah is his name. He is a 38-
year-old Lebanese leader of the Shi'ite fundamentalist group Hizballah whose his-
tory of terrorism is grislier than the record of Palestinian renegade Abu Nidal. Mugh-
niyah's villainy, U.S. officials say, runs from bombings, like the suicide attacks on the
U.S. embassy and Marine barracks in Beirut, to hijackings. He is a prime suspect in
the U.S. for his alleged role in the 1985 skyjacking of TWA Flight 847 in which a
Navy diver was murdered. And he has made a specialty of kidnaping: U.S. officials
believe that Mughniyah, under the cloak of cover names like Islamic Jihad and the
Revolutionary Justice Organization, has been involved in the kidnaping of at least 31
Westerners since 1984 and that he continues to hold most of the 13 still in captivity.
The kidnapers specifically wanted Terry Anderson. Fatefully, perhaps, the re-
porter advertised his availability the day before his capture, when he ventured into
Beirut's southern suburbs to quiz Hizballah spiritual leader Sheik Mohammed Hus-
sein Fadlallah. But Anderson's colleagues at the Associated Press believe he may
have put himself on Hizballah's blacklist as far back as 1983, when he traveled to their
stronghold in Baalbek to grill Shi'ite leaders about the bombing of the U.S. Marine
barracks.
The grandson of a Shi'ite mullah, Mughniyah trained with Yasser Arafat's Fatah
faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization. A high school dropout, he excelled
at terrorism; his boldness and quick grasp of explosives and weaponry impressed his
commanders. But he fell out with Fatah leaders and in 1982, when Israeli troops
invaded Lebanon and occupied his village, Teir Debbe, Mughniyah joined the newly
formed and more radical Hizballah (Party of God). He took to wearing religious garb
even as he recruited activists and professionals to the Shi'ite cause. He rose quickly to
the top of the organization, and as security chief, Mughniyah is thought to be the
group's most powerful figure. He continues to hold the Westerners captive despite
public pleas from Fadlallah that they be set free.
His original motivation was to avenge the mistreatment of Shi'ites in Lebanon
and to vent his hatred of the U.S. and Israel. But U.S. sources say he has become
obsessed with trying to secure the freedom of his brother-in-law Mustafa Badreddin
and 16 other Shi'ites jailed in Kuwait after a 1983 bombing blitz. Mughniyah
launched his subsequent kidnaping and hijacking spree to spring the 17 in a prison-
ers-for-hostages swap. Among his victims: William Buckley, the CIA station chief,
who died in captivity.
Mughniyah reportedly gets his financing from Tehran, and is considered Iran's
man in Lebanon; his closest mentors there include conservative leaders locked in
rivalry with Iran's would-be pragmatists. Even so, Mughniyah has been forced to free
numerous American, French and West German hostages when it served Iran's inter-
ests, while his personal demands have never been met.
Mughniyah seems content to bide his time until the U.S. breaks. But he has not
tired of finding ways to press Hizballah's confrontation with the West. Britain's
Guardia-
Newspaper reported last month that he was busy organizing mass demon-
stration.,
Lebanon. The cause: demanding Salman Rushdie's death for writing The
Sate
ses.
42
TIME. MARCH 20. 1989
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80:0
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WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 8, 1989 A35
THE WASHINGTON POST
Iranian's Unexpected Visit to Britain
Raises Hopes for Progress on Hostagesp
CPYRGHT
By Jonathan C. Randal
Washington Post Foreign Service
CPYRGHT
LONDON, Feb. 7-Iranian For-
eign Minister Ali Akbar Velayati
arrived here unexpectedly today
and conferred with his British coun-
terpart in what was seen as'a pos-
sible indication of thawing relations
that could favor release of western
hostages held in Lebanon by pro-
Iranian groups.
Diplomatic sources said that Ve-
layati's visit itself-the first here
by an Iranian foreign minister since
the Islamic revolution in Tehran 10
years ago-outweighed the impor-
tance of his brief remarks after con-
ferring with Foreign Secretary
Geoffrey Howe at the Foreign Of-
fice.
"All of us want to work for the
release of the hostages no matter
what their nationality," he said, re-
iterating Iran's position on western
hostages, most of them British or
American, who are held by pro-
Iranian groups in Lebanon, and on
three Iranians who disappeared in
Christian-held Lebanon in 1982.
A Foreign Office spokesman de-
scribed the 90-minute meeting as
"useful." Nothing Velayati said pub-
Jicly suggested imminent release of
British or other hostages despite
renewed speculation that Ayatollah ..
Ruhollah Khomeini might make
Velayati's sudden appearance
here came to light when a London-
datelined dispatch from IRNA,
Iran's official news agency, Fan-
nounced that while flying from Teh-
ran to Madrid, he "was forced by
bad weather to break his journey."
He was scheduled to confer with
Spanish officials before attending
U.N. discussions in New York about
the stalled implementation of the
Aug. 20 cease-fire in the Persian
Gulf war. The IRNA dispatch did
not say where the "bad weather".
occurred, but meteorologists re-
ported clear weather in both the
British and Spanish capitals ...
Sources here said Howe told his
visitor Britain was convinced that
the three Iranians who Tehran in-
sists are still alive were killed soon
after their abduction.
Howe expressed concern about
the fate of journalist Roger Cooper,
a longtime British resident of Iran
detained in Tehran in 1986. Iran
recently has threatened to put him
on trial as a spy.
Britain reopened its Tehran em-
tions cooled because of the Thatch-
er government's insistence that
progress depended on the release
of Cooper and the three Britons
held in Lebanon by the pro-Iranian
Hezbollah faction.
They are Terry Waite, the
Church of England emissary seized
two years ago; journalist John Mc-
Carthy and teacher Brian Keenan.
Velayati's visit also renewed
speculation that Kuwait might now
be willing to drop its refusal to re-
lease any of the 16 men convicted
of attacks against Kuwaiti oil instal-
lations and the U.S. and French em-
bassies in December 1984.
Sources following the situation of
the western hostages suggested
that Kuwait was considering such a
gesture to thank the United States
for protecting Kuwaiti oil tankers
during the final year of the Persian
Gulf war. Some of the men held in
Kuwait are related to prominent.
pro-Iranian Lebanese believed to be
holding western hostages.
Howe stopped in Kuwait during a
gulf tour last month, and Walde-
grave is expected there shortly.
Iranian Clergy Asked to Defer to Professionals
CPYRGHT
Deutsche Presse-Agentur
TEHRAN, Feb. 7-Iran's spir-
itual heir-apparent, Ayatollah Hos-
sein Ali Montazeri, today admitted
shortcomings in the 10-year-old
Islamic revolution and urged the
ruling clergy to relinquish more of
their decision-making prerogatives
to qualified professionals.
In a statement carried by the of-
ficial Iranian news agency IRNA,
Montazeri listed a number of inter-
nal factors including "deficiencies in
religious thinking regarding state
administration" and
"insufficient
competence of the officials."
"Of course the brave and revo-
justified in seeing that there is a big
gap between what they have gained
and what they were promised," he
said in remarks coinciding with the
revolution's 10th anniversary cel-
èbrations. "But instead of disillu-
sionment and losing hope, one
should discover the real reasons for
lack of success and think what
should be done."
He cited a long list of shortcom-
ings that have "caused the most
damage for the revolution," warning
that unless these are "redressed
before it gets late, they can no long-
er be compensated."
The defects cited by Montazeri
tremism, selfishness, monopolism,
group inclinations, injustices, ignor-
ing the people and the genuine val-
ues of the revolution, and the lack
of real power in the hands of the
people."
IRNA identified Montazeri as
"Iran's designated future leader"
and noted that this was his first
public statement since last July's
U.N .- sponsored
cease-fire with
Iraq.
Ayatollah
Ruhollah Khomeini
pushed for Montazeri's designation
as his successor in 1985. But Kho-
meini's disciple is known to be fac-
ing strong opposition from powerful
CPYRGHT
bassy in December after an eight-
year break. But after Velayati met
with William Waldegrave, Howe's
such a gesture to mark his decade : deputy, in Paris last month, rela-
in power in Tehran.

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989
The Washington Times
9 Jan 89
WORLD
53 killed as Shi-ite factions
shoot it out south of Beirut
By Samar Kadi
UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL
CPYRGHT
BEIRUT, Lebanon - Rival mili-
tias battling to dominate Lebanon's
Shi'ite Moslem community ex-
changed barrages of mortars, rock-
ets and artillery fire south of Beirut
yesterday, killing at least 53 persons
and wounding 85, police and hospital
officials said.
The latest casualties in fighting
between the pro-Syrian Amal militia
and the Iranian-backed Hezbollah,
which began Dec. 31, brought the
toll to 77 killed and 146 wounded in
the inter-Shi'ite power struggle cen-
tered in Beirut's southern slums.
Fighting with machine guns and
rockets spilled over into Moslem
west Beirut for a third day, but Syr-
ian peacekeeping troops intervened
and no casualties were reported
there.
: House-to-house fighting was re-
ported in Iklim Al Tufah, 28 miles
south of Beirut, where Abou Ali
Hammoud, a senior Amal militia of-
ficial was killed with 10 relatives
and bodyguards, police and militia
sources said.
An Amal spokesman accused
Hezbollah of starting the clashes hv
RBP96 00789
launching an assault on the militia's
positions around the villages of Kfar
Milki and Kfar Hetta. He said Hez-
bollah fighters used knives and axes
in the assault.
"It was a real massacre. ... They
took the people by surprise," the
spokesman said. "This will not go
unpunished."
Police and hospital sources said
53 persons were killed and at least
85 were wounded in the fierce fight-
ing in the cluster of villages. Among
the wounded were a policeman and
three Lebanese Red Cross rescue
workers.
Witnesses said black smoke bil-
lowed over Kfar Milki, Kfar Hetta,
and Ain Bouswar where dozens of
heavily armed militiamen traded
rocke's, mortars and artillery fire.
Security sources said the militias,
fighting for dominance of Lebanon's
Shi'ite community, stormed each
other's positions with grenades and
mortars.
A source said Hezbollah fighters
captured Amal bases in Kfar Milki
and Kfar Hetta after four hours of
unabated fighting, but an Amal com-
munique said the militia fighters re-
covered Kfar Hetta and launched a
counterattack to recanturn this lant
11 2
positions in Kfar Milki.
"The atheists in Hezbollah
brought in fighters from the Bekaa
Valley through Israeli lines, and
slipped into Kfar Hetta and Kfar
Milki, carrying out the ugliest of
massacres, killing women, children
and elderly people," the Amal com-
munique said.
In the Amal-controlled port city
of Tyre, farther south, security
sources said the militia dispatched
300 fighters to back up its forces in
Iklim Al Tofah.
Witnesses said Amal cars toured
the city as militiamen speaking
through loudspeakers urged the
population to donate blood to help
wounded militia fighters.
"Nothing will stop the fighting;
the two sides are determined to get
done with it until there Is a loser and
a winer," the police spokesman said.
"Even if cease-fires are worked out,
the battles are bound to renew in the
absence of an all-out settlement.".
The feud between Lebanon's two
main milita groups began last April
when Amal evicted Hezbollah from
most of the south in fierce battles
that killed 62 combatants. The fun-
damentalists have since vowed to re-
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PG
8 Feb 89
HOSTAGES MAY BE FREED
CPYRGHT
Iranian officials have told France sumerge
minister that some hostages in Lebanon will be
freed soon, Kuwait's state-run news agency reports.
Foreign Minister Roland Dumas was in Kuwait
for a brief state visit after a two-day trip to Iran ..
The Kuwait News Agency quoted diplomats trav-
eling with Dumas as saying Dumas "obtained a
promise from responsible officials (in Tehran) that
a number of Western hostages held in Lebanon will
be released within a short period."
Iran has influence over the fundamental-
ist Hezbollah, which is considered an um"
brella for groups holding most of the 15 hos ..
tages. N
e Americans.
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Sego
SL
ST
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App
For Nicase Animal Forces Fald 100 Find tid,
Post
188- Thurs
Kidnaped U.S. Marine Officer
U.S. to Seek Release
In Official Channels
By Lou Cannon
Washington Post Staff Writer
Reagan administration officials;
said yesterday that U.S. efforts to.
secure the release of abducted Ma-
rine Lt. Col. William R. Higgins will
be undertaken through the United
Nations and governments in the
Middle East rather than by U.S.
military forces.
President Reagan raised the pos-
sibility of a rescue attempt when he
was asked at a White House photo-
taking session if there was anything
he "could do for Col. Higgins," kid-
naped Wednesday in Lebanon by
unknown gunmen.
"I have to tell you we're doing
everything we can," Reagan re-
plied. "We're trying to find out as
much as we can, and we'll try to get
him located and certainly we want
to rescue him."
A White House official promptly
discounted the idea that the admin-
istration might be planning a rescue
attempt, saying "the president was
referring to ongoing efforts through
the U.N. and governments in the
region to obtain his release!
House Minority Leader Robert
H. Michel (R-Ill.), present at the
photo-taking session, dismissed
Reagan's statement as "just an off-
the-cuff remark of the president."
White House officials acknowl-
edged privately that the president
had raised the idea of a U.S. mili-
tary attempt to free Higgins by us-
. ing the word "rescue" but said no
such attempt is being planned. One
official said that, despite intensive
efforts to find Higgins, his where-
abouts and that of his kidnapers are
not known.
State Department
spokesman
Charles E. Redman, who also dis-
counted the idea of a U.S. military
rescue, denied assertions by a
group calling itself the Islamic Rev-
olutionary Brigade, which said that
it abducted Higgins and that he
worked for the Central Intelligence
Agency.
Redman and ranking Defense
Department officials said they have
never heard of the Islamic Revolu-
tionary Brigade and questioned its
authenticity.
Meanwhile, Higgins' father, Wil-
liam, 72, of Louisville, Ky., died
yesterday of cardiac arrest and kid-
ney failure, according to doctors at
Humana Heart Institute Interna-
tional.
Doctors said he had been under-
going treatment for a heart ailment
at the Louisville hospital since Feb.
2. The doctors said he was coma-
tose at the time his son was kid-
naped and died unaware of the in-
cident.
Higgins, 43, was abducted near
the southern port city of Tyre
LT. COL. WILLIAM R. HIGGINS
... seized Wednesday in Lebanon
where he was on duty as head of a
75-member U.N. observer team
that is part of the U.N. Truce Su-
pervisory Organization, a small
group that has supervised armistice
agreemente between Jerael and the
Arab states since 1948.
He was alone and driving a car
flying the blue-and-white U.N. flag
when he was kidnaped, according to
witnesses.
Redman said the United States
would continue to supply U.S. sol-
diers for the U.N. truce force de-
spite the incident. "We don't intend
The White House
discounted the idea
of a rescue attempt.
to let terrorists determine our pol-
icies or deter us from fulfilling our
duties," he said.
Redman drew a distinction be-
tween American civilians who have
been ordered out of Lebanon and
U.S. troops assigned to the peace-
keeping force.
Because of the wave of abduc-
tions in Lebanon, the State Depart-
ment has been warning Americans
to stay away. Last year, after three,
more Americans were kidnaped,
use of a U.S. passport for travel to
Lebanon was banned.
"In this particular case, the indi-
vidual U.S. officer was under the
responsibility, authority and control'
of the United Nations in his role as
a member of the United Nations
supervisory organization," Redman:
said.
Staff writer Molly Moore contributed
to this report.
Authorities Doubt
Responsibility Claim
By Nora Boustany
Special to The Washington Post
TYRE, Lebanon, Feb. 18 --
Around-the-clock searches by U.N.
peace-keeping troops and Shiite
Moslem militiamen in the muddy
countryside of southern Lebanon
turned up no sign today of U.S. Ma-
rine Lt. Col. William R. Higgins, the
head of a U.N. observer group who
was kidnaped by gunmen near here
yesterday.
An anonymous caller in Beirut
claimed responsibility for the kid-
naping on behalf of a previously un-
known group called the Islamic
Revolutionary Brigades, but author-
ities were unsure of its authenticity
and most suspicions pointed toward
one of the area's many militant,
pro-Iranian factions.
The caller, in a telephone conver-
sation with an international news
agency in Beirut, accused Higgins
of being "one of the directors of the
CIA in southern Lebanon." He said
the "hostage will not be freed until
after his trial," and said the captors
would follow up with another state-
ment accompanied by a picture of
the missing American-the method
"other groups have"used to.prove.
that they are holding a captive. .
Higgins, 43, who heads the 75-
man Lebanon Group of the U.N.
Truce Supervision Organization,
was seized by gunmen and taken to
an unknown destination yesterday
as he was driving by himself, behind
another U.N. car, enroute from
Tyre to U.N. troop headquarters in
Naqurah, near the Israeli border.
Abdel Majeed Saleh, the political
commander of the Shiite Amal
movement in southern Lebanon,
who had met here with Higgins and
his aides for 11/2 hours just before
he was intercepted, said the Amer-
ican was probably "the captive of
the same people holding other for-
eign hostages in Lebanon." Most
are being held by pro-Iranian fac-
tions.
Speaking at his home here, four
miles north of Ras Ain, where Hig-
gins was ambushed, Saleh said that
there appeared to be a "determina-
tion to destroy an international
sphere of influence in Lebanon and
its humanitarian organizations for
the sake of swapping any foreigner
within reach for prisoners abroad."
Although he did not name the
Iranian-sponsored Hezbollah, Saleh
clearly was referring to their hos-
tage-taking strategy in Lebanon.
Hezbollah's clergy and followers
appeared nervous and edgy in the
Tyre area today and largely kept a
low profile. Some were seen racing
through U.N. checkpoints on the
coastal road just north of Tyre,
refusing to stop.
Timor Goksel, spokesman for the
U.N. peace-keeping force, said in a
telephone interview that there
See LEBANON, A16, Col. 4
Was
2. Post Thurs 20 Feb 88
Search Fails to Find Kidnaped U.S. Marine
LEBANON, From A14
were no leads as to where Higgins
had been taken.
Shiite Amal militiamen, in coof
dination with U.N. troops, checke
cars and expanded a 24-hour hud
for Higgins in rural villages. Am
fighters said they were unde
"strict orders" to find Higgins ard
not to sleep before locating him.
Amal officials said fog, rain and
poor visibility had helped the kill
. napers and prevented effective
searches by U.N. helicopters.
U.N. Undersecretary General
Marrack Goulding cut short a visit
Damascus and flew back to Beir
today upon hearing of Higgins' dift
appearance. He met with Lebane
President Amin Gemayel and late
condemned the kidnaping.
"Here is an American who can
to Lebanon to take part in an ente
prise set up to assist the withdraw!
of Israeli troops from Lebanon,
support Lebanese sovereignty ar
Lebanese state institutions," Goul-
ding said.
"When you have a situation
which three international staff have
been taken hostage within two
weeks, that is a very serious situ-
ation," he added, referring to the
abduction two weeks ago of two
senior Scandinavian officials with
the U.N. Relief and Works Agency
in Sidon.
In New York, U.N. spokesman
Mario Zamorano said that the pur-
pose of Goulding's visit to Gemayel
was to "stress the need for this mat-
ter to be resolved as speedily as
possible." He said Goulding drew
the Lebanese government's atten-
tion "to the possible implications for
United Nations activities in Leba-
non of the fact that three United
Nations officials have been kid-
naped during the last
twc
weeks"-a statement seen in New
York and here as a warning that
U.N. agencies may further cut back
their activities here.
"We don't know who did it," Goul-
ding said. "We do not know why
they did it. But what I can say is
that these incidents do obviously
have an effect on the readiness of
governments to send their people
whether as military or civilians to
work in Lebanon."
Aly Yassin, a fundamentalist Shi-
ite religious leader in Tyre, spec-
ulated, however, that Higgins had
been singled out for kidnaping pri-
marily because he was an Ameri-
can, not because he was a member
of a U.N .- affiliated organization.
Goksel said Higgins had believed
he was safe traveling in this area of
southern Lebanon because he was
the chief of his unit. Other Amer-
icans in his group are largely con-
fined to U.N. headquarters in Naqu-
rah, near the Israeli border.
Diplomatic sources in Beirut said
Higgins was considered to be some-
what of a "cowboy" and appeared
overly confident in his venture to
travel to the Tyre area.
Saleh said Higgins' visit here was
his second in three months.
Goksel said there had been no
previous threats or indications that
Higgins was in any danger as a U.N.
officer. He was wearing his U.S.
Marine Corps uniform along with
the U.N. insignia and blue beret at
the time of his abduction.
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CPYRGHT

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POST
24 Feb88
3 Kidnapers
Of Marine
Are Arrested
Higgins Viewed
As 'Gold Mine'
By Nora Boustany :
Special to The Washington Post
CPYRGHT
BEIRUT, Feb. 23-Local secu-
rity officials and independent mil-
ritary observers in southern Leba-
non said today that three men in-
volved in the kidnaping of U.S. Ma-
rine Lt. Col. William Higgins have
been arrested, but gave no encour-
agement that it might lead to the
officer's release.
...
Daoud Daoud, a commander of
the Shiite Amal militia, confirmed
that two participants in the abduc-
tion, as well as a third man who was
carrying a letter from Beirut to the
kidnapers with orders to bring Hig-
gins to the Lebanese capital, all
were arrested by Amal last Wed-
nesday, the same day the abduction
took place near the southern port
city of Tyre.
The courier was not able to de-
liver his message, Daoud added.
The Amal commander said his
militia knew the name of the mas-
termind of the kidnaping, but had.
been unable to locate him. He de-
clined to identify the suspect or their.
three men being held.
Amal security sources said they
suspected Higgins was being held in.
the village of Jibsheet, about 15
miles northeast of Tyre. Hezbollah
gunmen have fanned out in a cordon
around the village, where there is
heavy Iranian influence and a fer-
vently religious population.
The gunmen prevented Amal and
reporters from approaching the
small town. Last Friday, Amal mili-
tiamen searched Jibsheet and took
in a few men for questioning.
A security official in Tyre said
today that "two of the kidnapers
who were in the front car and a
third person supposedly monitoring
Higgins' movements were arrested,
but the abduction was a very elab-
orate and professional operation
and involved five cars.
"The kidnapers switched their
hostage from a Volvo to a pickup
truck, then to a Mercedes 280, and
then the trail is lost," he added.
The group that said it abducted
Higgins, the Organization for the
Oppressed on Earth, has accused
the, 43-year-old Marine of being a
Central Intelligence Agency oper-
ative under United Nations cover.
Higgins heads the U.N. Truce Su-
pervision Organization in Lebanon.
U.N. Undersecretary General
Marrack Goulding has described
the allegation as "nonsense."
Confirmation by the Pentagon of
reports that Higgins had been an
aide to former secretary of defense
Caspar W. Weinberger and press
reports that the officer had a high
security clearance have minimized
chances for his release, according
to U.N. sources.
"This has been a very serious
setback, especially if you under-
stand how the minds of these kid-
napers work," said one official in-
volved in the investigation. "They
now think they have a gold mine,
with a shortage of foreigners in Bei-
rut and the stream of information
on the man. The kidnapers probably
think they have the top man in the
CIA and they will try to get as much
as they can for him from the highest
bidder," he added.
-
1
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THE WASHINGTON POST
...
TUESDAY, AUGUST 2, 1988 A17
U.S. Says Iran Has Responded to Messages Over Jet's Downing
By Bill McAllister
Washington Post Staff Writer
Iran, in a step that White House
officials hope could ultimately lead
to the release of American hostages
in Lebanon, has responded to U.S.
messages over the downing of an
Iranian jumbo jet, the Reagan ad-
ministration disclosed yesterday.
Although President Reagan is
known to be anxious to win release
of the nine hostages before he leaves
office in January, White House and
State Department officials sought to
play down the message.
Presidential spokesman Marlin
Fitzwater would say only that the
communication restated Iranian
efforts to link improved relations or
release of the hostages to the free-
ing of Iranian assets still held by
United States "or some other quid-
pro-quo kind of movement which
we are not prepared to do."
Neither White House nor State
characterize the message, received
last week through a third party, or
the status of any communications
between the two countries.
Department spokesmen would _ sidered "authoritative sources."
"Let's put it this way: They are
aware of our response, but I really
can't say exactly how," Fitzwater
said.
The White House spokesman said
the two countries "are not talking"
and described the message as "very
similar to what we have heard for
several years."
In the past the administration has
rejected suggestions voiced by Iran-
ian officials in television interviews
and elsewhere, saying the com-
ments were not addressed to the
government and were not coming
from what the United States con-
Fitzwater said the Iranian re-
sponse was "serious" and authori-
tative.
"I don't think there is anything
new involved here. The situation
remains the same. We're willing to
talk to them if they would provide
an authoritative source to do it,"
Fitzwater said. "I don't think we're
willing to give it any special signif-
icance at this point."
The White House reluctance to
discuss the messages and their im-
plications may reflect continued
administrative concerns in the af-
termath of the Iran-contra affair.
The president was harshly criti-
cized then for appearing to be send-
ing arms to the Iranian government
in an effort to gain the release of
hostages held by Lebanese factions
sympathetic to Iran.
Reagan has said repeatedly that
his intentions were to support what
he perceived to be moderates in the
Iranian government and that he rec-
ognizes now the offer was a mistake.
. What remains unchanged, some
administration officials have said is
the president's strong desire to see
the American hostages freed while
he is in office.
These concerns have complicated
the administration's desire to e-
spond to overtures from Iran that
followed the U.S. Navy's downing
of the Iran Air jumbo jet July 3 in
the Persian Gulf.
Fitzwater and other administra-
tion spokesmen: consistently have
cut short any discussion of negoti-
ations with Iran over the hostages.
"No deals," Fitzwater said when
asked about comments by Ali Akbar
Hashemi Rafsanjani, the speaker of
Iran's parliament and head of the
Irapian armed forces, that Iran
would work for the hostages' re-
lease if the United States would
help free Iranian assets."
"We have always said that the best
signal they can give to new relations
and new dialogue is to release the
hostages, "said Fitzwater yesterday.
"But we don't make the direct link-
age. In fact, we just simply state they
should release the hostages."
MARLIN FITZWATER
. . . situation "remains the same"
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
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Iran Declares Era of Hostage-Taking Over, W. Germans Say
Bonn Officials Report Tehran Sincere in Efforts to Restore Diplomatic Ties to the West
CPYRGHT :
By Robert J. McCartney
Washington Post Foreign Service
-.-
BONN, Oct. 11-Iranian officials, apparently
signaling a shift to a more conciliatory policy to-
ward the West, have told West German officials
in recent weeks that "the time of hostage-taking
is over," West German officials said this week.
The West Germans said their government,
which has painstakingly cultivated good ties with
Iran in recent years, is convinced from recent
contacts that influential members of the govern-
ment there are willing to pursue a gradual im-
provement in relations with the United States
and other western countries.
Iranian leaders said such an improvement re-
quired a lengthy, mutual process of building
trust, but would include the release of U.S. and
other hostages held by pro-Iranian militants in
Lebanon, the West German officials said.
The release in Beirut in the last month of two
hostages-a West German businessman and an
Indian professor with permanent UI.S. residence
status-was a signal of the Iranian's' new policy,
they said.
The West Germans believe that: Iran has
shifted its position because it desires to end its
isolation from the West, for both diplomatic and
commercial reasons, now that a cease-fire has
been achieved in the Iran-Iraq war .. . .
The officials discounted the possibility that the
Iranians were sending these signals to try to in-
fluence the U.S. presidential campaign.
The West Germans, without making specific
recommendations to Washington, emphasized
that the United States should take advantage of
the current Iranian attitude. "The: time is ripe
now to make an effort on both sidles," a Bonn
official said.
In addition, Bonn wished to under line the will-
ingness of West German Foreign Minister Hans-
Dietrich Genscher to use his contacts with Iran
to work for the release of U.S. and other hos-
tages in Lebanon, the officials said: Genscher is
to make an official visit to Tehran in late Novem-
ber.
As evidence of Genscher's good relationship
with Tehran, it was disclosed here that the Iran-
ians tipped him off at least 24 hours in advance
that hostage Mithileshwar Singh was to be re-
leased in Beirut eight days ago.
Genscher was informed either Oct. 1 or Oct. 2
that a "U.S. professor of foreign origin" was to be
freed on Oct. 3 in Beirut, sources said here. Gen-
scher immediately phoned Secretary of State
George P. Shultz with the news.
The West Germans had the impression "that
Iran wanted to send a signal to the United
States" by passing the word to Genscher, an of-
ficial said. The Iranians "trusted Genscher to be
a good messenger," the source said.
The Iranians also gave Genscher nearly three
weeks' advance notice of the release of West
German businessman Rudolf Cordes, according
to the West German government. Cordes was
See IRAN, A26, Col.6
CPYRGHT
W. Germans Say Iran Sincere
In Efforts to Restore Relations,
IRAN, From A21
released by pro-Iranian Shiite Mos-
lems in Beirut on Sept. 12.
The Iranian government does not
have total control over the radical
Shiite groups holding hostages in
Lebanon, but it has considerable
influence over them, West German
officials said.
West Germany, alone among
leading western countries, has
maintained full diplomatic relations
with Iran throughout the turmoil in
that nation that began with the
1979 revolution,
West German diplomats, nurtur-
ing the relationship, have consis-
tently worked to craft language that
took Iranian interests into account
in drafting U.N. resolutions.
The West Germans said they
were not aware of any specific Iran-
ian conditions for an improvement
in relations with the United States
or other western countries. The
Iranians have spoken of U.S. "atti-
tudes" rather than of specifics, an
official said.
It was clear, however, that Iran
hoped that U.S. positions in the
U.N. Security Council would not be
hostile to Iran. It also was under-
stood that Iran would welcome the
strongest possible U.S. condemna-
tion of Iraq's reported use of chem-
ical weapons.
The Bonn government has dis-
cerned a direct link between the
new approach by Iran and the rise
of influence during the summer of
top officials in Tehran who do not
rule out a thaw in ties with the
West.
1
This group is understood to in-
clude Speaker of the Iranian parlia-
ment Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsan-
jani, President Ali Khamenei, and
Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Ve-
layati.
The group of officials, described
here as "pragmatists," got the up-
per hand with Iran's acceptance in
July of U.N. Resolution 598. That
set the groundwork for the cease-
fire with Iraq.
"From then on, they [the Iran-
ians] started to look for friends" in
the West, an official said. Sometime
in August, the Iranian Foreign Min-
istry was given the authority in
Tehran to press hard for the re
lease of the West German hostage,
Cordes, officials said.
Leading skeptics concerning any
thaw in relations with the West are
said to include Prime Minister Mir
Hossein Mousavi and Interior Min-
ister Ali Akbar Mohtashemi.
In the West German view, the
"pragmatists" are eager to see Iran
obtain western technology to help
rebuild the nation's economy.
They also have seen from the :
success of Resolution 598 -- drafted
with West German assistance ---
that "it pays to have friends in the
United Nations," an official said.
Another official, explaining Iran's :
"new thinking," said: "The war is
over. They are in a very difficult ;
phase. They need to reconstruct :
their country."
The West Germans played a role
in bringing together the United
States and Iran in the prolonged .-
negotiations that led to the release
in January 1981 of the 52 U.S. Em-
bassy personnel held hostage ih
Tehran for 444 days.
Genscher acted as host in arrang-
ing talks in Bonn in September 1980
between Warren Christopher, then
deputy secretary of state, and Sadeq
Tabatabai, a relative and aide of Aya-
tollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
CPYRGHT
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8-B
Swiss Red Cross Aide Kidnaped in Lebanon
Reuter
CPYRGHT
SIDON, Lebanon, Nov. 17 ---
Gunmen kidnaped a Swiss Red
Cross worker today, and Palestinian
guerrillas, calling the abduction an
attempt to discredit their indepen-
dence declaration,
promised to
"storm houses" to find him.
Police said Peter Winkler, 32, a
member of the International Com-
mittee of the Red Cross (ICRC),
was seized at gunpoint by three
masked men who intercepted his
car near Ain Helweh refugee camp
on the outskirts of Sidon, 25 miles
south of Beirut:
No group claimed responsibility
for Winkler's abduction, the first to
involve a Swiss since kidnaping of
foreigners began in earnest in 1985.
Militia and security sources ar-
cused the radical Palestinian Fatal
Revolutionary Command, led by Abu
Nidal, of kidnaping Winkler to em-
barrass Palestine Liberation Organ-
ization leader Yasser Arafat follow-
ing his acceptance, in a conference in
Algiers Tuesday, of U.N. Resolution
242, which implicitly recognizes Is-
rael. A spokesman for the Abu Nidal
group denied the accusations and
said his group opposes all acts of vi-
olence against "workers for human-
itarian organizations and members of
friendly states."
The ICRC appealed for Winkler's
release, saying, "The ICRC in Leb-
anon appeals to those holding Win-
kler to release him immediately so
he can resume his mission of assist-
ing victims of the conflict."
Lebanese Moslem and Palestin-
ian officials in Sidon condemned the
abduction and said the kidnapers
wanted to undermine the political
gains achieved by Palestinian lead-
ers in declaring an independent
state at their meeting in Algiers.
Officials of several Palestinian
guerrilla groups held an emergency
meeting here and "agreed to take
immediate measures to free [Win-
kler], including storming houses and
a wide search operation," said Abu
Nizar, of the radical Popular Front
for the Liberation of Palestine.
On Feb. 5, gunmen seized a Nor-
wegian and a Swede who worked for
the U.N. Relief and Works Agency.
Both were quickly released. U.S.
Marine Lt. Col. William R. Higgins,
head of a U.N. truce unit, kidnaped
in February, remains in captivity.
Washington Post.
18nov88
CPYRGHT
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Harlangton ( Post 2De88
U.S. Pulls Out
Of U.N. Patrol
In Lebanon
Risks Considered Too High
After Marine's Kidnaping
Associated Press
The Reagan administration has withdrawn
American military officers from patrol duties
with the United Nations peacekeeping unit in
strife-torn southern Lebanon, officials said yes-
terday.
CPYRGHT
The decision comes 91/2 months after the ab-
duction of Marine Lt. Col. William R. Higgins
from the unit, which is known as the Observer
Group Lebanon of the U.N. Truce Supervision
Organization (UNTSO).
Higgins was kidnaped Feb. 17 while driving.
between the Lebanese city of Tyre and the bor-
der town of Naqoura, site of a U.N. observer
headquarters. He became the ninth American to
be seized as a hostage in Lebanon, all apparently
by pro-Iranian Moslem fundamentalists."
Administration officials, who agreed to discuss
the matter only if they were not identified, said
the Americans were ordered out over the past
week.
"They are no longer in southern Lebanon.
They've been withdrawn over the last severa
days," one source said. "It's too risky," another
official commented. "The risk to our people is
now considered too high and we don't want them
traveling inside Lebanon."
UNTSO has almost 300 military personnel
from 17 nations. The United States provides 36
'men, of whom 16 are assigned to the Observer
Group, Lebanon.
Neither Defense Department nor State 'De-
partment officials would discuss the matter pub-
licly yesterday.
But sources said the United States has told the
United Nations it hopes to resume participation
in the Observer Group Lebanon "when condi-
tions in southern Lebanon permit." The admin-
istration made clear that it continues to support
all other U.N. operations in the region, the
sources also said,
UNTSO was organized to maintain the cease-
fire ordered by the' U.N. Security Council in July
1948 following Israel's creation and to supervise
the general armistice agreements between Jor-
dan, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon and Israel.
It serves as the focal point for all U.N. Middle
East peacekeeping operations and monitors
cease-fire violations along the Israeli borders.
Although the United States reduced the num-
ber of Americans actually patrolling with the
U.N. unit inside Lebanon after Higgins' kidnap-
ing, the administration had denied planning to
withdraw American soldiers from the team en-
-tirely, stressing the need to demonstrate U.S.
support for the peacekeeping efforts.
The State Department long ago ordered all
American civilians out of Lebanon and trimmed
the U.S. Embassy staff in Beirut to a few dozen
persons.
CPYRGHT
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8808
UApproved-ORsease 2000/08/08
Iran Talks
On Ties
Washington
25 July !!
No Reply Received;
Tehran's Acceptance
Of Truce Welcomed
By David B. Ottaway
Washington Post Staff Writer
The United States sent a mes-
sage last week welcoming Iran's
acceptance of a cease-fire with Iraq
and proposing talks on normaliza-
tion of U.S .- Iranian relations, Dep-
uty Secretary of State John C.
Whitehead disclosed yesterday.
"We have sent a message to them
[Iran] since their acceptance of
[U.N.] Resolution 598 indicating to
them that we welcome that step of
theirs, indicating our willingness to
cooperate in the implementation of
their decision," Whitehead said on
ABC News' "This Week With David
Brinkley."
"They know that we are prepared
for more contacts if we can be sure
that we are dealing with responsible
spokesmen of their government,"
he added.
Whitehead said the Iranians had
not replied yet.
Reagan administration officials
have been emphasizing publicly
their strong interest in improving
relations with Tehran now that it
has accepted a cease-fire. Many be-
lieve that this is essential to any
hope of gaining Iranian intervention
with the Shiite captors of nine
American hostages being held in
Beirut.
Yesterday, the leading Shiite re-
ligious leader in Lebanon, Sheikh
Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah,
called on "all parties" involved in the
hostage issue "to resolve this mat-
ter objectively and bring it to a hap-
py ending without media manipu-
lations." [Related story, Page A16]
U.S. officials have said the admin-
istration is willing to talk to Hezbol-
lah, the group holding the nine
Americans, about release of the
hostages but will make no "deals."
Defense Secretary Frank C. Car-
lucci, appearing on NBC News'
"Meet the Press," also made a new
See POLICY, A16, Col. 3
w Fighting reported in gulf war as
power efforts continue. Page 416
U.S.99-DRIE-00789R000400040001-3
Iran Talks
On Relations
POLICY, From Al
bid for talks with Iran, saying,
"We'd be prepared to meet with
them, providing they'd designate
somebody officially to talk to us."
Carlucci indicated that the Unit-
ed States is ready to talk to Tehran
about anything other than "getting
more arms," a reference to the
White House secret operation in
1985-86 during which the United
States sent arms to Tehran in
hopes of gaining the release of
American hostages.
White House spokesman Marlin
Fitzwater, asked about Carlucci's
comments, emphasized that no one
would negotiate with Iran for re-
lease of the hostages.
"They don't need negotiations to
release the hostages. We're willing
to talk to anybody, any time, any
place. But we are not willing to ne-
gotiate. We are not willing to pay
ransom. There is no need. They
took them, they should release
them," Fitzwater said aboard Air
Force One returning from Califor-
nia
Whitehead did not say how the
U.S. message was relayed to Teh-
ran, with which Washington has no
diplomatic relations. U.S. officials
have said, however, that the United
States has sent a number of similar
messages to the Iranians since late
last year through the Swiss Embas-
sy there.
The Swiss represent American
interests in Tehran. The Algerians
represent Iranian interests here.
Iran has also been making over-
tures to Washington indirectly,
through third nations and individ-
uals claiming to have contacts with
one or another top Iranian leader.
The last of these probes occurred in
. April. But so far, Tehran has re-
fused to open a direct, formal dia-
logue.
Because of its bitter experience
in dealing with shadowy Iranian
would-be intermediaries during the
Iran-contra affair, the administra-
tion has been insisting that Tehran
name an official representative with
specific government authority to
talk to Washington.
Diplomatic sources said initiating
such a direct dialogue at the United
Nations in New York has been un-
.der discussion through third par-
ties, but that no decision has been
reached.
Since the accidental shooting
down of an Iran Air jetliner with
290 people aboard by the USS Vin-
cennes in the Persian Gulf July 3,
the administration has stepped up
its efforts to engage Tehran in
talks. President Reagan has said the
United States will pay compensa-
tion to families of the deceased and
expressed deep regret.
Despite U.S. efforts to engage
Iran in a direct dialogue, Whitehead
emphasized repeatedly that a res-
toration of U.S .- Iranian diplomatic
relations is not imminent.
He said that while relations may
improve, "It is some way away to-
war 1% anything like the restoration
of normal relationships with Iran."
CPYRGHT
FRANK C. CARLUCCI
.. defends presence in Persian Gulf
JOHN C. WHITEHEAD
. tells of U.S. message to Tehran
Carlucci held out to Iran the.
prospect of a reduction in the U.S.
military presence in the Persian
Gulf, one of the Iranians' main ob-
jectives since the buildup of U.S.
warships there to- escort Kuwaiti
tankers reregistered under the U.S.
flag.
He said the United States will
wait "some reasonable interval" to
make sure the cease-fire is holding
before it stops its escorts, but
"there's no desire to keep 27 ships
there any longer than possible."
"We would certainly draw down
as soon as feasible," he said at an-
other point.
Carlucci also defended the pres-
ence inside the gulf of the Vin-
cennes and its sophisticated Aegis
electronic firing system, denying it
was "the wrong equipment" for use
in "a lake" like the Persian Gulf.
"It is the best ship to deal with
the Silkworm missile and we had no
real capability to cope with the Silk-
worm missiles," he said of Iran's
Chinese-made shore-to-ship weap-
ons that he said represented "a real
threat" to U.S. warships.
"So there was good and sound
reason for having the Vincennes in
the: gulf at that time," he added.
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CPYRGHT

CPYRGHT
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U.S. Rejected
Proposed Sale
Of F5s to Iran
Brokers Hinted Deal
Might Help Hostages
By David B. Ottaway IS
Washington Post Staff Writer
International arms merchants
sought last spring to get the Rea-
gan administration to approve the
$170 million sale of 16 aging F5
fighter jets from Chile to Iran in a
deal they suggested might lead to
the release of American hostages in
Lebanon, U.S. officials said yester-
day.
State Department spokesman
Charles E. Redman said the admin-
istration's answer "in no uncertain
terms" was "no."
"We're not going to be a party, or
arrange in any way, for arms to be
transferred to Iran," he said.
Redman cast the episode as a
successful example of the admin-
istration's
campaign-formally
known as "Operation Staunch" -- to
cut off arms supplies to Iran.
He denied part of a report by
ABC News, which broke the story
Tuesday night, that a promise of
Iranian cooperation to gain the re-
lease of nine U.S. hostages figured
prominently in the proposed deal.
"The hostage element seems to
have come up only briefly and very
fleetingly in the last stages, and it
seems to have been raised by the
brokers, not by the Iranians," Red-
man said.
"As you can imagine, again, when
that issue was raised, the answer
was just as clear: no deal," he said.
White House spokesman Marlin
Fitzwater, speaking to reporters
aboard President Reagan's plane
flying between Columbus and
Toledo, Ohio, said it was "another
example of a private individual try-
ing to get involved in the hostage
situation for private gain. It is not
helpful to the hostages or our re-
lations in the Middle East."
See KHOMEINI, A17, Col. 1
CPYRGHT
Washington Post
THE WASIH!
U.S. Rejected Plan to Sell Chilean F5s to Iran
KHOMEINI, From A1
Redman said the deal was pro-
posed by a group of arms dealers,
which ABC News said included
Iranians, Israelis, Argentines, Brit-
ons and a Cuban-American, "who
thought that Iran might be a pos-
sible destination" for the Chilean air
force F5s.
He indicated that various middle-
men tried to approach the admin-
istration to gain approval for the
transfer and were all emphatically
told: "There's nothing going down
of this kind. It's just not happening."
Redman said the queries came
"in the space of a few weeks" in late
March and early April and involved,
among others, an Argentine. ABC
News identified the man as Jose An-
gel Mondino, and said he wrote a
letter in June to National Security
Adviser Lt. Gen. Colin L. Powell
pressing the issue.
ABC also reported that Cuban-
American Raymond Molina was
contacted by arms merchants who
thought he had close ties to the
Central Intelligence Agency. Molina
told ABC News he refused a $5 mil-
lion offer to act as a go-between,
but passed on their proposal to the
CIA.
U.S. officials confirmed another
part of the report that said the
State Department asked the Israeli
government to stop the involve-
ment of the Israeli arms dealer.
The Chilean government, which
needs U.S. approval for any trans-
fer of the U.S .- made warplanes, in-
. formed the United States of the at-
tempt and said it would not go
ahead without Washington's agree-
ment, Redman said.
The latest report of Iran's des-
perate attempts to obtain large mil-
itary items such as aircraft ap-
peared to lend credence to a secret
Iranian government document ob-
tained and being distributed here by
the Iranian opposition group, the
People's Mujaheddin of Iran.
The document indicates that Iran
decided to accept a cease-fire with
Iraq in July after the hard-line com-
mander of the Revolutionary
Guards Corps concluded that no
military victories over superior
Iraqi forces were possible before
1993 because of Iran's acute short-
age of heavy weapons.
NETON POST
THURSDAY, OCTOBER 20, 1988 A17
The document indicates that this
assessment by Revolutionary Guard
Commander Mohsen Reza'i was the
crucial argument used by Iran's
spiritual leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah .
Khomeini, to justify his decision at
an eight-hour meeting of about 40
top Iranian religious, political and
military leaders July 17, the day be-
fore Iran announced its decision.
The document, which appears to
be a summary of the meeting, says
Ahmed Khomeini, the ayatollah's
son, read a message from his father
to the group saying, "Now that our
military officials, both army and
Guards Corps, and all experts on
war openly admit that the Army of
Islam will not achieve any victories
whatsoever in the near future . . . I
accept the cease-fire."
Reza'i, who was reportedly one
of the few Iranian officials willing to
continue the war, had prepared an
assessment of Iran's long-term mil-
itary prospects and needs and ap-
. parently sent it to the ayatollah.
According to the document,
Reza'i said military offensives could
come by 1993 only if Iran had "250
brigades, 2,500 tanks, 3,000
armored personnel carriers, 300
aircraft and 300 helicopters."
Khomeini then commented, "This
commander [Reza'i] believes our
ability to procure sufficient and
timely funds and resources to be
the most important factor in gaining
success and ... he says we must
keep on fighting. But this is a hol-
low slogan."
A U.S. official said the adminis-
tration had not seen the document
and could not comment on it.
But he confirmed that a number
of high-level meetings took place
July 16-18 to inform the Iranian
leadership of Khomeini's decision.
The document tends to confirm
some U.S. assessments of Iran's
weaknesses and reasons for accept-
ing the cease-fire, but does not sub-
stantiate others. For instance, it con-
firms the low morale of Iran's front-
line troops; the waning ardor of Iran-
ians to fight; the army's poor logis-
tics; infighting between the army and
Revolutionary Guards, and the gov-
ernment's extreme financial straits.
It also tends to substantiate U.S.
claims that "Operation Staunch" was
succeeding and was a factor in Iran's
decision to stop fighting, despite the
secret White House shipments of
arms to Tehran in 1985-86 to try to
gain the freedom of U.S. hostages.
:
But the document makes no men-
tion either of Iraq's repeated use of
chemical weapons or devastating,
long-range missile attacks on Teh-
ran and other cities as factors in the
collapse of Iranian morale.
Staff writer Bill McAllister
contributed to this report.
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Feb 22, 88
Washington Post
AF
Lebanese Shiites Clash
Over Search for Marine
CPYRGHT
BEIRUT-The pro-Iranian Shiite Moslem
group that kidnaped a U.S. Marine officer
Wednesday told the Shiite Amal militia yes-
terday to stop searching for him, and other
pro-Iranian militants fired on militamen car-
rying out the search.
A statement released here and signed by
the Organization of the Oppressed on Earth
called on "our brothers in Amal to understand
the dangerous spying role" of Lt. Col. William
Higgins, who was kidnaped while in southern
Lebanon as part of a U.N. truce-monitoring
group. A pro-Iranian cleric said in Tyre that
Higgins had been smuggled out of southern
Lebanon.
Iranian-backed Hezbollah militants shot at
Amal militiamen searching the southeastern
village of Ain Tineh. The Amal fighters fired
back with rocket-propelled grenades. Amal
has detained dozens of pro-Iranian militants as
part of the search, which it says is meant to
defend the role in southern Lebanon of the
United Nations.
Thai, Lant
- RAMIAI
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Approved For Release 20BO/68BBITCIA-RDP96-00789R000400040001-3
washington
Post
Sun -2/7688
Search
For Higgins
Intensifies
Iranian Militiamen
Seized in Roundup
By Nora Boustany
Special to The Washington Post
BEIRUT, Feb. 20-A clamp-
down on Moslem fundamentalist
groups backed by Iran spread from
southern Lebanon to the western
Bekaa Valley today as Shiite mili-
tiamen pressed their search for a
kidnaped American officer attached
to a U.N. observer force.
Leaders of the mainstream Shiite
Amal militia hinted that Marine Lt.
Col. William Higgins, who was kid-
naped Wednesday in southern Leb-
anon, may have been seized in an
effort by supporters of Iran to re-
activate talks on an exchange of
hostages for weapons needed by
Iran.
An official of the Palestine Lib-
eration Organization said the PLO
also had evidence to suggest Hig-
gins was kidnaped for use in a po-
tential deal with the United States.
"We believe Iran wants to make a
new deal with the Americans using
Higgins," said PLO official Salah
Khalaf in an interview with Reuters
news agency in Tunisia.
In Beirut, a senior member of
Amal's
politburo,
Mohammed
Beidoun, said he suspected that
"the basic aim behind Higgins' ab-
duction was a pressure campaign
. . . concerning hostages and weap-
ons."
As the search for Higgins re-
sumed, Amal members stormed
strongholds of pro-Iranian extrem-
ists in southern Lebanon for the
fourth straight day.
Tension between the moderate
Amal and radical Hezbollah (Party
of God) mounted in the western
Bekaa as the rival militias set up
checkpoints near the town of
Machghara, Shiite officials said to-
night.
There was still no trace of Hig-
See LEBANON, A28, Col. 1
U.N. Troops, Amal Intensify Search
In Lebanon for Kidnaped American
LEBANON, From A19
gins, the chief of the Lebanon unit
of the U.N. Truce Observation Su-
pervision Organization (UNTSO),
abducted by gunmen south of Tyre.
His abduction has been claimed by
two groups, the previously un-
known Islamic Revolutionary Bri-
gades and the Organization of the
Oppressed on Earth, which also
claimed responsibility for the June
1985 hijacking to Beirut of a TWA
airliner.
Using two helicopters and police
dogs, dozens of troops of the U.N.
Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
combed the countryside about eight
miles southeast of Tyre.
UNIFIL troops and Amal militia-
men focused their search on a num-
ber of rural towns in that area after
receiving tips from local infor-
mants. An Amal commander said
the militia last night entered the
southern village of Jibsheet, a Hez-
bollah stronghold, and rounded up
suspects after a standoff with some
of its armed residents.
Amal officials said a number of
Iranian Revolutionary Guards had
also been taken in for questioning.
Justice Minister Nabih Berri, who
is the leader of Amal, ridiculed al-
legations that Higgins was a CIA
agent. In a television interview, he
said Higgins "may be an intelligence
agent [for the CIA] and he may not.
But ... a lot of westerners kid-
naped before were accused of being
spies. Some of them, for example
some Frenchmen, were later re-
leased. Did they stop being spies?
What kind of pretext is this?"
A communique by the Organiza-
tion of the Oppressed on Earth, de-
livered yesterday to the offices of
an international news agency, re-
jected American peace efforts in
the region and the dispatch of U.S.
envoys here. Secretary of State
George P. Shultz is expected in the
region in the next 10 days.
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Terrorism Laws treffenRoupa/ 8).SI ROP96-0 789R09040004068
Day in court
Lebanese Man First to Stand Trial in U.S. for Hijacking Abroad
By Ed Bruske
Washington Post Staff Writer
U.S. laws aimed at curbing inter-
national terrorism will undergo
their first major test in federal
court here with the opening today
of the trial of Fawaz Yunis, a 28-
year-old Lebanese accused of tak-
ing part in the 1985 hijacking of a
Royal Jordanian Airlines jet in 3ei-
lut.
Federal officials, relying on 1984
and 1986 statutes giving U.S. au-
thorities jurisdiction abroad in ter-
rorist incidents involving Ameri-
cans, hope to make an example of
Yunis to terrorists worldwide.
Yunis-a Shiite Moslem and
Amal militiaman who, according to
federal officials and court docu-
ments, was lured into the custody of
FBI agents in Cyprus with the
promise of a lucrative drug deal-is
expected to argue that he was
merely a foot soldier following or-
Hers in the factional wars ravaging
Lebanon and cannot be held respon-
sible for laws broken in the hijack-
ng incident.
The trial, which will be translated
nto Arabic, could last more than a
month. Federal prosecutors plan to
call more than 20 witnesses, includ-
Ing two American passengers of the
Jetliner and airline personnel from
the Middle East and Italy.
Yunis, who faces a possible sen-
fence of life in prison, could try to
furn the trial into a Lebanese civics
lesson, arguing that the Amal and
other militant factions are legiti-
Ihate political organizations, with
followers such as Yunis expected to
do as they are told.
Yunis' arrest in September 1987,
the first under the long-arm anti-
terrorist statutes, was announced
with great fanfare by then-Attorney
General Edwin Meese III. But some
authorities on terrorism have ar-
gued that Yunis was only a bit play-
er and that the hijacking in which he
allegediy took part hardly ranked
among the world's major terrorist
incidents and mostly involved inter-
nal Arab bickering.
On June 11, 1985, five heavily
armed men seized the Jordanian
airliner in Beirut. With about 70
passengers aboard, including four
U.S. citizens, they commandeered
the aircraft for a 30-hour voyage to
Cyprus, Tunisia and Sicily before
returning to Lebanon.
The hijackers, who severely beat
several Jordanian sky marshals
aboard the plane, threatened to kill
the hostages one by one unless all
Palestinian guerrillas were re-
moved from Lebanon.
After the plane landed in Beirut,
a hijacker who called himself "Na-
zeeh" and was later identified as
Yunis held a news conference in
which he threatened to deliver the
corpses to an Arab League leader.
All aboard the aircraft were re-
leased before terrorists blew up the
plane and escaped.
Among those expected to testify
here about the hijacking are Landry
T. Slade, a professor at the Amer-
lican University of Beirut, and his
teen-age son, who were aboard the
airliner.
Yunis' capture involved person-
nel from the departments of Justice,
State and Defense, and from the
CIA, FBI and Drug Enforcement
Administration, along with a critical
assist from a Lebanese informant
and one-time friend of Yunis, Jamal
·Hamdan.
Hamdan, who had escaped from a
Lebanese prison after being con-
victed of murdering his sister-in-
law and who was suspected of other
crimes, was enlisted to lure Yunis
to Cyprus on the pretext of taking
part in a drug deal and party aboard
a luxury yacht.
.The yacht, Skunk Kilo, had been
leased by the U.S. government, and
FBI agents posed as the drug deal-
ers. After motoring in a dinghy to
the yacht-carefully positioned in
international waters off Cyprus-
Yunis immediately was arrested.
Agents threw him to the deck,
breaking both his wrists.
Hamdan, who is not expected to
appear at the trial, and several of
his family members have since been
granted residency here under the
federal witness protection program.
Yunis' journey to Washington took
four days by sea and air, during
which FBI agents elicited from him
a crucial statement outlining the
hijacking and his alleged participa-
tion in it.
Yunis' court-appointed attorney,
Francis D. Carter, former head of
the D.C. Public Defender Service,
is expected to tell jurors that his
client, suffering seasickness and
intense pain from his broken wrists
and without a lawyer, was in no con-
3
8800
WP
27/089
FAWAZ YUNIS
is facing a possible life sentence
dition to give an accurate state-
ment.
Carter earlier had challenged the
U.S. government's right to seize
foreign suspects abroad, but the
long-arm statutes were upheld in
court.
Carter has raised the issue of
whether Yunis can be held respon-
sible for the hijacking as an Amal
militia underling. Under the U.S.
military code, soldiers accused of
breaking the law while following
orders can be excused if the order
is not per se unlawful or if the sol-
dier believes he has no alternative.
Carter has told the court that he
intends to introduce evidence that
Yunis was acting on orders from
Amal authorities who directed the
hijacking. Carter said he hopes to
call an expert in Lebanese affairs to
testify that the Amal is one of sev-
eral groups that act as legitimate
ruling military entities in the ab-
sence of a cohesive central govern-
ment.
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THE WASHINGTON POST
THURSDAY, JANUARY 26, 1989 A21A
Truce Between Rival Shiite Factions Collapses
Syrian-Iranian Agreement Reflected Damascus' Efforts to Maintain Political Balance
By Nora Boustany
Washington Post Foreign Service
BEIRUT, Jan. 25-A truce
worked out in long talks between
Syrian and Iranian officials to halt
inter-Shiite warfare between rad-
ical Hezbollah and moderate Amal
fighters in southern Lebanon col-
lapsed within hours of its announce-
ment in Damascus today.
At least three persons were re-
ported wounded in renewed fighting
that died down tonight, but left ten-
sions high.
: Failure of the agreement reached
in the Damascus-hosted talks re-
flected Syria's difficulties in main-
taining a tenuous balance between
commitment to its closest Lebanese
ally, Amal, and regional affiliation
and indebtedness to Iran, the funder
and sponsor of Hezbollah.
Fifteen hours of arduous talks that
included Foreign Ministers Farouk
Charaa of Syria and Ali Akbar Ve-
layati of Iran as well as top leaders of
Amal and Hezbollah produced the
short-lived peace program.
The current fighting between the
rival pro-Syrian and Iran-backed Shi-
te Moslem groups erupted Dec. 31
in the southern slums of Beirut and
spread to a cluster of hilltop villages
overlooking Israel's self-declared
security zone in southern Lebanon.
Hezbollah still controls the villages
of Loueizeh and Ain Bouswar and
most of now-deserted Jbaa, all adja-
cent to the northwestern limits of
the border strip controlled by Israeli
troops and their local ally, the South
Lebanon Army (SLA).
:
The pro-Iranian group commands
the highest ridges of Jabal Amel,
Lebanon's southern mountain range.
Hezbollah's routes to the north-
east and south are cut off by Amal,
which has made it difficult for Hez-
bollah's supporters to move in sup-
Com those directions. Syrian
pred the supply
REUTER·
Hezbollah leaders meet with officials in Damascus to discuss a truce in the fighting between Shiite factions in Lebanon.
lines from the Bekaa, however, and
Amal and Charaa have accused Hez-
bollah of bribing some SLA elements
to smuggle in arms and materiel
through the security zone at the
height of battles earlier this month.
The SLA today deported 40 per-
sons, including elderly residents
land infants, from the village of She-
baa, for allegedly aiding anti-Israeli
radical Moslem factions.
Asked why the SLA might coop-
erate with Hezbollah guerrillas, a
western diplomat said: "Look at
contacts and possible links between
Iran and Israel. There has been co-
operation there before." He was
referring to Israel's role in the Iran-
contra affair.
Despite Syria's discomfort with
having Iran-backed fundamentalists
gain the upper hand in southern
Lebanon, analysts said, it cannot
move decisively against Hezbollah,
its link to Iran. The Amal move-
ment, headed by Nabih Berri, has
been locked in conflict with Hezbol-
lah since April.
The Shiite war began last Feb-
ruary after the kidnaping of U.S.
Marine Lt. Col. William Higgins,
who was serving with the U.N.
Truce Supervision Organization in
southern Lebanon. Higgins was ab-
ducted in Tyre by Hezbollah forces
while visiting a senior Amal secu-
rity official there.
Amal drove Hezbollah from most
of southern Lebanon last spring but
failed to suppress the fundamental-
ist group in Beirut's southern sub-
urbs in later battles in May and No-
vember. Amal is determined to
block Hezbollah from reestablishing
military bases in the southern vil-
lages near the Israeli border and
security zone in order to prevent
provocations that could lead to re-
prisal attacks by Israel.
Iran's resolve to carve out for
itself a stake in the Arab-Israeli
conflict through Hezbollah bases in
southern Lebanon is seen by ana-
lysts as draining Amal's strength
and distracting it from its struggle
for greater political rights in Leb-
anon's disputed governing system.
Amal politburo member Mo-
hammed Beidoun said in an interview
before going to Damascus this week
that his organization would never
allow the south to slip back into the
anarchy that prevailed before. Israeli
troops drove the PLO out in 1982.
"Syria is caught between two al -:
liances. Both are imperative-Amal ..
in Lebanon and Iran in the region.
But these two allies are confronting
one another in an explosive area of,
red lines for Syria," Beidoun said in
discussing Syria's predicament in
southern Lebanon.
The Amal official noted that feud-
ing wings in the Tehran leadership,
mainly dovish parliamentary speaker
Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani on one:
side and the more radical Ayatollah -
Hossein Ali Montazeri and Interior
Minister Ali Akbar Mohtashemi on"
the other, added to the complexity of "
Iran's involvement in Lebanon.
"What Iran - failed to achieve
through the abduction of nine"
American hostages in Lebanon-
more spare parts for its western-"
supplied arsenal and the unfreezing
of assets in the United States-it
Lebanon,'
will try to obtain through a new big
hostage:
southern
Beidoun predicted.
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CPYRGHT
C
Edward Tracy, a writer
from Vermont who was liv-
ing in Beirut, was abducted
Oct. 21, 1986.
Terry Anderson, corre-
spondent for Associated
Press, was kidnapped
March 16, 1985.
Frank Herbert Reed, direc-
tor of Lebanese Interna-
tional School, was kid-
napped Sept. 9, 1986.
Joseph Cicippio, comp-
troller at American Univer-
sity in Beirut, was kid-
nar ped Sept 12, 1986.
Alann Steen, a journalism
professor at Beirut Univer-
sity College, was kid-
napped Jan. 24, 1987.
-
Thomas Sutherland, agri-
culture dean at American
University of Beirut, was
seized June 9, 1985.
Robert Polhill, a business
professor at Beirut Univer-
sity College, was seized
Jan. 24, 1987.
Jesse Turner, a math in-
structor at Beirut University
College, was kidnapped
Jan. 24, 1987.
(Soldul
Soldier
LT. COL. WILLIAM HIGGINS
Pulled from car by gunmen
Rudolf
Teraili
Sportage
Hostage
cordez
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Despite Kidnaping, U.S. to Stay With U.N. Unit, Reagan Says
PYRGHT
By Molly Moore
Washington Post Staff Writer
President Reagan said yesterday that the
United States will not withdraw military officers
from the U.N. peacekeeping force in Lebanon
despite the kidnaping of Marine Lt. Col. William
Richard Higgins and threats of terrorism.
"We are going to meet our obligations to the
United Nations," Reagan said during a photo ses-
sion in the Oval Office as he greeted West Ger-
man Chancellor Helmut Kohl. "You know I'm not
supposed to be taking questions here, but on this
particular subject I feel that I must straighten it
buť."
The president continued, "Of course we worry
because we know terrorists throughout the
world targeted us as one of their targets."
The Pentagon acknowledged late yesterday
that Higgins was a junior military aide to then-
Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger
from June 1985 until last June, when he was as-
signed to the U.N. observer group in Lebanon, a
job acquaintances said he aggressively sought.
Pentagon spokesman Dan Howard said that as
an aide to Weinberger, Higgins worked with a
variety of classified documents but was only "one
of 36 individuals who worked in the immediate
office of the secretary handling administrative
work."
Iran-Linked Group
LEBANON, From A1
[Defense Department officials said they be
ljeved the two identification cards were authent
tic.
[President Reagan also said Friday that the
United States will not withdraw military officers
from the U.N. peace-keeping force, despite Hig-
gins' abduction. (Related story, Page A18.)}
Higgins, 43, who heads the 75-man Lebanon
Group of the United Nations Truce Supervision
Organization, was seized by gunmen Wednesday
three miles south of the port city of Tyre as he
was driving by himself, behind another U.N. cat,
en route from Tyre to U.N. troop headquarters
in Naqurah, near the Israeli border.
: [The remaining unarmed military observers
serving with the group that Higgins headed have
been withdrawn from field operations and com-
Higgins, 43, of Woodbridge, was chief of the about our people and we'll work with the U.N. on
75-member U.N. observer group, when kid-
it."
naped Wednesday morning in southern Lebanon.
Pentagon officials issued the statement about
Higgins' previous job, Howard said, because Ra-
dio Free Lebanon had broadcast a report in Ara-
bic quoting unnamed Amal Shiite Moslems as
saying Higgins had an "association with Weinber-
ger."
Pentagon officials had asked news organiza-
tions to play down Higgins' background out of
concern the information could possibly jeopar-
dize his return.
Howard said, however, that U.S. officials do
not believe the kidnaping is related to Higgins'
past assignment with Weinberger.
Howard also said Higgins would not have been
barred from taking the U.N. assignment after
leaving the defense secretary's office.
"There was no restriction that was broken by
his accepting this assignment," Howard said.
Defense Secretary Frank C. Carlucci said yes-
terday, "We are doing everything, possible" to
locate Higgins.
He added, "A lot of us in this building [the Pen-
tagon), myself included, know Col. Higgins, and
we certainly want to do everything possible to
get him out."
Carlucci said that although the search for Hig-
gins is primarily a "U.N. responsbility, not a U.S.
government responsibility. . . we are concerned
Carlucci also said the United Nations "has
fanned its forces throughout the area looking for
him."
Higgins, a decorated veteran of the Vietnam
war as an infantry officer, was serving a one-year
tour on the Lebanon observer group.Named
chief of the unit in January, he was to serve as
chief until his tour ended in June.
Pentagon officials said Higgins' wife, Marine:
Maj. Robin Higgins, who works for the Defense:
Department public information office, had re-
ceived no news of any search results yesterday.
[In Delray Beach, Fla., Robin Higgins' par-
ents, Norman and Rhoda Ross, expressed deep
pessimism about their son-in-law's situation, re-
ported the Fort Lauderdale News & Sun Senti-
nel.
["It's been difficult to handle this," Norman
Ross said. "It's taken away peace of mind."
["It's very, very distressful," said Rhoda Ross,
50, a retired teacher.
[Their daughter and Higgins met in officer
training school in Quantico, and were married at
a military wedding, the Rosses said.
[When Higgins went to Lebanon last June, “It
was the first time in a long time" they had been
apart on separate assignments, Rhoda Ross
said.]
Says It Seized Marine South of Tyre
fined to their U.N. headquarters in Naqurah,
U.N. spokesman Mario Zamorano said in New
York.]
U.S. officials have denied that Higgins has links
with the CIA. U.N. Undersecretary General Mar-
rack Goulding repeated the denial again today. "We
don't recruit spies and we don't accept spies for
this job," he told a group of journalists in Naqurah.
Shiite religious and political leaders in south-
ern Lebanon said yesterday that Higgins was
kidnaped because he was an American and not
because he was working as a U.N. observer.
He was wearing his U.S. Marine Corps uni-
form along with the U.N. insignia and blue beret
at the time of his abduction:
The moderate Shiite Amal militia has launched
a full-scale hunt for Higgins' captors. A number
of pro-Iranian fundamentalist activists have been
rounded up for questioning and eyewitnesses
interrogated, the sources said. Moslem security
sources in southern Lebanon said 10 members of
the Iranian-backed Hezbollah were detained in a
raid in rural villages. Hezbollah claimed in a
statement reported on local radios that 150 of its
supporters had been stopped by Amal militiamen-
in the countryside.
Today's statement by the Organization of the
Oppressed of the Earth warned the United
States to stay out of Lebanon and the Middle
East. "Our choice has made it imperative for us
to let out a deafening scream in America's filthy
face and to tell the Americans: get out of our
country you criminal colonialists ... We don't
want your help or your peace," the statement
said.
The group has claimed it killed four Lebanese
Jews since 1985. Today it paid special tribute to
the fight of Lebanon's Shiite southerners against
Israeli occupation.
TRITH YEAR
...
No. 77
Group Says
It Holds
U.S. Marine
Iran-Linked Group
Accuses Higgins
Of Being CIA Spy
By Nora Boustany
Special to The Washington Post
BEIRUT, Feb. 19-An under-
ground group believed to have links
with Iran claimed responsibility to-
day for kidnaping a U.S. Marine
colonel serving with U.N. peace-
keeping forces in Lebanon and pro-
vided photocopies of two identifi-
cation cards bearing his photograph
as proof.
The Organization for the Op-
pressed of the Earth accused Lt.
Col. William R. Higgins of being a
spy for the Central Intelligence
Agency who used the United Na-
tions in southern Lebanon as a cov-
er for his activities.
[In Washington, the Pentagon
acknowledged that Higgins was a
junior military assistant to former
defense secretary Caspar W. Wein-
berger from 1985 until he was as-
signed to the U.N. observer group
in Lebanon last June.
[Pentagon officials said they re-
leased the information because Ra-
dio Free Lebanon had broadcast a
story in Arabic quoting unnamed
Amal Shiite Moslems as saying Hig-
gins had an "association with Wein-
berger."]
A typewritten statement, deliv-
ered to a western news agency in
west Beirut, said "William Hig-
gins,an agent for America's Central
Intelligence Agency, who is using
the activities of United Nations ob-
servers as a cover for his dangerous
role of espionage, is now in the grip
of our heroic strugglers."
Accompanying the statement
were photocopies of two identifica-
tion, cards. One card that showed
his picture and signature was a pass
for crossing the Israeli border as a
liaison officer attached to the Unit-
ed Nations. U.N. spokesman Timor
Goksel said the number on one of
the cards matched the number of a
card that had been issued to Hig-
gins by the United Nations.
See LEBANON, A18, Col. 1
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Three Years in the Belly of Beirut
A freed French hostage recounts the horrors of his captivity
hey weren't human or inhuman.
They were nonhuman." That was
how French Journalist Jean-Paul Kauff-
mann. quoting fellow hostage Michel Seu-
rat, described the pro-Iranian Islamic Ji-
had terrorists who held him hostage for
three years. The wrenching account of his
kidnaping, captivity and release appeared
last week in L'Evénement du
Jeudi, the French newsmaga-
zine Kauffmann worked for
when he and French Re-
searcher Seurat were abduct-
ed in May 1985.
The two men became hos-
tages by chance after missing
a Beirut airport bus and decid-
ing to take a taxi. When a
Mercedes pulled alongside
and ordered them to stop,
they expected a robbery. In-
stead they were forced into
the back of the gunmen's car.
What followed was three
years of intimidation and psy-
chological torture.
For more than a year, the
hostages never saw daylight.
Their only diversion was reading the
handful of books provided by their jailers;
Kauffmann read War and Peace more
than 20 times. At one point, he and Seurat
listened while their Shi'ite captors spent
eight days torturing an Arab suspected of
being a spy. When it was over, Kauff-
mann's jailer joked, "I damaged him a lit-
tle. He had two broken ribs. We broke
both his legs. Finally he talked, and we set
him free." Freedom, Kauffmann learned,
was a euphemism for death.
In one of the most bizarre episodes,
Seurat was allowed a brief visit in August
1985 with his wife and daughters in Bei-
rut, and then returned to the cell loaded
down with sociology books. It was the last
time he saw his family. A month later, he
was deathly ill with hepatitis. A Lebanese
Jewish doctor, Elie Hallat, who was also a
hostage, pleaded in vain for Seurat's re-
Kauffmann waves the copy of War and Peace that he read for diversion
A chilling tale of brutality, intimidation and psychological torture.
lease. As his condition worsened, a Shi'it
commander volunteered a transfusion
"You are becoming a Shi'ite," joked a
captor after Seurat was given blood. Ir
fact, the researcher was dying. By ther
French Hostages Marcel Carton and
Marcel Fontaine had been added to th
group. "So I am going to die," Seurat told
his friends.
In March 1986, the Islamic Jihad an
nounced that it had "executed" Seurat. I
seems likely, however, that he such
cumbed, at 39, to his disease. But the jail
AHAFOT - SYNMA
At another point Kauff-
mann and Fontaine were tied
together and placed in a cof-
fin. When they were let out
for a moment, Fontaine
peered under his blindfold
and saw that they were near a
cement factory. "They're go-
ing to kill us here, put our
bodies in cement and dump
us in the sea," said Fontaine.
Later Kauffmann and Fon-
taine were put in a new cell
and chained like animals to a
spike in the floor.
When Kauffmann, after
dozens of false hopes, was fi-
nally about to be released, a
guard approached and told
him it was all over. "What does that
mean?" he asked. "Liberty," said the
guard. Given the double meaning of that
word, Kauffmann's greatest fears and
hopes ricocheted through his emotions un-
til the last second of captivity. Driven to an
empty field, Kauffmann was joined there
by Carton and Fontaine. Arriving a few
minutes later at a hotel in Beirut. Kauff-
mann heard a French voice shout,
"French intelligence services' Clear the
way, for God's sake!" The ordeal was final-
ly over.
-- By William Dowell/Paris
Shi'ite Against Shi'ite
I
n the killing ground that is Beirut, where savage death has
become commonplace, the brawls between this faction
and that stopped making headline news long ago. But last
week's clashes between the pro-Iranian Hizballah and its
more moderate Shi'ite rival, the pro-Syrian Amal, were hor-
rific even by Lebanese standards. In six days of warfare,
Hizballah militiamen drove Amal
fighters out of large portions of Bei-
rut's southern suburbs. Using tanks,
mortars, rockets and artillery, the
combatants blasted buildings to rubble
and sent civilians scurrying for refuge
carrying their belongings on their
backs. Snipers fired at anything that
moved, including ambulances. At
some hospitals, fighters forced doctors
at gunpoint to operate on wounded
colleagues, and battles broke out in the
corridors.
By the time a truce was declared
Thursday, at least 188 were dead and
hundreds more wounded, making it the worst eruption of vi-
olence since Syrian troops moved into West Beirut in early
1987. The hostilities left the surprisingly strong Hizballah
fighters in control of 70% of the disputed territory, a 16-sq .-
mi. district of crowded slums that is home to 250,000 Shi-
'ites. Fighting was
suspended after telephone consultations
between Syrian President Hafez Assad and Iranian Presi-
dent Ali Khamenei. But the next day, the fragile alliance be-
tween Damascus and Tehran was taxed as Hizballah fight-
ers broke the truce, drawing Syrian
troops into the conflict.
ISMAIL-AFP
The victory of Hizballah came
after it had suffered a series of mili-
tary setbacks in Shiite-dominated
Southern Lebanon, first at the hands
of Amal, then Israel, which killed as
many as 40 of its guerrillas in a raid
two weeks ago. Hizballah's new pow-
er will complicate efforts to free the
16 remaining foreign hostages in
Lebanon, most of whom are thought
to be held in the Beirut suburbs by
kidnapers with ties to the militant
Shi ite faction.
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TIM !. MAY 2: 1998
CPYRGHT
30
Amal fighters defend their turf
ers told the hostages he was alive and re-
covering in a hospital. Kauffmann later
learned from a radio newscast that Hal-
lat, doomed by his captors' rabid anti-
Semitism, had been executed. Kautf-
mann, Carton and Fontaine were
continually moved from apartment to
apartment. At one point Kauffmann was
wrapped in bandages like a mummy,
sealed in a metal box and bolted under the
chassis of a truck. When he banged on the
side, he was told he would be shot. "Kill
me," he snapped back. "It doesn't make
any difference."

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CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
Abducted Marine
wanted family to
'always be proud'
By Peter Johnson
and Robin Garr
USA TODAY
When William Higgins grad-
uated from Southern High
School in Louisville, Ky., he
wrote that his ambition was
"for my family to always be
proud of me."
Wednesday, when word
came that the 43-year-old Ma-
rine lieutenant colonel had
been kidnapped in Lebanon,
his uncle said the USA should
be proud of him, too.
"He loves his country," said
Delbert Eagle. "I don't think
they could bring enough pres-
sure or pain to cause him to be-
tray his country in any way."
Outgoing Higgins was cho-
sen one of the top 10 students in
high school, played guard on
the Trojans football team and
was senior class vice president.
Friends say the trim, 5-foot-
8-inch Higgins jogged in the
snow before it was fashionable.
They were surprised when
he joined the Marines after
graduating from Miami Uni-
versity of Ohio on a Navy
ROTC scholarship.
"You think of the Marines as
being macho-types, and he
really wasn't," said high school
buddy Rudy Fischer.
Eagle, 86, said Higgins was
more studious than athletic -
a boy who "liked to hunt and
fish and romp in the woods."
Higgins' wife, Robin, is a Ma-
rine major at the Pentagon. He
has a daughter, Christine Lynn,
17, by a previous marriage.
Higgins' father was near
death Wednesday with heart
failure, too ill to understand
what had happened to his son.
The kidnapping, 1A, 7A
is Today
Thursday.
18 February 88
Defense Department file photo via UPI
MIDEAST AMBUSH: Marine Lt. Col. William Higgins is the first
U.S. serviceman to be kidnapped in Lebanon.
Captive part of peacekeeping efforts
Key questions - and an-
swers - on United Nations
peacekeeping activities in the
Middle East and the Middle
East peace process.
What was Marine Lt. Col.
William Higgins doing when
he was kidnapped?
He was acting as chief of the
U.N. observer force in Leba-
non, a 75-member group
charged with keeping an eye
on often conflicting groups -
such as the Shiite Amal, Pales-
tinian refugees and Israeli-
backed Christian militia - and
noting signs of trouble.
How many U.N. observers
operate in the area?
There are three different
U.N. peacekeeping groups
there: the U.N. Interim Force
in Lebanon, with about 5,800
people; the U.N. Disengage-
ment Force, with 1,330 people;
and the U.N. Truce Supervi-
sion Organization, with 295
people. Higgins' group belongs
to UNTSO.
How many U.S. servicemen
are involved and what do
they do?
The United States has 35 citi-
zens serving in truce supervi-
sion organization, none in the
other forces. About half spend
most of their time at the
group's headquarters in Jeru-
salem while the others are in
Lebanon. They do not carry
arms and largely have been re-
sponsible for liaison-type activ-
ities
What else is going on in the
search for peace in the re-
glon?
Tyre
U.S. Marine
officer
kidnapped
'Israel
By Marty Baumann, USA TODAY
Is there any relationship be-
tween these U.N. peacekeep-
Ing forces and the current
U.S .- backed diplomatic of-
fensive?
ed seriously that U.N. forces at-
tempt to stop protests by Pales-
tinians against Israeli rule in
the occupied territories.
- Don Kirk
By Don Kirk
USA TODAY
The United Nations' 5,800-
man peace-keeping force in
Lebanon Wednesday mounted
one of the largest operations in
its 10-year history, hoping to
find a kidnapped U.S. Marine.
U.N. troops are scouring
southern Lebanon for Lt. Col.
William Higgins, the USA's
ninth hostage in Lebanon,
spokesman Timur Goksel says.
"We are using helicopters,
we have blocked off the roads,
we have patrols, we are follow-
ing up all the tips," Goksel tells
USA TODAY. He says mem-
bers of the nine nation interim
force are covering southern
Lebanon in "battalions."
The White House and Penta-
gon are at a loss to explain the
kidnapping
President Reagan Wednes-
day said, "We're still investigat-
ing"; White House spokesman
Robert Hall said, "We will hold
the kidnappers responsible for
his safety."
Higgins, 43, was yanked
from his jeep - painted white
with black U.N. lettering - af-
ter falling behind another U.N.
vehicle 10 miles north of the Is-
raeli border. He had assumed
command a month ago of a
special 75-member, unarmed
U.N. Observer Force.
Goksel says Higgins, a veter-
an of two combat tours in Viet-
nam and winner of a bronze
star, had just left "a pleasant
conversation" with the leader
of the Shiite Amal militia in the
Lebanese coastal city of Tyre,
45 miles south of Beirut.
The best lead: Two villagers
saw two men push Higgins into
a vehicle and speed away.
U.N.'s role in Lebanon, 4A
Profile of Higgins, 4A
USA's hostages, 7A
CPYRGHT
INQUIRY
Topic: TERROR IN LEBANON
Robert Kupperman, 52,
is a senior adviser at the
Center for Strategic and In-
ternational Studies, a non-
partisan think tank in
Washington, D.C. He has
written several books, in-
cluding two on terrorism,
and has served as an advis-
er on counterterrorism to
the National Security
Council. Kupperman was
interviewed by USA TO-
DAY's Paul McMasters
and Barbara Reynolds.
Robert Kupperman
Kidnappers often plan
for weeks in advance
USA TODAY: William Hig-
gins, the Marine colonel kid-
napped Wednesday in Leba-
non, is the first U.S. hostage
taken in a year. Why haven't
there been more?
KUPPERMAN: There are
really two reasons. One is that
there are fewer American tar-
gets. But the most important
thing is that after the Iran-con-
tra matter, we really are living
up to our anti-terrorism policy.
That is, no concessions to ter-
rorists. So it hasn't been that
profitable for them.
USA TODAY: What does
that mean?
KUPPERMAN: These are
not inexpensive matters. The
kidnappers have to take care
of people. They have to deal
with their captives' physica
isolation and their health
USA TODAY: So hostages
are a liability, too.
KUPPERMAN: The hos
tage-takers are in a double
bind. If they start to kill off the
hostages, we would go in mili-
tarily. On the other hand, if our
intelligence sources learn that
the hostages are being reason-
ably treated, we're very unlike-
ly to do much. The terrorists
will gain nothing.
USA TODAY: What do the
U.N. forces do there? Do they
have an impact?
KUPPERMAN: They are
more symbolic than anything
Ise. They are effective if one
boks at the need for some sym-
ol of international influence.
Diplomatically, it's potentially
omewhat effective in terms of
s ability to actually engage in
refights.
matically. In the case of the
Iran-contra matter, clearly in
the swap of hostages for weap-
ons, we violated our own policy
very substantially.
USA TODAY: Was the vio-
lation worth it?
KUPPERMAN: We endured
a lot of internal trauma and we
came out behind. We washed
our dirty linen before the
whole world. There's no ques-
tion it damaged our credibility
with our allies. I think we've
probably recovered from it be-
cause the incident occurred
long enough ago that people
are now bored with it.
USA TODAY: Do you think
there's any chance that the
USA might be willing to trade
arms for hostages?
KUPPERMAN: I assume
that there are lunatics, and
anyone who would assume that
would be a lunatic.
USA TODAY: How should
we react to this kidnapping?
KUPPERMAN: I think our
reaction ought to be at two lev-
els: doing all we can by intelli-
gence means, diplomatic
means to try to save Col. Hig-
gins from a very unpleasant
time, at least - to learn what
the demands are, to under-
stand the politics of it and the
individual grievances of the
particular organization in-
volved. But most importantly, I
think, the U.S. government has
to lay the law down in terms of
telling the American public it's
dangerous there, and that the
U.S. is not going to give in to
bandits.
USA TODAY: Do you think
that Col. Higgins might face a
tougher time of it because
he's a military man?
KUPPERMAN: It's always
possible. I just hope he's treat-
ed well.
Peacekeeping force provides region's only stability
Brian Urquhart, a scholar-in-resi- William Higgins was assigned, is re-
dence with the Ford Foundation, de-
scribes hostage Lt Col. William Hig
gins as "courageous" and says Higgins'
job is "vital to peace in Lebanon."
Urquhart was assigned to the Unit-
ed Nations for 41 years. He served as
U.N. undersecretary general for 14
years with responsibility for all U.N.
peacekeeping forces.
Urquhart says the U.N. Truce Su-
pervision Organization, where Lt. Col.
sponsible for "patroling to keep the
peace, to talk to everybody, to go be-
tween the factions and to try to keep
things quiet."
Urquhart calls the peacekeeping
force courageous "They are all un-
armed. They're very Ine people, they
do a terrific job, and they're very
proud of it. It requires very steady
nerves," he says.
Urquhart described peacekeeping
as a method of conflict control
"Just next door to South Lebanon,
where "Higgins was kidnapped, we
have a force in the Golan Heights be-
tween Syria and Israel"
He says if the force were removed,
"You would have the two biggest ar-
mies in the area eyeball to eyeball
Both those countries have a relation-
`ship with the two superpowers"
Even if peacekeeping forces don't
solve the problem, they contain it, in
Southern Leblinon is a very volatile
area, he says. don't think it's as dan-
gerous as West Beirut, but you never
know what's going to happen there.
The existence of a 5,000-man interna-
tional force in the area is the only sta-
bility that exists there.".
Don Kirk
The other eight
held in Lebanon
Terry Anderson, corre-
spondent for Associated
Press, was kidnapped
March 16, 1985.
Edward Tracy, a writer
from Vermont who was liv-
ing in Beirut, was abducted
Oct. 21, 1986.
Thomas Sutherland, agri-
culture dean at American
University of Beirut, was
seized June 9, 1985.
Jesse Turner, a math in-
structor at Beirut University
College, was kidnapped
Jan. 24, 1987.
Frank Herbert Reed, direc-
tor of Lebanese Interna-
tional School, was kid-
napped Sept. 9, 1986
Robert Polhill, a business
professor at Beirut Univer-
sity College, was seized
Jan. 24, 1987.
Joseph Cicippio, comp-
troller at American Univer-
sity in Beirut, was kid-
napped Sept. 12, 1986.
Alann Steen, a journalism
professor at Beirut Univer-
sity College, was kid-
napped Jan. 24, 1987.
CPYRGHT
USA TODAY: Who are
these terrorists?
KUPPERMAN: The Hezbol-
lah is a Shiite organization with
close ties to Iran and some ties,
by contrast, with Syria. They
have been engaged in terror-
ism -- hostage-taking for ex-
ample. With that and their
fights with leaders of Lebanese
factions led by Nabih Berri and
Walid Jumblatt, they have cre-
ated an atmosphere more
characteristic of factionalism
and terrorism than of any orga-
nized military structure.
USA TODAY: Are most of
these groups tied to Iran?
KUPPERMAN: I don't think
there's any question about it.
That doesn't mean they don't
act somewhat independently,
hat they aren't semi-autono-
mous. But they have tremen-
dous allegiance to Iran.
USA TODAY: Higgins was
part of a U.N. peacekeeping
force that presumably could
have used soldiers from other
countries. Did he really need
to be there?
KUPPERMAN: There are a
variety of military assign-
ments, one of which involves a
J.N .- like military post, that are
dangerous. We undertake dan-
gerous missions from time to
ime. Diplomats in Lebanon
undertake severe risks, and
people clearly associated with
the CLA take more risks than
anybody.
USA TODAY: Do other
countries deal with hostages
the same way the USA does?
KUPPERMAN: Most of the
policies are identical, but the
question is: How much do they
live up to those policies? It's
clear that we had for the long-
est time an anti-terrorism poli-
cy, and the strongest one was
where we wouldn't even talk to
the terrorists, when Henry Kis-
singer was secretary of state.
USA TODAY: What hap-
pened to that?
KUPPERMAN: It was re-
laxed. Now we have one where
we will not grant any substan-
tive or meaningful concessions
at this point in time. What this
says is that you can have a poli-
cy, yet you can violate it dra-
GBYRGHT
USA TODAY . THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 1988 . 7A
Manhunt for USA's 9th hostage
95 Today - 18 tel 6's Thul
There is no direct relation-
ship. No one has even suggest-
Enlarged area
Cyprus
50
> milos
Mediterranean
Sea
Lebanon
Beirut
Syria
attempt
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
ing to revive the "peace pro-
cess" for ending violence be-
tween Palestinians and Israeli
soldiers in the West Bank and
Gaza Strip, seized by Israel in
the 1967 Middle East war.
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R000400040001-3
USA TODAY! Why would
Higgins be taken? Was he just
a target of opportunity?
KUPPERMAN: That's al-
ways possible. But most of
these groups do a lot of plan-
ning for weeks. Terrorist inci-
dents are not done purely in
isolation - not only the politics
Involved but also the groups
that do this have got to engage
in tactical planning. If Col. Hig-
gins' abduction follows in the
path of others then he will
have been observed for quite
some time.
USA TODAY: There are
those who say we should not
have anyone in Lebanon.
What do you say to them?
KUPPERMAN: I don't think
the U.S. government as a gov-
ernment can afford to cower. It
needs to have some diplomatic
and military presence in a
country where we still have
some need for a substantial re-
lationship. And also in terms of
our ability to exercise some
control over the region and fur-
ther the listening posts for in-
telligence purposes.
USA TODAY: Then why
don't they just let the hostages
go?
KUPPERMAN: There is a
pride of ownership that they
have. I don't think the hostages
will be released very soon.
Urquhart's view
In Cyprus, you have huge armies
on both sides. Nobody's been killed
there since 1974

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USA Approved ESRelease2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789000400040001-3
The other eight
held in Lebanon
Terry Anderson, corre-
spondent for Associated
Press, was kidnapped
March 16, 1985.
Edward Tracy, a writer
from Vermont who was liv-
ing in Beirut, was abducted
Oct. 21, 1986.
Thomas Sutherland, agri-
culture dean at American
University of Beirut, was
seized June 9, 1985.
Jesse Turner, a math in-
structor at Beirut University
College, was kidnapped
Jan. 24, 1987.
Frank Herbert Reed, direc-
tor of Lebanese Interna-
tional School, was kid-
napped Sept. 9, 1986.
Robert Polhill, a business
professor at Beirut Univer-
sity College, was seized
Jan. 24, 1987.
Alann Steen, a journalism
sity in Beirut, was kid-
napped Sept. 12, 1995.
LT. COL. WILLIAM IHIGGINS
Pulled from car by gunmen
associated w/
Usuunity of Bennet.
The Missing Americans
1
Terry Anderson, 40, chief Middle East corre-
spondent of The Associated Press. Kidnapped >
March 16, 1985.
3
Thomas Sutherland, 56, agriculture dean at the
American University of Beirut. June 9, 1985.
8
Frank Reed, 55, director of the Lebanon Interna-
tional School in Beirut. Sept. 9, 1986.
3
Joseph Cicippio, 57, acting controller of the
American University of Beirut. Sept. 12, 1986.
4
Edward Tracy, 57, author. Oct. 21, 1986.
6
Robert Polhill, 53, assistant professor of busi-
ness at Beirut University College. Jan. 24, 1987.
to In- 19th
Jesse Turner, 40, visiting professor of mathe-
matics and computer science at Beirut Univer-
sity College. Jan. 24, 1987.
2
Alann Steen, 48, journalism professor at Beirut
University College. Jan. 24, 1987.
Marine Lt. Col. William Higgins, 43, head of a U.N.
observer group attached to the U.N. Interim
Force in Lebanon. Feb. 17, 1988.
5
· Don Kirk
Josoph Cicippio, comp-
troller Approved For Release 2000/08/08 GIA-RD 96-00789R000400040001-3
sity College, was kid-
napped Jan. 24, 1987.
CPYRGHT
ENCL 3
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CPYRGHT
he was as
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R000400040001-3
tackout"
ve de'
2.5
1099
UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL/REUTER
Iran President Ali Khameini, left, and Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, who heads armed forces ottand joint
of hands of trenton
Washington Post 19 July 1988.
U.S. Lauds Step Toward 'Restoration of Stability'.
REACTION, From Al
on Iranian oil tankers and by Iranian
warships and speedboats on neutral
shipping.
Fitzwater said that if the cease-
fire actually occurs and oil tankers
could travel safely through the gulf,
the United States would be willing
to withdraw its naval escorts and
reduce its military forces. But he
said the United States was not pre-
pared to completely leave the gulf,
as Iran has demanded, noting that
U.S. forces have been present there
since 1949.
Asked whether the United States
would move toward normalizing
relations with Iran if the war ends,
Fitzwater said the administration
"has made it clear a number of
times that we would be willing to
establish a dialogue" but so far "we
have not received a response from
Iran that we consider valid, legit-
imate or reasonable."
Oakley said speculation about
whether the United States would
now reduce its military presence in
the gulf or end its naval escort of
Kuwaiti tankers was "premature."
But she said that as "threats and
conditions change," the administra-
tion would be prepared to examine
"how to meet that changed condi-
tion in an appropriate manner" and
that U.S. policy was under constant
review. She also described as "pre-
mature" speculation on a possible
improvement in U.S .- Iranian rela-
tions.
A Pentagon spokesman also said
it was "premature" to talk of any
immediate change in the U.S.
Navy's escort operation in the Per-
sian Gulf for 11 Kuwaiti oil and gas
tankers. "We'll just have to see how
the whole thing plays out," he said.
There are 27 U.S. warships in
the operation-17 inside the gulf or
in the Strait of Hormuz and the rest
nearby in the Gulf of Oman. U.S.
and Iranian forces have clashed nu-
merous times in the past year, and
the cruiser USS Vincennes on July
3 mistakenly shot down an Iranian
airliner, killing all 290 aboard.
Oil prices leaped yesterday in
reaction to news of a possible
cease-fire. August contracts for
West Texas Intermediate oil, the
U.S. benchmark crude, rose 84
cents a barrel to $15.70, the big-
gest one day rise since March 3,
1987, when it jumped 96 cents a
barrel.
Traders seemed to anticipate
that a cease-fire would reduce ten-
sion between Iran and Saudi Arabia,
enabling the Organization of Petro-
leum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
to reach an agreement to restrain
production. They also seemed to
believe that an end to hostilities
would reduce the pressure on Iran
and Iraq, as well as their allies, to
produce oil at a fast clip in order to
finance the war.
But other analysts said an end to
the war would allow Iran to rebuild
its shattered production capabili-
ties-the country once produced
about three times what it can to-
day-and Iraq to increase its al-
ready high rate of production.
Iraq, which produces about 2.7
million barrels a day, has been ex-
porting all its oil via pipelines across
Turkey and Saudi Arabia. Iran has
an export quota of 2.37 million bar-
rels-a-day, which is set by OPEC,
but has been exporting less because
of repeated Iraqi attacks on its
tankers.
Fitzwater said national security
adviser Colin L. Powell had called
the president, who is taking a
week's vacation at his mountaintop
ranch northwest of Santa Barbara,
to inform him about the Iranian ac-
tion.
The importance the White House
attached to the Iranian decision was
emphasized by the on-camera brief-
ing given by Fitzwater after a meet-
ing with Powell and other officials.
The White House has planned an
unusually light public schedule for
the week as part of an effort to
keep a low presidential profile dur-
ing the Democratic National Con-
vention.
Fitzwater said "it's very difficult
to determine all the motives" be-
hind Iran's move. But he cited re-
cent losses by Iran in the war, dip-
lomatic efforts by a number of na-
tions and U.S. resolve to continue
its military presence in the gulf de-
spite the downing of the airliner.
Oakley said it was "premature" to
talk about the reasons for Iran's
action, and she doubted any one
"determining factor" caused the
move. But she said the administra-
tion felt the U.S. military presence
in the gulf had contributed to stop-
ping the spread of the war and yes-
terday's development in Tehran
indicated "the success of that pol-
icy."
Privately, some officials sug-
gested that President Reagan's of- pray that this conflict can come to a
fer of compensation to the families
of victims of the airline disaster,
while blaming Iran for sending the
rapid close. I urge both Iran and Iraq
to support a swift and complete im-
plementation of all aspects of U.N.
Resolution 598," the Massachusetts
governor said in a statement.]
plane directly over a combat zone,
may have played a role in Iran's
decision.
"In a weird way, something good
may come out of this horrible trag-
edy if it speeds an end to a war that
has cost more than half a million
lives," said an official who asked not
to be identified and who also said
that reversals on the battlefield
may have "damaged Iranian mo-
rale.". Speaking of the downing of
the airliner, he said that U.S. refus-
al to back down from its role in the
gulf after this incident may have
made an impression upon Iran.
Fitzwater did not go that far. He
gave most of the credit for the Iran-
ian about-face on the cease-fire res-
olution to the diplomatic efforts of
U.N. Secretary General Perez de
Cuellar. The White House spokes-
man said the United States was will-
ing to help in the process of trans-
fering that cease-fire into reality but
didn't want to do anything that would
get in the way of the U.N. efforts to
end the war. "We don't want any-
thing to hurt the process," Fitzwater
said. ". .. The U.N. has the lead
here, and I must say that we com-
pliment Mr. de Cuellar for his role
and urge him Godspeed."
In a prepared statement Fitzwa-
ter said he welcomed Iran's formal
acceptance of U.N. Security Council
Resolution 598, which calls for a
cease-fire, verification of it by the
United Nations and repatriation of
prisoners of war.
"As Vice President Bush empha-
sized to the Security Council last
week, the United States has long
sought a just, negotiated settlement
of this tragic conflict," Fitzwater
said. "Intensive efforts have been
undertaken by the administration
over the the past year to further
this objective. The United States
will continue to do all it can, indi-
vidually and in cooperation with
like-minded governments and the
United Nations, to hasten'a durable
peace between Iraq and Iran, and to
enhance the stability and security of
the gulf region."
[In Atlanta, Michael S. Dukakis,
the prospective Democratic pres-
idential nominee, welcomed the
Iranian cease-fire announcement,
wire services reported.
["With all Americans, I hope and
Oakley said three main obstacles
blocked improved U.S .- Iranian re-
lations and the reestablishment of
diplomatic ties severed during the
1980-81 crisis over Iran's occupa-
tion of the U.S. embassy in Teh-
ran-the continuation of the war,
the Iranian role in the holding of
American hostages in Lebanon and
its continuing support for terrorism
and violence.
"Clearly, if the implementation
can proceed of the [U.N.] resolu-
tion, if the war can end, we'll all be
in a situation where I think we'll
have to look at it [reestablishing re-
lations]," she said.
Arab World Pleased
By Iranian Decision
From News Services
Iran's announcement that it is ac-
cepting a U.N. call for a cease-fire
in the Persian Gulf war was wel-
comed yesterday by the Arab
world, but Israeli Foreign Minister
Shimon Peres cautioned that an end
to the fighting could pose a new
threat to Israel.
Peres, speaking to reporters in
Jerusalem, said a cease-fire might
change military balances in the
Middle East. He said that he did not
necessarily
expect
aggression
against Israel but that Iran and Iraq
would have to decide whether they
would rebuild their countries or
would "compete for prestige" by
menacing Israel.
In London, Massoud Rajavi, leader
of the Iranian Mujaheddin-e-Khalq
rebel group, said the the regime of
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini "is ad-
mitting to the complete defeat of its
strategy" and is "on the verge of to-
tal collapse," Reuter reported.
Jordan and Egypt, which have
strongly backed Iraq, commended
Tehran, as did Saudi Arabia, which
broke diplomatic relations with Iran
in April.
The official KUNA news agency
in Kuwait, whose shipping has been
drawn into the hostilities, noted the
announcement came after "signs
pointing to a division within the
Iranian leadership" on whether to
pursue the war.
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Hartungton Post 16 Jleft
Pelletreau
Is Career
Diplomat
Point Man for PLO
Knows Mideast
By Patrick E. Tyler
Washington Post Foreign Service
CAIRO, Dec. 15-Robert H.
Pelletreau Jr., the U.S. diplomat
: 'tapped by the Reagan admin-
istration to open a dialogue with
the Palestine Liberation Organ-
ization, is a veteran of both the
State and Defense departments
who has spent most of his ca-
reer in the Middle East.
Described by associates as a
cautious professional with an
intimate understanding of the
Arab-Israeli dispute and the
principal political actors in the
region, Pelletreau is expected
to conduct the U.S .- PLO dia-
logue in constant consultation
with Washington,
His selection for this high-
profile diplomatic task comes at
a time when Pelletreau, 53, is
widely reported to be among
those senior Foreign Service
officials under consideration for
the post of assistant secretary
of state for Middle Eastern af-
· fairs in the Bush administration.
The post is currently held by
Richard Murphy.
Pelletreau, named ambassa-
dor to Tunisia in March 1987
spent most of his time in Wash-
"ington during the the Reagan
ROBERT H. PELLETREAU JR.
.. . U.S. ambassador to Tunisia
administration. He served as a
deputy assistant secretary of
defense for Near Eastern and
South Asian affairs twice and as
deputy assistant secretary of
state for the same area.
He served as ambassador to
Bahrain from 1979-80. During
his Foreign Service career,
which began in 1962, Pelletreau
has served in U.S. embassies in
Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania,
Lebanon, Jordan and Syria.
[Colleagues say he enjoys
telling about the time he was
held hostage by Palestinian ter-
rorists for several hours in 1970
as a junior political officer in
Amman, Jordan, and walking
away from his captors, The As-
sociated Press reported. As Pel-
letreau has told the story to col-
leagues, he was kidnaped on the
streets of Amman by Popular
Front guerrillas and taken with
other hostages to a news con-
ference at a downtown hotel.
Noting his captors' attention
was diverted, Pelletreau edged
in among the journalists then
slipped out and walked away, a
U.S. diplomat said.]
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Call From U.S. Envoy
Opens Contact With PLO
By Patrick E. Tyler
Washington Post Foreign Service
CAIRO, Dec. 15-The U.S. am-
bassador to Tunisia, Robert H. Pel-
letreau Jr., today telephoned a sen-
ior PLO official in the first official
contact with Palestine Liberation
Organization leaders in 13 years.
Pelletreau reportedly asked to
meet Saturday with two members
of the PLO's 15-member executive
committee, and the meeting was
arranged with the assistance of the
Tunisian government. PLO official
Khalid Hassan said from Tunis in a
telephone interview that he had no
details on the agenda for the first
meeting, but he added: "It's good.
It's the opening."
Hassan said the meeting had
been requested by Pelletreau in a
telephone call to PLO offices at
midday in Tunis. A U.S. Embassy
official in Tunis, Adnan Siddiqi, con-
firmed that Pelletreau had made
telephone contact with the PLO but
could not confirm that a time had
been set for the first meeting.
Pelletreau was designated by
Secretary of State George P. Shultz
as the sole point of contact between
the guerrilla organization and the
U.S. government, which banned
contacts with the PLO in 1975 at
Israel's request. The ban was lifted
Wednesday after PLO Chairman
Yasser Arafat used the most explic-
it language to date in renouncing
terrorism and in recognizing Is-
rael's right to exist.
Hassan identified the PLO offi-
cials who will attend the first meet-
ing as Abdullah Hourani and Yasser
Abed Rabbo. The meeting was
scheduled to take. place at Saada
Palace, the Tunisian government's
official guest house, in the presence
of Tunisian Foreign Ministry offi
cials. The PLO's ambassador to Tul
nisia and the deputy director of the
PLO's political department wer
also expected to attend the meett
ing, Hassan said.
The first-U.S .- PLO contacts i
more than a decade took place ami
strong expressions of relief and satt
isfaction that the Reagan adminis-
tration in its final days had re-
sponded to urgent Arab pleas to
support the apparent trend toward
moderation in the PLO.
The decision also has been met
community in a clear, courageous
and constructive way."
Mubarak added, "Both King Hus-
sein and I are happy with the U.S.
decision." Mubarak,., who said he
conferred with Arafat by telephone
tonight, said, "We all want to move
forward and convene an interna-
tional [peace] conference, but [Is-
raeli Prime Minister Yitzhak] Sha-
mir does not want to go forward ---
but we must."
The PLO's Hassan said that the
U.S .- PLO dialogue will embolden
political constituencies inside Israel
who want to negotiate with a non-
threatening PLO leadership.
"The people who have been
speaking softly for peace now will
speak loudly," Hassan said.
The Soviet Union moved quickly
to capitalize on the American de-
cision, urging that an international
peace conference be convened
quickly, as did the U.N. General As-
sembly still meeting in Geneva. The
debate on Palestine was hastily
moved there from New York after
Shultz denied Arafat a visa to enter
the United States.
"The Soviet Union stands for an
immediate start of preparatory
work within the United Nations Se-
curity Council aiming at convening
of the international conference,""
Deputy Foreign Minister Vladimir
Petrovsky said in a statement is-
sued in Geneva.
Petrovsky, in language obviously
targeted at Israel, added, "We con-
sider that the process of normaliza-
tion of relations [with Israel] should
start the same day as the work for
the international conference starts."
Israel has been seeking a renewal
of diplomatic relations with the So-
viet Union, broken after the 1967
Arab-Israeli war, to facilitate the
emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel.
Arafat was in East Germany to-
day, from where he conferred with
Mubarak by telephone after a round
of talks with East German leader
Erich Honecker. The joint state-
ment, issued after their meeting
echoed the Soviet call for prepara-
tory work for a peace conference.
"Given the support of the great
majority of states for the convening
of an international Middle East
peace conference, it is now time to
tackle concrete preparatory steps,"
the East German news agency
anoted the two leaders as saving.
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THE WASHINGTON POST
25 July 1 981
8808
Lebanese Shiite Leader Calls for Hostages' Release
Fadlallah Sees Humanitarian Gesture as Politically Beneficial to Iran's Leadership
By Nora Boustany
Special to The Washington Post
BEIRUT, July 24-Mohammed Hussein Fad-
lallah, a spiritual guide of Lebanon's Shiite Mos-
lem fundamentalists, made a plea today for the
release of foreign hostages held here in a dis-
course on the merits of humanitarian politics.
Urging Iran to capitalize on the political ben -.
efits of a humanitarian approach to the hostages'
plight, the Shiite cleric pressed for a "happy end-
ing" to their ordeal. His plea came one week af-
ter Iran's unconditional acceptance of a U.N.
Security Council resolution to end the eight-
year-old Persian Gulf war.
The religous leader made his appeal in a speech
marking the beginning of Eid Adha, the feast of
sacrifice marking the end of the pilgrimage season
to Islam's holiest shrines in Mecca and Medina.
Fadlallah devoted much of his sermon to the for-
eign captives, whose "pain in detention had been
prolonged," he said, for political effect.
In an interview before the sermon, Fadlallah
said that the liberation of western and other cap-
tives held by Iranian-linked groups in Lebanon
had now become an "inevitable step that has to
be activated, but how, when or where is the big
question."
He explained that the settlement of the hostage
issue would only be a "minor item and not a big
headline in the overall political climate between
the United States and Iran in the wake of Tehran's
decision to accept U.N. Resolution 598."
Hassan Sabra, editor of the magazine Ash
Shiraa, which broke the U.S. arms-for-hostages
scandal in November 1986, said the freedom of
foreign hostages, especially American ones, was
a "foregone conclusion," because a much wider
U.S .- Iranian understanding involving major re-
gional interests was now in the making.
Shiite specialists in Lebanon argued that,
though the time had come for such a move, it
may not happen until after the U.S. presidential
election in November.
"We believe that America has complicated the
issue of kidnap victims for its own political cal-
culations, exploiting humanitarian slogans for
political motives," Fadlallah charged today. "We
feel pain in this feast for all those detained inno-
cents, if they are innocent, because the matter
has a humanitarian dimension."
In comments on the future outline for ties be-
tween the United States and Iran, Fadlallah, who
is well-versed in Iranian politics, said in the inter-
view that the resumption of relations "would not
be a big problem." The cleric noted that if the
United States agreed to settle pending bilateral
questions with Iran, and if Washington could per-
suade Tehran that it will not work against Iran's
interests, a rapprochement would be natural.
A western diplomat here close to American
thinking said that "if Iran wanted to be pragmatic
and capitalize on the mood of the world commu-
nity, it would move things forward by taking the
initiative and releasing the hostages."
While pointing out that Washington would make
no deals to win freedom for the nine American
hostages in Lebanon, the Beirut-based diplomat
said: "Iran can open a window toward the United
States by freeing hostages in Lebanon as a gesture
of good will and with no strings attached."
The cleric, renowned as an Islamic scholar,
prides himself on the fact that his political convic-
tions and judgment have always coincided with
those of Iranian parliament speaker Hojatoleslam
Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, the commander in
chief of Iranian military forces who announced
Tehran's acceptance of Resolution 598.
Fadlallah praised Iran's decision to abide by the
resolution as "wise, courageous and realistic."
Hinting that perhaps the health of Iran's religious
leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, was failing.
Fadlallah observed that the "the decision to accept
the U.N. resolution was all the more stronger dur-
ing the life of Khomeini than after it."
Fadlallah said that if Iran's process of opening
up again to the international community had
been "delayed until after Khomeini's lifetime, the
pressures and isolation would be great." and
there would be a potential for unrest among the
Iranian people."
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1-
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- Terrorist Hade is being tria
in West Germany for the atrocity
connected with the big block of
a 747 in 1985 and the cartière
and brutal murder of Robert Ste
Shooting down of andonion
Det lever by the USS crises Vence
on of ily resulted in a declaration
of war by Iran,
-
Broadcast reportecon 5 July
What the Sabido would recite
Con Cimerican hostage in retaliation
- That anderson v Suchulong
would also the assassinated,
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Gy Journal.
1 aug 88
1
Hostage hopes: The United States is pres
amigo.N. Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar
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include in the Iran-Iraq
peace talks the release of
nine Americans and nine
other Western hostages
held by Iran's surrogates
lebanon.
the hostages were not
Included in the United Na-
ions resolution laying the
soundwork for the peace
1ks.
The U.N. chief has al-
jeady raised the hostage
issue with Iranian foreign
(minister Ali Akbar Velyati
and given the issue visibil-
ity by meeting with the
wife of captive U.S. Lt. Col. William Higgins.
De Cuellar®
Hostage deals
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Washington Post 2 Cg 8
Cleric Hopeful for British Hostage Release in 1988
By Karen DeYoung
Washington Post Foreign Service
LONDON, Aug. 1-A leading
Anglican cleric who held talks with
Iranian officials in Tehran last
month said today he was hopeful
that three British hostages believed
to be held by pro-Iranian groups in
Lebanon could be free by the end of
this year.
Archbishop David Penman, of
Melbourne, Australia, said that the
"relationship between the Iranian
authorities and those holding the
hostages is at best tenuous, but
they may be influential in the end."
The Iranians "say they have in-
fluence, and they are willing to use
it, given certain preconditions and
the availability of those friends they
are willing to work through."
Penman's comments came amid
increasing signs of a thaw between
Iran and the West and negotiations
at the United Nations in New York
for a cease-fire in the Iran-Iraq war.
In Beirut, Lebanese Christian
militia officials declined comment
on the case of 13. Iranian nationals
they reportedly have detained since
May and on any prospects for a
swap of the 13 for western hos-
tages held in Lebanon, Washington
Post correspondent Nora Boustany
reported.
The 13 Iranians were seized for
interrogation at the Christian port of
Jounieh as they were trying to travel
to Cyprus without proper docu-
ments, according to security sources
quoted by Boustany. The Iranian
Embassy in Beirut has remained
tight-lipped about the 13 and has not
claimed them as missing.
Britain and other nations with
hostages in Lebanon, including the
United States, hope that the appar-
ent calming of tensions in the Per-
sian Gulf region could lead to the
release of at least 23 western cap-
tives in Lebanon.
The British hostages include Ter-
ry Waite, the Archbishop of Canter-
bury's special envoy, who disap-
peared 18 months ago in Beirut
while on a church mission to nego-
tiate the release of other captives.
Archbishop of Canterbury Robert
Runcie has repeatedly appealed to
Tehran for help in securing the re-
lease of Waite and others, On sev-
eral occasions, Iran has responded.
with an appeal to Runcie to help
locate three Iranians and their Leb-
anese driver who disappeared near
the Christian Lebanese town of Ba-
troun in July 1982.
In addition to Penman's visit to
Tehran, Runcie said today that the
Rt. Rev. John Brown, bishop in Cy-
prus and the Persian Gulf, traveled
to Beirut last week at his behest to
inquire about the missing Iranians.
Brown said here tonight he was
"pretty hopeful" of an early break-
through in the overall hostage sit-
uation.
Lebanese clerics told Brown they
would check into the fate of the
three Iranians and their driver, but
it is widely assumed in the diplo-
matic community in Beirut that
they are dead, Boustany reported.
Christian security sources in Beirut
have reported their deaths in 1984
or 1985 at the hands of the Leba-
nese Forces when they were com-
manded by rebel Elie Hobeika,
Boustany added, but western dip-
lomats have said they cannot inde-
pendently confirm this.
Penman an Arabic speaker who
worked for four years in Beirut, told
reporters in Cambridge today that
he was "encouraged" by indications
from Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher that "she sees the climate
changing" in Iran.
:"I think this is the best opportunity
we've had for years to deepen our
links and to plan for a more positive
and constructive. future," Penman
said. "I would not be surprised if Ter-
ry Waite and the others were. re-
leased before the end of the year."
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Washington Post
15 cung
88
U.N. Team Goes to Gulf War Front
TEHRAN-A small group of U.N. military
observers left for the war front to prepare for
the U.N. peace-keeping force that will monitor
a cease-fire in the war between Iran and Iraq.
Military and diplomatic sources in Iran re-
fused to speculate on how the observers would
react if Iraqi-backed People's Mujaheddin dis-
sidents ignored the cease-fire. The Iranian dis-
sidents, who said they would continue to wage
war within Iran, have an army estimated at
30,000 based in Iraq.
Meanwhile, a government-run newspaper
here said in an editorial that Iran will "spare
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no effort" to press for the freedom of British
hostages held in Lebanon.
C.
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0
A News/Editorials
B Metro/Obituaries/Comics
C Business
D Sports/Classified
E Style/Television
Inside: Health
Detailed index on Page A2
JUST 9, 1988
9 august 1988
U
Prices May Vary in Areas Outside
Metropolitan Washington (See Box on A4)
25¢
Iran, Iraq to Cease Fire Aug. 20
U.N. Secretary General Says Talks to Begin Five Days After Truce
18
By Patrick E. Tyler
Washington Post Foreign Service
UNITED NATIONS, Aug. 8-
Secretary General Javier Perez de
Cuellar, culminating two weeks of
intense negotiations to end the 8-
year-old Persian Gulf war, an-
nounced today that Iran and Iraq
have accepted a cease-fire to begin
Aug. 20 and will open talks five
days later in Geneva to resolve
terms of a final peace agreement.
The ambassadors of the two bel-
ligerent nations vere summoned to
the horseshoe-shaped table of the
Security Council, where they were
called upon "to observe a cease-fire
and to discontinue all military ac-
tivities on land, at sea and in the
air" as of dawn on Aug. 20.
The announcement came one
year and 19 days after the council
unanimously passed Resolution 598
to end the longest conventional war
of this century-which has left a
death toll estimated at more than 1
million, some them the victims of
the first chemical warfare since
World War I.
The secretary general, who made
the announcement in a meeting pre-
sided over by Security Council
President Luye Li of China, told the
representatives of Iran and Iraq
that "the restoration of peace will
bring far greater victory to the peo-
ple of both countries than war." The
cease-fire call was greeted by ap-
plause from diplomats and U.N.
staff assembled for the open session
of the council.
Iran's ambassador, Mohammed
Jaafar Mahallati, and Iraq's Ismat
Kittani took seats 10 feet apart
et
UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL
U.N. Secretary General Perez de Cuellar announces Persian Gulf war truce date.
across the open gap of the lower
end of the table just before 4 p.m.
They never exchanged looks during
the carefully scripted nine-minute
ceremony.
Kittani and Iran's foreign minis-
ter, Ali Akbar Velayati, said in
statements later that their coun-
tries would immediately cease hos-
tilities. Asked when peace would
begin, Kittani said, "It begins to-
day.'
In a letter to Perez de Cuellar,
Velayati said, "I wish to inform you
that the government of the Islamic
Republic of Iran is prepared to re-
frain from all military actions on
land, at sea, and in the air, starting
today."
The secretary general said in a
report to the council that he has
assembled a 350-man observer-
force from 24 nations to be dis-
patched to the 730-mile frontier
next week.
Perez de Cuellar said he did not
know how soon the tens of thou-
sands of prisoners of war held by
both sides might begin going home
See GULF, A16, Col. 1
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:
le.
IS
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:
===
the
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6
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4 FRIDAY, DECEMBER 16, 1988
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THE WASHINGTON POST
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ay of Word Juggling
roduced Formula
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ARAFAT, From AI
The Swedish Foreign Minis-
ad communicated to Washing-
the main points of what Arafat
ded to say and had been told
would suffice for a change in
policy toward the PLO, he said
interview.
It Arafat's speech, written and
'ered in Arabic, enunciated the
ts in a scattered manner and
out using precisely the agreed-
2 language, Andersson said.
When we analyzed the text, we
d everything the American ad-
stration wanted was in the text,
he had split it up and he had not
1 the same words," Andersson
ained. "If the United States and
den make an agreement, it is
important to follow every word,
that is not the Arab way, and that
hat caused the troubles."
is a result, the State Depart-
it immediately rejected Arafat's
ech as insufficient Tuesday
ht. PLO officials raged, and the
g-nurtured agreement appeared
.denly to have fallen through.
Chat disappointment was the be-
ning of a frantic 24 hours for
dersson as well as Anders Bjur-
· and Mathias Mossberg, two
es assigned to work fulltime on
›moting
U.S .- PLO
contacts.
ey operated on the premise that
afat was making a good-faith ef-
t to meet U.S. demands, but they
alized that more clarification was
cessary to overcome mistrust in
ashington, Andersson explained.
"We traveled between despair
d hope all through the day," Bjur-
r said as he looked back on the
ggling.
Andersson said . the question
sickly became whether it was pos-
›le to save the agreement by hav-
g. Arafat make his declarations
pain, this time in language and for-
ulas that would satisfy Washing-
n. Foreign Minister Esmat Abdel-
leguid of Egypt, working in tan-
em with Andersson, said he met
ith Arafat at 2 a.m. and again later
the morning to persuade the Pal-
stinian leader to try again.
Arab sources said Arafat resisted
t first, expressing fear that he was
eing asked to humiliate himself. Ac-
Bjurner said, a telephone line was
kept open to Washington for fre-
quent references back to the State
Department. Proposed language
went back and forth on telephone
facsimile machines, Andersson said.
"It was like a tango, one step for-
ward, two back," Bjurner said.
The Swedish foreign minister
met twice with Arafat during the
day for crucial decisions. Bjurner
said he and Mossberg met through-
out the day with top Arafat aides,
including Bassam Abu Sharif, a
spokesman and adviser; Abed Abdul
Rahman, the senior PLO spokes-
man; Mahmoud Darwish, a prom-
inent Palestinian poet, and Eugene
Makhlouf, the PLO representative
in Stockholm.
Bjurner declined to say whom he
spoke with in the telephone conver-
sations with Washington. But a Pal-
estinian official told reporters that
Assistant Secretary of State Rich-
ard Murphy conducted most of the
negotiations at the Washington end,
with Shultz's personal assistant,
Charles Hill, coming on the line at
one point.
Andersson, meanwhile, left the
bargaining to make what turned out
to be a key speech before the Gen-
eral Assembly. Andersson's ad
dress, ostensibly Sweden's norma
speech on the Palestinian question!
also contained a clear statement
that, in Sweden's view, Arafat had
met all of Washington's require
ments for dialogue in his speech.
"This can, in our view, not be mis
understood, not even by the most
suspicious," he declared in an obv
ous allusion to the State Depar
ment. Andersson said that, as he un
derstood the words, Arafat's speed
had made it clear that:
The PLO is prepared to negotiate
with Israel within the framework
an international conference a cor
prehensive peace settlement of th
Arab-Israeli conflict on the basis
U.N. resolutions 242 and 338.
The PLO undertakes to respelt
the right of Israel to exist in peate
within secure and recognized boa-
ders.
The PLO condemns terrorism
all its forms, including state terrd
ism.
These were the main points
ASSOCIATED PRESS
PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat is welcomed by East German leader Erich
Honecker as he arrives in East Berlin from United Nations session in Geneva.
STEN ANDERSSON
.. . played key mediating role
ington, finally proposed language
that it hoped would be accepted by
the United States and incorporated
hr Arafat into his press conference.
reading the statement on terrorism,
in which he replaced the word "con-
demn" with the word "renounce."
Andersson said the shift of verbs
and expansion of the terrorisn
statement to make it more inclusive
was an example of the changes that
helped persuade Washington.
In his speech, Arafat said, "I con
demn terrorism in all its forms." Ir
the news conference, he said, "
repeat for the record that we totally
and absolutely renounce all forms o
terrorism,
including individual
group and state terrorism."
Other shifts appeared similarl
slight. On. recognition of Israel'
right to exist, for example, th
change seemed to be association
the word "right" more closely wit
Israel's name rather than putting
near the end of the same sentence
Arafat said in his U.N. speech,
the English-language version su.
plied by the PLO: "The PLO w
seek a comprehensive settlemer
among the parties concerned in ti
Arab-Israeli conflict, including tl
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WHAT GRAZY
ARE . REAGAN
الموت
ATTAR-SYGMA
in a marked U.N. car flying the
pale blue U.N. flag. A lead vehi-
cle carrying two other unarmed
observers had just turned a
corner when three men with
Kalashnikov automatic rifles
stopped Higgins and took him
prisoner. There were no further
sightings of the colonel last
week. "It's like he disappeared
off the face of the earth," said
a State Department official.
Among the terrorist groups
claiming to have kidnapped
Higgins, the most persuasive
case was made by one calling
itself the Organization of the
Oppressed of the World, which
circulated photocopies of his
identity papers. The group,
which appeared to be an off-
shoot of the Iranian-supported
Hizbullah movement, called
Higgins an "agent of the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency" and
demanded that Israel withdraw
its forces from southern Leha-
The Missing Americans
Terry Anderson, 40, chief Middle East corre-
spondent of The Associated Press. Kidnapped
March 16, 1985.
Thomas Sutherland, 56, agriculture dean at the
American University of Beirut. June 9, 1985.
Frank Reed, 55, director of the Lebanon Interna-
tional School in Beirut. Sept. 9, 1986.
Joseph Cicippio, 57, acting controller of the
American University of Beirut. Sept. 12, 1986.
Edward Tracy, 57, author. Oct. 21, 1986.
Jesse Turner, 40, visiting professor of mathe-
matics and computer science at Beirut Univer-
sity College. Jan. 24, 1987.
Robert Polhill, 53, assistant professor of busi-
ness at Beirut University College. Jan. 24, 1987.
Alann Steen, 48, journalism professor at Beirut
University College. Jan. 24, 1987.
Marine Lt. Col. William Higgins, 43, head of a U.N.
observer group attached to the U.N. Interim
Force in Lebanon. Feb. 17, 1988.
Higgins took over his new command last
month-without undergoing all of the
counterterrorism training given to officers
who might become targets.
Pentagon regulations specify that offi-
cers who have had a high security clearance
cannot serve in dangerous places. Higgins
fell through some cracks in the system. The
regulations do not define U.N. assignments
as potentially hazardous duty. In other cir-
iran's affles: Hizbuttan protest in Beirut
cumstances, security special-
ists might have applied a little
common sense to Higgins's
case. But it is possible that
Army security officials weren't
fully aware of his background,
while Marine watchdogs didn't
want to prevent one of their own
from taking an Army billet.
Higgins became the 10th
American officer to command
the Lebanon detachment of the
U.N. Truce Supervision Organ-
ization (UNTSO), which was set
up in 1948 to monitor the cease-
fire between Israel and the Ar-
abs. Ofits 295 men, 36 are Amer-
icans; the Soviet Union is
another major supplier of per-
sonnel. A separate peacekeep-
ing contingent in the region, the
5,800-man U.N. Interim Force
in Lebanon (UNIFIL), is autho-
rized to carry defensive weap-
ons, but the UNTSO observers
go unarmed, in keeping with
their role as mediators between
warring factions. "It's very im-
portant tobe unarmed if you're going to be
the umping," says Sir Brian Urquhart, the
recently retired U.N. undersecretary-gen-
eral in charge of peacekeeping operations.
"You're much better off maintaining your
status as a person who's above the battle."
Ile cites figures showing that the armed
UNIFIL troops have Has more vandantico
than the unharmed UNTSO men.
Higgins was abducted as he drove alone
non and free all of its Lebanese
and Palestinian prisoners.
Eyes and ears: American officials insisted
that Higgins had nothing to do with the CIA.
Hoping to detect some trace of him, the
United States geared up its photo-recon-
naissance satellites and electronic listen-
ing devices, which can intercept telephone
and radio traffic. A small group of Delta
Force commandos was flown to the area.
But U.S. intelligence was chronically short
of what it needed most: human agents on
the ground in Lebanon. Because the Leba-
nese government has no real authority in
the southern region, the physical search for
Higgins was carried out by U.N. troops and
militiamen of the Amal movement. Like
Hizbullah, Amal represents members of
the Shiite sect of Islam, but it is more moder-
ate and is not controlled by Iran.
The motive for Higgins's kidnapping still
was not clear. An Israeli expert theorized
that Hizbullah might want to exchange the
Marine for the Hamadei brothers, two ac-
cused terrorists now held in West Germa-
ny. Some Pentagon officials worried that
the abduction might have been commis-
sioned by a foreign intelligence service. "It
was a pretty slick job," said one administra-
tion source. "And the kidnappers clearly
knew who they were looking for." Now that
the damage was done, UNTSO pulled its
remaining observers back to the safety of
their headquarters. Ronald Reagan insist-
ed, however, that the kidnapping would not
force American officers to shrink from do-
ing their duty with the United Nations in
Lebanon.
RUSSELL WATSON with JOHN BARRY and
RICHARD SANDZA in Washington and bureau reports
NEWSWEEK : FEBRUARY 29, 1988 33
CPYRGHT
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CPYRGHT
IA RDP96-00789R0004000
PHOTOS BY TANNENBAUM-SYGMA
Beyond imagining: Three Palestinians pose at the site where they were buried alive
Letting George Do It Now
Shultz faces heavy odds against a Mideast accord
CPYRGHT
N
o one can fault George Shultz for not
trying. Late this week, following talks
in Moscow to prepare the ground for
the next Reagan-Gorbachev summit, the
secretary of state will fly to the Middle East
on a mission of peace. Galvanized by the 11-
week-old uprising in Israel's occupied terri-
tories, Shultz has proposed an accelerated
version of the old Camp David formula:
limited Palestinian autonomy within the
next few months, followed by negotiations
late this year on the future of the West
Bank and Gaza Strip. It's a wonder that
Shultz is even bothering. Israeli Prime
Minister Yitzhak Shamir called parts of his
peace plan "totally unacceptable," and Jor-
dan's King Hussein arranged to be out of
town when the secretary arrives. "We go
into this with modest expectations." dead-
panned one subordinate at the State
Department.
But something has to be done to end the
violence. Palestinian stone throwers and
Israeli troops are continuing their running
battles in the occupied territories. In one
particularly shocking incident that came
to light last week, Israeli soldiers on the
West Bank buried four young Palestinians
alive by dumping dirt on them with a bull-
dozer. All four survived; local villagers dug
them out after the Israelis had departed.
The Israeli Army announced the arrest of
two soldiers allegedly involved in the atroc-
ity and said more arrests were likely. But
the damage to Israel's military honor was
already done. "Even in my worst dreams,"
said Gen. Amram Mitzna, the Israeli com-
mander on the West Bank, "I would never
imagine such a thing."
Outside Israel, the Palestine Liberation
| Organization suffered a setback of its own.
As a propaganda stunt, the PLO had
planned to re-enact the 1947 voyage of the
Jewish refugee ship Exodus, this time with
a chartered ship carrying more than 100
deported Palestinians to Haifa. But before
the exiles and members of the press could
board the vessel, a mysterious underwater
explosion blasted a six-foot hole in the an-
cient ferry boat's starboard side. "Our ship
has been damaged," a PLO spokesman told
weeping would-be passengers, "but the re-
turn will still take place in a few days."
Few, however, believed that Israel would
allow the PLO ship to set sail.
When Shultz arrives in Israel, he is sure
to encounter stiff resistance. Like the
right-wing Likud Party he heads, Prime
Minister Shamir wants ultimately to an-
nex the West Bank-the Judea and Samar-
The damage was done: Death of a young demons rator
100040001-3
CPYRGHT
ia of the Old Testament. He adamantly
rejects the territory-for-peace concept at
the core of Shultz's peace initiative. Simal
taneously, however, Israel is scheduled to
hold general elections for a new Knesset in
November. The contest for prime minister
is likely to pit Shamir against Foreign Min-
ister Shimon Peres. Peres supports the lat-
est Shultz initiative, and advocates some
sort of international umbrella for peace
talks. Shamir thus finds himself under
pressure to at least appear to be concilia-
tory. But he risks losing leadership of the
Likud to the hawkish Ariel Sharon if he
appears too soft on the occupied territories.
Shamir says he favors a measure of Pales-
tinian autonomy as prescribed by Camp
David, but he offers only cosmetic conces-
sions beyond that. "Shamir has already
reached the limits of his flexibility, and he
is threatened on the right," a Shamir emis-
sary recently warned one of Shultz's top
lieutenants. "Don't put him under more
pressure."
With Shamir apparently intractable,
Shultz may find that the two key Arab
leaders in the region-President Hosni
Mubarak of Egypt and Jordan's King Hus-
lein-are of only limited help. Mubarak
low maintains that the West Bank and
aza uprisings have made the Camp David
¡oncept of Palestinian autonomy obsolete,
and that an international peace conference
#the only route to an Arab-Israeli settle-
ment. For his part, Hussein apparently
Wants to keep his distance from the Shultz
initiative altogether. Reportedly, the Jor-
qanian monarch plans to be in London-
@#tensibly for root-canal work-during the
secretary of state's Mideast travels. That
Would force Shultz to make a detour to
London if he wishes to see the king.
The weakness of the Shultz plan is that it
hinges on an agreement between Israel
and Jordan over the West Bank. That goal
stems as elusive as ever. Hussein, says a
Jordanian diplomat in Washington, "is
nit interested in anything that helps Sha-
mir cool things down on the
West Bank by giving people
the impression of a revived
peace process." Jordan's mon-
arch insists that Israel must
agree to an international con-
ference in which it commits
itself to yielding territory for
peace. Under Shamir, at least,
Israel is not prepared to go
that far. For all his readi-
ness to take on a Middle East
peace mission in the closing
months of his career as secre-
tary of state, Shultz may find
the principal players as dead-
locked of over.
ANGUS DEMING with
MILAN J. KUBIC in Jerusalem,
CHRISTOPHER DICKEY in Cyprusand
ROBERT B. CULLEN in Washington
34 NEWSWEEK : FEBRUARY 29. 1988
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146g / n.
2 Captured Soldiers Dead, Israel Reportedly Is Told
CPYRGHT
By Jackson Diehl
Washington Post Foreign Service
ABDUL KARIM OBEID)
uid to be talking to Israelis
JERUSALEM,
Aug.
Abdul
Karim Obeid, the Shiite Moslem
cleric held by Israel since last
month, has told interrogators that
two of the three soldiers for whom
Israel hoped to exchange him are
already dead, informed sources
said today.
Military authorities are not con-
vinced that Obeid is telling the
truth and continue to wait for de-
finitive evidence about the fate of
the soldiers, who were captured by
the Hezbollah movement in south-
ern Lebanon more than three
years ago, the sources said.
However, the sheik's assertion
and reports from Lebanon that
tend to back it up appear to have
dealt a serious blow to Israel's
hope of realizing what it says was
its primary aim in capturing Obeid.
The seizure of the cleric in a
commando raid July 28 on his Leb-
anese village touched off a crisis
involving Western hostages in Leb-
anon that has now involved the
United States, Iran and Syria as
well as Israel and Hezbollah. A
Hezbollah-linked group claimed
that it killed one American hos-
tage, Marine Lt. Col. William Hig-
gins, in retaliation for Obeid's de-
tention.
Nevertheless, senior Israeli of-
Hope ebbs for hostage release; U.S. unsure if Iran wants talks. Page A16
ficials have said repeatedly that the
Obeid operation was conceived and
executed primarily as a way of set-
ting up an exchange for two infan-
trymen, Yossi Fink and Rahamin
Sheikh, and airman Ron Arad,
whose plane was shot down over
Lebanon in October 1986. Since
his capture, Israel has alleged that
Obeid was the chief of Hezbollah in
southern Lebanon and oversaw the
abduction of Fink and Sheikh in
February 1986.
Today, military spokesmen did
not directly deny the report of the
two soldiers' deaths but said that
Israel would continue to consider
its prisoners to be alive unless it
receives documentary proof the
are dead from an official sourc
such as the Red Cross.
"We don't want to have a public
debate about this delicate issue.
said army
spokesman Efrain
Lapide. He added: "From time to
time there are stories and pieces o
information concerning Israeli pris
oners of war published in Arab me
dia and Western media. We have to
see these pieces of information a:
part of the psychological warfare
carried on nowadays."
Israeli observers said reports o
the soldiers' deaths, which firs
appeared today in the London Sun
day Times, may undermine Israel's
position in the complex process o
See ISRAEL, A16, Col. 1
Israelis Reportedly Told
Two Soldiers Are Dead
ISRAEL, From A1
bargaining over hostages now un-
der way.
Last week, Hezbollah offered to
free one of the eight U.S. hostages
in Lebanon, Joseph Cicippio, in ex-
change for Shiite and Palestinian
prisoners in Israel but said the Is-
raeli prisoners could not be freed.
Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin
replied that Israel would make no
exchange that excluded its three
soldiers and that Hezbollah must
provide evidence to the Red Cross
on the condition of both the West-
ern and Israeli hostages as a first
step in any negotiation.
Israeli commentators said that if
the two soldiers are considered
dead, the government could face
more pressure from the United
States to agree to a bargain involv-
ing only American or Western hos-
tages.
Such a bargain might have little
to compensate Israelis for the re-
lease of prisoners who have been
involved in terrorist acts or the
ongoing Arab uprising in the occu-
pied territories.
Senior military officials have
said that following the disappear-
ance of Fink and Sheikh while on
patrol in southern Lebanon, Israel
repeatedly tried and failed to find
Lebanese contacts who could pro-
vide reliable information on their
condition and bargain for their
release. The seemingly dead end
in intelligence and quiet diploma-
cy prompted the more drastic
step of capturing Obeid, officials
said.
Nevertheless, informed Israeli
sources today confirmed that at
least one of the two soldiers was
been known to have been wound-
ed during the incident that led to
their abduction. There has long
been speculation in official circles,
they added! that only one of the
soldiers remains alive.
Obeid, the sources said, told his
captors that both soldiers died of
wounds shortly after their cap-
ture.
However
Israel coul
the soldier
proof was
wise, the surce said, the govern-
ment would risk sealing the fate
of Fink of
Sheikh in the event
they were still alive.
"Once we say they are dead, the
terrorists
keep them
till have no reason to
the source said.
The Sunday Times quoted Arab
sources as
saying that a photo-
graph of the two soldiers, each
with an intravenous tube in his
arm, had been published in a Bei-
rut magazine days after their dis-
appearance
but that both men
were already dead when the pic-
ture was
taken. The Israeli
sources said they were unaware
of the picture.
The newspaper also said the
parents of the soldiers were in-
formed by the military that their
sons were believed to be dead.
However, both families told the
Israeli daily Yediot Ahronot today
that they received no such report.
Israel radio reported that army
commanders had called the fam-
ilies and told them not to regard
the public report of the deaths as
definitive.
The account by Obeid marks
the second time that the cleric has
been reported by Israeli sources
as providing information that un-
dermines the military's rationale
in seizing him. Two weeks ago,
Obeid was quoted by a senior Is-
raeli official as saying that he be-
lieved Higgins was alive at the
time of the sheik's arrest. Israel
maintains that Higgins was not
executed at the time claimed by
his captors but rather many
months earlier.
Senior Israeli officials have said
that Obeid is being held in isola-
tion and questioned by a team of
interrogators. They said he has
not been informed of develop-
ments since his arrest and is un-
aware of the dramatic announce-
ment of Higgins's death and sub-
sequent negotiations over the
hostages.
Israeli officials have maintained
that Obeid has proved a highly
valuable source of information and
that his interrogation has shown
him to be a key figure in Hezbol-
lah and in its links with Iran.
However, sources in the Arab
world and some Israeli experts
have discounted those claims, say-
ing that Obeid was more a spir-
itual figure than a military com-
mander and that his importance
diminished considerably following
the curtailment of Hezbollah's
power in southern Lebanon last
year in battles with the rival Ama!
militia.
CPYRGHT
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Israeli soldiers Rahamin Sheikh, left, and Yossi Fink were on patrol in
southern Lebanon in 1986 when captured by Shiite guerrillas of Hezbollah.
one source said that
not publicly concede
' deaths as long as
not provided. Other-

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THE WASHINGTON POST
... TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 1988 A17
WORLD NEWS
North Korea's Isolation Seen Dangerous for Its Foes
U.S. Officials Say They Fear Jetliner's Sabotage May Not Be Pyongyang's Last Attempt to Disrupt Olympics
2 100
CHINA
NORTH
!"Pyongyang
Seoul
SOUTH
KOREA
Some things are known. It is
clear that Kim Il Sung has estab-
ished a personality cult unlike any
other in the world. From his giant
statues rising over Pyongyang to
See NORTH KOREA, A19, Col 1
Israelis
Warned on
Beatings
Rabin Asked to Issue
Rules on Using Force
By Glenn Frankel
Wollengten Put Foreign Service
JERUSALEM, Feb. 22-Israeli
Attorney General Yosef Harish,
esponding to widespread allega-
Tons of beatings of Palestinians in
he Israeli-occupied West Bank and
Gaza Strip, has instructed Defense
Tinister Yitzhak Rabin to issue
rict written guidelines prohibiting
pidiers from using physical force
accept when dispersing riots or
naking arrests.
The Organization for the Op-
pressed on Earth has asserted re-
sponsibility, and called Higgins an
agent for the Central Intelligence
Agency.
The Reagan administration has
strongly denied this.
Yesterday, Higgins' captors re-
leased a 70-second videotape in
which the career Marine was shown
reading demands of the organiza-
sion, which included release of pris-
See MARINE, A18, Col 1
By Fred Hiatt
Washington Poet Foreign Service
TOKYO -- Even outside their
own country, the North Korean stu-
dents would always stick to them-
selves.
At 6 a.m. they would congregate
for group calisthenics. Evenings and
weekends they would gather in
their dormitory or embassy to listen
to North Korean radio and study
the political thought of their com-
munist leader, Kim Il Sung.
"Even in the dining hall, they
would sit together and try never to
talk to foreigners," recalled Takashi
Uehara, who studied with North
Koreans at a Chinese university and
how follows Korean affairs for the
japan External Trade Organization.
If anyone was found to be on
friendly terms with a foreigner, his
political situation would be very,
very deteriorated," he said.
Like its students abroad, North
Korea has long been one of the
world's most closed societies. Now
t is more isolated than at any time
in recent years, and in that isola-
lion, many experts fear, lies grow-
ing danger for North Korea's en-
emies.
month. Its military advantage is
eroding and may be gone.
Last week the United Nations
condemned North Korea, saying it
had masterminded the sabotage of a
civilian South Korean airliner last,
fall, in which all 115 aboard were
killed.
Perhaps most painful, most of its'
communist allies have rebuffed
North Korea's effort to stage a boy-
cott of the Summer Olympic games
in Seoul. Cuba, Ethiopia and Nica-
ragua have declined invitations to
attend the Olympics. The Sey-
chelles and Albania did not respond.
Now Pyongyang's leaders must
watch as South Korea prepares to
host those September games, cel-
ebrating its coming of age and
threatening to tag North Korea as
perpetual runner-up in the 40-year-
old contest to be recognized as the
real Korea.
Many in the West find it puzzling,
almost beyond belief, that North
Korea would think that sabotaging a
civilian airliner could further its
cause, Similar disbelief has been
expressed in the past, when North
Korean agents killed South Korean
Cabinet members, tried to assas-
sinate South Korean presidents,
sank South Korean fishing boats.or
killed U.S. sokliers at the Demili-
tarized Zone.
But Pyon Jin II, a Korean resident
here, who worked for a pro-North
newspaper for 10 years and now
publishes the independent Korea
Report, said he believes North Ko-
rea was responsible for the airlin-
er's destruction. He said such acts
should come as no surprise.
"North Korea views the Olympics
as a grave threat to its national se-
curity," Pyon said. Many outsiders
fail to understand, he -added, that
the Korean War of 1950-53 "has
not ended."
Marine Spoke
Of Past Post,
Sources Say
Higgins May Have
Drawn Attention
By David B. Ottaway
and Molly Moore
Marine Lt. Col. William Higgins,
who was kidnaped last week by Shi-
ite extremists in southern Lebanon,
may have attracted attention to
himself by letting it be known wide-
ly there that he had previously
worked for former secretary of de-
fense Caspar W. Weinberger, ac-
cording to Arab diplomatic and och-
er sources close to the U.K. oper-
lation there.
The sources said that Higgins
had let it be known among his col-
leagues on the U.N. Truce Super-
vision Organization (UNTSO) and
others with whom be came into con-
tact in southern Lebanon that he
had served as an aide to Weinber-
ger.
By Patrick E. Tyler
Washington Post Foreign Server
DUBAI, United Arab Emirates,
Feb. 22-The U.S. Navy, which
now considers errant Iraqi war-
planes as the most pressing threat
to American forces in the Persian
Gulf, was expected to remind Bagh-
dad in talks opening there today
that U.S. warship commander's
have the authority to shoot down
Iraqi aircraft approaching U.S. ves-
sela.
A four-man Navy team led by the
chief of staff of the U.S. Middle East
Force based in the gulf met with
Iraqi military officials amid what U.S.
officials described as growing frus-
tration that Iraqi pilots have failed to
adhere to rules laid down after last
May's Iraqi missile attack on the
USS Stark, which killed 37 American
sailors.
"The public outcry is going to be
Inbearable," the official said, and
.S. relations with Iraq, already
trained by the Stark incident, will
e seriously damaged. Arab leaders
ho have sought U.S. assistance to
rotect international sea lanes and
revent a spillover of the Iran-Iraq
Far fear such an incident would les
the collapse of U.S. resolve
maintain its presence here.
Gen. George B. Crist, or
of the U.S. Central
which has overall resr
Persian Gulf forces
Message to Bagh
eb. 12 inckl
ources, and
oset" by i
leting
Toll in Rio's Deluge Reaches 76
Hillside Slums Washed Away; Brazil's Loss to Rains 263 Since Feb. 2
By Mac Margolis
RIO DE JANEIRO-Ste-
ins continued to wr
state of Rio de Janeiro. Earlier this
month, rains devastated the moun-
tain town of Petropolis, Brazil's old
-- the Portu-
refrigerators to safety. In answer to
the government's appeals, resi-
dents from all over the city donated
blankets, clothes. dianave mad" "
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
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U.S. Warning Iraq
To Control Planes
Or Risk Losing Them
lanes," said a U.S. military official.
The attitude is that if something is
ot done, it is going to happen
gain," the official added, referring
o the Stark incident. If it does, U.S.
commanders are "very, very con-
lerned," he said, that what the
United States sees as its largely
uccessful mission in the Persian
Gulf will be thrown into crisis,
"Higgins presented himself 23 a
sort of super envoy, as Cap Wein-
berger's envoy," said one source
close to UNTSO who added, "He
came across as a bit of a cowboy."
Both the Christian-run Radio
Free Lebanon in Beirut and Radio
Israel have carried reports about
Higgins telling of his former asso-
ciation with Weinberger.
In a highly unusual letter dated
friday and released by his office
day, Harish told Rabin he had re-
Fived "numerous complaints of
quel treatment to the inhabitants"
the territories in recent weeks
Ind said he feared the numbers in-
olved were so high that Rabin's
daim that such acts were "irregular
deeds no longer properly reflects
Yorkers dig through rabble of a three-story apartment house that collapsed Sonder. Nino died but 14 were found alive.
The Navy delegation was dis-
patched after an Iraqi long-range
Tu16 bomber fired two powerful
antiship missiles near a convoy of
U.S. warships and reflagged Ku-
waiti tankers on the night of Feb.
12.
Under rules worked out between
Washington and Baghdad last
spring, U.S .- manned airborne warn-
ing and control system (AWACS)
Harish said Army rules "allow for
the use of force to disperse protest-
s and to carry out the arrest of
suspects who resist arrest, But the
the of force must be within a rea-
Enable measure to reach the aim
for which it is used. It ceases when
wim is reached-with the dis-
CPYRGHT
U.S. officials said that they fear
the destruction of Korean Air flight
858 last November may not be
North Korea's last attempt to dis-
rupt the games.
"We . don't know, but you
shouldn't assume that whatever
they intended to accomplish was to
be accomplished by this isolated
act," said one official.
The difficulty is that western of-
ficials know remarkably little about
North Korea and the longest ruling
leader of the communist world, Kim
Il Sung. They interview the occa-
sional defector, they listen to re-
ports from business executives and
journalists who are invited on highly
circumscribed visits, they study the
propaganda and the hierarchy of
officials in photographs --- and they
guess to fill in the blanks.
Documents show Meese's actions "enti
"This year is the most problem-
atic year," said Kim Chang Soon,
chief director of the Insticste of
North Korea Studies in Sect, in a
recent interview. "We know they
re planning something, but we can-
hot say what. That is the problem."
According to interviews with an-
lysts and officials here and in
Seoul, North Korea's leaders must
feel cornered as never before.
Their nation has fallen far behind its
capitalist rival to the south econom-
cally, and the gap widens month by

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Weather
Today: Hazy, hot and humid. High
18. Low 78. Wind 6-12 mph.
iunday: Partly sunny, hot, possible
hunderstorm. High 94.
'esterday: AQI: 95. Temperature
ange: 73-96. Details on Page B2.
post
LIITH YEAR
...
No. 238
1988, The Washington Post Company
SATURDAY, JULY 30, 1988
R
Optimism
Voiced on
Gulf Talks
Iraqi 'Brinkmanship'
May Cause Additional
Sessions, Official Says
By Patrick E. Tyler
Washington Post Foreign Service
UNITED NATIONS, July 29-
Negotiations on a cease-fire to end
he Iran-Iraq war reached a critical
Joint tonight as senior U.N. officials
voiced optimism they had crafted a
olan that would be acceptable to
both sides.
U.N. Secretary General Javier
Perez de Cuellar said earlier in the
lay he was "very, very pleased"
with the talks he held with the for-
ign ministers of the warring coun-
ries and said negotiations were
'moving in the right direction" to
ind a compromise on one of the
nain stumbling blocks-Baghdad's
demand for early, face-to-face
peace talks with Iran.
But tonight, after the secretary
general's final meeting of the day
with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq
Aziz, a senior U.N. negotiator said
Iraq was engaging in what he de-
scribed as "brinkmanship," and he
low expected the talks to carry
over into next week. Aziz made no
comment to reporters as he left the
United Nations tonight.
Iran's foreign minister, Ali Akbar
Velayati, said after a one-hour ses-
sion with Perez de Cuellar that he
lad been presented with a "new and
inal proposal" on the cease-fire.
Velayati said his reaction to the lat-
est plan was generally positive and
that he would consider it further
before responding on Saturday.
"I think we will reach our aim of
having a cease-fire very soon," Se-
curity Council President Paulo No-
gueira-Batista told reporters this
afternoon, discounting reports that
the cease-fire talks being sponsored
here had reached a deadlock.
"Things are going well," Batista
said, adding that, "one should not be
alarmed by difficulties which may be
faced at this stage of the negotia-
tions."
The secretary general also met
this morning with the wife of U.S.
Marine Lt. Col. William R. Higgins,
who was kidnaped while on . U.N.
peace-keeping duty in southern Leb-
anon last February. Robin Higgins,
who is a Marine major, also ad-
dressed the Security Council, thank-
ng its members for passing a reso-
lution today condemning the kidnap-
ing and demanding Higgins' release.
Higgins is thought to be held by a
pro-Iranian group in Lebanon.
U.N. officials meanwhile . ex-
pressed optimism that Higgins' re-
lease might be secured in the near
future as a conciliatory gesture by
Iran to the United Nations for its
role in bringing about an end to the
ong-running war. Officials added
that Iran was motivated by the like-
ihood that U.N. forces may be nec-
essary to monitor a future truce
between Iran and Iraq.
But Perez de Cuellar said there
See GULF, A20, Col. 1
CPYRGHT
A20 SATURDAY, JULY 30, 1988
...
UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL/REUTER
Robin Higgins, wife of kidnaped Marine Lt. Col. William R. Higgins, meets with
Perez de Cuellar. U.N. Security Council yesterday condemned Higgins' abduction.
U.N. Officials Optimistic
On Gulf Cease-Fire Plan
GULF, From A1
was no credible confirmation of Hig-
gins' whereabouts or of the rumors
that Iran was working to free him.
"I would be delighted if you are
right" about reports of his release,
he told one reporter. "But I have no
reason, unfortunately, for thinking
that he will be released soon."
Still, U.N. officials were looking
for some positive move by Iran that
would secure the release of Hig-
gins. Another eight Americans are
believed held captive by Hezbollah
(Party of God), a radical Lebanese
Shiite Moslem group that is fi-
nanced by Iran.
"Iran wants a U.N. peace-keeping
force" as part of the cease-fire, one
western diplomat here said, "and
Higgins was a member of a U.N.
peace-keeping force."
Robin Higgins wore civilian
clothes to her meetings at the Unit-
ed Nations today, a move that was
interpreted by diplomats here as
stressing her husband's connection
to the United Nations and not to the
U.S. Marines.
Today's cease-fire negotiations
turned on finding a way for Iran and
Iraq to agree on the timing of the
cease-fire. The agreement must
satisfy Iran's demand that the
cease-fire be implemented without
preconditions while meeting Iraq's
demand that direct peace talks be
conducted.
Velayati appeared to open the
way for a compromise by signaling
new flexibility this evening on hold-
ing direct talks with Iraq. "We do
hope that, after the acceptance of
the D-Day and the establishing of a
cease-fire and the withdrawal of
forces from both sides to the inter-
national border and exchange of
POWs, the face-to-face talks in an
acceptable level could be consid-
ered positively," he said.
D-Day is the term that Perez de
Cuellar has used in describing the
date when a cease-fire would com-
mence and soldiers would remain in
their own territory.
Meanwhile, an Iranian rebel
guerrilla
group. trained and
equipped by Iraq gave up its drive
to take the Iranian provincial capital
of Bakhtaran after a three-day cam-
paign that reportedly took its Na-
tional Liberation Army (NLA)
forces nearly 100 miles into Iran,
the deepest penetration of the war.
"[In Washington, Aladin Touran, a
representative of the National Lib- ;
eration Army's umbrella group, the
People's Mujaheddin of Iran, denied
a report in The Washington Post on
Friday that Iraqi forces had turned
over captured Iranian weapons that
the group used to seize territory
near Bakhtaran, Washington Post
staff writer Chris Adams reported.
[Iraq "played no role in this of-
fensive," Touran told reporters.
The Washington Post story "is not
at all true. .. . I can say flatly, I
reject it."]
There were conflicting accounts
of why the NLA drive had ended.
Iranian rebel spokesmen said their
forces were making a planned with-
drawal, and Iranian military author-
ities said they smashed the offen-
sive and were chasing the rebels
back toward the Iraqi frontier.
In Baghdad, where the Mujahed-
din is based, spokesman Ali Reza
Jafaarzedeh told news agency re-
porters that the withdrawal "is al-
most complete, and no major fight-
ing is taking place now."
But a different accounting of the
offensive was given by Iran's par-
liament speaker, Ali Akbar Hashemi
Rafsanjani, who led the Friday pray-
er service at Tehran University
today.
Rafsanjani acknowledged that the
opposition forces got to within 22
miles
of their objective a
Bakhtaran, but he characterized
Iran's response as laying a trap for
the Mujaheddin.
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R000400040001-3

w- 4 filt
,
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R000400040001-3
I aslaniction Post13 Sch 88
Shiite Captors Release
West German Hostage
Link to Hammadi Brothers' Case Asserted
By Nora Boustany
Washington Post Foreign Service
BEIRUT, Sept. 12-West Ger-
man hostage Rudolf Cordes was
released here tonight by his pro-
Iranian Shiite Moslem abductors
after 20 months in captivity, Leb-
anese Interior Minister Abdullah
Rassy announced.
Cordes, 55, a businessman em-
ployed by the Hoechst pharmaceu-
ticals firm, was neatly dressed and
clean-shaven and was reported in
good health and spirits. He was ta-
ken to Damascus by Syrian military
authorities to be turned over to
West German officials on Tuesday.
The group holding Cordes said in
a message earlier today that it was
freeing him "because of guarantees
for a settlement" of the cases of two
Lebanese brothers held by West
Germany as terrorists, including
Mohammed Ali Hammadi, now on
trial in Frankfurt in the 1985 hijack-
ing of a TWA jetliner and the mur-
der of a U.S. serviceman. A note
from Cordes before his release to-
day also urged that West Germany
"please do everything regarding
Mohammed."
West German officials questioned
RUDOLF CORDES
... held captive since January 1987
in Bonn, however, said they were
unaware of any concessions having
been made in the case and diplomatic
sources there said they were confi-
dent there had been no promises of
lenient treatment. High West Ger-
man and Iranian officials have: held
several meetings in recent days.
See HOSTAGE, A23, Col. 1
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
Shiite Captors
HOSTAGE, From A18
Syrian officials here and a senior
figure in the pro-Iranian Hezbolla
movement professed surprise as
series of statements from the ca
tors, called the Strugglers for Fre
dom, announced the impending r
lease today.
Some analysts said they saw the
development as an indication that
Iran has assumed control over the
fate of western hostages in Leb:
non. At least 17 foreigners are sti
believed to be held hostage her
including three Britons and ning
Americans.
Abdel. Hadi Hammadi, the olde
brother of the Hammadis held i
Germany and a senior military of
ficial in the Hezbollah comman
structure in Lebanon, reported!
was surprised by the notificatio
today and went to Syrian-controlle
Baalbek to consult with his organ
ization's leadership.
A senior Hezbollah aide sai
Abdel Hadi Hamadei was "furious
and rushed there "in a huff to fin
out what was going on." Hammadi
who reportedly has led Iran's cam
paign of abducting foreigners il
Lebanon, was said to be eager t
see his brothers out safely before
Cordes was released.
Hezbollah sources said, however
that the Strugglers for Freedon
were operating "independently and
following orders directly from Teh
ran, disregarding the local scene
here, including the Syrians."
It was unclear why Rassy was
chosen by Syria to play a key role in
dealing with Cordes after the ab-
ductors released him. But observ-
ers noted that the interior minister
is the son-in-law of former presi-
dent Suleiman Franjieh, Syria's cho-
sen candidate in Lebanon's ap-
proaching presidential elections.
House Speaker Hussein Hussein
today set Sept. 22 for convening
the parliament to elect a successor
to President Amin Gemayel, whose
term ends the next day.
Rassy quoted Cordes as saying,
"The kidnapers dropped me in a
street. I went to a house in the area
and told them, 'I am the hostage
Rudolf Cordes,' and asked for help.
The people of the house immediate-
ly called the Lebanese police, who
came for me."
The captors had issued three
statements through news outlets
today promising Cordes' release
within hours and asking for the
West German and Iranian ambas-
sadors and a representative of Syr-
ian President Hafez Assad to gather
to await him.
The first message was accompa-
nied by a note, handwritten in Ger-
man and signed by Cordes, and the
third was accompanied by a photo-
graph of Cordes.
"I shall be freed on Monday
(12.9.88)," the note from Cordes
said. "Please inform my family, but
please do everything regarding Mo-
hammed [Ali, Hammadi]. Please.
help the hostages. several are ex-
pecting something now, especially
since I am being released." The
note was addressed to the "govern-
ment of the Federal Republic of
Germany."
The final statement from the cap-
tors said: "We do not wish to be
hostile to the German government
and out of respect for the sincere
calls by [Syrian] President Hafez
Assad and the Islamic Iranian gov-
ernment, and because of guarantees
for a settlement of the Hammadi
brothers problem, we announce
that the German Cordes will be re-
leased within 12 hours."
West German businessman Al-
fred Schmidt, also abducted by Iran-
backed extremists here in January
1987, was freed last September"in"
ustury fox Post 13 Sup of
Release W. German Seized 20 Months Ago
what his captors called "a good-will
gesture."
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CPYRGHT
Mithileshwar Singh was freed by captors yesterday in Beirut. His wife, Lala Mani Singh, Is in sarl In photo on right.
-
Captors Free
Hostage in
Lebanon
HOSTAGE, From A1
stretch of wasteland on the fringes
of Beirut's Shiite Moslem southern
suburbs.
Throughout the day, his captors
had Americans and authorities in
Beirut playing a guessing game
about which of the four hostages
held by the group would be re-
leased.
-
The Islamic Jihad for the Liber-
ation of Palestine also holds Amer-
icans Robert Polhill, Alann Steen
and Jesse Turner. The initial com-
muniques, delivered to news organ-
zations with pictures of the four,
lad indicated only that one of them
would be released yesterday.
Syrian Foreign Minister Farouk
Charaa had told reporters at the
United Nations yesterday that an
American hostage was expected to
> released last night and two U.S.
television networks said the man
released would be Steen.
Previous communiques from the
group holding Singh had been
ougher, demanding the liberation
[ 400 Arab and Palestinian prison-
rs held in Israeli jails as a condition
or the release of the four profes-
ors.
U.S. officials said initial indica-
ions that there had been a change
n approach by the captors had
come from Syrian authorities and
governments in the Middle East.
Then a series of statements by the
group delivered to news agency
offices in Beirut last month, timed
to coincide with the beginning of
U.S .- Syrian talks here between As-
sistant Secretary of State Richard
Murphy and top Syrian officials,
irged Washington to take positive
iction regarding the recognition of
Palestinian rights.
The Islamic Front for the Liber-
tion of Palestine-which apparent-
is not linked to Islamic Jihad, a
etter known movement holding at
last two American hostages-has
equently been described by ana-
sts as pro-Iranian. But Iranian
ources in Beirut recently pro-
sted
that description.
The
urces, who have close ties to the
anian Embassy, suggested that
e kidnapers of the professors
:re linked to another regional
wer having interests in Lebanon.
U.S. and Syrian sources said ear-
today that Singh is spending the
ght at a government rest house
d will be examined by doctors
er
Syria's minister of state for for-
n affairs, Nasser Qaddour, said
sterday that Singh will be handed
er to U.S. Ambassador Edward
trejian today.
J.S. Embassy spokesmen here
d Singh was being turned over to
American diplomatic mission
e because he had expressed his
rsonal desire t be a U.S. res-
nt when he applied for his green
LIVING IN CAPTIVITY:
FOREIGN HOSTAGES IN LEBANON
Terry A. Anderson, chief Middle East correspondent for the Associated
Press, kidnaped March 16, 1985, in West Beirut. Anderson worked at
the AP bureaus in Tokyo and Johannesburg before being assigned to
Beirut. Islamic Jihad asserted responsibility for his kidnaping.
Thomas Sutherland, acting dean of agriculture at the American
University of Beirut, kidnaped June 9, 1985. Sutherland, a
Scottish-born American, worked in Beirut for two years before his
abduction. His wife also taught at the American University in Beirut.
Islamic Jihad asserted responsibility for his kidnaping.
Frank Herbert Reed, American director of the Lebanese' International
School, kidnaped Sept. 9, 1986. Before disappearing, Reed spent nine
years in Lebanon. He is a convert to Islam. His wife, a Syrian, also
taught at the International School. Arab Revolutionary Cells asserted
responsibility for his kidnaping.
Joseph James Cicippio, acting comptroller at the American University
of Beirut, kidnaped Sept. 12, 1986, outside of, his apartment building
on the West Beirut campus. Cicippio moved to Beirut in 1984 and
converted to Islam in 1985. He is married to a Lebanese woman. .
Revolutionary Justice Organization asserted responsibility for his
kidnaping. i.
Edwin Austin Tracy, a writer, disappeared in October 1986. Tracy
spent most of his adult life traveling around the world, but was a
resident of West Beirut when kidnaped. The Revolutionary Justice
Organization asserted responsibility for his abduction Oct. 21, 1986.
Robert Polhill, a certified public accountant and lecturer, in accounting
at Beirut University College, kidnaped from the campus Jan. 24, 1987.
Polhill lectured at BUC for one year before his disappearance.
Alann Steen, communications instructor at Beirut University College.
kidnaped from the campus Jan. 24, 1987. A Boston native, Stern
· umpleted his academic studies at Humboldt State University in
California. His wife was teaching fine arts at BUC at the time of
Steen's abduction.
Jesse Jonathan Turner, a visiting professor of mathematics and "
computer science at ALIC, kidnaped from the campus Jan. 24, 1987. A
native of Boise, Turner hold's degrees tronitwo idaho universities;
Marine Lt. Col. William R. Higgins, kidnaped Feb. 17, 1988. Higgins
headed a 75-man observer group attached to the U.N. Inlerim Force in
Lebanon when he was grabbed from his U.N .; car by three men near
the town of Tyre. The pro-Iranian Organization of the Oppressed on "
Earth said April 21 that Higgins would be put on trial for spying.
Alec Collett, a journalist, kidnaped March 25, 1985,
John McCarthy, a television producer, kidnaped April 17: 4.986.
Terry Waite, special envoy for the archbishop of Canterbury, last seen
Jan. 20, 1987. Waite was on a special mission to negotiate for the
hostages' release when he shed his bodyguards for a special meeting
with kidnapers, then disappeared.
KANNSEHROTHER NATIONALITIESKKES
Brian Kecnan (Irish), kidnaped April 11, 1986.
Alberto Molinari (Italian), kidnaped Sept. 11, 1985.
William Jorgensen (Norwegian), kidnaped Feb. 5, 1988.
Jan Stening (Swedish), kidnaped Feb. 5, 1988.
NOTE In April 1986. the Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Moslems said Alec Collett had
been lulled,
SOURCE. Associated Press, Reuter
THE WASHINGTON POST
In Beirut, Singh's wife choked
back tears as she told reporters:
"This is a happy day for me, but I
still did not see him. I want to see
him," The Associated Press re-
ported.
Singh who was born in Varanasi,
India, taught eight years at the Uni-
versity of Agra and eight years at
the University of Gorakhpur before
moving to the United States in
1965 for graduate work at the Uni-
versity of Oregon, the AP said. He
received a master's degree from
Oregon in 1968 and a doctorate
from Western Colorado, formerly in
Grand Junction. He taught at the
University of Wisconsin-Platteville,
Milton College in Wisconsin and
Western Colorado before going to
Beirut.
He and the three Americans
were kidnaped when a group of
gunmen disguised as policemen set
.a trap by calling them to a meeting
on the campus that purportedly was
to discuss security measures. The
four professors were then taken
away at gunpoint and bundled into
cars and commandeered police vans
that had been unwittingly allowed
onto the campus.".
The three Americans seized with
Singh are among nine Americans
still being held hostage in Lebanon.
Two have been in captivity since
1985 and most of them are believed
held by groups associated with the
Iran-sponsored Hezbollah organi-
zation.
Hopes for the release of three
Britons among foreigners kidnaped
in Lebanon were raised Friday
when Britain and Iran agreed to
resume full dintomatis Tablione,
Lebanese Kidnapers Release Hostage
U.S. Resident Indian Freed in Move to Gain American Good Will
By Nora Boustany
Washington Post Foreign Service
DAMASCUS, Syria, Oct. 4
(Tuesday)-A U.S. resident of In-
dian origin held hostage with three
American professors in Lebanon for
20 months was released in Beirut
last night and brought here to be
turned over to the American am-
bassador. today, U.S. and Syrian
officials said.
Mithileshwar Singh, 60, chair-
man of the business administration
department at the Beirut Univer-
sity College, was released by the
Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of .
ralesune, a little-known group that
had kidnaped him and three Amer-
can colleagues at the Beirut Uni-
versity College on Jan. 24, 1987.
The captors, in messages distrib-
uted before releasing Singh, said
they intended their action as a
good-will gesture toward the Unit-
ed States and an effort to gain U.S.
support for the Palestinian uprising
n the Israeli-occupied West Bank
nd Gaza Strip.
In Washington, however, White
Louse spokesman Marlin Fitzwa-
er, responding to the "captors'
tatements, said that "we remain
steadfast in our policy" of "making
no deals, no quid pro quo.".
State Department spokeswoman
Phyllis Oakley told reporters: "We
join with Mr. Singh's relatives in
rejoicing in his release and call for
the urgent unconditional release of
la"' hostages in Lebanon."
Singh, who studied and taught in'
the United States for several years
before joining the Beirut University
College faculty in 1983, was taken
into protective custody by Syrian
forces after he was released near
the headquarters of the U.N. Relief
and Works Agency, on a sandy
See HOSTAGE, A26, COL 1
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
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Hoolguten Goat 4 Oct. 88
CHI LO PHÍ 34 NƯỚC KHẢ HỘNAL, PLUICH PHOTOS

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CPYRGHT
"Yo Aug. ZU in Gult war
GULF, From AT
under the plafi, but an Iranian dip-
jomat said the still- confidential
terms call for commencement of
repatriation by the end of this
month or in early September.
In Tehran, President Ali Kha-
menei, who had earlier expressed
doubt about the prospect for impos-
ing a tiuce, said the war "is appar-
ently coming to a close."
Negotiations that led to today's
agreement followed Iran's surprise
announcement July 18 that it was
ready to drop its year-old precon-
dition that Iraq be branded the "ag-
gressor' in the war before the fight-
ing coud stop. Then Iragi Foreign
Ministe: Tariq Aziz, under orders
from Fresident Saddam Hussein,
insisted that Iran sit down for face-
to-face negotiations before any
cease-fire as a measure of "good
faith."
With the arrival in New York two
weeks ago of Aziz and Velayati, Iraq
and Irar set up rival camps on Man-
hattan's East Side, where both dip-
lomatic missions are located near
U.N. headquarters. Both sides is-
sued contentious statements, while
fighting continued along the border.
Iran complained of a new chem-
ical weapons attack that it said in-
jured more than 2,000 civilians.
U.N. officials railed against Iraq's
refusal to enter into any "substan-
tive" talts with them until Iran sub-
mitted to.a face-to-face meeting, a
condition Iran said was an attempt
to humilate its foreign minister.
Perez de Cuellar and his staff
worked to break the deadlock, while
both sides lobbied in the interna-
tional community for support. The
Security Council's five permanent
members groped for ways to "guar-
antee" a good-faith negotiating pro-
cess, and today's announcement
carried the council's strong en-
dorsement that a cease-fire could
not be separated from a full-scale
negotiation to achieve lasting
peace.
In the end, pressure from Iraq's
Arab neighbors, including Saudi
dam Hussein to compromise, ac-
cording to knowledgeable sources
and U.N. diplomats,
Fahd reportedly telephoned re-
gional leaders including Saddam
Hussein and sent his foreign min-
ister, Saud Faisal, to Baghdad and
Tils ambassador in Washington to
New York.
These sources said Saudi Ambas-
sador Bandar bin Sultan met a num-
ber of times with representatives of
the five permanent Security Council
member states: the United States,
Soviet Union, China, "Britain "and
France-to help build a coalition of
states friendly to Iraq to assure a
cease-fire would be followed by a
comprehensive peace process and
settlement.
The Saudi diplomats reportedly
also provided the channel for Perez
de Cuellar to present to Saddam
Hussein the last and best offer the
secretary general's staff believed
they could craft to draw both sides
into a peace process.
The sources said Fahd and Hus-
sein spoke again by telephone as
the weekend began, with Hussein
agreeing to moderate his position in
return for "Iraqi-Saudi closeness"
after the war and a pledge of "col-
lective" Arab support should the
peace talks break down.
The deadlock broke with Saddam
Hussein's surprise announcement
Saturday night that he was willing
to remove his demand for early
face-to-face talks if Iran would
make an official pledge to enter into
direct talks immediately following
the imposition of a cease-fire.
Perez de Cuellar, looking tired
and relieved that the negotiating
marathon had ended, told reporters
that he thinks the truce will yield an
agreement. "I am persuaded that
both parties very much are inter-
ested in finding a just and lasting
solution."
He acknowledged that there had
been moments of despair in the past
two weeks, "but I had to conceal it
from you," he said, adding that he
would not take any personal credit.
CPYRGHT
The United Nations Ir . 1 .1
Military Observer Group, a
Baghdad *
350-man unarmed force, will
IRAQ
IRAN
Shatt al Arab
BasraQ
KUWAIT
monitor the truce and trop
withdrawal. The group also
will include the first U.N.
naval peacekeeping force.
which will patrol areas in the
northern gulf and on the
disputed Shatt al Arab
waterway. Total cost is
estimated at $74 million for
six months.
QATAR
SAUDI ARABIA
Persian
Gulf
i
BAHRAIN
0
300
MILES
DY LARRY FOGEL-THE WASHINGTON POST
1
This is not a personal success, it is
a success for the parties and the
Security Council."
Following the secretary general
but of the chamber was Kittani, the
gregarious Iraqi ambassador. "I am
a very happy man," he said.
A few minutes later, Velayati,
who was scheduled to return to
Tehran last night, called a news
conference to say that he had come
o New York to begin a peace pro-
cess, but "at the same time, Iraq
continued its sabotage against the
efforts of the secretary general by
Intensifying its acts of aggression
against our'territory, using chem-
cal weapons, insisting on precon-
ditions :". . and refusing to talk to
the secretary general."
Velayati renewed Iran's demand
that the Security Council condemn:
raq for using nerve gas and mustard
gas in the war. U.N. officials said t.lis
weekend that the chemical weapons.
charges will be treated as an issue
separate from the peace talks. A
team is expected to visit the site.
Velayati was asked whether the
the peace process would have a pos-
tive impact on the prospects for the
release of 18 foreign hostages, in-
cluding eight Americans, in Lebanon
by Islamic fundamentalist groups.
The Iranian said the issue of the
hostages was "quite different and has
no relation to peace with Iraq and
our relations with the United
States." He then pointed out that
even though the hostages are being
held in Lebanon, there were "spir
Itual and historical relations" be!
tween the Shiite fundamentalist
holding the hostages and the Irania
regime. If Iran could help in the
release, Velayati said, it was the p.
icy of his government to do so.
Perez de. Cuellar, who said -1
week that he believed, Iran
"working on" the release of U.S. ]
fine Lt. Col. William R .- Higgins, '
iyas seized while serving with
United Nations. Today, the Pery
diplomat expressed hope that
beginning of peace talks bet
Uran and Iraq under U.N. aus
would speed Higgins' release.
In Cincinnati, President R.
praised the accord, saying, "T
the news the world has wait.
and the United States has p
for, news that we may finally
end to that long and bloody wa
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U.A.E.
OMAN
Archid'e King Fahd brought Sad-

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CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 1988 A19
THE WASHINGTON POST
HOSTAGES IN LEBANON
AMERICAN
Tarry Anderson, chief Middle East correspondent of The Associated Press,
March 16, 1985.
Thomas Sutherland, dean of agriculture at the American University of
Beirut, June 9, 1985.
Frank Herbert Read, director of the Lebanon international School in Beirut,
Sept. 9. 1986.
Joseph James Cicipple, acting comptroller of the American University of
Beirut, Sept. 12, 1986.
Edward Austin Tracy, author, Oct. 21, 1986.
Jesse Turner, visiting professor of mathematics and computer science at
Beirut University Coflege, Jan. 24, 1987.
Robert Polhlil, assistant professor of business at Beirut University College,
Jan. 24, 1987.
Alann Steen, journalism professor at Beirut University College, Jan. 24,
1997.
Marine Lt. Col. William R. Higgins, head of a 75-man observer group
attached to the U.N. Interim Force In Lebanon, yesterday.
BRITISH
Alec Collett, March 25, 1985.
John McCarthy, April 17, 1986.
Terry Walte, Jan, 20, 1987.
FRENCH
Marcel Fontaine, March 22, 1985.
Marcel Carton, March 22, 1985.
Michel Seurat, May 22, 1985.
Jean-Paul Kauffmann, May 22, 1985
WEST GERMAN
Rudolf Cordes, Jan. 17, 1987.
Ralph Rudoll Schray, Jen. 27, 1988.
.. "OTHER NATIONALITIES ...
Mithileswar Singh (Indian), Jan. 24, 1987
Brian Keenan (Irish), April 11, 1986.
Alberto Molinari (Ita'lan), Sept. 11, 1985
William Jorgensen (Norwegian), Feb. 5, 1988.
Jan Stening (Swedish), Feb. 5, 1988.
Two people of unknown nationality were kidnaped Jan. 26, 1987.
NOTE: in March 1986 Hlamic Jihad claimed unst Michel Seces; had been kSed. The following
month the Revolutionary Organization of Socialal Masiems said Alec Collett had been killed.
SOURCE. Associated Press
Gunmen in Lebanon Seize
American Marine Officer
LEBANON, From A1
neighboring Arab countries. The
organization's 75-man unit in Leb-
anon, which Higgins hended,
worked closely with the much big-
ger -- and better known-U.N. In-
terim Force in Lebanon, the actual
peace-keeping force.
Higgins, according to witnesses
and U.N. officials here, was return-
ing to the U.N. peace-keeping
force's headquarters at Naqurah,
15 miles south of Tyre, when he
wns abducted at 2:15 p.m. local
time (7:15 a.m. EST). He was driv-
ing alone in a U.N. car flying the
blue-and-white U.N. flag, they said,
following another U.N. vehicle,
.when three men armed with
Kalashnikov assault rifles inter-
cepted his car as the first vehicle
rounded a curve near Ras Ain, four
miles south of Tyre.
Witnesses said they saw the gun-
men shove Higgins Into the trunk of
a red Mercedes and speed off with
him along a dirt road forking off the
main constal highway.
When the three U.N. officers in
the first vehicle realized Higgins
was no longer following them, Gok-
sel said, "they turned back and
found fliggins' car empty."
The coastal stretch where the
attack took place is contested by
the Amal militin and the more rad-
ical, Iran-backed Hezbollah move-
ment, which in 1986 launched rock-
et attacks against soldiers of the
U.N. pence-keeping force.
Amal chief Nabih Berri went into
a closed session with key military
advisers this evening. Hassan Yous-
set, head of Amal's external rela-
Beirut
LEBANON
Miver
Site of z.
kidnaping
SYRIA
UNIFIL I
Headquarters
GOLAN
HEIGHTS
ManGood
by Israel)
ISRAEL,
20
MILES
DY DAVE DOCH -THE WASHINGTON POR
tions department, said, "Amal wil
not leave a stone unturned in look-
ing for and uncovering the perpe
trators."
LA Col William Richard Higgins, In undated file photo, in southern Lebanon.
note accused the two, Jan Stening,
44 of Sweden, and William Joer-
gelsen, 57, of Norway, of being
involved In activities of an intelli-
gelce service linked to a foreign
country.
The statement said the two
would be released only "when they
ar : proven innocent."
Swedish and Norwegian foreign
mustry spokesmen denied that
her man was connected to intel-
igence activities.
The kidnaping of Joergensen and
Sening prompted the U.N. agency
pull out some of its 14-member
eign staff from Beirut and tem-
frarily move some of the opera-
tions to Damascus. The U.N. De-
velopment Program also postponed
a planned assistance program for
Lebanon pending the release of the
two.
Many observers here were sur-
prised to learn that any Americans
were still in southern Lebanon. The
widespread assumption had been
that all official Americans had
cleared out of Moslem-controlled
areas after a wave of kidnapings
swept Beirut in 1985.
Earlier today, Islamic Resistance
fighters launched an attack against
positions of the Israeli-backed
South Lebanon Army near the
Christian town of Jezaine, killing
seven of them.
Unit Commander 'Actively Sought' Lebanon Duty
MARINE, From Al
Group operntes six observation
posts and conducts patrols along
the Lebanese-Israeli border in con-
function with the United Natkentin
Interim Force in Lebanon (UNI-
FIL), created after the March 1978
Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
A Norwegian television corre-
spondent who traveled with Higgins
through southern Lebanon two
weeks ago told CBS News, "He was
aware of the risk. He said, "We can
be kidnaped. We can be shot at. We
"He was eager to
find out how strong
they [pro-Iranian
Hezbollah] were."
- Norwegian television correspondent
can be robbed. But this is a part of
our daily life.' "
The Norwegian journalist said
Higgins traveled with him without
an escort or weapons. He also said
Higgins expressed a special interest
in the pro-Iranian Ilezbollah and
reports that the group was increas-
ing its activities in the area, "He
was eager to find out how strong
they were," the reporter said.
Higgins beenme chief of the unit in
January as part of an agreement in
which the U.S, senior military ob-
server serves as commander from
January to June of each year and an
Australian lieutenant colonel heads
the group for the rest of the year.
Hes one-year tour in Lebanon began
İRAN Junr.
The Unded Staten has medgned
36 military officers to U.N. observ-
er groups throughout the Middle
landing tho 16 in Lebanon.
The 36 U.S. officers are Moong
299 troops from 17 natious,
ing the Soviet Union, that artic-
Ipate in the observer groupe.
Higgins Joined the Marine Corps
in 1967 and served in the i o ntry
in Vietnam. He was awarded the
Defense Superior Service
in various command positions and
was promoted to lieutenant colonel
in January 1983.
Higgins "actively sought" an ay-
signment with the U.N. unit in Lech-
most after several yours of duty la
the Washington aren, according to
one Pentagon official.
Hlin wilo, Marino Maj. Robin flig-
gins, works in the Pentagon's public
affaire office. She was informed of
her husband's disappearance at nhout
rupted in a routine staff meeting by a
telephone call from the State Depart-
ment.
A family friend drove the couple's
daughter, Chrissy, 17, to the Penta-
kon from Wixxibrlige yesterday
morning so that her mother could
relay the sketchy details of her fa-
ther'a disappearance, according to n
Pentagon colleague. Tho Iligging
family has lived in Woodbridge for
the onst 1Vs years, the coworker
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CPYRGHT
WY HARANTY NALYEMAYAN -E-K WASINGTON POST.
Marine Mal Robin Ifiggins, withof kidnap victim, stands outside Woodbridge home. At left in Greg Martin of Pentagon.
rusalem and Tiberias in lars d and
three are in Damascus. Ther rep-
resent all branches of the
armed forces.
EJ.S.
Amal has avoided attacks on U.N
troops in Lebanon, whom it sees at
protectors against Israeli forces
which have established a security
zone in southern Lebanon along the
Israeli border.
"We will never acquiesce to thei
being subjected to any kind of dan
ger," one Amial official said today
"This act only benefits Israel, a
though the actual tools carrying ou
the kidnaping could be non-israeli.
A note delivered to a news ager
cy in Belrut today raised new com.
cerns about the two Scandinavian
representatives of the U.N. Relief
and Works Agency kidnaped south
of Sidon on Feb. 5. The unsigna

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CPYRGHT
A12 TUESDAY, AUGUST 8, 1989
.....
THE WASHINGTON POST
CPYRGHT
Man in Beirut Videotape Probably Was Higgins, FBI Experts Say
By Ruth Marcus
Waslington Pow Staff Writer
The FBI said yesterday it has
concluded that the man depicted
hanging in a videotape released by a
pro-Iranian Shiite Moslem group in
Beirut last week was probably
American hostage Marine Lt. Col.
William R. Higgins, and the bureau
considers "within a reasonable de-
gree of medical certainty" that the
person was dead.
In a statement, the FBI said a
""positive identification could not be
made," but reported that "numer-
mais observable characteristics were
depicted in the videotape is Lt. Col.
Higgins."
The FBI also said that "a judi
morad has been made withun a ren.
that the person u
cotape is dead.
The statement was silent about
the timing and cause of death. But
senior administration officials said
there is "strong circumstantial ev-
idence" that the person had been
killed before being hanged, possibly
before the July 28 abduction by 18-
raeli commandos of Shiite cleric
Abdul Karim Obeid.
In a ceremony at Fort Myer to
celebrate the 200th anniversary of
the War Department, President
Bush, his voice breaking with eno-
tion, yesterday praised Higgins AH
"a symbol of the courage that burun
in the Incool of every Ammetran In
uniform."
Marine Corps Commandant Gen.
Alfred M. Gray inforowed Higgins'
wife, Robin. of the results of the
voleolape analysts. Bush aber called
the release of the FBI statement,
"to offer his support and encourage-
ment," White House spokesnian
Marlin Fitzwater said.
"The president said the U.S. gov.
ernment will continue to do all it
can to obtain a full accounting of
what happened to her husband,"
Fitzwater said. Higgins was kid-
napped Feb. 17, 1988, in southern
Lebanon, where he was heading a
75-member United Nations peace-
keeping team.
The FBI statement, which was
based on examination of the video-
tape by PHI forensic experts And
autaido pathologlala, toprisontil
the first ulficial U.S. government
assessment of the videotape, which
showed a bound and gagged man
banging by los week from a rope.
ond, much clearer copy of the vid-
cotape through intelligence chan-
nels
One senior administration official
familiar with the videotape analysis
said the conclusion that Higgins had
been killed before the hanging was
based on the appearance of the
body on the tape, the fact that it
was dressed in winter clothes in the
middle of summer and the failure of
the hostage-takers to return the
body. The official said the working
asMyoption is that Higgins was
killed sometime after the shooting
down of on Irapinn Airbus over the
Persian Gulf In July 1088.
Higgins' abductors claimed they
hanged him last Monday In retal-
latla for the Israoll kidnapping of
1Micin, and Oheld reportedly told
Isrash authorities that he had seen
tiegguts anve as recently as a week
before his abduction.
FBI Assistant Director Milt Ah-
lerich said FBI laboratory experts
reached the conclusion that the
body in the videotape was probably
Higgins by using new, computer-
aided techniques that primarily
compare facial features. He said the
pathologists who concluded that the
figure was dead were experts from
outside the FDI who did not wish to
be Identified, but another source
said the pathologists were from the
armed forces.
Fitzwater said Bush was "cau-
tiously optimistic" that the remain-
Ing eight Americana held captive In
Lebanon will eventually be re-
leased, but the president "knows
that it's probably going to be a long-
er period of time rather than short-
LT. COL WILLIAM K HIGGINS
... may have been killed earlier
Lebanon's
Terrorist
Groups
Analysts Concur
"On Some Specifics
=
U.S. and foreign governments
frequently disagree with academic
wand journalistic sources on the na-
"ture and history of Lebanon's ter-
rorist groups, but there is agree-
ment on the following outlines of
the most prominent ones:
Hezbollah (Party of God)-Re-
garded by the State Department as
"an organization of several thousand
themhets responsible for most kid-
napping of Americans and other
foreigners. Many other experts be-
lieve it is lesa a formal, structured
. group than a loosely knit ideological
movement serving as an umbrella
for many radical Shiite groups, It is
closely allied with Iran, and U.S.
officials say it seeks to turn Leba-
non into an Iranian-styled Islamic
republic.
w Islamic Jihad (Islamic Holy
War)-The State Department says
"it is Hezbollah under a different
name. Others regard it as one o
several distinct groups linked loose
ly under the Hezbollah ideologica
banner. It has strong links with Iras
and has asserted responsibility for
kidnapping, at least six American
wid five French, citizens sm
Its leadership has never been iden
tified positively, but many intelli
gence sources believe it has ties t
followers of Sheik Mohammed Hus
¿sein Fadlallah, a Shiite cleric wh
also is frequently cited as leader
Hezbollah.
Revolutionary Justice Organize
tion-Another pro-Iranian Shiit
group, it claims to hold America
: hostage Joseph J. Cicippio and sev
Meral other foreigners. Some ana
: lysts believe it is Islamic Jihad op
erating under another name. Other
contend it is a breakaway grou
: that mirrors the power struggle be
tween pragmatists and militants i
: Iran, According to this theory, Rey
nutionary Justice is allied to th
: Tehran extremists and emerge
" after Islamic Jihad, responding t
Iranian moderates, stopped takin
Western hostages in 1985.
Organization of the Oppresse
on Earth-Also known as Hol
Strugglers for Freedom, it is th
militant Shiite group that claims t
have killed Lt. Col. William R. His
gins. In January 1987, it kidnappe
two West Germans in an unsuccess
ful attempt to force release of Mq
hammed Ali Hamadei, serving
prison term in West Germany fo
U.N. Envoy Says Solution to Hostage Crisis
Will Take Patient Diplomacy and Some Time
LEBANON, From Al
retrieve the body of Higgins, w
served as a U.N, truce observer
southern Lebanon before he was
kidnapped in February 1988.
Higgins is presumed dead,
though there are still doubts about
when he may have been killed
bis captors. Goulding said he did not
obtain any solid evidence that HE
gins is dead or alive since his arri al
in Beirut last week.
In Washington, the FBI said ofi-
" cially for the first time today that u
body seen hanging from a rope ir
videotape released by Higgins's c
fors was probably that of the Mar
but there was no way to be cert
by simply viewing the videotape.
The FBI statement did not y
when Higgins died, but a Pentagon
official suggested he may have di
before his captors said he did. The
official, speaking before the sta
ment was released, said the bo
shown on the videotape had none o
the signs of hanging, such as
snapped neck and bulging ey
Reuter reported.
While in Lebanon, Goulding Het
Awith leaders of Hezbollah, or Pa
Eof God, the pro-Iranian Shiite
tremist group that is believed
wield control over the captors of
the Westerners missing in Lebanon.
ile also met with prominent Mos-
lem religious figures and Lebanese
and Syrian officials.
Timor Goksel, spokesman for the
United Nations Interim Force in
Lebanon, (UNIFIL) said Goulding
will travel to Israel to meet Defense
Minister Yitzhak Shamir and Dep-
uty Foreign Minister Binyamin Ne-
tanyahu after spending the night at
UNIFIL headquarters in Naqoura.
Goulding told reporters after a
meeting with Hoss that he thought
the United Nations could play a role
in dealing with the hostage problem
because "it has to be solved"
through "a long process of quiet and
patient diplomacy," and a "cooper-
ative effort" of all international and
humanitarian organizations.
Tension over the safety of hos-
tages and possible U.S. or Isracli
military retaliation had eased over
the last two days amid reports of an
Algerian drive to undertake con-
tacts with the captors of foreigners
in Lebanon, especially Americans.
Algerian Ambassador Khaled
Hisnawi met this morning with Shi-
ite cleric Sobhi Tofeily this morit-
ing, a leader in Hezbollah's consul-
tative council, in a bid to pursue
contacts with the group.
A Lebanese political source sa
Algeria has been asked to act
'postman" between Iran and t
United States to help iron out sna
in the intricate diplomacy.
Last week, the Algerian ambas-
sador expressed the view that t
captors of foreigners in Leban
could be acting freely and withc
directives from Tehran. But Shit
groups involved in the hosta
trade in Lebanon are known to ha
links to certain wings of the Irani
leadership, such as the radical
terior minister, Ali Akbar Mohl
sheini,
In an impassioned appeal tod y
from the gravesite of the deceas
leader of the iranian revolutio
nyatolinh Ruhollah Khomeini, Mo
tushemi declared that thousands
Shiite Moslems were ready to br
down the superpowers and c
tioned that any dilution of K
meini's anti-American drive wo
enslave Iran.
"The imam [Khomeini| always
tacked, He always had an offens
posture towards the United State
Mohtashemi said in a speech S
day that was quoted on Tehean
dio today.
Abductors' Motives Still Murky
Conflicting Claims and Demands Add to Longstanding Puzzle
By John M. Goshko
Washington Post Stall Writer
For Americans, trying to fathom
the hatreds behind the apparent
slaying of U.S. Marine Lt. Col. Wil-
liam R. Higgins is like watching
some grisly contest where neither
the rules nor identities of the ap-
ponents are known but the stakes
are ffe or death.
That has been the situation since
July 28 when Israel's abduction of
Shiite Moslem cleric Abdul Karim
Obeid triggered a new chapter in
Lebanon's hostage saga. The Bc-
quence since then has Included the
purported revenge killing of Hig-
xina, threats to kill another Amer-
ican hostage, Joseph J. Cicippio, and
a wave of rurpors about secret ne-
gotiations for a major bostage swap.
The accompanying barrage of
confusing assertions and demands
from different organizations cleint-
ing to hold foreign captives has un-
derscored anew why diplomats, in-
telligence analysts and academics
have been unable to sketch a ration-
al picture of the hostage-taking phe-
nomenon that has engulfed Lebanon
since 1982.
The experts agree on one point:
no single organization is responsible
for the abduction of foreigners, al-
though some of the groups have
links and common sponsors. More
than a dozen different groups have
Taken hostages,
in some cases
claiming responsibility for the same
kidnapping. And, in what makes the
effort to free the captives extreme-
ly difficult, the kidnappers have
acted from different motives and
made differing ransom demands.
When Higgins, head of a U.N.
peace-keeping mission, was kid-
napped on Feb. 17, 1988, two
groups asserted responsibility, and
others later boasted that they were
his captors. Ultimately the July 31
claim that he had been hanged in
retaliation for Obeid's abduction
came from the Organization of the
Oppressed on Earth, a pro-Iranian
Shiite group with a strong anti-Is-
raeli bent,
Subsequent statements alternat-
ing threats to kill Cicippio or to ex-
change him for Obeid and 450
Arabs imprisoned by Israel have
come from the Revolutionary Jus-
tice Organization, another radical
pro-Iranian Shiite group.
Even
more confusing. many statements
and media reports have put respon
sibility for the fate of both men and
other hostages on yet another Shi-
ite group, the Hezbollah or Party of
Gad.
Some experts explain the confu-
sion by claiming that the kidnappers
are essentially the same people op-
erating under different names or
that they are Inosely allied move-
n ents under the umbrella of flez-
ballah. But these experts are far
from unified about what that means.
The State Department, in its an-
nal report, Patterns of Global Tet-
rism, lists Hezbollah as a terrorist
o ganization dedicated to creation
an Iranian-style Islamic republic
Lebanon. It says the Revolution-
aly Justice Organization and anoth-
prominent terrorist group. Is-
mic Jihad, are Hezbollah using
different names,
However, in an article for the
Rand Corporation, two experts on
banon's Shiites, Brian Michael
Binkina and Robin Wright, de-
stribed Hezbollah as a state of mind
more than an actual organization
with a formal structure.
They
wrote:
in
"Even the various cells that fall
under the Hezbollah umbrella are in
effect satellites centered around
different Islamic clerics in different
neighborhoods. Membership
Hezbollah is self-declared, and lead-
efship in decentralized.
*Hezbollah does not qualify as an
ofganisation in the conventional
Ense . . . . Thus, an individual may
once be a Shiite militiaman, a
member of Hezbollah and an oper-
five of the Islamic Jihad, taking
orders directly or indirectly from
o government in Tehran "au
Hostage-taking in the Middle
Fast was known as early as the 6th
century B.C. when Persian kings
Fok captives to ensure the loyalty
vassal states. The United States
test encountered the phenomenon
the end of the 18th century when
arbary pirates seized the crews of
merican vessels and held them for
Insom
The current Lebanese wave of
hostage-taking is an outgrowth of
Je civil war that has pitted that
funtry's
principal groups-
hristians, Sunni Moslems, Shiite
Moslems, Druze and Palestinian
fugees-against each other. At
fferent times since the kilnap-
ngs began in July 1982, al of
lese groups have taken hostages,
ost of them Lebanese citizens.
pending on circumstances, they
ive been encouraged and abetted
the radical Arab states seeking
fluence in Lebanon: Iran, Syria
od Libya.
By far the most active have been
the Shiites, who are believed to be
e largest of the feuding religious
ctions among Lebanon's 3.5 mil-
on people. Historically, the Shiites,
ho are concentrated in southern
Lebanon from the Israeli border
north to the densely packed south-
ern slums of Beirut, also have been
the most politically, economically
andl sprially disadvantaged of Leir
anon's population groups.
Their sense of alienation is re-
flected in the name chosen by the
principal Shiite political movement
and its militia military arm: Amal.
which means Movement of the De-
prived. But Amal's claims to lead-
ership of the Shiite population have
been challenged increasingly in the
1980s by the Hezbollah movement,
whose devotion to the extremist
attitudes of the Tehran government
has won a sizable following, partic-
ularly among the street gunmen
and militia fighters produced in
great numbers by years of civil
strile.
The experts say Hezbollah has
created a climate ripe for exploita-
tion by the Iranian government,
with its drive to replace Western
influence in the Middle East with
political and social ideas based on
fundamentalist Shiite theology.
For years, Iran has encouraged
the Shiite groups engaging in kid-
napping and other terrorism. Most
of the money used by groups linked
under the Hezbollah banner comes
from Tehran, analysts say. The
Iranian Revolutionary Guarda who
are known to help train Shiite ex-
tremists in camps in Lebanon's
Bekaa valley also come from Teh-
CPYRGHT
HEZBOLLAH AND
REVOLUTIONA
Beiru
Atrpo
Mediterranean
Sea
Sidon
te Damascus
SHINE
AMAL
LEBANON
Luani River
SYRIA
:
DEMILITARIZED
GOLAN
GALILCE
HEIGHTS
(Annexed
by Israel)
ISRAEL
Mails
Gablee
JORDAN
Y GAME COCK - THE HIGH GION POST
taking part in the 1985 hijacking of . Revolutionary Commando Cells, it
a Trans World Airlines flight to Bei-
kut.
Islamic Holy War for the Liber-
ation of Palestine -- Thought to in-
clude both radical Shiites and Pal-
estinian guerrillas, it is probably
tied loosely to Hezbollah. In January
1987, it kidnapped four profes-
sors-three Americans and one
seems to be the same organization.
Intelligence sources believe it is
financed and controlled by Libya. It
has claimed to hold Cicippio, but
that is disputed in intelligence cir-
cles. One of its captives, Peter Kil-
burn, librarian at the American Uni-
versity, was killed in 1986, report
wadingje celplatjon for the U.S
bombing of Libya.
sity of Beirut. It demands release of
One captive, Peter
Kilburn, was killed
in 1986, reportedly
in retaliation for the
U.S. bombing of
Libya.
more than 400 Shiites and Pales-
tinians jailed in Israel and abolition
of the Lebanese Christian military
enclave established by Israel in
southern Lebanon.
Lebanese Armed Revolutionary
Front -- Composed primarily of rad-
ical leftist Lebanese Christians led
by Georges Ibrahim Abdallah, who
was jailed in Paris for complicity in
the murder of an American military
attache and an Israeli diplomat, it
kidnapped a French diplomat in an
unsuccessful attempt to free Abdal-
lah,
The Arab Revolutionary Cells-
Functioning under the names The
Omar Mukhtar Brigade and the
Islamic Liberation
Organiza
tion-Composed of Sunni Moslen
fundamentalists. It kidnapped four
Soviet diplomats in 1985 and de
manded that Moscow pressure Syria
to lift its siege of the northern por
city of Tripoli. The Soviets reacted
by killing some of its members, and
the hostages were released.
Christian Lebanese Forces-
The militia of the right-wing, pre
dominantly Maronite Christian Pha
lange Party, it regards itself as :
conventional fighting force rather
than a terrorist group. But it re
portediy was responsible for the
kidnapping and apparent killing o
four Iranian diplomats in 1982, ar
act that many observers believe
triggered Lebanon's subsequen
plague of hostage taking.
# The South Lebanese Army -- An
other conventional militia that
predominantly Christian and backed
by Israel as a buffer in an enclave
along the Israeli-Lebanese border
It kidnapped 21 Finnish troop
serving with U.N. peace-keeping
forces in 1985, but released them .
few days later after Israel was sub
jected to heavy complaints from th
United States and other nations.
U.N. envoy Marrack Goulding shaked hands with Ayatollah Fadlallah, spiritual leader of Hezbollah, yesterday in Beirut
"Around the world, there are nu
merous Hezbollah cells, created by
the holy breath of Imam, which co
the death of the superpowers and
world arrogance," said Mohtashem
who is widely admired among St.
ites holding hostages in Lebanon.
Mohtashemi's remarks stood in
contrast to conciliatory words of
President Ali Akbar Hashemi Raf-
sanjani.
The new president said Friday
that Iran was willing to help in the
hostage stalemate if the United
States proved sensible in its ap-
proach.
In a letter to Hezbollah, which the
group released to Western news
agencies, Mohtashemi described
Obeid's abduction as an unforgivable
act of "terrorism" and a "crime."
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIAVIRB96700789R0004000PROC0173
YRGHT
U.S. oltkials shy thất in 1987 the"
United States intercepted radio
messages from Tehran ordering its
Lebanese agents to kidnap Amer-
ican journalist Charles Glass, who
later was released. However, U.S.
officials and other experts add.
while Iranian influence is consider-
able, Tehran does not have total
control over the Lebanese groups
and often is unable to order the dis-
position of hostages according to
Tehran's whims of the moment.
In some cases. hostages have
been released to satisfy a political
need at the time such as the secret
U.S. supply of military equipment to
Iran revealed in the Iran-contra
scandal. In other cases, hostages
have disappeared without a trace,
their months or years spent being
shuttled between Beirut slums and
the Bekaa camps so they cannot be
rescued.
Since 1982, at least 130 foreign-
ers have been taken hostage. Of
these, 97 were released or escaped.
Sixteen, including eight Americans,
are still prisoners or unaccounted
for. And the apparent killing of Hig-
gins brings to 14 the hostages be-
licved to have died in the shadowy
struggle played by people about
whom so little is known.
ASSOCIATED PRESS
Tyren

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R000400040001-3
7 Oct 88
THE WASHINGTON POST
Group Holding U.S. Hostages
Warns Against Interference
By Nora Boustany
Washington Post Foreign Service
BEIRUT, Oct. 6-A shadowy group holding at
least two Americans hostage warned tonight that
their safety is in jeopardy if foreign "colonial"
powers interfere in Lebanese politics-a veiled
reference to France.
Today's statement by the Revolutionary Jus-
tice Organization came three days after the Is-
lamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine re-
leased an Indian-born U.S. resident alien held
captive with three other Americans, amid hopes
that more hostages will be freed before the U.S.
presidential election next month.
The statement was accompanied by a photo-
graph of Joseph James Cicippio, 57, the acting
comptroller of the American University of Bei-
rut, who was kidnaped near his faculty apart-
ment building on campus two years ago.
"We shall use all kinds of methods and cards to
foil the plots of international quarters," the state-
ment said. "This includes the safety of bostages
which will be at the heart of our plans for coun-
terattack."
The clandestine organization, which intelli-"
gence sources have said appears to be closely
linked to Islamic Jihad and other militant, pro-
Iranian Shiite Moslem groups, lashed out at "the
arrogant attempts of colonial intervention" to
"internationalize" Lebanon's' current . political
stalemate.
French Foreign Minister Roland Dumas has
proposed that U.N. troops supervise the election
of a new president by Lebanon's parliament. The
position has been vacant since Sept. 22, when
hard-line Christian opposition to two pro-Syrian
candidates blocked parliament from electing a
successor to President Amin Gemayel, whose
term ended that day.
In what he called a move to avert a constitu-
tional vacuum, Gemayel named a Christian-led
military cabinet to assume executive power. But
the Moslems have continued to recognize the
previous cabinet, leaving the country with two
rival administrations but no president.
French suggestions that U.N. protection b
provided for Lebanon's legislators when the
convene to vote for a new president have been
welcomed by Christian politicians and criticized
by Moslems allied with Syria.
The Revolutionary Justice group charged that
there was "a NATO-Iraqi-Israeli scheme" intend-
ed to partition Lebanon and to compromise "Syr
ia and other struggling regimes."
Western diplomats here and in Damascus said
the United States has been working with France
and other European powers to steer Lebanon out
of the crisis.
:The Revolutionary Justice Organization also
has claimed responsibility for the abduction two
years ago of Edward Austin Tracy, a writer and
book salesman.
The photograph it released today showed Ci-
cippio, wearing a dark track suit, smiling and
sitting on a blanket with his hands in his lap. He
looked clean-shaven and relatively cheerful.
Nine Americans are still being held hostage int
Lebanon. Mithileshwar Singh, a professor at Bei-
rut University College, was released this week
after 20 months of captivity, raising hopes for
the release of his American colleagues-Robert
Polhill, Jesse Turner and Alann Steen-seized at
the same time.
Washington Post staff writer John M. Goshko
reported from the United Nations:
Secretary of State George P. Shultz today de-
nied that the United States is secretly negotiating
with Iran for the release of American hostages in'
Lebanon, and he said that individuals claiming to
speak for the U.S. government are misrepresent-
ng themselves and should "butt out.".
"There are no discussions, no direct talks tak-
ng place with Iran," Shultz told a news confer-
ence in response to persistent rumors that the
Reagan' administration or representatives of
Vice President Bush are offering money or
weapons to win freedom for nine Americans held
y extremist Lebanese Moslem groups.
CPYRGHT
ASSOCIATED PRESS
Photo delivered to Beirut newspaper yesterday
shows American hostage Joseph James Cicippio;
"There are always individuals who nominale
themselves to get involved," he added. "To the
extent that they do so, they misrepresent them-
selves. We know of some individuals who so reb-
resent themselves in one way or another. Inmno
way do they represent the United States."
"Frankly I wish they would butt out," he said,
his voice rising in anger.
Asked if secret talks might be taking place
without his knowledge, Shultz noted that after
the administration was besieged by the arms-for-
hostages scandal, President Reagan put himein
charge of Iran policy. Since then, Shultz said, the
United States has followed a policy of dealing
with Iran only indirectly through third countries.
Iranian Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Velayati,
who, like Shultz, has been attending the U.N.
General Assembly meeting here, said at a sep-
trate news conference, "I categorically; deny
there is any negotiation between the United
States and Iran and no talks about the hostages. 1
deny it totally."
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R000400040001-3