CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-CECDET
DECEIVE
CENTER LANE-3
i
Interim Report
July 1984
GEOPHYSICAL EFFECTS STUDY (U)
-----
By:
HAROLD E. PUTHOFF
SRI INTERNATIONAL
MARSHA ADAMS
TIME RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Prepared for:
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
USAINSCOM
FORT GEORGE G. MEADE, MARYLAND
20755
Attention:
LT. COL. BRIAN BUZBY
WARNING NOTICE
CENTER LANE SPECIAL ACCESS PROGRAM
RESTRICT DISSEMINATION TO THOSE WITH VERIFIED ACCESS.
CATEGORY
3
SRI
Internatsproved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
®
333 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlo Park, California 94025 U.S.A.
(415) 326-6200
Cable: SRI INTL MPK
910-373-2046
SEGRET
NOT RELEASABLE TO
FOREIGN NATIONALS
CENTER LANE-3

ID
L
L
SRI International
C
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
CENTER LANE-3
Interim Report
Covering the Period 15 November 1983 to 15 July 1984
July 1984
GEOPHYSICAL EFFECTS STUDY (U)
By:
HAROLD E. PUTHOFF
SRI INTERNATIONAL
MARSHA ADAMS
TIME RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Prepared for:
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
USAINSCOM
FORT GEORGE G. MEADE, MARYLAND
20755
Attention:
LT. COL. BRIAN BUZBY
SRI Project 6600
ESU 83-147
WARNING NOTICE
CENTER LANE SPECIAL ACCESS PROGRAM
RESTRICT DISSEMINATION TO THOSE WITH VERIFIED ACCESS.
CATEGORY
3
Approved by:
ROBERT S. LEONARD, Director
Radio Physics Laboratory
DAVID D. ELLIOTT, Vice President
Research and Analysis Division
Copy No.
A.
This document consists of 54 pages.
941/CL-0022
CLASSIFIED BY: CENTER LANE
Security Classification Guide
Dated 1 March 1983
DECLASSIFY ON: OADR
NOT RELEASABLE TO
FOREIGN NATIONALS
SECRET
CENTER LANE-3
proved ForRelease.2000/08/08:CIA-RD.P96-00788R001800160001-6
(415) 326-6200 · Cable:
SRI INTL MPK . TWX: 910-373-2046
SRI.
International
®

Approved For Release 2992/2ªA'S SiFTE'D
DR96-00788R001800160001-6
CONTENTS (U)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
V
LIST OF TABLES
V
I
OBJECTIVE
1
II
INTRODUCTION
.
3
III
PRESENT STATUS
5
A.
General
5
B.
Literature Search
7
c.
ELF Measurements
7
1.
Introduction
7
2.
Los Altos Site
8
3.
ELF Data Acquisition Systems
8
a.
Basic System Design
8
b.
FFT Program
10
c.
System Electronics
10
d.
ELF Electronics/ Software Subtasks
(Status)
·
10
e.
ELF System Calibration
11
D.
Satellite Downlink Geophysical Data-Acquisition
System
12
E.
Geophysical Data/RV Performance Correlation
Analysis
14
IV
SUMMARY
17
APPENDICES
A
FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM ROUTINE FOR ELF DATA
19
B
ULF TREE POTENTIALS AND GEOMAGNETIC PULSATIONS
31
C
FORMAT FOR SATELLITE BROADCAST OF
SPACE ENVIRONMENT SERVICES .
37
REFERENCES
47
iii
Approved For Release NochASSIFIED.6-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/PRIELA'S51F1F13788R001800160001-6
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
iv
Approved For Release 20dd NCLASSIFIED0788R001800160001-6

Approved For ReleaseRPe0xss FFTER596-00788R001800160001-6
ILLUSTRATIONS (U)
1
ELF Data-Acquisition System
9
2
Real-Time Geophysical Data Acquisition Via Westar IV
Downlink
13
3
Real-Time Geophysical Data-Acquisition System
15
4
Geophysical/Performance Data-Analysis System
16
TABLES (U)
1
1
Geophysical Data Bases
6
V
Approved For Releal NbooLoAds S¢ FIE D96-00788R001800160001-6

vi
Approved For Release 20UNCLASSIFIED0788R001800160001-6
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
Approved For Release 2009'CLASSIFIED0788R001800160001-6
--- -- --------- -----
. .. ..
-----
----..
. .. .

Approved For Release 20006-6D.FT PDP96-00788R001800160001-6
CENTER LANE-3/NOFORN
I
OBJECTIVE
(U)
(S/CL-3/NF) The objective of this effort is to investigate the
possible effects of ambient geophysical/low-frequency electromagnetic
factors on remote viewing (RV)" performance as a potential aid to
increasing the performance levels of Army INSCOM remote viewers.
*
"(U)
RV (remote viewing) is the acquisition and description, by mental
means, of information blocked from ordinary perception by distance
or shielding.
1
Approved For Release 2000/08/08-CTA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
-
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
:
2
Approved For Release 200NOLASSIFIED0788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/08/2
JEGRE FRDP96-00788R001800160001-6
CENTER LANE-3/NOFORN
II
INTRODUCTION
(U)
(S/CL-3/NF)
SRI International is tasked to conduct a study for
Army INSCOM to investigate a potential correlation between remote viewing
(RV) performance and ambient geophysical/extremely-low-frequency electro-
magnetic (ELF) activity. The possibility of such correlation is indicated,
for example, by studies showing psychophysiological effects*
1,2*
and
behavioral changes3,4
associated with ELF electro-magnetic fields. The
geophysical variables of interest include such factors as ELF intensity/
fluctuations, ionospheric conditions, geomagnetic indices, sunspot number,
and solar emissions (e.g., X rays and solar flares). The questions to be
answered in this program are
· Do geophysical/performance correlations exist such that
measurement of the ambient geophysical variables could
be used as an indicator of expected performance?
· If so, can optimum performance windows be identified?
(U) The structure of the program that will address the above issues
consists of
· A literature search.
. Real-time ELF measurements
- SRI (Menlo Park, California location)
- Time Research Institute (Los Altos, California
field station) .
Real-time geophysical data acquisition via NOAA
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
Westar IV satellite downlink.
· Computer correlation studies of RV performance versus
variables of interest.
*
(U)
References are listed at the end of this report.
3
CECDET
Approved For Release 2000108/08 : CfA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
CENTER LANE-3/NOFORN

Approved For Release 2000JICLASSIFIEDS788R001800160001-6
----------...
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4
Approved For Release 20UNCLASSIFIED0788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
III
PRESENT STATUS (U)
A.
(U)
General
(U)
In order to accomplish the goals set out in Section II, the
program has been designed as a joint effort between SRI International and
Time Research Institute of Los Altos, California, with SRI as the prime
contractor. Time Research Institute is a research organization that
specializes in temporal analysis of geophysical variables and their po-
tential correlation with phenomena of interest, such as weather patterns,
earthquakes, and so forth.
(U)
With regard to the present effort, Time Research Institute is
responsible for establishing the appropriate hardware and software systems
for collecting and analyzing data concerning environmental conditions and
their correlation with RV performance. The purpose of the correlation
study is to determine whether RV performance is enhanced or degraded by
measurable changes occurring in the geophysical (including solar-
terrestrial) environments. The specific data bases under consideration
in this effort are given in Table 1.
(U)
Should correlations between geophysical variables and RV
performance be found, the application potential of the effort is twofold:
(1)
Time periods in which enhanced RV performance might be
expected could be identified, resulting in increased
quality and accuracy of information obtained through
such channels; similarly, time periods in which degraded
RV performance might be expected could be avoided.
Thus,
optimum performance windows would be identified.
(2)
An increased understanding of the types of environmental
changes that correlate with RV performance could provide
clues as to the mechanisms involved in RV functioning.
Such knowledge would lead to more focussed research on
factors that could enhance RV performance, and would
also provide information critical to the development of
defensive countermeasures against RV.
5
Approved For Release PROCOB/A&S STFEL36-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2009'R'&: &'S SPE9199788R001800160001-6
Table 1
(U)
GEOPHYSICAL DATA BASES
· Solar-Terrestrial
- Geomagnetic
Ground-measured indices Ap, K, etc.
Satellite-measured intensities
- Solar flux (MHz)
15,400
1,415
8,800
606
4,995
410
2,800
245
2,695
- Sunspot number
- Solar flares
- Interplanetary magnetic field
- Solar wind (Pioneer XII)
Protons
- Cosmic ray indices (neutron monitor)
· Ionospheric Measurements
----
- Sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDS)
- Auroral electrojet
- Radio propagation quality indices
· ULF/ELF
- 30 frequencies (from 1 to 30 Hz)
UNCLASSIFIED
(U) The tasks listed in Section II (literature search, real-time
ELF measurements, real-time geophysical data acquisition via satellite
downlink, and correlation studies of RV performance versus geophysical
variables of interest) have been prioritized with the goal of producing
the longest possible ELF data base during the period of this contract.
Therefore, while all of the tasks are being pursued in parallel, ELF-
related tasks have been the focus of attention to date.
6
Approved For Release 2dddd.pl ASS-IFHE D0788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
B.
(U)
Literature Search
(U)
The purpose of the literature search is to acquire and
integrate information from recent work done in the field of biological
response to ELF and geophysical conditions. Approximately 30 keywords
are in use as input to a computerized literature search. Forty manu-
scripts have been obtained to date and are in the process of being
reviewed, plus additional sources of literature have been identified and
will be retrieved as priorities permit.
C.
(U)
ELF Measurements
1.
(U)
Introduction
(U) Although the ELF frequency range (3 to 300 Hz) has been
studied in some detail, many unknowns remain. For example, although it
is known that ELF frequencies generated by geophysical means (e.g., elec-
trical storm activity) tend to distribute themselves globally, little
information is available on the variation of the ELF environment from
location to location.
Therefore, local variations may exist that are
caused by both manmade sources, and by the geological structure of the
area.
In the San Francisco Bay Area, manmade sources that generate ELF
on a local scale include motors, telephone lines, power lines, and
electrical subways [ Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)], and it needs to be
determined whether the emission from such sources constitutes a signif-
icant contribution to the omnipresent global ELF field.
(U)
In order to address the above issue, two ELF monitoring
stations are being set up -- one at SRI Menlo Park (in the RV Laboratory) ,
the other at the Time Research Institute field station, 17 km distant.
It is anticipated that the SRI environment may be a "noisy" one due to
the large amount of electronics known to be in the area. Data from the
two sites, taking the field site as a reference, are to be compared in
order to begin to differentiate the naturally-occurring ELF from the
manmade noise occurring at the location where RV is being carried out.
7
Approved For Release 10CLASSIFRED6-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2009'iCL: A'S SPPIE 19788R001800160001-6
2.
(U)
Los Altos Site
(U)
Since May 1982, Time Research Institute has been operating
an ELF monitoring site in Los Altos, collecting data twice daily for the
purpose of correlating ELF disturbances with various phenomena of interest.
In this period, analysis techniques were developed that are directly
applicable to the present task.
(U)
One of the first tasks was the upgrading of the Los Altos
ELF monitoring site to provide coverage during power interrupts. Research
was performed to determine the best power-interrupt system, including
generators. The selection criteria chosen for the generator sought to
optimize power output, cost effectiveness, and reputation for reliability,
with the consideration that this system might serve as a model for addi-
tional sites in the client community. On this basis, a 3500-W Kubota
generator was bought and installed at the site. A PTI Industries "Data-
shield" device was also purchased and installed, for use in conjunction
with the generator (which must be started manually). This device powers
the required electronics for a period of twenty minutes on its own while
awaiting generator startup. Furthermore, an automatic alarm telephone
dialing system dials up as many as four individuals should a power failure
occur while no one is at the site. The two devices working together have
protected the system on numerous occasions from power interruptions --
including an 8-hr outage planned by Pacific Gas and Electric Company.
Thus, since installation of the power-interrupt equipment, there has been
no loss of data collection/storage.
3.
(U)
ELF Data Acquisition Systems
a.
(U)
Basic System Design
(U)
With the requirement that two ELF monitoring sites
be implemented for the program -- one at SRI and one at Time Research
Institute -- it was decided that the two systems would be made identical.
In this way, differences between the two systems would be minimized, thus
reducing the opportunity for artifactual differences between the two sys-
tem outputs.
8
Approved For Release 200babE AS SIFFLE Do788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/98/08 - CI
RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIE
(U) Figure 1 is a block diagram of the basic ELF data
acquisition system. The ELF signal is collected by an antenna, amplified,
and then digitized by an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter so that the
signal can be input into an IBM PC Jr. computer for the purpose of analy-
sis by a fast-fourier-transform (FFT) program on at least an hourly basis.
The recorded data are then transferred by floppy diskette to an IBM XT
computer for further handling.
ELF
INPUT
DATA
AMPLIFIER
INCREASES SIGNAL STRENGTH
A/D
CONVERTER
MAKES SIGNAL READABLE BY
COMPUTER
COMPUTER
IBM PC JR.
FFT
DETERMINES INTENSITY OF SIGNAL
FREQUENCY COMPONENTS
HOURLY
DATA
FLOPPY DISKETTES TRANSPORTED
TO IBM XT COMPUTER
UNCLASSIFIED
FIGURE 1
(U) ELF DATA-ACQUISITION SYSTEM
(U)
As indicated in the above system description, an
integral part of the data acquisition system is computerized record
keeping, using IBM systems -- both the IBM PC Jr. and the IBM XT. The
software is written and compiled on the XT, used as a master system, and
then run on the PC Jr. (the PC Jr. is not itself large enough to run a
compiler, nor are there compilers written for it). Beyond this, however,
in spite of the much publicized "compatibility" between the various
9
Approved For ReleaseN/B/ASSAFHE-6-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2009/RiCi: A'S SPPIE 19788R001800160001-6
IBM PC systems, some development time had to be expended to ensure that
programs compiled on the XT ( that were concerned with communication with
external devices) could be run on the PC Jr. -- because they handle the
addressing of communication ports differently.
b.
(U)
FFT Program
(U)
A consultant was hired from the Radioscience Labora-
tory at Stanford University to critique the ELF system at Time Research
Institute as it stood at program start. As part of that critique, he
recommended changes in the FFT software to increase its accuracy and
running speed. As a result, new FFT software was written in compiled
BASIC and then debugged. The program description is given in Appendix A.
This task was completed in mid-April.
c.
(U)
System Electronics
(U) The prototype system of Figure 1 was assembled and
installed for our purposes at the Los Altos site. Early tests indicated
that modification of the existing electronics was required because
(1) the system was sensitive to ground-loop problems, thus the preamplifier
had to be redesigned to include an isolation amplifier, and (2) when the
new system was installed in mid-June, it was found that a slowly-varying
dc level was superimposed on the incoming ELF signal, resulting in ex-
cursions that exceeded the limits of the A/D converter at amplification
levels required for good signal analysis. Therefore, new circuitry was
designed to eliminate the dc problem. With these changes, the ELF detec-
tion system is scheduled for completion of testing, debugging, and
calibration at the Los Altos site in August, before its sister system
is installed at SRI.
d.
(U)
ELF Electronics/ Software Subtasks (Status)
(U)
The status of the ELF electronics/software subtasks
is as follows:
10
Approved For Release 2000Not A & SI FbE-D 788R001800160001-6
-

Approved For Release N&bA SOIFLIFE00788R001800160001-6
(U)
· Subject to the requirement that the basic microprocessor
units to be used in the program would (1) be able to com-
municate with an IBM XT, (2) have at least 64K of memory,
(3) possess diskette storage capability, and (4) be cost
effective, the IBM PC Jr. was selected from among the
various alternatives, and two units were purchased.
· Preamplifiers, low bandpass filters, and amplifiers have
been designed, and one complete prototype system has been
assembled. Amplifiers and filters have been assembled
for the second system to be installed at SRI.
. Design specifications have been completed for the ELF
antenna. Assembly of this antenna is pending the results
of a calibration task (described in Section III.D.3.e).
. A survey of A/D converters that would be compatible with
the other system components was completed, and the
selected units were purchased.
. Communication between the IBM PC Jr. and the A/D con-
verter has been established, enabling the computer to
read the incoming signal.
· Software has been developed and debugged that: (1) reads
the communications RS 232 port of the PC Jr. input from
the A/D converter, (2) performs FFT analysis of the signal,
and then (3) writes half-hourly averages of 19 different
frequencies (from 1 to 29 Hz) to a computer diskette.
Further software refinements will continue to be made, such
as determining daily maximum values for each frequency.
This software has been implemented and debugged. The sys-
tem is ready to begin data acquisition upon implementation
of the dc-level-controlling hardware. Minor enhancements
of the software will continue.
. The Los Altos system is now in operation and is being
tested. It is anticipated that the SRI system will be
implemented in August.
e.
(U)
ELF System Calibration
(U) System calibration is proceeding. The Stanford
University consultant mentioned earlier is an expert in the areas of ELF
and VLF measurement, antenna design, and spectral analysis. His cali-
bration program is being carried out at the present Los Altos site using
specialized, sophisticated instruments from the Stanford Radioscience
Laboratory.
11
UNCLASSIFIED
Approved For Release 2000708/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6

:
Approved For Release 2009'ROLL: A'S SPPIE 19788R001800160001-6
(U) As part of the calibration process, certain power-
line and power-supply "noise" sources were identified that could have
produced artifacts in the historical and ongoing data. Therefore, in-
creased electronic-filtering measures are being incorporated into the
system, including software changes to recalibrate past data already in
storage.
(U)
Finally, as part of the calibration process, three
systems are to be monitored simultaneously: (1) the original unmodified
Los Altos system on which the historical ELF data have been acquired;
(2) a new system (described in this report) using an ELF wire-coil
antenna designed by and on loan from the Radioscience Laboratory at
Stanford University; (3) the new system, but with a bioantenna (oak tree)
as an antenna, which is a procedure recommended by Stanford (see Nature
reprint, Appendix B). The results from the calibration tests will be
used to calibrate the historical data base, and to fix the final antenna
design.
D.
(U)
Satellite Downlink Geophysical Data-Acquisition System
(U)
A near real-time satellite downlink system for solar-terrestrial
data has recently become available from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmo-
spheric Administration). With this unit, it is possible to provide
immediate feedback and/or analysis in conjunction with RV sessions.
(Normally, there are long delays in procuring solar-terrestrial data;
without the downlink, delays of 10 days to 6 months are standard. )
The
downlink system provides for accumulation of a detailed data base directly
on computer diskettes. (See Appendix C for an item-by-item description.)
(U) A satellite controller and a dish antenna for the downlink
system were ordered and installed at the Los Altos site early in the
project (see Figure 2). At the time of this writing, specifications for
data-acquisition software for the IBM PC Jr. have been completed, and
first-order software has been written that captures the data to computer
diskettes. Because of the large volume of data transmitted each minute,
a double-density, double-sided diskette fills in about 21 hours. Disk-
12
Approved For Release 2dobNd:CLASSIFIED.788R001800160001-6
i

Approved For Release ?
UNCLASSIFIED
RDP86-00788R001800160001-6
ANTENNA
8
CONTROLLER
IBM PC JR.
DATA
DISKETTE
IBM XT
COMPUTER
BURROUGHS B6900
COMPUTER
UNCLASSIFIED
FIGURE 2
(U) REAL-TIME GEOPHYSICAL DATA
ACQUISITION VIA WESTAR IV
DOWNLINK
(U)
ettes have been changed on an almost daily basis since early April in
order to begin to acquire a long-term data base.
(U) To increase the amount of data that can be stored on a
diskette, it is necessary to separate numerical data of interest.
The
necessary software is now being written that will be able to identify
the various data types as they are transmitted, so that only the data of
interest will be transferred to an appropriate data file on the diskette.
Statistical analysis can then be done on the data in this form.
(U) Other data bases are continuing to be maintained for this
project by Time Research Institute. Files of 2800-MHz solar flux, the
planetary magnetic activity index (Ap), the Anchorage magnetic index,
13
Approved For Release 2Dd 0810:S SıkF: 6-06-00788R001800160001-6

. . ....
Approved For Release 2009'NEL: A'S SPFIE19788R001800160001-6
(U)
and the Stanford mean solar magnetic field are updated on a weekly or
monthly basis as the data are available. ELF data from the "old" system
are recorded twice daily; ELF data from the "new" system are being
recorded at the following intervals: half-hourly averages (48 times a day),
and two sets of half-daily averages (twice a day) at 00:00 and 12:00 UT,
and at 04:30 and 16:30 UT. Whole-day averages are also being recorded.
(U)
To summarize the status of the satellite-downlink data-
acquisition system:
. The downlink-geophysical system is in place and in operation
at the Los Altos site.
· Partial data acquisition from the downlink is in place.
· Software for the final data-acquisition system will be
completed and implemented in August.
E.
(U)
Geophysical Data/RV Performance Correlation Analysis
(U) Data for RV sessions are to be analyzed for statistical cor-
relation with respect to the battery of geophysical data sets listed in
Table 1, and those acquired by Time Research Institute via measurement
(Figure 3). Recording of RV and geophysical data is now in progress.
The overall system for data acquisition and analysis of RV performance/
geophysical data is depicted in Figure 4. When enough data have been
collected toward the end of the contract period, analysis will be performed.
The tasks described in earlier sections are in preparation for this task,
and therefore have received the bulk of the effort. Certain subtasks in
the analysis task, which require a longer leadtime, have, however, already
been completed in preparation for the analysis.
(U) The primary statistical program that will be used to scan the
data for possible relationships is called EPOCH ANALYSIS. This program
reads two files simultaneously. The first file is an event file, the
second a data file. The program first reads an event, then scans the
data temporally backward and forward in time around the event. This
information is stored, a second event is read, and so forth. When all
14
Approved For Release 200LN:6& ASSIFFLE D. 788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release PAgoogle'S SIAFFERO6-00788R001800160001-6
LOS ALTOS STATION
SRI STATION
WESTAR IV DOWNLINK
ELF DATA
ELF DATA
IBM PC JR. No. 1
IBM PC JR. No. 2
IBM PC JR. No. 3
DATA
DISKETTE
DATA
DISKETTE
DATA
DISKETTE
IBM XT COMPUTER
BURROUGHS B6900 COMPUTER
UNCLASSIFIED
FIGURE 3
(U)
REAL-TIME GEOPHYSICAL DATA-ACQUISITION SYSTEM
(U)
the events and surrounding data have been read, a printout is created
that lists appropriate cross-correlation statistics between event and
data elements.
(U)
Preliminary scans of data generated during an approximate
100-site series with one remote viewer have been carried out. The
session quality was graded on a scale of 0 to 3 , and correlations
+
between solar magnetic field and solar sunspot number were investigated.
Some correlation between RV performance and solar sunspot number was
found, which, if substantiated by further data, would indicate the
possibility that performance might improve immediately after a peak in
the sunspot number, and would deteriorate just before the sunspot number
peaks in its 27-to-29-day cycle. This result is based on data points
that are too small in number to be taken seriously at the point, however,
and is mentioned only to give an example of the types of correlations
that will be sought out and examined during the course of study.
15
Approved For Release 20 Cde f&S SILFH E-D6-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2009'NEL AIS SPF1E 19788R001800160001-6
(GEOPHYSICAL DATA)
PERFORM-
ANCE
DATA
ELF
DATA
GEO-
PHYSICAL
DATA
NOAA
IBM XT COMPUTER
BURROUGHS B6900 COMPUTER
DATA BASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
REQUIRING LARGE MAINFRAME
(e.g., MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS)
EPOCH
ANALYSIS
STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
STATISTICS
AND
GRAPHS
MANUAL
ANALYSIS
GRAPHS/
STATISTICS
GRAPHS/
STATISTICS
FORECASTS
UNCLASSIFIED
FIGURE 4 (U) GEOPHYSICAL/PERFORMANCE DATA-ANALYSIS SYSTEM
. ....
:
16
Approved For Release 200bNd.0L .A.S.SIFFLE . 788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
IV
SUMMARY
(U)
(U)
Approximately 80 percent of the project's data-acquisition
tasks have been completed, and all of the equipment and hardware have
been purchased and delivered.
(U)
System calibration should be completed in the near future,
and ELF and downlink-data acquisition will have begun in their final
formats.
(U) At the above point, the focus of effort will turn to analysis
of past and present geophysical and ELF data, soon to be followed by the
initiation of correlation studies of these data against RV performance.
17
Approved For ReleaseUNOBASSNFHED6-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 200PICSCLASSIFIED
CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
18
Approved For Release 20bNOCLASSIFIED0788R001800160001-6
----------
..

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
Appendix A
FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM ROUTINE FOR ELF DATA (U)
19
Approved For Release
UNCLASSIFIED
6-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
.. .. .
--- -
. ....
.
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
20
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-R
UNCLASSIFIED
RDP96 00788R001800160001-6
.... .
..

Approved For Release 2000108/A&S SYFTEI
P96-00788R001800160001-6
Appendix A
FAST FOURIER ROUTINE FOR ELF DATA (U)
***********
*
* *
* *
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
**
1
; THIS PROGRAM USES THE FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM (FFT) ALGORITHM TO
; CALCULATE THE SPECTRAL MAGNITUDES OF AN ARRAY OF CLOSE-PACKED REAL INPUT
; DATA POINTS. THE PROGRAM IS ORGANIZED AS FOLLOWS:
;
1. AT THE START, DATA POINTS ARE STORED IN THE REAL ARRAY X( 1),
WHERE 1 RUNS FROM Ø TO NX-1. NX MUST BE AN INTEGRAL POWER OF 2,
OF THE FORM NX = 2^MX ( IE, MX = LOG2( NX)). SUCCESSIVE ELEMENTS
OF X REPRESENT SUCCESSIVE SAMPLES OF AN INPUT SIGNAL, SAMPLED AT
REGULAR INTERVALS OF TIME DT.
:
;
:
:
;
;
:
;
3.
THE FFT IS CALCULATED AS FOLLOWS:
A. THE INPUT PAIRS IN X ARE REARRANGED IN BIT-REVERSED
ORDER.
B.
THE FFT IS CALCULATED USING DECIMATION IN TIME, WITH
ANGLE ARGUMENTS IN EACH SUB-DFT APPEARING IN NATURAL
( IE, INCREASING ) ORDER.
C. AFTER THE LAST PASS THROUGH THE FFT ALGORITHM, THE
ARRAY X CONTAINS SPECTRAL VALUES IN NORMAL ORDER, WITH
EACH EVEN POINT A REAL VALUE AND EACH SUBSEQUENT ODD
POINT THE CORRESPONDING IMAGINARY VALUE.
;
;
:
;
:
4.
FOLLOWING THE FFT THE REAL TRANSFORM IS EXTRACTED. NOTE THAT
IF THE SAMPLING INTERVAL ( THE TIME BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE SAMPLES) IS
DT, THEN THE TOTAL SIGNAL INTERVAL PROCESSED IS NX*DT ( THE FFT
ASSUMES THAT THE MISSING RIGHT END POINT IS THE SAME AS THE FIRST
POINT ).
THE FFT GENERATES A SPECTRUM CONTAINING VALUES AT
INCREMENTS OF DF IN FREQUENCY, WHERE DF = 1/(NX*DT). IF WE WERE
TO TRANSFORM AN ARRAY OF NX COMPLEX DATA POINTS (WHOSE IMAGINARY
VALUES WERE ZERO, SINCE WE ARE CONCERNED WITH A REAL SIGNAL ) WE
WOULD GENERATE NX COMPLEX SPECTRAL POINTS RANGING IN FREQUENCY
FROM Ø TO ( NX-1 )*DF Hz.
HOWEVER, THE POINTS FROM ( NX/2+1)*DF Hz
TO (NX-1 )*DF Hz ARE MERELY THE COMPLEX CONJUGATES OF THE LOWER
POINTS, AND CONTAIN NO ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.
THIS IS BECAUSE
THE NYQUIST RATE, OR THE HIGHEST UNALIASED FREQUENCY THAT CAN BE
SAMPLED, IS 1/2*NX*DF. WHEN WE TRANSFORM NX REAL CLOSE-PACKED
POINTS AND THEN EXTRACT THE REAL TRANSFORM, WE GET ONLY THE LOWER
NX/2 COMPLEX SPECTRAL VALUES, WHICH ARE ALL THAT ARE NEEDED.
21
Approved For ReleasUNCI:ASSIFIED96-00788R001800160001-6
:
2.
THE REAL ARRAY X(1) IS TREATED FOR THE FFT AS A COMPLEX ARRAY
OF NX/2 PAIRS OF REAL AND IMAGINARY ELEMENTS. THAT IS, THE REAL
ELEMENTS OF THE ARRAY ARE THE EVEN-NUMBERED INPUT SAMPLES, AND
THE IMAGINARY ELEMENTS OF THE ARRAY ARE THE ODD-NUMBERED INPUT
SAMPLES. AFTER THE FFT IS CALCULATED, AN ADDITIONAL STEP IS USED
TO EXTRACT THE SPECTRUM OF THE REAL INPUT DATA. TRANSFORMING
CLOSE-PACKED DATA IN THIS WAY, EVEN THOUGH IT REQUIRES AN
ADDITIONAL STEP FOR THE REAL TRANSFORM EXTRACTION, IS FASTER THAN
TRANSFORMING A COMPLEX ARRAY OF NX REAL-IMAGINARY PAIRS (2*NX
ELEMENTS), WHERE ALL OF THE INITIAL IMAGINARY VALUES ARE ZERO.
:

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
:
-
5.
NEXT, THE SPECTRUM IS CONVOLVED WITH A SHORT WINDOW FUNCTION.
THE REAL AND IMAGINARY (EVEN AND ODD) POINTS ARE CONVOLVED
SEPARATELY, SINCE THE WINDOW FUNCTION IS A SEQUENCE OF REAL
NUMBERS. WINDOWING IS NECESSARY IF THE SIGNAL FILTERS WE ARE
EFFECTIVELY SYNTHESIZING ARE TO HAVE A USEFUL SHAPE. WITHOUT
WINDOWING WE WOULD FIND THAT EACH SPECTRAL FILTER WOULD HAVE A
NARROW PASSBAND BUT SIGNIFICANT SIDELOBE RESPONSES. THAT IS, THE
MAGNITUDE OF A SPECTRAL LINE X(1) WOULD DEPEND NOT ONLY ON SIGNAL
COMPONENTS NEAR 1*DF IN FREQUENCY, BUT ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY ON
COMPONENTS AT OTHER FREQUENCIES AS WELL. WINDOWING BROADENS THE
SHAPE OF THE PASSBAND OF EACH SPECTRAL FILTER BUT DECREASES THE
SIDELOBE RESPONSES. THE AMOUNT OF BROADENING AND SUPPRESSION OF
SIDELOBES DEPENDS ON THE WINDOW ORDER, OR THE LENGTH OF THE
WINDOW FUNCTION WHICH IS CONVOLVED WITH THE RAW SPECTRUM.
-
-
:
:
6.
FINALLY, THE MAGNITUDE OF THE SIGNAL AT EACH SPECTRAL
FREQUENCY IS CALCULATED AS THE ROOT SUM OF THE SQUARES OF THE
REAL AND IMAGINARY SPECTRAL COMPONENTS (IE, THE VECTOR MAGNITUDE
OF EACH COMPLEX SPECTRAL POINT) AND SCALED TO MAKE THE PROCESSING
GAIN INDEPENDENT OF THE SIZE OF THE BLOCK LENGTH NX. WE COULD
ALSO CALCULATE THE PHASE OF THE SPECTRAL POINTS BUT THIS
INFORMATION ISN'T TOO VALUABLE FOR OUR USE. NOTE THAT THE
HIGHEST MEANINGFUL SPECTRAL FREQUENCY DEPENDS ON THE ANTI-
ALIASING LOW-PASS FILTER THAT IS USED WHEN THE SIGNAL IS SAMPLED.
THERE IS NOT MUCH MEANING TO SPECTRAL POINTS ABOVE THE FILTER
CUTOFF FREQUENCY, WHERE SIGNALS ARE ATTENUATED AND FREQUENCY
ALIASING BECOMES A PROBLEM. THUS, IN THIS PROGRAM WE DO NOT
CALCULATE SPECTRAL COMPONENTS ABOVE ABOUT 30 Hz ( THE NOMINAL
CUTOFF FREQUENCY OF THE LOW-PASS FILTER).
;
; THIS PROGRAM IS WRITTEN IN BASIC FOR THE IBM PC COMPUTER.
HOWEVER, IT
; IS EASILY ADAPTED TO OTHER MACHINES. FOUR THINGS TO WATCH OUT FOR WHEN
; TRANSFERRING THE PROGRAM TO ANOTHER VERSION OF BASIC ARE :
1. ALL ARRAYS START WITH INDEX Ø. THAT IS, THE ARRAY X(NX ) RUNS
FROM X(0) TO X(NX-1). ARRAY REFERENCES WILL NEED TO BE CHANGED
IF THE PROGRAM IS TO BE USED ON MACHINES WHERE THE FIRST ELEMENT
OF ARRAYS HAS INDEX 1.
-
:
2. ALL VARIABLES WHOSE NAMES START WITH THE LETTERS "I" THROUGH
"N" ARE IMPLICITLY INTEGERS ( DEFINT I-N STATEMENT ).
THESE
VARIABLES MAY NEED TO BE RENAMED. IT IS IMPORTANT THAT LOOP
COUNTERS AND ARRAY INDEX VARIABLES BE INTEGERS BECAUSE INTEGER
ARITHMETIC (WHERE AVAILABLE) IS FASTER THAN FLOATING-POINT
ARITHMETIC.
3. THIS PROGRAM USES THE INTEGER DIVISION OPERATOR "\".
THIS
MAY BE CHANGED TO "/" IN OTHER VERSIONS OF BASIC.
#
;
4. THIS PROGRAM USES LOGICAL OPERATORS ( "NOT", "AND", "OR" ) ON
INTEGER VARIABLES ( NOT LOGICAL VARIABLES) IN THE BIT-REVERSAL
:
ROUTINE. IF THESE OPERATORS ARE NOT AVAILABLE THE ALTERNATE
VERSION OF STATEMENTS 3000-3190 USING ONLY INTEGER ARITHMETIC
.
MUST BE SUBSTITUTED.
-
22
Approved For Release 200OPPCLASSIFIED)0788R001800160001-6
-

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
*****
CHOICE OF SAMPLING TIME AND BLOCK SIZE
*
*
*
:
; THE SAMPLING TIME DT AND THE BLOCK SIZE NX TOGETHER DETERMINE THE
; NUMBER OF SPECTRAL POINTS CALCULATED AND THEIR SPACING IN FREQUENCY.
; THE CHOICE OF SAMPLING TIME ALSO AFFECTS THE FREQUENCIES AT WHICH POWER-
; LINE HARMONIC INTERFERENCE THAT IS PASSED BY THE ANTI-ALIASING LOW-PASS
; FILTER WILL APPEAR IN THE SPECTRUM. THE FOLLOWING DISCUSSION ASSUMES
; THAT THE 30 Hz LOW-PASS FILTER WILL BE USED TO ATTENUATE HIGH FREQUENCY
; SIGNAL COMPONENTS BEFORE SAMPLING.
; IF THE INPUT SIGNAL THAT IS SAMPLED CONTAINED ONLY FREQUENCIES BELOW
;30 Hz IT WOULD BE SUFFICIENT TO SAMPLE AT THE NYQUIST RATE OF 60 SAMPLES
; PER SECOND. HOWEVER, SINCE THE FILTER DOES NOT HAVE INFINITE
; ATTENUATION ABOVE 30 Hz IT IS NECESSARY TO SAMPLE AT A SOMEWHAT HIGHER
; RATE, AND THEN DISCARD THOSE SPECTRAL POINTS REPRESENTING SIGNALS ABOVE
; 30 Hz.
:
1. ONE CONSIDERATION IN CHOOSING THE SAMPLING RATE IS THE ACTUAL
RATE AVAILABLE WITH A GIVEN A/D CONVERTER. WITH THE CMC BUSSTER
D16 A/D CONVERTER, SAMPLING TIMES CAN BE AS SMALL AS 0.0005 s.
HOWEVER, IF MORE THAN ONE SIGNAL IS TO BE DIGITIZED AT ONE TIME,
THE MINIMUM SAMPLING TIME IS 0.01 s PER CHANNEL, OR A SAMPLING
RATE OF 100 SAMPLES/SECOND.
THIS SEEMS LIKE A REASONABLE CHOICE.
;
:
;
:
:
:
; GIVEN A SAMPLING TIME DT = 0.01 s, WE CAN CALCULATE THE SPECTRAL SPACING
; FOR DIFFERENT CHOICES OF BLOCK SIZE NX, AND WE FIND THE FOLLOWING:
NX
DF
NUMBER OF POINTS <= 30 Hz
64
1.5625 Hz
19
128
0.7813 Hz
38
;
256
0.3906 Hz
76
512
0.1953 Hz
153
;
1024
0.0977 Hz
307
-
2048
0.0488 Hz
614
2. A SECOND CONSIDERATION IS THE EFFECT OF THE SAMPLING RATE ON
THE FREQUENCIES OF ALIASED POWER LINE HARMONICS. ONLY HARMONICS
AT 60 AND 120 Hz ARE LIKELY TO BE A PROBLEM. WITH DT = 0.01 S,
THE NYQUIST RATE IS 50 Hz, SO THE SPECTRUM WILL CONTAIN POINTS AT
FREQUENCIES FROM Ø TO 50 Hz. ANY 60 Hz SIGNAL THAT IS DIGITIZED
WILL APPEAR IN THE SPECTRUM AT 40 Hz, WHICH POINT WILL BE THROWN
OUT, SO 60 Hz INTERFERENCE WON'T BE A PROBLEM.
HOWEVER,
INTERFERENCE AT 120 Hz WILL APPEAR AT 20 Hz IN THE SPECTRUM, AND
THIS FACT MUST BE KEPT IN MIND WHEN ANALYZING THE DATA. (HIGHER
HARMONICS APPEAR AS: 180 AT 20 Hz, 240 AT 40 Hz, 300 AT Ø Hz,
360 AT 40 Hz, AND SO ON. )
Approved For Release 2000/08/98 :
UNCL'A'SSIFTED
R96-00788R001800160001-6
23

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
WINDOWING
*
; AFTER THE SPECTRUM OF THE INPUT SIGNAL HAS BEEN FOUND, IT IS CONVOLVED
;WITH A SHORT WINDOW SEQUENCE TO IMPROVE THE SHAPE OF THE SYNTHESIZED
; FILTERS. THOUGH THE SPECTRAL VALUES ARE COMPLEX, THE WINDOW SEQUENCE IS
;A SEQUENCE OF REAL NUMBERS, SO THE CONVOLUTION IS DONE SEPARATELY FOR
; THE REAL AND IMAGINARY SEQUENCES IN THE SPECTRUM.
THE CONVOLUTION IS OF
; THE FORM
-
X(J) <- W3*[X( J-3)+X( j+3 )] +W2*[X( J-2 )+X( j+2 )]
+W1*[X( j-1 )+X( j+1 )] +WØ*X(j )
; WHERE X( J) IS THE REAL OR IMAGINARY SUBSEQUENCE OF THE SPECTRUM, AND THE
; CONVOLUTION IS ILLUSTRATED FOR A 4TH ORDER WINDOW SEQUENCE. NOTE THAT
; IF THE CONVOLUTION IS TO BE DONE IN-PLACE, A SMALL ARRAY MUST BE USED TO
; HOLD THE PREVIOUS VALUES OF X( J-3), X(J-2), X(J-1), and X(j) FOR USE IN
# SUBSEQUENT CONVOLUTIONS.
; THE VALUES TO USE FOR DATA POINTS BEYOND THE ENDS OF THE SPECTRUM ARE
; THE COMPLEX CONJUGATES OF THE POINTS REFLECTED ABOUT THE ENDS, SO THE
; AUXILLIARY ARRAY OF PREVIOUS VALUES MUST BE INITIALIZED AS FOLLOWS:
-
Re( -3) = Ro( 3)
Re(-2) = Re(2)
Im(-2) = - Im( 2)
Re(-1) = Re(1)
Im(-1) = - Im( 1 )
; POINTS AFTER THE FAR END OF THE SPECTRUM ARE REFLECTED IN THE SAME WAY,
BUT SINCE WE WON'T CALCULATE SPECTRAL POINTS ABOVE 30 Hz THERE IS NO
; NEED TO WINDOW POINTS THERE.
;
; THE FOLLOWING WINDOW SEQUENCES ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT FOR OUR USE.
; THESE ARE ALL MINIMUM-SIDELOBE WINDOWS WHICH SUPPRESS SIDELOBE RESPONSES
¡AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE FOR A GIVEN WINDOW ORDER, AND HAVE BEEN NORMALIZED
¡ FOR UNITY GAIN. NOTE THAT THE ORDER-1 WINDOW CORRESPONDS TO NO WINDOW
;AT ALL. THE ORDER-2 WINDOW IS SIMILAR TO THE HAMMING FUNCTION.
ORDER
1
2
3
4
wØ
1.00000
1.00000
-0.42875
1.0000000
-0.5895613
0.0922278
1.0000000
W1
W2
Ø
₡
Ø
-
HIGHEST
SIDELOBE
-13 dB
-43 dB
-72 dB
-98 dB
$
-
3-d8 WIDTH
0.89 DF
1.3 DF
1.61 DF
1.86 DF
6-dB WIDTH
1.20 DF
1.81 DF
2.25 DF
2.62 DF
; FOR OUR USE, I THINK THE 3RD-ORDER WINDOW IS THE MOST APPROPRIATE, AND
; THE PROGRAM USES THIS WINDOW FUNCTION. SINCE W3 = Ø IN THIS CASE, THE
; ACTUAL CONVOLUTION CONTAINS ONLY 3 TERMS.
SINCE WØ = 1, THE LAST TERM
; IS JUST X( 3), WITHOUT A MULTIPLICATION. THUS THE WINDOWING OF EACH
; POINT INCLUDES 5 ADDITIONS AND 2 MULTIPLICATIONS FOR EACH OF THE REAL
; AND IMAGINARY COMPONENTS. IF ONLY VERY SHORT BLOCKS (SAY NX = 64) ARE
; TO BE PROCESSED, THE 2ND-ORDER WINDOW MIGHT BE MORE APPROPRIATE SINCE
; THE FILTERS ARE A BIT NARROWER IN THAT CASE.
-
24
Approved For Release 2009NICLASSIFIED0788R001800160001-6
:
-
in
-0.6727198
0.1878524
-0.0146337
W3
1944
Im(-3) = - Im( 3)

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
* * * *
*
PROGRAM
*
; DEFINITIONS:
1000
DEFINT I-N
'VARIABLES STARTING "I"-"N" ARE INTEGERS
'DATA BLOCK SIZE
1010
NX = 1024
1020
NXM1 = NX-1
1030
DIM X (NX )
1040
DT = 0.01
1050
DF = 1./(DT*NX )
1060
NMAX = 30./DF
'NUMBER OF HIGHEST SPECTRAL LINE <= 30 Hz
1100
NF = NX\2
'FFT SIZE ( NR OF COMPLEX POINTS )
'NF = 2^MF
1110
MF = LOG(NF ) /LOG( 2. )
112Ø
NFD2 = NF\2
1130
NFM1 = NF-1
1140
DIM CA(NF )
'COSINE AND SINE ARRAYS,
-
ANGLES FROM Ø TO 180* (NX-1)/NX
1160
PI2 = 6.2831853
1200
W1 = - 0.5859613
1210
W2 = 0.0922278
; CALCULATE SINE AND COSINE ARRAYS:
; THIS NEED BE DONE ONLY ONCE. NOTE THAT THE FFT ROUTINE USED SINES AND
; COSINES FROM Ø TO <180 DEGREES IN STEPS OF 360/NF DEGREES, AND THE REAL
; TRANSFORM EXTRACTION ROUTINE USES SINES AND COSINES UP TO <90 DEGREES IN
; STEPS OF 360/NX DEGREES. THUS THE ODD NUMBERED POINTS IN THESE ARRAYS
; FOR ANGLES ABOVE 90 DEGREES ARE NOT USED.
IF MEMORY SPACE IS A PROBLEM,
; THE ARRAYS CAN BE CONDENSED AND ONLY POINTS FROM Ø TO <180 DEGREES IN
; STEPS OF 360/NF CALCULATED FOR USE BY THE FFT. IN THIS CASE, THE VALUES
; USED BY THE REAL TRANSFORM EXTRACTION WILL HAVE TO BE CALCULATED AS
; NEEDED. IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO USE A TABLE CONTAINING VALUES FOR ANGLES
; ONLY FROM 0 TO 45 DEGREES, BUT THIS MAKES THE LOOKUP PROCEDURE SOMEWHAT
; MORE COMPLICATED, INVOLVING A POSSIBLE CHANGE OF SIGN OR EXCHANGE OF SIN
; AND COS VALUES DEPENDING ON THE SEMIQUADRANT OF THE ANGLE.
1500
DA = PI2/NX
1510
FOR J = Ø TO NFM1
1520
A = DA*J
1530
CA(J) = COS(A)
1540
SA(J) = SIN(A)
1550
NEXT J
**
***
**
; SAMPLE INPUT DATA INTO ARRAY X :
;
; THIS CODE MUST BE WRITTEN TO SAMPLE THE INPUT SIGNAL EVERY 0.01 SECOND
; AND STUFF SUCCESSIVE VALUES INTO X: ONLY NX VALUES NEED BE TAKEN.
, ENTER HERE TO START PROCESSING A NEW BLOCK OF DATA.
;2000
CODE YET TO BE WRITTEN
25
Approved For Releas&P @BASSSIFIED96-00788R001800160001-6
*
'INPUT DATA ARRAY X ( 1), 1 = Ø, ... , NX-1
'INPUT SAMPLE TIME IN SECONDS
'SPECTRAL LINE SPACING IN Hz
1150
DIM SA(NF )
'WINDOW COEFFICIENTS
**
'ANGLE INCREMENT
'CALCULATE SINES AND COSINES

Approved For Release 2000/
UNCLASSIFIED 788R001800160001-6
*
*
**
; BIT REVERSAL :
$
; THE REAL COMPACT SAMPLES IN X ARE NOW TREATED AS A COMPLEX ARRAY OF NF
; ( REAL , IMAGINARY ) PAIRS. PAIRS AT BIT-REVERSED ADDRESSES ARE NOW SWAPPED
; PRIOR TO THE FFT ROUTINE.
;
; THE FOLLOWING ROUTINE USES LOGICAL OPERATORS.
3000
K = 1
'INITIAL BIT-REVERSED ADDRESS
3010
FOR J = 1 TO NFM1
'SCAN ALL ADDRESSES EXCEPT THE FIRST
3020
L = NFD2
'INITIAL BIT MASK
3030
IF NOT(K AND L) GOTO 3070 'THIS BIT SET?
3040
K = K AND NOT L
1
YES - CLEAR IT,
3050
L = L\2
,
SHIFT MASK RIGHT,
3060
GOTO 3030
AND CONTINUE
3070
K - K OR. L
'BIT WAS CLEAR, SET IT
3080
IF K <= J GOTO 3190
'SKIP IF ADDRESS SAME OR ALREADY DONE
3090
J2 = J+J
'ARRAY ADDRESS OF LOWER REAL COMPONENT
3100
K2 = K+K
; ARRAY ADDRESS OF UPPER REAL COMPONENT
3110
T = X( J2)
' SWAP REALS
3120
X (J2) = X(K2)
3130
X ( K2 ) = T
3140
T = X(J2+1)
3150
X(J2+1) = X(K2+1)
3180
X (K2+1) = T
3190
NEXT J
; THE FOLLOWING VERSION USES ONLY INTEGER ARITHMETIC BUT IS A BIT LESS
; EFFICIENT.
:
; 3000
FOR J = 1 TO NFM1
'SCAN ALL ADDRESSES EXCEPT THE FIRST
; 3010
K1 = J
' INITIALIZE DIVISOR
: 3020
K = Ø
; 3030
FOR I = 1 TO MF
K2 = K1\2
; 3040
:3050
K = (K-K2)*2+K1
K1 = K2
:3060
NEXT I
: 3080
IF K <= J GOTO 3190
'SKIP IF ADDRESS SAME OR ALREADY DONE
:3100
K2 - K+K
; 3110
T = X(J2)
' SWAP REALS
:3120
X(J2) = X(K2)
:3130
X(K2) = T
;314£
T = X(J2+1)
: 3150
X (J2+1) = X(K2+1 )
; 3180
X (K2+1) = T
;3190
NEXT J
26
Approved For Release 200 NOLASSIFIED0788R001800160001-6
----
'SWAP IMAGINARIES
'INITIALIZE BIT-REVERSED ADDRESS
; BIT-REVERSE ALL MF BITS
-
; 3070
: 3090
J2 = J+J
'ARRAY ADDRESS OF LOWER REAL COMPONENT
; ARRAY ADDRESS OF UPPER REAL COMPONENT
'SWAP IMAGINARIES

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
*********
****
;FFT ROUTINE :
;
; THIS ROUTINE USED DECIMATION IN TIME.
THE COMPLEX DATA INPUT IS IN BIT-
; REVERSED ORDER.
1. THE OUTER LOOP MAKES MF PASSES THROUGH THE DATA.
THE INITIAL
NUMBER OF SUB-DFT'S IS 1, AND DOUBLES ON EACH PASS.
THE INITIAL
INCREMENT IN ANGLE BETWEEN SUB-DFT'S IS 180 DEGREES, AND HALVES
ON EACH PASS.
2. THE MIDDLE LOOP PROCESSES THE SUB-DFT'S. AT EACH SUB-DFT
ANGLES INCREASE IN NATURAL ORDER AS Ø ( I=1); 0, 90 ( I =2); 0, 45,
90, 135 (1=3); Ø, 22.5, 45, ... (I=4); AND SO ON.
3. THE INNER LOOP CALCULATES THE BUTTERFLIES FOR A GIVEN ANGLE
IN EACH SUB-DFT. EACH DECIMATION-IN-TIME BUTTERFLY HAS THE FORM
Re(j) <- Re( j)+[Re(k)*C+Im(k )*S]
Im( 3) <- Im( j ) + [ Im( k ) *C-Re( k > *S]
Re(k) <- Re(j)-[Re(k)*C+Im(k )*S]
Im(k) <- Im( j)- [ Im( k ) *C-Re( k ) *S]
WHERE C AND S ARE THE COSINE AND SINE OF THE ANGLE.
LM = 1
'INITIAL NUMBER OF SUB-DFT'S = 1
LM2 = LM+LM
IDA = NF
'INITIAL ANGLE INCREMENT = 180 DEG
OUTER LOOP
IA = Ø
'INITIAL SUB-DFT ANGLE = 0 DEGREES
FOR L = 1 TO LM
MIDDLE LOOP
C - CA(IA)
S = SA(IA)
FOR J=L-1 TO NFM1 STEP LM2 ; INNER LOOP
JR = J+J
'ARRAY ADDRESS OF LOWER REAL COMPONENT
JI = JR+1
'ARRAY ADDRESS OF LOWER IMAG COMPONENT
KR = JR+LM2
'ARRAY ADDRESS OF UPPER REAL COMPONENT
'ARRAY ADDRESS OF UPPER IMAG COMPONENT
KI = KR+1
TR = X(KR)*C+X(KI )*S ' BUTTERFLY
TI = X(KI )*C-X(KR)*S
X (KR) = X ( JR)-TR
X(KI ) = X(JI)-TI
X (JR) = X( JR )+TR
X ( JI ) = X (JI )+TI
NEXT J
IA = IA+IDA
'END OF INNER LOOP
' BUMP ANGLE
NEXT L
'END OF MIDDLE LOOP
3340
LM = LM2
'DOUBLE NUMBER OF SUB-DFT'S
3430
LM2 = LM2+LM2
3440
IDA = IDA\2
3450
NEXT I
'HALVE ANGLE INCREMENT
'BOTTOM OF OUTER LOOP
27
Approved For ReleasUNCLASSIFIED96-00788R001800160001-6
:
-
FOR I = 1 TO MF
'LOOK UP COS AND SIN FOR THIS ANGLE
3200
3210
3220
3230
3240
3250
3260
3270
3280
3290
3300
3310
3320
3330
3340
3350
336Ø
3370
3380
3390
3400
3410

Approved For Release 2000108/09LA'S STEPE PP788R001800160001-6
**
EXTRACT CLOSE-PACKED REAL DATA TRANSFORM:
:
NOW WE MUST EXTRACT THE SPECTRUM OF THE INPUT DATA AS IF IT HAD BEEN
; CALCULATED FROM A SEQUENCE OF NX COMPLEX INPUT VALUES ALL OF WHOSE
; IMAGINARY COMPENENTS WERE ZERO. THE ALGORITHM FOR THIS IS AS FOLLOWS:
1.
FOR POINTS J = 1, 2, ..
NF/2-1 CALCULATE
Re(j) <- Re( j)+Re(k)-[Re( 3)-Re(k) ]*S+[Im( j ) +Im( k ) ] *C
Im(3) <- Im( 3)-Im(k)-[Re( j )-Re(k ) ]*C-[Im(] > + Im( k ) ] *S
Re(k) <-
Re( J)+Re(k) + [Re( j )-Re(k) ]*S-[Im( ; ) + Im( k ) ] *C
Im ( k ) < - - Im ( j ) + Im ( k ) - [ Re ( j ) - Re ( k ) ] *C - [ Im ( j ) + Im ( k ) ] *S
WHERE K = NF -J, A = J*360/NX DEGREES, C = COS(A), AND
S = SIN(A).
WE ALSO HAVE THE SPECIAL POINTS:
Re(Ø) <- [Re(Ø)+Im(Ø)]
Im(0) <- Ø
Re(NF/2) <- Re(NF/2)*2
Im(NF/2) <- - Im(NF/2)*2
AND ( THOUGH THESE VALUES ARE NOT CALCULATED ) :
Re(NF ) <- [Re(0)-Im()]*2
Im( NF ) IS UNKNOWN
:
3500
X(0) = X(0)*2.
'SPECIAL CASE FOR X(0)
3510
X ( 1 ) = 0.
FOR J = 1 TO NFD2-1
'LOOP FOR GENERAL CASE
3530
3540
JR - J+J
'ARRAY ADDRESS OF LOWER REAL COMPONENT
JI = JR+1
'ARRAY ADDRESS OF LOWER IMAG COMPONENT
3550
3560
C - CA(J)
' LOOK UP COS AND SIN FOR THIS ANGLE
3580
3590
RS = X (JR)+X(KR)
'REAL SUM
RD = X ( JR ) -X( KR)
' REAL DIFF
QS = X (JI )+X(KI )
' IMAG SUM
3600
3610
3620
3630
3640
QD = X (JI)-X(KI )
'IMAG DIFF
TERM FOR REALS
'TERM FOR IMAGS
3650
3660
X (JI) = QS-TI
3670
X (KR) = RS-TR
3680
3690
'BOTTOM OF LOOP
3700
X (KI) - - QS-TI
NEXT J
X(NF ) = X(NF )*2.
'SPECIAL CASE FOR X(NF/2)
3710
X(NF+1) = X(NF+1 )*2.
28
Approved For Release 20UNCLASSIFIED0788R001800160001-6
-----
-
;
:
..
-
3520
KR - NX-JR
'ARRAY ADDRESS OF UPPER REAL COMPONENT
KI = KR+1
'ARRAY ADDRESS OF UPPER IMAG COMPONENT
3570
S = SA(J)
TR = QS*C-RD*S
TI = RD*C+QS*S
X (JR) = RS+TR
:
$
-
-

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
*****
;
; WINDOW SPECTRAL DATA TO IMPROVE FILTER SHAPE :
;
; SEE THE DISCUSSION OF WINDOWING ABOVE. THIS ROUTINE IS FOR A 3RD-ORDER
; WINDOW FUNCTION.
3800
R2 = X ( 4 )
'INITIALIZE PREVIOUS VALUE ARRAY, Re( 2)
3810
R1 = X( 2 )
Re( 1)
3820
RØ = X ( 0)
1
Re(0)
3830
Q2 = - X(5)
1
Im(2)
3840
Q1 = - X( 3)
1
Im( 1)
3850
QØ = - X(1 )
1
Im(0) = 0.
3860
FOR JØ = Ø TO NMAX*2 STEP 2 'WINDOW POINTS <= 30 Hz
3870
J1 = JØ+1
'ADDRESS OF IMAG COMPONENT
3880
X(JØ) = (R2+X(JØ+4))*W2+(R1+X(JØ+2 ) )*W1+RØ 'REAL COMPONENT
3890
X(J1) = (Q2+X(J1+4))*W2+(Q1+X(J1+2))*W1+Q0 'IMAG COMPONENT
3900
R2 = R1
'SHIFT PREVIOUS ARRAY
3910
R1 = RØ
392Ø
RØ = X ( J0+2)
3930
Q2 = Q1
3940
Q1 = QØ
3950
QØ = X ( J1+2 )
3960
NEXT J
'END OF LOOP
**
* *
* *
;
; CALCULATE MAGNITUDES:
; THE MAGNITUDE OF EACH SPECTRAL VECTOR IS CALCULATED AS
MAGNITUDE( j) = SQRT[Re( j )*Re( j ) + Im( j ) * Im( j ) ] *SF
; WHERE SF = 1/NX IS A SCALING FACTOR, USED FOR 2 REASONS:
1. THE SCALING FACTOR SETS THE PROCESSING GAIN. WITH SF = 1/NX,
THE GAIN FOR A SINGLE-COMPONENT SIGNAL IS 1. THAT IS, IF THE
INPUT SIGNAL IS A SINE-WAVE AT FREQUENCY n*DF WITH PEAK AMPLITUDE
1.0, THE SPECTRUM AT FREQUENCY n*DF WILL ALSO BE 1.0.
;
:
2. THE SCALING FACTOR MAKES THE PROCESSING GAIN INDEPENDENT OF
THE BLOCK SIZE NX, SO THE SAME SIGNAL CAN BE PROCESSED WITH
DIFFERENT BLOCK SIZES IN ORDER TO GENERATE DIFFERENT SPECTRA WITH
VARYING FREQUENCY RESOLUTION, BUT THE MAGNITUDE OF A NARROW-BAND
SIGNAL COMPONENT WILL BE THE SAME IN EACH SPECTRUM.
:
;NOTE THAT MAGNITUDES ARE ONLY CALCULATED FOR SPECTRAL POINTS <= 30 Hz.
; MAGNITUDES ARE STORED AT THE BOTTOM OF THE ARRAY X, IN THE FIRST NMAX
; POINTS.
; THIS ROUTINE CAN BE INCLUDED IN THE WINDOWING ROUTINE ABOVE WITH A SMALL
; INCREASE IN PROGRAM EFFICIENCY, BUT IT IS SHOWN SEPARATELY HERE FOR
; CLARITY.
4000
SF = 1./NX
'SCALE FACTOR
4010
FOR J = Ø TO NMAX
' PROCESS POINTS <= 30 Hz
4020
J2 - J+J
'ADDRESS OF REAL COMPONENT
4030
K2 = J2+1
'ADDRESS OF IMAG COMPONENT
4040
X(J) = SQRT(X(J2)*X(J2)+X(K2)*X(K2))*SF 'CALCULATE MAGNITUDE
4050
NEXT J
'BOTTOM OF LOOP
; END OF PROGRAM.
$
29
Approved For ReleasepdcBASSSIFIED6-00788R001800160001-6
;
.
AND INSERT NEW VALUE

---.
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
*
TESTING THE PROGRAM
*
*
; THE BEST WAY TO TEST THE PROGRAM IS TO GENERATE A SYNTHETIC INPUT ARRAY
; OF DATA POINTS CONTAINING SIGNALS AT KNOWN FREQUENCIES, AND PROCESS THEM
; AND CHECK THAT THE RESULTING SPECTRUM IS CORRECT. TO GENERATE A SIGNAL
; ARRAY WHICH CONTAINS A SIGNAL AT A FREQUENCY Q*DF USE THE FOLLOWING CODE
; BEFORE THE BIT-REVERSAL ROUTINE :
2000
0
'FREQUENCY IN UNITS OF DF
2010
DP = PI2*Q/NX
'PHASE INCREMENT PER SAMPLE
2020
FOR I = Ø TO NXM1
'DATA GENERATION LOOP
2030
X(I) = SIN(DP*I )
'CALCULATE A DATA POINT
2040
NEXT I
'END OF LOOP
;Q IS A REAL NUMBER, AND SHOULD BE CHOSEN SO THAT Ø <= Q <= NX/2.
NOTE
; THAT THE ARRAY X WILL CONTAIN Q CYCLES OF A SINEWAVE SIGNAL.
; AFTER PROCESSING, THE SPECTRUM SHOULD CONTAIN ONLY COMPONENTS NEAR THE
; FREQUENCY Q*DF. THAT IS, SPECTRAL LINES X( J) SHOULD BE SMALL EXCEPT FOR
; J NEAR Q. IF Q IS AN INTEGER, THE SPECTRAL LINE X(Q) SHOULD BE 1 AND
; ALL THE OTHERS SHOULD BE Ø ( OR OF ORDER 1E-6, DEPENDING ON THE ROUND-OFF
; ERRORS IN THE PROCESSING). USING NON-INTEGER VALUES OF Q WILL RESULT IN
; A SPECTRUM WITH A CLUSTER OF RESPONSES NEAR X( INT(Q) ) BUT LINES FAR AWAY
; FROM Q SHOULD BE SMALL. THE FALLOFF IN RESPONSE IN THE SPECTRUM AS ONE
; MOVES AWAY FROM THE LINE X( INT(Q)) DEPENDS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE
; WINDOW FUNCTION, AND THE SHAPE OF THE SYNTHESIZED FILTER RESPONSE CAN BE
; PLOTTED BY USING VARIOUS VALUES OF Q.
;
; NOTE THAT IF NMAX < Q <= NX/2, THE SIGNAL GENERATED LIES IN THE UPPER
; PART OF THE SPECTRUM, WHICH IS THROWN AWAY (DON'T EXAMINE SPECTRAL LINES
; X( J) WHERE ] > NMAX, AS THEY HAVEN'T BEEN CALCULATED). ALSO, IF
; NX/2 < Q < NX, THE SIGNAL WILL BE ALIASED IN THE SPECTRUM, APPEARING AT
; A FREQUENCY OF NX/2-Q.
;
30
Approved For Release 2000NOL:ASSIFIED0788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
Appendix B
ULF TREE POTENTIALS AND GEOMAGNETIC PULSATIONS (U)
31
Approved For Release @PROCLA SSIFEL36-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
32
Approved For Release 2009/ NCLASSIFIED0788R001800160001-6
... ... ..
------....
... ... ..
--

Approved For Release BIRPCLASSIFIED6-00788R001800160001-6
Appendix B
CPYRGHT
ULF TREE POTENTIALS AND GEOMAGNETIC PULSATIONS
HIGH-SENSITIVITY measurements of ultra-low-frequency
(ULF; frequencies less than 5 Hz) geomagnetic pulsations1
usually require elaborate receiving antennas ranging from
large air-cored coils2 through multi-turn steel, or mumetal-
cored solenoids3-" to small superconducting loops immersed
in liquid helium". Pairs of electrodes inserted in the ground
have also been used as antennas7.8. The need for a large
spacing between the electrodes (varying from hundreds to
thousands of metres) and the difficulty of calibrating the
measurements absolutely have resulted in the almost univer-
sal use of the more compact and easily calibrated coil-type
antennas in recent years. I describe here a new method for
measuring ULF geomagnetic pulsations, which requires a
minimum of elaborate equipment. The method is based on
the use of trees, or, more specifically, on the use of pairs of
electrodes inserted into trees, as ULF receiving antennas.
There are several reasons that this new method of
measurement may be of interest. The equipment is simple
and thus the method could lead to more widespread observa-
tions of ULF geomagnetic pulsation phenomena. The
method of measurement also provides new information
about tree potentials, that is, it shows that some, and
perhaps all, of the ULF components of these potentials are
induced by ULF geomagnetic field fluctuations and do not
originate in the trees themselves. Finally, although it is not
clear at present what effect induced ULF electric fields may
have on the growth and other vital processes in a tree, the
link between these ULF electric fields and geomagnetic
field fluctuations suggests that some environment-related
changes in trees could also be influenced by changes in
geomagnetic activity. These changes may have a natural
origin (for example, the changes that occur during a solar
cycle") or they may be caused by a variety of human activi-
ties (by modern d.c .- powered mass transit systems, which
can produce large amplitude ULF electromagnetic fields1").
The ULF measurements reported here were stimulated
by the work of Burr on relatively steady-state tree poten-
tials". Burr recorded these potentials for more than a
decade using a pair of specially-designed non-polarisable
electrodes inserted in the cambium of an unspecified tree
(which was probably a maple). The electrodes were about a
metre apart along the long axis of the tree and Burr
observed diurnal, 27-d, and seasonal variations, as well as a
suggestion of a correlation with sunspot activity, in their
potential difference.
Most of Burr's observations were at frequencies far
below the frequency range for ULF geomagnetic pulsations.
One series of measurement obtained, however, during an
electrical storm suggested that ULF variations of tree
potentials might occur on occasion. I therefore began a
search for variations with frequencies predominantly in the
Pc 1 geomagnetic pulsation range (0.2-5 Hz). These
frequencies correspond approximately to the delta regime
for human brain waves.
The measurements were made using a large native oak,
Quercus lobata, that was located near conventional ULF
recording equipment at a site on the Stanford University
campus. This latter equipment uses 20,000 turn steel-cored
solenoids as ULF antennas and it operated continuously
throughout the interval during which the tree measurements
were made. Thus, simultaneous measurements of ULF geo-
magnetic pulsations using both conventional loop antennas
and a tree 'antenna' were obtained at the one location.
Two steel nails were used as electrodes. Following Burr's
configuration, they were inserted about 0.05 m into the tree
along the long axis, with a spacing of 0.76 m. The lower
electrode was approximately 1 m above the ground, and the
two electrodes faced toward the geomagnetic west. Because
the tree was not completely vertical, a line joining the two
electrodes would have been inclined approximately 20°
toward the geomagnetic east. The diameter of the tree mid-
way between the two electrodes was 0.65 m.
A resistance of about 5 k22 was typically observed between
the electrodes, increasing to about 10 k22 if polarisation was
allowed to occur. A d.c. potential difference was also
observed that varied from day to day but whose absolute
value was usually in the range 10 to 100 mV, with the upper
electrode positive. The electrodes were connected to a low-
frequency high-gain amplifier through an RC filter (R=
22 M2, C=50 /F). The amplifier was usually set for 50 db
gain, and its output was filtered (0.02-7 Hz) before being
recorded, generally without additional amplification, on a
chart record and on analog magnetic tape.
The ULF signals measured by this system were
undoubtedly induced in the tree 'antenna' and not in the
shielded cabling between the electrodes and the recording
system: when the electrodes were disconnected from the
tree and connected to an equivalent 5 k22 resistor, without
any other change in the wiring or configuration of the
system, only a steady low level of white noise (typical resistor
thermal noise) was observed.
Similarities between the ULF signals recorded conven-
tionally and with the tree 'antenna' were immediately
apparent on the chart records. More detailed analysis con-
firmed that Pc 1 pulsation events recorded by the two
systems were very nearly identical in all their important
'Reprinted from Nature, Vol. 271, No. 5646, pp. 641-642, February 16, 1978)
O Macmillan Journals Ltd., 1978
33
Approved For Release DING.L.A.S.SIRIED6-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 200 NICOLASSIPPED 0788R001800160001-6
CPYRGHT
characteristics. Figure 1, for example, shows spectrograms
of a sequence of four Pc 1 pulsation events that occurred
during the interval 1200 to 1500 UT on 17 January 1976,
and which were received by the tree 'antenna' (a) and the
conventional north-south solenoid antenna (b). With the
exception of a lower signal-to-noise ratio for the tree
measurements, the two Pc 1 pulsation records are closely
alike. It will also be noticed that the lower frequency Pc 2/
Pc 3 geomagnetic activity (frequencies in the range 0.02 to
0.2 Hz) is recorded similarly by both systems. The amplitude
of the ULF pulsations in the tree potentials is very small.
For the Pc 1 pulsations shown in Fig. 1, the maximum
amplitude of the potential fluctuations was about 0.1 mV.
The nearly identical occurrence and spectral character-
istics of ULF events measured by the tree electrodes and
by the conventional ULF equipment indicated that the tree
potentials were largely induced by ULF time variations of
the geomagnetic field. To investigate this possibility, a
portable planar search coil powered by a 1 Hz signal
generator was moved around the tree near the electrodes.
It was found that a 1 Hz oscillation of the potential dif-
ference between the tree electrodes was produced only when
the search coil was orientated with its moment vector in
the north-south direction. When the two electrodes were
moved to the north face of the tree, a response from the
electrodes could be obtained only when the search coil
moment vector was orientated in the east-west direction.
These results, and the observations of natural Pc 1 pulsa-
tions, can possibly be best understood by considering the
tree/electrode pair combination to form a collection of
conducting loop antennas in which e.m.fs may be induced
by magnetic field fluctuations in the appropriate direction.
The conducting paths are provided by the conducting
material of the tree (and the cambium in particular11), and,
for field fluctuations in a particular direction, the area of
the relevant loop antenna is defined by the intersection of
the tree with a vertical plane perpendicular to the particular
field direction and passing through the two electrodes. Thus,
in the measurements reported here, the Pc 1 pulsation events
observed in the tree potentials were produced by Pc 1 pulsa-
tions of the north-south component of the geomagnetic
field.
Further tests showed that the tree potentials could only
be detected in a living tree. Thus, when a tree dies, the
potentials gradually disappear as the wood dries and loses
its conductivity.
In conclusion, measurements with tree electrodes show
that trees may be used as 'antennas' to detect ULF geo-
magnetic pulsations. The measurements also show that ULF
tree potentials are largely produced by ULF fluctuations of
the geomagnetic field (the remaining component of the
potentials is probably thermal noise). Presman12 noted that
electromagnetic fields usually have an adverse effect on
living processes. If the ULF geomagnetic pulsations have
any adverse effect on the growth of trees (and, as we have
seen, they must induce electric currents in the living
material) these effects could possibly be observed in tree
ring data. Pc 1 geomagnetic pulsation occurrences vary
markedly over a solar cycle9 and thus, if these particular
pulsations effect tree growth, a solar cycle in tree ring data
could occur. LaMarche and Fritts13 searched unsuccessfully
for a relation between tree ring data and sunspot numbers.
The phase of the Pc I pulsation solar cycle, however, differs
by several years from the sunspot cycle and, assuming the
two cycles affect tree ring data, they may tend to obscure
each other's effects. Furthermore, other geomagnetic pulsa-
tions and higher-frequency electromagnetic signals have
their own cycles of occurrence, and their effects on tree
ring formation, if any, could add further to the complexity
of the tree ring data. Studies of these possible effects are
2.0. ª
1.0
Frequency (Hz)
0
2.0- 6
1.0-
0
1300
1400
1500 UT
Fig. 1 Spectrograms of a series
of Pc 1
geomagnetic pulsation
events recorded at Stanford, Cali-
fornia, using tree potentials (a)
and a conventional solenoid an-
tenna (b). Short intervals of a
1 Hz calibration signal appear
at the start of each hour. The
vertical lines in the upper spectro-
gram are caused either by local
electromagnetic transients or by
natural sferics; similar lines occur
in the lower spectrogram, but
they are not as obvious because
the background noise is com-
paratively suppressed.
34
Approved For Release 2000/08/06
UNCLASSE000788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release BOOPCLASSIFIED
PP96-00788R001800160001-6
CPYRGHT
desirable, because the tree ring data could provide a unique
record of past ULF and higher-frequency geomagnetic
activity.
I thank D. B. Coates for technical assistance. This work
was supported in part by the Advanced Research Projects
Agency of the US Department of Defence and in part by
the US Office of Naval Research.
A. C. FRASER-SMITH
Radioscience Laboratory,
Stanford Electronics Laboratories,
Stanford University,
Stanford, California 94305
Received 16 August : accepted 15 December 1977.
1. Jacobs. J. A. Geomagnetic Micropulsations 15 (Springer, New York, 1970).
2. Campbell. W. H. Proc. IEEE 51, 1337-1342 (1963).
3. Tepley, L. R. J. geophys. Res. 66, 1651-1658 (1961).
4. Lokken, J. E .. Shand. J. A. & Wright. C. S. J. geophys. Res. 68, 789 - 794 (1963).
5. Lokken, J. E. in Natural Electromagnetic Phenomena Below 30 Ke/s (ed. Bleil
D. F.) 373-428 (Plenum, New York 1964).
6. Buxton, J. L. & Fraser-Smith. A. C. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Elec. GE-12 109-11
(1974).
7. Troitskaya, V. A. J. geophys. Res. 66, 5-18 (1961).
8. Heacock. R. R. & Hessler. V. P. J. geophys. Res. 67, 3985-3995 (1962).
9. Fraser-Smith. A. C. J. geophys. Res. 75, 4735-4745 (1970); J: geophys. Res. 77
4209-4220 (1972).
10. Fraser-Smith. A. C. & Coates. D. B. Radio Sci. (submitted).
11. Burr. H. S. Yale J. Biol. Med. 17, 727-734 (1945); Yale J. Biol. Med. 19, 311-31.
(1947); Science 124, 1204-1205 (1956).
12. Presman, A. S. Electromagnetic Fields and Life (transl. Sinclair, F. L., ed
Brown. F. A. Jr) 155 (Plenum. New York, 1970).
13. LaMarche, Jr, V. C. & Fritts, H. C. Tree-Ring Bull. 32, 19-33 (1972).
35
Approved For ReleaseUNCLASSIFIED. 6-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA RPR96 00788R001800160001-6
UNCL
SIFIED
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
36
Approved For Release 20UNCLASSIFIED0788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
Appendix C
FORMAT FOR SATELLITE BROADCAST OF SPACE ENVIRONMENT SERVICES (U)
37
Approved For ReleaseJAPCLASSIFIED 96-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000108/08&'SSPIED
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
38
Approved For Release 20db CLASSIFIED 788R001800160001-6
.. . ... ....

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 - CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
Appendix C
FORMAT FOR SATELLITE BROADCAST OF SPACE ENVIRONMENT SERVICES (U)
(15 February 1984)
There are seven sixty character lines. Each is followed by a carriage
return and a line feed.
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
In the examples of lines, CAPITAL letters are caption information
that appears as it does in the broadcast. Small letters represent
data that are explained below. The : indicates the 61st space
(: is not broadcast). Any data not available for broadcast will be
replaced by ***.
LINE ONE - GOES X-RAY AND TOTAL MAGNETIC FIELD
(1 min values broadcast each minute)
doy hhmm GOES6 Ix.x GOES5 Ix.x BOU TF ggggg GAMMAS
..
347 2153 GOES6 B2.0 GOES5 B2.0 BOU TF 55397 GAMMAS
where doy = day of year, such as 347
hhmm = hours and minutes, such as 2153
1x.x = x-ray level, (1 min avg), expressed with the B,C,M,X
scale, where B = 10-7 watts / meter2, C = 10-6
M = 10 -5 and X = 10 -4.
X-rays are measured in a 1-8 angstrom channel on the
GOES geosynchronous satellites. An increase in X-ray
levels indicates solar flare activity.
In the example B2.0 = 2.0 * 10-7 watts / meter2.
ggggg = Boulder mag field in gammas, (1 min avg),
such as 55397
39
Approved For ReleaseJANCLASSIFIED96-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
LINE TWO .... GOES GEOSYNCHRONOUS MAGNETIC DATA
(1 minute values broadcast each minute)
GOES5 HPsgggg HEsgggg HNsgggg GOES6 HPsgggg HEsgggg HNsgggg :
GOES5 HP+0123 HE-0023 HN+0033 GOES6 HP+0123 HE-0023 HN+0033
.
where sgggg = sign (+ for positive, - for negative) and value
( in gammas) of the magnetic field components at
geosynchronous altitudes (approximately 22,000
miles). These are measured by the GOES 5 (W075)
and GOES 6 (W135) satellites. These components are
HP (parallel to the Earth's rotation axis, + is
north), HE (directed earthward, + is down) and HN
(perpendicular to the other two, ie east or west,
+ is west). Example +0123.
LINE THREE.
... INDICES
Minute 0
1MEV p.pE+p 10MEV p.pE+p 100MEV p.pE+p PCA aa.aDB NTRN nnnn :
1MEV 3.1E+0 10MEV 2.5E+0 100MEV 1.2E+0 PCA 00.0DB NTRN 0451
where p. pEp
= number of protons / (sec*cm2*ster)
at greater than 1MEV, 10MEV, or 100MEV energies
(5 min avg), such as 3.1E+0
aa.a
= DB of polar cap absorption at 30 MHZ as
measured at Thule, (15 Min value), such as 00.0
nnnn
= Thule neutron monitor data in millivolts (15 min
value). The background level is 460 to 470 mv.
Significant deviations are + or - 10% or less than
410 mv and greater than 510 mv. A sharp increase
that lasts for a few tens of minutes to hours is a
Ground Level Event that is caused by relativistic
particles associated with solar flares. A sig-
nificant decrease that lasts for several hours
to several days is a Forbush Decrease.
This
decrease is the scattering of background cosmic
rays due to plasma density enhancements and
associated magnetic field enhancements in the near
earth solar wind. These enhancements may or may
not be solar flare related.
40
Approved For Release 2000RICLASSIFIED788R001800160001-6
-----
------
. ... ...
---
-------...

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
Minute 1
doy hh-hh K k/ggg BO Knnnn nnnn PL Knnnn nnnn 10CM rrr
347 18-21 K 3/033 BO K3334 333* PL K4334 433* 10CM 104
where
doy
= day of year (current day), such as 347
hh-hh
= beginning and ending hours ( in Universal
Time or Z) for the 3 hr period of the K
index to follow, such as 18-21
k/ggg
= Boulder K value / Gammas of deflection from the
quiet day curve, such as 3/033
nnnn nnnn
= K indices determined so far for this day (Boulder
or planetary). The first value is for 00Z-03Z,
and each index is for the 3 Hr period following
the K index preceding it. Missing values will
have an *. Example 3324 333* or 4334 433*
rrr = 10 CM solar radio flux in Solar Flux Units,
(10-22 watts / (meter2*Hz)) as measured by
Ottawa at approximately 1700Z each day. This value is
for the doy indicated at the start of the line.
Until this value is available *** will be broadcast.
Example 104
Minute 2
doy BO Aaaa Knnnn nnnn PL Aaaa Knnnn nnnn TEDttt
346 BO A017 K3334 4323 PL A024 K4333 4434 TED ***
where
doy
= day of year (yesterday), such as 346
aaa
= A index (Boulder or Planetary) for yesterday,
such as 017, or 024
nnnn nnnn = K indices (Boulder or Planetary) for yesterday,
(starting at 00-03Z) missing values will contain *.
Example 3334 4323 or 4333 4434
ttt = Total Energy Deposition, an estimate of the total
power being dissipated in one hemisphere's auroral
atmosphere by precipitating particles. The units
are gigawatts. This is a daily average for the doy
Indicated. Estimates are made using particle data
from Tiros satellites. Daily averages vary from
near 005 on a quiet day up to about 100 on a very
active day. If this data is unavailable *** will
be used. Example ***
41
Approved For ReleaseNobASSIFIED 96-00788R001800160001-6

-----
Approved For Release 20000783: A'SSPFPED788R001800160001-6
Minute 3
doy 10CM rrr 90 DAY MEAN mmm SSN sss XRAY BGD |x.x
:
346 10CM 104 90 DAY MEAN 110 SSN 090 XRAY BGD B2.5
where
doy
= day of year (yesterday), Such as 346
rrr
= 10 CM solar radio flux in Solar Flux Units,
for 1700Z on doy indicated, such as 104
mmm
= 90 day mean of the 10 CM Solar radio flux
through yesterday, such as 110
SSS
= Sun Spot Number for yesterday, such as 090
1x.x
= Xray Background level for yesterday expressed on
the B, C,M,X scale, where B = 10-7 watts / meter2
C = 10-6, M = 10-5.
, and X = 10-4. In the example,
B2.5 = 2.5 * 10-7 watts / meter2.
Minute 4
doy GOES5 (W075) FLUENCE 1MEV f. fE+f 10 MEV f.fE+f
..
346 GOES5 (W075) FLUENCE 1MEV 2.8E+4 10 MEV 5.2E+3
where
doy
= day of year (yesterday), such as 346
f.fE+f
= daily total fluence (protons / (cm2*day*ster) )
greater than 1MEV or 10MEV (as indicated) expressed
as an exponential number, such as 2.8E+4, or 5.2E+3
LINE FOUR .... HOURLY IONOSPHERIC DATA
Each 24 hour set of data will take 3 minutes to transmit
(8 hours of data per line). EMPTY Indicates that no data
is being transmitted.
sss ddddd doy hh nn.n nn.n nn.n nn.n nn.n nn.n nn.n nn.n
..
BOU TEC
347 16 09.5 14.0 20.3 22.8 22.3 22.8 **** ****
where
sss
= station identifier such as BOU:
ddddd
= data Identifier, such as TEC (Total Electron
Count), FOF2 (Critical Frequency of the F2 Layer),
M3000 (Optimum Frequency for a Single Hop 3000 KM
Transmission), FMIN (Minimum Usable Frequency),
or FOES (Critical Frequency of the Sporadic
E Layer).
hh
= hour of first data group, such as 16
nn.n
= data group. There are eight consecutive data
groups. Missing data, or data not yet
determined will have ****. Data for TEC
is in units of 10+16 electrons / meter2,
for the others it is MHZ. Example 09.5
.. ....
42
Approved For Release 200UNCLASSIFIED 788R001800160001-6
--
. ..
......

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CJA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
LINE FIVE .... FORECASTS AND WARNINGS
Minute 0
doy-doy Mnn/nn/nn Xnn/nn/nn Pnn/nn/nn 10CMrrr/rrr/rrr/rrr
:
348-350 M01/01/01 X01/01/01 P01/01/01 10CM102/100/098/ ***
where doy-doy = day of year, first and last days of the forecast
nn/nn/nn = percent probability for occurrence of activity
on the first, second, and last day of the forecast.
These apply to M flares, X flares, or Proton events
as indicated. Example 01/01/01
rrr/rrr/rrr/rrr = forecast 10 CM solar radio flux for the 3 forecast
days, such as 102/100/098/ *** The last group of
rrr is for the last doy plus one and will be ***
until approx 18z on the first doy. At this time
values will be added.
Minute 1
doy-doy AFaaa/aaa/aaa APaaa/aaa/aaa Kkkkk kkkk kkkk kkkk
..
348-350 AF018/015/015 AP020/020/020 K **** ** 33 3444 3333
where doy-doy = day of year, first and last days of the forecast
aaa/aaa/aaa = forecast A values for the forecast period, either
AF, or AP as Indicated. Example 018/015/015, or
20/20/20
kkkk kkkk kkkk = Forecast KP values (without the 0,+, or-).
kkkk
The first of these 16 consecutive K values
is for 00Z through 03Z on the first doy listed.
Once a forecast K value has been measured it will
appear in line two and the forecast value in this
line will be replaced by an *. Example **** *** 3
3444 3334. At approximately 18Z the remaining
values will be updated with a new forecast.
Minute 2
MAGALERT MINOR
where lllll ...= Description of forecast magnetic activity
This will usually be: which indicates:
MAGQUIET
only sporadic weak
geomagnetic activity
43
Approved For Release NoLAS SIFIED96-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 200g NEL: A'S SPFFED788R001800160001-6
MAGALERT JJ/KK or
MAGALERT MINOR JJ/KK
Increase in or continued
high magnetic activity
( JJ/KK are the first and
last calendar days of
activity)
MAGNIL
end of active period or beginning
Of period of very low activity
(used to end alerts)
Minute 3
PROTONNIL
:
where IIll1 ...= Description of forecast proton activity
:
This will usually be: which indicates:
PROTONQUIET
no proton enhancements measured
In, or forecast for the near
earth environment.
PROTON FLARE ALERT JJ/KK QXXYY
Protons expected near earth
because the solar region
located in quadrant Q (1=NE,
2=SE, 3=SW, 4=NW), Central
meridian distance XX, latitude
YY, has a 15% or greater
probabilty of a proton
flare from days JJ to KK
PROTON ARRIVAL ALERT PP/FF HHmm
Protons expected near earth
on day PP from flare which
occurred on day FF at HHmm
PROTONALERT JJ/KK
Protons expected to meet the
SESC alert criteria (see line 6
ALERTS) in the near earth
environment from days JJ to KK
.
PROTONNIL
end of active period or begining
of period of very low activity
(used to end alerts)
44
Approved For Release 200UNCLASSIFIED. 788R001800160001-6

Approved For ReleaseUNCLASSIFIED6-00788R001800160001-6
LINE FIVE .... FORECASTS AND WARNINGS (continued)
Minute 4
SOLQUIET
where lllll ...= Description of forecast solar activity
This will usually be:
which indicates
SOLQUIET
only sporadic weak solar activity,
(class C or smaller flares)
SOLALERT JJ/KK
M Class flares, or an
increase in M level
activity from days JJ
to KK
MAJOR FLARE ALERT JJ/KK QXXYY
region located at QXXYY
(see minute 3) has a 15%
or greater prob of X class
flares from days JJ to KK
SOLNIL
end of active period or begining
of period of very low activity
(used to end alerts)
LINE SIX .... ALERTS
(rotates through all activated alerts)
ALERT NIL
..
where Illll ...= descriptive text of alert conditions that are met
These are The current alerts
0. ALERT NIL (when no alerts are turned on)
1.245 MHZ BURST > 100 SFU
2.245 MHZ RADIO NOISE STORM > 5 TIMES BKGND
3.10 CM FLARE > 100% ABOVE BKGND
4. TYPE II RADIO BURST
5. TYPE IV RADIO BURST
6. SUSPECTED PROTON FLARE
7.PROTON EVENT 10 PART/CM2*SEC*STER > 10 MEV
8 PROTON EVENT 100 PART/CM2*SEC*STER > 100 MEV
.
45
Approved For Release NCLASSIFIED.96-00788R001800160001-6

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6
UNCLASSIFIED
(the numbers are
transmitted with
the alerts)
9.XRAY >= M5
10.XRAY >= X1
11.A INDEX >= 20
(BOU) (forecast or observed )
12.A INDEX >= 30
(BOU)
=
=
=
=
13.A INDEX >= 50
(BOU)
14.K INDEX >= 4
(BOU) (fcst, obsvd, or in progress)
15.K INDEX
>= 5
(BOU)
=
11
16.K INDEX :
6
=
(BOU )
=
17.K INDEX >= 5-5
( BOU )
=
18. SUDDEN STORM COMMENCEMENT ( forecast or observed)
19.STRATWARM
20. SST ALERT: RADIATION >= 10 MILLIREMS ( forecast or
observed)
LINE SEVEN ... MESSAGES
where IIIII ...= unformatted message with up to 60 characters will
sometimes be broadcast in this line. Messages that
will take more than one line will be broadcast
sequentially over several minutes. These sequential
messages will start with MMMM at the beginning of
the first line. NNNN at the beginning of a line
will indicate that the message is complete.
In the future routine products will be transmitted
using this line at preselected times. A tentative
schedule of these products follows:
PRODUCT
TIME
Current message schedule
00Z
SMM
(Solar Maximum Mission)
01Z,07Z,13Z,19Z
Observing Plan
Region Report (body of 0030Z report)
02Z,08Z,14Z,20Z
27 Day Forecast
03Z,09Z,15Z,21Z
SGAS
(Solar Geophysical Activity Summary)
(body of 0245Z report)
04Z,10Z,16Z,22Z
SDF (Report of Solar and Geophysical
Activity. . formerly Space Disturbance
Forecast) (text portion of 2200Z
report )
05Z,11Z,17Z,23Z
GEOALERT (body of 0330Z GEOALERT)
06Z,12Z,18Z
46
Approved For Release 2000/RICLASSIFIED788R001800160001-6
+

Approved For ReleaseCONGLA SSARE 1-00788R001800160001-6
REFERENCES
(U)
1.
Persinger, M. A., H. W. Ludwig, and H. P. Ossenkopp, "Psycho-
physiological Effects of ELF Electromagnetic Fields: A Review,"
Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 36, pp. 1131-1159 (1973) .
2.
Weber, R., "Human Circadian Rhythms under the Influence of Weak
Electric Fields and the Different Aspects of These Studies,"
Int'l. Jour. Biometeorology, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 227-232 (1974) .
3.
Friedman, H., R. Becker, and C. Bachman, "Effect of Magnetic
Fields on Reaction-Time Performance," Nature, pp. 949-950
(4 March 1967) .
4.
Konig, H. L., "Behavioral Changes in Human Subjects Associated
with ELF Electrical Fields," ELF and VLF Electromagnetic Field
Effects, M. A. Persinger (ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 81-99
(1974).
47
UNCLASSIFIED
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001800160001-6