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Final Report
October 1978
ADVANCED THREAT TECHNIQUE ASSESSMENT (U)
By: HAROLD E. PUTHOFF
RUSSELL TARG
EDWIN C. MAY
INGO SWANN
WARNING NOTICE
Sensitive Intelligence Sources
and Methods Involved
SRI
International
333 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlo Park, California 94025 U.S.A.
(415) 326-6200
Cable:
SRI INTL MNP
TWX: 910-373-1246
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Final Report
Covering the Period 18 April 1977 to 15 April 1978
October 1978
ADVANCED THREAT TECHNIQUE ASSESSMENT (U)
By:
HAROLD E. PUTHOFF
RUSSELL TARG
Radio Physics Laboratory
EDWIN C. MAY
INGO SWANN
Consultants
SRI Project 5309
WARNING NOTICE
Sensitive Intelligence Sources
and Methods Involved
Approved by:
ROBERT S. LEONARD, Director
Radio Physics Laboratory
DAVID D. ELLIOTT, Executive Director
Systems Research and Analysis Division
Copy No.
23
This document consists of 132 pages.
SRI 8-4566
CLASSIFIED BY: DIA (DT)
EXEMPT FROM GDS OF E. O. 11652
EXEMPTION CATEGORY: 2
DECLASSIFIED ON: Notification of Originator
NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION
Unauthorized Disclosure Subject
to Criminal Sanctions
333 Ravenswood Avenue . Menlo Park, California 94025 U.S.A.
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Internationa
A
i
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CONTENTS (U)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (U) .
V
LIST OF TABLES (U)
vii
I
OBJECTIVE (U)
1
II
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (U)
3
A.
Definition (U)
3
B.
Psychoenergetic Processes (U)
3
C.
SRI Work (U)
7
1.
Advances of the Current Contract Period (U) .
7
SG1A
a.
b.
Example: Communication with a Submerged
Submarine via the Remote-Viewing
Channel (U)
10
c.
Example: Resolution Studies (Objects
Hidden in Metal Containers) (U)
12
2.
Remote-Viewing State of the Art (U)
12
III
LONG-DISTANCE COORDINATE REMOTE-VIEWING
EXPERIMENTS (U)
17
A.
Introduction (U)
.
17
SG1A
IV
LONG-DISTANCE REMOTE VIEWING FROM A SUBMERSIBLE (U)
33
A.
Communication Experiment (U)
33
B.
Examination of the ELF Hypothesis (U)
39
c.
Preliminary Conclusions (U)
39
iii
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V
REMOTE VIEWING OF OBJECTS, PICTURES, AND
SYMBOLS (U)
43
A.
Experiments with Objects in Metal
Containers (U)
43
B.
Abstract Targeting of Building Interiors (U)
48
C.
Experiments with Analytical Targets (U)
50
1.
Alphanumeric Targets (U)
51
2.
Color/Shape Targets (Parallels Between Remote
Perception and Ordinary Perception) (U) .
51
VI
ROLE OF FEEDBACK IN REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENTS (U)
55
A.
Background Discussion (U)
55
B.
Experimentation (U)
55
c.
Conclusions (U)
57
1.
General (U)
57
2.
Recent Results (U)
59
VII
REMOTE PERCEPTION OF AUDIO SIGNALS (U)
61
VIII
SUBJECT-INDUCED EQUIPMENT PERTURBATION EFFECTS (U)
65
A.
Strain-Gauge Experiments (U)
65
B.
Random-Event Generator Experiments (U)
66
IX
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS (U)
69
APPENDICES (U)
A
STANDARD REMOTE-VIEWING PROTOCOL (LOCAL TARGETS) (U)
77
B
SUMMARY OF KEY EXPERIMENTS IN LONG-DISTANCE COORDINATE
REMOTE VIEWING GENERATED FOR THIS PROGRAM DURING
PREVIOUS YEAR (U)
93
C
DATA-SOURCE TRANSCRIPT (COMPLETE) (U)
107
D
ERROR-CORRECTING CODING AND THE REMOTE VIEWING OF
TARGET SITES AS A MESSAGE-SENDING MEDIUM (U)
115
REFERENCES (U)
121
.
iv
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ILLUSTRATIONS (U)
1
Target Objects in Metal Containers (U) .
13
SG1A
10
Submersible Taurus (U)
34
11
Submersible Experiment Number 1:
170 Meters Deep in
340 Meters of Water. 16 July 1977 (U)
36
Number 2 (U) .
37
12
Shopping Mall Target Used in Submersible Experiment
13
Submersible Experiment Number 2:
78 Meters Deep, on
the Bottom (U)
38
14
Palo Alto Airport Tower Target (U)
58
SG1
A
B-5
Remote Viewing by Grographical Coordinates of Dam Site
in the USSR (S)
101
B-6
Remote-Viewing Overview of Dam-Site Locale, Showing
Airport of Interest in the Lower Left (U)
102
B-7
Remote-Viewing Sketch of Detail on Runways and
Structures (Soviet Airport) (S)
103
V
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B-8
Rural Soviet Site (S)
105
D-1
Use of a 5-Bit Error-Correcting Code to Increase
Probability of Correct Message Reception (U)
120
-
-
--
.
.
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TABLES (U)
SG1A
1
Breakdown of the Various Psychoenergetic Processes (U) . .
4
2
Action Item Areas for Research in Psychoenergetics (U) . .
5
3
4
Message Set (U)
11
SG1A
5
6
Submarine Experiment (U)
.
40
7
Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Subject Response
Packets Associated with Each Target (U)
47
8
Music Target Pool with Partial Attribute List (U)
62
9
Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Subject Response
Packets Associated with Each Target for Series 1 (U) .
64
10
Distribution of Rankings Assigned to Subject Response
Packets Associated with Each Target for Series 2 (U) .
64
11
Remote-Viewing State of the Art -- Conclusions (U)
71
A-1
Direct Matching (U)
85
A-2
Rank-Ordering Table (U)
87
D-1
Quantitative Judging Technique (U)
118
D-2
A 5-Bit Decoding Matrix (U)
119
.
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I
OBJECTIVE (U)
(S) The purpose of this program was to provide a basis for assess-
ing psychoenergetic processes as an advanced threat technology that
could be in development by the USSR.
*
Psychoenergetic processes
include:
(1)
The acquisition and description, by mental means, of
information blocked from ordinary perception by
distance or shielding and generally believed to be
secure against such access.
(2)
The production of physical effects such as the
perturbation of equipment or instrumentation that
appears to be well shielded against, or otherwise
inaccessible to, human influence.
(S)
This study was undertaken to determine the state of the art,
to identify key development trends and technical parameters, and to
provide indicators that suggest particular advanced-threat-related
applications.
-
(U)
There has been no attempt in this program to emphasize basic
research, nor to attempt development of specific applications.
Further-
more, since funding levels were limited, extensive proof of the
phenomena under study was not intended. However, basic evaluation
guidelines were established as an aid in forming judgements on the
apparent degree of success, or lack of success, of the various types
of investigations.
Some investigations were more amenable to
*
(C) Evidence that such development is taking place is documented in a
series of intelligence community documents,
1- 6+
and attention has been
called to this area by the U. S. Intelligence Board's (USIB) Scientific
and Technical Intelligence Committee (STIC) in a document entitled
"Views on Emerging Areas of Science and Technology Potentially
Important to National Security (C)."7
+
(U) References are listed at the end of this document.
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(U)
statistical verification; others involved subjective as well as objec-
tive judgements. There is generally a lack of agreement as to what
constitutes sufficient proof of a particular paranormal phenomena, and
this effort did not attempt to develop specific tasks to provide proof
of such phenomena which would be satisfactory to all readers. However,
insights gained from these investigations are considered to be of value
in evaluating potential gains as well as potential difficulties that
could be experienced by possible Warsaw Pact development in this area.
.. .
2
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (U)
A.
Definition (U)
(U) Recent publications in both the open and classified literature
provide mounting evidence for the existence of so-called "parapsycho-
logical," "paraphysical," or "psychoenergetic" processes. These
processes include:
(1)
The acquisition of information not presented to any
obvious sense. These are perceptual processes that
act as information input to a human subject (remote
viewing, telepathy, dowsing, etc. ).
(2)
The production of physical effects not mediated by
any obvious mechanism. These are perturbation
(psychokinetic) processes that act as action output
from a human subject (the generation of fields,
temperature changes, mechanical forces, physiological
effects, etc. ).
B.
Psychoenergetic Processes (U)
(U) A breakdown of the various psychoenergetic processes of
interest is shown in Table 1. A matrix or "road map" of the various
areas under current investigation in our laboratory and elsewhere is
shown in Table 2. Its structure reflects the three major areas of
activity:
·
Cataloging the characteristics of the phenomenon, such as
resolution, reliability, bit rate, effects of shielding,
etc., including investigation of various models (e. g.,
electromagnetic).
· Ascertaining the correlates of paranormal functioning
that may lead to screening and training (psychological
conditions, medical profiling, environmental factors,
etc. ).
· Determining application potential with regard to:
alternate communications systems, enhanced environmental
monitoring (near and far), application to information
security processes, enhanced man/machine interactions,
etc.
3
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Table 1
(U) BREAKDOWN OF THE VARIOUS PSYCHOENERGETIC PROCESSES (U)
PSYCHOENERGETIC PROCESSES
PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES
(Information Input)
PERTURBATION PROCESSES
(Action Output)
UNCLASSIFIED
SPATIAL
(Remote
Viewing)
TEMPORAL
(Precognition,
Retrocognition)
ANIMATE
INANIMATE
4
REMOTE
BEHAVIOR
MODIFICATION
REMOTE
PHYSIOLOGICAL
PERTURBATION,
HEALING
RANDOM
PROCESSES
DIRECTED
PROCESSES
ANIMATE
INANIMATE
MECHANICAL
FORCES
TELEPATHY
MEDICAL
DIAGNOSIS
CLAIRVOYANCE,
DOWSING
PSYCHOMETRY
(Temporal History)
CLASSICAL
NOISE
DISTRIBUTION
(Electronic Noise,
Brownian Motion,
etc.)
- TEMPERATURE
FIELD GENERATION
(Electric, Magnetic
Gravitational, etc.)
QUANTUM
MECHANICAL
STATISTICAL
DISTRIBUTION
(Radioactive
Decay, Zero-Point
Fluctuations, etc.)
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Table 2
(U) ACTION ITEM AREAS FOR RESEARCH IN PSYCHOENERGETICS (U)
EXPERIMENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOENERGETIC PROCESSES
CHARACTERISTICS, ANALYSIS, AND THEORY
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL
CORRELATES
APPLICATION
POTENTIAL
ENHANCED ENVIRONMENTAL
INFORMATION MONITORING
CHARACTERISTICS
MECHANISM-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS
MECHANISMS
PHYSIOLOGICAL
CORRELATES
(EEG, GSR, EMG)
PSYCHOLOGICAL,
MEDICAL
PROFILING
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
(Sensory Deprivation,
Altered States, Stress
Environments,
Experimenter Effects
[Psychological Factors,
Psi/Anti-psi Syndrome]
EDUCATIONAL
PROCEDURES
- ALTERNATE COMMUNICATIONS
CAPABILITIES
PSYCHOPHYSICS
INFORMATION THEORY,
CODING
(Bit Rate, Redundancy
Required, Message
Transmission, Judging
Techniques)
GENERATION OF ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION SECURITY
PROCESSES
-
STRAIN GAUGE
EXPERIMENTS
ANALOGS TO
ORDINARY
PERCEPTION
(Perceptual
Tasks Paralleling
Ordinary
Perception)
BRAIN-HEMISPHERIC
LOCALIZATION
NOISE PERTURBATION
(Radioactive Decay,
Electronic Noise)
NEW APPLICATIONS IN SYSTEMS
TECHNOLOGY AND ENERGY
ECONOMICS
ELECTROMAGNETIC
EFFECTS
(ELF Beacons, Jamming,
Submersible Shielding,
Propagation Velocity)
QUANTUM MECHANICS
(Non-locality, Quantum-
Interconnectedness,
Holographic)
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL
(Complex Space/Time)
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS TO
SATELLITE AND INTERPLANETARY
COMMUNICATIONS
ALTERNATE MEDICAL/
PSYCHOLOGICAL TREAT-
MENT STRATEGIES
PRODUCTION OF NEW
EDUCATIONAL METHODS
SPATIAL AND
TEMPORAL
RESOLUTION
(Target Size,
Repetition Rate,
Targets in Motion)
RELIABILITY
(Subject
Confidence,
Coding
Enhancement)
TARGETING
(Geographic
Coordinates,
Biographical
Histories,
Target Agent,
Electronic
Information
Storage)
SHIELDING
(Electromagnetic
and Other)
ROLE OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
(Computer-Controlled
and Scored Versus
Human-Mediated
Experiments)
ROLE OF
FEEDBACK
(Psychological
Factors,
Precognitive
Mechanisms)
Table 2
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SCREENING
(Children
Identical
Twins,
the Blind)
TRAINING
(Feedback,
Reinforcement,
Target
Optimization)
ENHANCED HUMAN/MACHINE
INTERACTIONS
-
- CREATION OF NEW INDUSTRIAL
COMPONENTS

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c.
SRI Work (U)
(U) In order to meet the objectives of this program, SRI investi-
gators have for the last six years been concentrating primarily on a
particular human information-accessing capability that we call "remote
viewing." This phenomenon pertains to the ability of certain individuals
to access and describe, by means of mental processes, information blocked
from ordinary perception by distance or shielding, and generally believed
to be secure against such access. This has included the ability of sub-
jects to view remote geographical locations, even at intercontinental
distances, given only geographical coordinates or a known person on
whom to target.
(S) The remote viewing abilities of several subjects have been
developed to the point where they can describe -- often in great detail --
geographical and technical material such as natural formations, roads,
buildings, interior laboratory apparatus, and real-time activities.
SG1
A
1.
Advances of the Current Contract Period (U)
(U) Three major advances stand out in this year's effort with
regard to work with our two experienced subjects. They are:
(1) An observed increase in reliability of psychoenergetic
functioning as a result of practice, to the point where
the year's major effort in a long-distance remote
viewing application resulted in data of high information
content with little error.
(2)
The successful application of the remote viewing
function as a communications (message-sending) medium,
carried out in a semi-operational stress environment
(submerged submarine).
(3) An observed increase in spatial resolution discri-
mination, to resolution on the order of a millimeter.
These advances are illustrated in the following three examples.
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SG1A
,
b.
Example:
Communication with a Submerged Submarine
via the Remote-Viewing Channel (U)
(U)
As an example of remote viewing applied in a communication
mode, we present here a synopsis of a second experiment described in
further detail in Section IV.
(U) The goal of the experiment was to determine whether it was
possible to transmit a message to a submerged submarine via the remote-
viewing channel. The test was designed to provide not only an oppor-
tunity to determine the feasibility of psychoenergetic communication
with an isolated individual, but also to provide data on the effects of
environmental stress on psychoenergetic performance, and on the possible
shielding effects of several hundred feet of sea water (known to be a
good shield for all but the lowest frequencies of the electromagnetic
spectrum).
*
(U) As an overall calibration of the remote viewing process, against
which specific examples such as the above can be gauged, we can take
as a background data base a lengthy collection of 51 remote viewing
trials collected over a several-year period with nine subjects, and
published by the authors in Proc. IEEE.
In these trials subjects were
targeted on local targets (bridges, swimming pools, theaters, airports,
computers, machine shops, etc. ) within a 20 km range of SRI.
The
method of targeting was that the subject "tracked" investigators who
were to visit an unknown target site at a prearranged time. The proto-
col for this standard remote-viewing experiment is given in Appendix A.
The quality of the results was such that the judges, who had to
determine in a blind fashion which subject-generated data packages
(tape transcripts and drawings) were associated with which target sites,
were able to blind-match transcripts to targets in roughly half the
cases. Details are presented in Ref. 9.
(U) Further calibration data are given in Appendix B.
Presented there
are key experiments in long-distance coordinate remote viewing
generated for this program during the previous year.
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(U) The submersible used in the experiment was the Taurus, a five-
man underwater vehicle manufactured by International Hydrodynamics
Company Ltd. (HYCO) of Canada. During the experimentation discussed
here, the submersible operated submerged in the waters near Santa
Catalina Island, off the coast of southern California.
(U) The protocol for the experiment was as follows. A series of
six potential messages to be sent (see Table 4) was constructed in
advance of the experiment. To each message was assigned a San Francisco
Bay Area target location. To send a given message, a pair of investi-
gators comprising a target demarcation team went at a prearranged time
to the site linked to the particular message and remained there for 15
minutes. During this period a subject on-board the submersible, monitored
by an investigator blind to the target pool, registered his impressions
as to where the demarcation team was, 500 miles away, as per standard
remote viewing protocol. Following the remote-viewing trial, the subject
then consulted a list of potential targets (seen for the first time at
this point), made a choice as to which target of the set he had described,
and noted the associated message.
Table 4
(S)
MESSAGE SET (U)
Message
Remain submerged for two days
Evasive plan six
*Rendezvous at pickup point three
Proceed to base one
Standby alert on priority targets
*Launch priority targets
*
Messages sent via remote-viewing
protocol.
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(U) Two experiments of this type were carried out, one each with
two subjects. For this first experiment the submersible was at a depth
of 170 m in water 340 m deep; for the second the submersible rested on
the bottom in 80 m of water.
In both cases the subjects rendered
excellent descriptions of the target sites, and had no difficulty in
choosing the correct target from the list of six potentials targets.
Although the subjects indicated that they had experienced some degree of
stress due to cramped conditions and seasickness, these environmental
factors did not appear to affect the quality of performance deleteriously.
#
c.
Example: Resolution Studies (Objects Hidden in Metal
Containers) (U)
(U)
In order to obtain an estimate of the resolution capability of
the remote-viewing process, a subject was asked to render descriptions
of objects hidden in small light-tight metal containers (35 mm film cans)
located 1/8 mile distant from the subject. The location of the object
was known to the subject only as being on the person of an investigator
outbound to an unknown site. During the experiment no investigator
involved in the study knew the target, the target canisters having been
previously prepared and randomized by an investigator outside the project.
(U) A sequence of ten trials were carried out, and the resulting
subject transcripts and drawings were blind-matched to the targets by an
independent judge with statistically significant results. Figure 1 shows
the targets and responses for the first five trials. As indicated in the
figure caption, the quotations accompanying the drawings are taken from
the first paragraphs of the subject responses. These data indicate that
the psychoenergetic channel functions with a spatial resolution down to
at least the order of one millimeter.
2.
Remote-Viewing State of the Art (U)
(S)
The more important results of our investigation to date can be
summarized as follows:
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SPOOL AND PIN
Grey - not shiny
"IT'S DEFINITELY SOMETHING THIN AND
LONG. . . WITH A NAIL HEAD AT THE
END . . . SILVERED COLORED."
CURLED UP LEAF
"A NAUTILUS SHAPE WITH A TAIL."
M
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
LEATHER BELT KEYRING
"THE STRONGEST IMAGE I GET IS LIKE A BELT."
"LIKE A MINIATURE TOWER
CAN OF SAND
. SCALLOPED
BOTTOM . . . LIGHT BEIGE."
Black
white
whit
GREY AND WHITE QUILL
"LIKE A PENGUIN . . . GREY AND BLACK AND
WHITE . .. POINTED OR SLIGHTLY ROUNDED
OFF AT THE TOP . . . OPEN OR POINTED AT
THE BOTTOM."
UNCLASSIFIED
11
FIGURE 1
TARGET OBJECTS IN METAL CONTAINERS. Captions under subject
drawings are quotes from first paragraph of transcript. (U)
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(S)
· Target acquisition -- Subjects can acquire target site on the
basis of the presence of a known person at the site;
targeting by geographical coordinates without the presence
of a known person at the site yields results comparable to
those obtained in experiments in which a person known to
the subject is used as a target. This observation offers
evidence for goal-oriented as opposed to means-oriented
interpretation of the "laws" that appear to govern
psychoenergetic functioning.
· Target attributes sensed -- Descriptive aspects (shape, form,
color, material) are described better than analytical
concepts (function, name), although at times the latter
come through excellently. Written target material is
correct only occasionally. Alphabet targets are success-
ful only statistically. In addition to visually observable
detail, subjects sometimes report sounds, smells, electro-
magnetic fields, and other phenomena that can be verified
as existing at target locations.
. Spatial and temporal resolution -- The channel functions with
spatial resolution down to at least one millimeter. Real-
time activities at the target site are often perceived.
Experiments have included successful real-time remote
viewing of Minuteman and Poseidon static test firings in
the western United States (with differentiation between
successful firings and scrubs, and timing to within ten
seconds). Ephemeral, rapid, or repetitive targets are
more difficult.
.
Distance effects -- Accuracy and resolution are not sensitive
functions of subject-target distance over intercontinental
distances.
· Shielding -- Faraday cage or sea water electrical shielding
are not effective shields.
. Factors that appear to inhibit success in remote viewing --
These are a-priori subject knowledge of target possibili-
ties, absence of feedback, application of the ability to
trivial tasks (testing for the sake of testing), and use
of repetitive target sequences.
. Factors that appear to enhance success in remote viewing --
These are interest factors for the subject, a-priori
necessity and relevancy for obtaining information
(seriousness of purpose), the presence of a facilitating
monitor to ask questions and direct the subject's
attention, and practice with feedback.
. Accuracy and reliability -- Analysis of remote-viewing tran-
scripts generated by experienced subjects indicates that
for a given target site roughly two-thirds of the subject-
generated material constitutes an accurate description of
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(S)
the site, while about one-third is ambiguous, general,
or incorrect.
. Repeatability of phenomena -- Continuing demonstrations in
this program, 10- 13 and replications in other laboratories,
14-19
indicate that the capability known as "remote viewing" is
a repeatable human perceptual ability.
. Distribution of psychoenergetic capacity in population --
Abilities appear widespread, though latent; volunteers
with no previous history of psychoenergetic functioning
exhibit ability in screening experiments, indicating
that reliance on the availability of special subjects
may not be necessary. Unknown, however, are the percentage
of population trainable or with natural talent, the
optimum screening procedures, and the medical or
psychological profiles of good subjects.
. Threat potential -- Remote viewing, through the use of
geographical coordinates as designators, has in many
cases provided meaningful descriptions of East-Bloc military
facilities designated as targets by the sponsor; evaluation
by appropriate intelligence community specialists indicates
that a subject is able by this process to generate useful
data corroborated by other intelligence data; as is
generally true with human sources, the information is
fragmentary and imperfect, and is therefore best utilized
in conjunction with these other resources; nonetheless,
the data generated by this process appears to exceed any
reasonable bounds of chance correlation or acquisition by
ordinary means, and therefore constitutes a potentially
exploitable information source.
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III
LONG-DISTANCE COORDINATE REMOTE-VIEWING EXPERIMENTS (U)
A.
Introduction (U)
(S)
One of the primary objectives of this program is to provide a
basis for evaluating various psychoenergetic capabilities. This is done
specifically to assess the probability that such capabilities might be
under development in the USSR as an advanced threat technique that could
form the basis of future technological surprise.
SG1A
(S)
To aid in this assessment a significant part of the study is
devoted to evaluating application feasibility by examining U. S. capabili-
ties. This assessment of application feasibility takes the form of our
asking subjects in this program to view and describe remote sites chosen
by the project's contract monitor as being sites of interest,
SG1
A
F
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(U) Two procedures are used for targeting the subject on the site.
In those cases where feasible, a person known to the subject is dispatched
to the vicinity of the site and the subject is asked to target on that
individual, who plays the role of a beacon -- i. e., apparently acts as an
aid in the focusing process. For those sites where deployment of a
cooperative person to the site is not feasible, we employ an abstract
targeting procedure developed in an earlier program.1º
In this procedure
the site coordinates (latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes, and
seconds) are relayed with no further information to the subject. The
subject who is to view the site is asked simply to proceed on the basis
of the coordinate alone. The materials generated in the experiment are
then turned over to the project monitor for evaluation.
(U) Admittedly, such an abstract targeting procedure seems without
basis in logic (at least with regard to the present scientific paradigm),
and we can make no claim for the technique other than the purely pragmatic
one that it appears to work. We can only point out that in psychoener-
getics research in general, the possibility of success in such an
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SG1A
(U)
experiment is in accord with the observed "goal-oriented" nature of the
laws that appear to govern such functioning.
4
.
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IV LONG-DISTANCE REMOTE VIEWING FROM A SUBMERSIBLE
In July of 1977 SRI carried out experiments in remote viewing from
a submersible submerged in 500 ft of sea water, approximately 500 miles
from the target site.
The goal of the experiment was to determine whether it was possible
to transmit a message to a submerged submarine via the remote-viewing
channel. The test was designed to provide not only an opportunity to
determine the feasibility of psychoenergetic communication with an
isolated individual, but also to provide data on the effects of environ-
mental stress on psychoenergetic performance, and on the possible
shielding effects of several hundred feet of sea water (known to be a
good shield for all but the lowest frequencies of the electromagnetic
spectrum). Neither the stress, nor distance, nor seawater attenuation
appeared to degrade the quality of the remote-viewing function in any
way.
The submersible used in the experiment was the Taurus, a five-man
underwater vehicle (see Figure 10) manufactured by International
Hydrodynamics Company Ltd. (HYCO) of Canada. (The Taurus was made
available to SRI by Mr. Stephan Schwartz of the Philosophical Research
Society of Los Angeles, who had arranged for its use in'an underwater
archaeology experiment. ) During the experimentation discussed here,
the submersible operated submerged in the waters near Santa Catalina
Island, off the coast of southern California.
A.
Communication Experiment
The protocol for the experiment was as follows. A series of six
potential messages to be sent [ see Table 4 in the Executive Summary
(Section II)] was constructed in advance of the experiment. To each
message was assigned a target location in the San Francisco Bay Area.
To send a given message, a target demarcation team went at a prearranged
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(a) PHOTOGRAPH (U)
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(b) SECTIONAL VIEW (U)
FIGURE 10
SUBMERSIBLE TAURUS (U)
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time to the site linked to the particular message and remained there for
15 minutes. During this period a subject on-board the submersible,
monitored by an investigator blind to the target pool, registered his
impressions as to where the demarcation team was, 500 miles away, as
per standard remote viewing protocol. Following the remote-viewing
trial, the subject then consulted a list of potential targets (seen for
the first time at this point), made a choice as to which target of the
set was viewed, and noted the associated message.
Four trials were planned in accordance with a prearranged time
schedule. The first trial was aborted because the submersible did not
follow its diving schedule. For the second trial the submersible was at
a depth of 170 m, in water 340 m deep, and the subject was asked to
describe his impressions of the location of the outbound team. (The
outbound team had chosen their location to designate the particular
message to be sent. ) Having completed the response, the subject was
handed the list of target descriptions and asked to choose which of the
six target locations appeared to match the description.
Figure 11 shows the subject's response. The outbound team had
chosen the large oak tree shown in the figure. (An interesting note:
Because of a timing error the subject's narrative began while the out-
bound team was still enroute to the target site. ) The subject correctly
(and extensively) described a large tree, and also correctly described
a drop-off behind the outbound team. In this experiment the subject
was able to identify the correct target on the list and was thus able
to obtain the associated correct message, "Rendezvous at Pickup Point
Three. "
The third trial aborted because of a lack of synchronization between
submarine dives and target visitation. For the fourth trial, the out-
bound team again went at a prearranged time to one of six possible
locations, chosen from a new list, a shopping mall shown in Figure 12.
In this trial the submersible rested on the bottom in 78 meters of water.
Figure 13 shows the subject's response to the target. The subject
correctly indicated the flat stone flooring, small pool, reddish stone
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FIGURE 11
SUBMERSIBLE EXPERIMENT NUMBER 1: 170 m DEEP IN
340 m OF WATER. 16 July 1977. Target was a giant oak
on a hilltop in Portola Valley, California. Subject's first words
were:
"A very tall looming object. A very, very, huge tall
tree and a lot of space behind them. There almost feels like
there is a drop-off or a palisade or a cliff behind them." (U)
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FIGURE 12
SHOPPING MALL TARGET USED IN SUBMERSIBLE EXPERIMENT NUMBER 2 (U)
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.
Hat stone
flooring .
walls
small peal
rechtlich - stone work.
lange cleans -
38
walking around
could be the city hall.
an enclosed space:" -
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FIGURE 13
SUBMERSIBLE EXPERIMENT NUMBER 2: 78 m DEEP ON THE BOTTOM. Target was shopping mall in Mountain
View, California. Subject's drawing correctly identifies:
"Flat stone flooring, walls, small pool, reddish stone walk,
large doors, walking around, an enclosed space." (U)
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walk, and people walking around in an enclosed space. When shown the
target list, the subject chose the correct target location and was thus
able to "receive" the associated message.
Therefore, in the two trials that were actually carried out from
the submersible, the subject in each case selected the correct one out
of six messages.
B.
Examination of the ELF Hypothesis
One of our purposes in experimenting with remote viewing from a
submersible was to test the extremely-low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic
hypothesis put forward by I. M. Kogan of the Soviet Union, who suggests
that information transfer under conditions of sensory shielding is
mediated by ELF waves with wavelengths in the 300-to-1000-km region, 20- 23
To determine the significance of the success of the communications
experiment with regard to the ELF hypothesis, we must examine the
shielding effect of 170 m of sea water. The appropriate calculations
have been carried out by the authors for another project; we quote the
salient features here.
Three modes of propagation have to be considered. They are the
TE, TM, and quasi-TEM modes of propagation. (The latter is generally
assumed in Project Sanguine/Seafarer calculations, where one considers
coupling into the spherical resonant cavity comprised of the earth's
surface as the inner radius, and the ionosphere as the outer radius. 24 )
Table 6 shows the minimum attenuation results for the three cases,
assuming a depth of 170 m and a frequency of 10 Hz (approximate brainwave
frequency). We see that in all cases there is greater than 20 dB
(factor of 100) attenuation of a 10-Hz ELF signal.
c.
Preliminary Conclusions
Preliminary conclusions of the submersible experiment are as
follows :
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Table 6
SUBMARINE EXPERIMENT
(ELF Hypothesis)
Depth: 170 m
Maximum-Transmission TE Wave (Normal Incidence, 10 Hz)
R
`surface
44.8 dB
loss
R
attn
18.6 dB
Total
63.4 dB
Maximum-Transmission TM Wave (Grazing Incidence, 10 Hz)
R
surface
3.4 dB
loss
R
attn
18.6 dB
Total
22.0 dB
Maximum-Transmission Quasi-TEM Wave (Grazing Incidence, 10 Hz)
R
surface
50.3 dB
loss
R
18.6 dB
attn
Total
68.9 dB
. Remote viewing appears to be a successful approach for
achieving a land/submersible communication link.
. Under the least-loss case (near-grazing TM wave), the
attenuation for an ELF signal at 10 Hz is 18.6 dB at
170 m, to which must be added the air/surface
reflection loss. (The air/surface interface adds
another 3.4 dB. ) The results are therefore suggestive
that the postulated ELF electromagnetic radiation
mechanism is not viable as a mechanism for remote
viewing. However, a definitive test requires a series
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of experiments carried out at, say, 1000 m, where
10-Hz attenuation reaches 110 dB.
. Although the subjects indicated that they had experienced
some degree of stress due to cramped conditions and
seasickness, these environmental factors did not appear
to affect the quality of performance deleteriously.
.
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V
REMOTE VIEWING OF OBJECTS, PICTURES, AND SYMBOLS (U)
(U) For simple communication experiments, training procedures, and
so forth, it would be desirable to dispense with the relatively cumber-
some procedure of remote viewing of natural sites and substitute the
remote viewing of small objects, pictures, symbols, and the like. In
this section we discuss experiments undertaken to determine the feasi-
bility of such a substitution.
A.
Experiments with Objects in Metal Containers (U)
(U) An experiment was carried out in which a subject was asked to
render descriptions of objects hidden in small light-tight metal con-
tainers (35-mm film cans) located 1/8 mile distant from the subject's
location. Further, the location of the object was known to the subject
only as being on the person of an investigator outbound to an unknown
site.
(S) The purpose of the experiment was to test (1) whether such a
process constitutes a useful communication channel as claimed by the
Soviets,2 (2) whether a target needs to be illuminated in order to be
detected by psychoenergetic processes (e.g., can one look inside a
darkened safe?), and (3) whether resolution on the order of millimeters
can be obtained.
(U)
Ten trials were carried out. Each target was chosen by a
random-number process from the target pool that was prepared in advance
by an independent investigator.
All investigators involved in carrying
out the experiment were kept blind both as to particular targets and as
to the contents of the target pool as a whole.
(U) In detail, an investigator not otherwise associated with this
series (Investigator A) was asked to select ten objects and to seal each
in a separate film can. The film cans were then turned over to a second
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(U)
investigator (Investigator B), who was not told the contents.
Investi-
gator
B then numbered the can tops 1 to 10 without opening the cans,
taking care to handle them in such a way as to avoid gaining any
information as to their contents. Investigator B then placed the box
of cans in a secure safe.
During the experiment the target cans were
used without replacement until the ten possibilities were exhausted.
-
(U) At the beginning of each experiment, the subject was closeted
with Investigator C in an isolated windowless room of the Radio Physics
Laboratory in the SRI complex.
Investigator B then generated a random
number by the use of the random-number function on a Texas Instruments
Model SR-51 hand calculator, obtained the associated can from the target
*
pool in the safe, and took it to a convenient location in a park near
SRI. The outbound investigator ( Investigator B) remained at the remote
location for a ten-minute target period, beginning at a previously
agreed-upon time, with the film can still unopened.
(U)
During the target period the subject was asked to locate the
outbound investigator and to describe the contents of the film can in
his possession.
Since the investigator with the subject (Investigator
C) was ignorant of both the particular target and the contents of the
target pool, he was free to question the subject about his perceptions
without fear of cueing. The entire interaction in the laboratory was
tape recorded, and the subject was encouraged to make drawings to
accompany his verbal description of the film-can contents.
(U)
Following the target period, outbound Investigator B returned
to the laboratory, at which time all concerned (subject and Investigators
B and C) learned the contents of the target film can by opening it.
This was the first time in the entire course of the experiment that an
association could be made between a numbered can top and a given target
object.
*
(U) Because targets were used without replacement, when a previously
used number came up, the random-number generator was reactivated until
an unused number was obtained.
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(U) To facilitate analysis, it was decided in advance that the
experimental series of ten trials would be broken down into two sub-
groups of five trials each. Thus, in the blind rank-order procedure
used (described below), a judge was asked to compare each target against
five transcripts -- one generated during the target period of interest
and four generated during the other target periods of the subgroup.
This procedure of breaking up trials into subgroups is a standard one
designed to reduce the difficulty of comparing each target against a
long series of all transcripts.
(U) In preparation for the judging of each subgroup, the subject's
tapes were transcribed. The resulting transcripts were then edited by
Investigator B only to the extent of deleting references to previous
days' targets. The transcripts were then labeled A, B, C, D, E in a
random order by use of the SR-51 random number generator. Each set of
five transcripts (with associated drawings) was then turned over to an
independent judge with the following instructions:
"The five film cans with randomly numbered tops which
contain objects constituted targets in five successive 'remote
viewing' experiments. The subject's five response packets
containing tape transcripts and associated drawings, one
packet for each experiment, are to be matched to the film can
contents. The response packets are unnumbered and presented
in random order, so the matching is of the blind type; that
is, no indication is being given as to which packet was
generated in response to which target.
In carrying out the matching process, the judge must
realize that the subject is instructed simply to give
descriptive impressions as to the characteristics of a
target, as opposed to trying to interpret or identify or
name the target.
This is based on the known fact that in
psychoenergetic functioning, as in other subliminal perception
processes, first impressions as to form, color, and texture
tend to be correct, but further efforts to analyze and
interpret tend to lead to incorrect 'analytical overlay. '
As an aid in judging with regard to this particular concept,
we ask that as part of the judging exercise the judge should,
before reading any subject transcript, examine all the targets,
and write down for his own use a list of target descriptors
(rather than names) for each item.
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(U)
The details of the judging procedure, which involve
filling in the accompanying matrix (see attached form),
are as follows.
Select the lowest numbered can and examine
its contents. Then read through the packets with the goal
of determining best to worst description of this particular
target. When the rank ordering is complete for this target,
enter the rank order numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, best to worst
match, beside the appropriate transcript letter in the first
column. Then examine the contents of the next lowest
numbered can, again ranking the packets best to worst match,
and likewise enter the rank order numbers, 1-5, best to
worst match, beside the appropriate transcript letter in
the second column, and so on. The rank ordering for each
target is to be done independently of the previous rank
orderings, so that, for example, a given packet may be
chosen first place match for more than one target if that
provides the best ordering of descriptions. When the task
is complete, the entire matrix should be filled in, at which
time the packets are to be returned. "
(U) As an example of the quality of description obtained, the
results generated in the first subgroup of five are shown in Figure 1
in the Executive Summary (Section II of this report). The captions
contain quotes from the subject's first paragraph of each description.
For a spool and a pin we have: "It's definitely something thin and
long ... with like a nail head at the end ... silver colored;" for a curled
up leaf: "a nautilus shape with a tail;" for a leather belt keyring:
"The strongest image I get is like a belt;" for a can of sand: "like
a miniature tower ... scalloped bottom ... light beige;" for a grey and
white quill: "like a penguin ... grey and black and white ... it's organic
and has been alive ... pointed or slightly rounded off at the top ... open
or pointed at the bottom. "
(U) The judge's blind rank-order assessment for the entire ten-
trial series is shown in Table 7(b). In the blind rank ordering of each
target against five transcripts consisting of the appropriate transcript
*
(U) The judge was given a blank matrix to be filled in.
For the form
of the matrix, see Table 7(a), which is an example of a filled-in
matrix. The numbers correspond to the judge's rank-ordering assess-
ments; the circles indicate the actual transcript/target pair.
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Table 7
(U)
DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO SUBJECT RESPONSE PACKETS
ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TARGET
(U)
(a)
Example of Judging Matrix (First Five-Trial Subgroup)
Can Number
Transcript
Letter
3
4
7
8
9
A
1
5
4
4
5
B
5
4
3
3
1
C
3
3
1
1
2
D
4
1
5
5
4
E
2
2
2
2
3
(b) Analysis
Experiment
Can
Number
Target
Rank of Associated
Packet
1
4
Spool and pin
1
2
7
Leaf
1
3
3
Keyring
1
4
8
Sand
2
5
9
Quill
1
6
1
Stamps
1
7
2
Plastic pig
5
8
10
Whistle
4
9
6
Metal spring
2
10
5
Do11
1
Total sum of ranks
(10 trials/5 rankings each)
19
Probability of result by chance25
p = 0.009
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(U)
and four others, six of the ten transcripts were correctly matched, and
two were matched in second place, a result significant at p = 0.009
(i.e., the probability of obtaining such a ranking by chance is less
than 1 in a hundred).
x
(U)
It thus appears that small objects can be discriminated by
psychoenergetic processes, and that the channel functions down to at
least the order of one millimeter spatial resolution. Finally, success-
ful use of the light-tight cans indicates that the light level required
to illuminate the target can be vanishingly small.
+
B.
Abstract Targeting of Building Interiors (U)
(U) For the past several years we have been conducting remote-
viewing experiments in which a subject in the laboratory is able to
describe accurately the interior of a remote building given only
geographical coordinates or a known outbound investigator on whom to
target.
In our experience, the outbound investigator need not be inside
the building for the subject to provide an accurate description of the
inside. It is sufficient for him to be in the general neighborhood of
the building in question.
(U) We had not, however, previously carried out an experiment to
determine whether an experienced subject could describe the inside of a
building, given only an envelope containing a photograph of the target
*
(U) The appropriate analysis for preferential-ranking data is given in
Ref. 25. The analysis requires that the ranking for each target be
carried out independently -- that is, with replacement -- and the judge
was so instructed. Evidence that this requirement was adhered to, to
a close approximation, is provided by examination of Table 7(a), where
the correct matching of four targets out of five did not yield an
automatic match for the fifth, and Transcript C was twice selected as
a first-place match (Targets 7 and 8).
+
(U) The film cans were tested for light-tightness by exposing the cans
containing 400 ASA Tri-X film to 30 flashes of a 1200 watt-second
strobe light at 11 inches; photodensitometer traces showed no light
explosure as compared with unexposed control film.
1
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(U)
building. Therefore, we designed an experiment that involved handing
the subject photographs of the outsides of buildings in the
San Francisco Bay Area. In order to assure the absence of analytical
guessing, the photos remained sealed inside opaque photographic enve-
lopes throughout the experiment. The envelope plus its contents thus
constituted an abstract targeting procedure. (See discussion in fourth
paragraph of Section III-A. )
(U) The targets, all stand-alone buildings in the Palo Alto area,
were as follows: an indoor swimming pool, movie theater, public
library, bowling alley, fire station, grocery store, auto showroom,
airport hangar, research building, and Chinese restaurant. In each case
a photo was taken in a manner to best conceal the true nature of the
building. This was done to discriminate against simple remote viewing
of an envelope's contents in favor of the contents acting as a means
to target on the site in accordance with the goal of the experiment.
(U) Ten trials were carried out, two per day over a period of five
days. Each target was chosen by random-number generator access to the
target pool, and the investigator with the subject was kept blind to
the target. The randomly selected target envelope was handed to the
subject for his assessment as to the structure, purpose, and activity
associated with the site represented by the envelope's contents. The
session was tape recorded and the subject was encouraged to generate
sketches of the site to accompany his narrative.
(U) After completion of each trial, the subject was allowed to
open the envelope and look at the picture. At this point a second phase
of the experiment was initiated in which the subject was asked to render
a second interpretation of the site on the basis of the photograph.
Finally, the subject was given feedback as to the exact nature of the
building in question.
(U) In the evaluation of this experiment it was clear that none
of the subject's descriptions or drawings had more than a superficial
resemblance to the target building under consideration. Neither the
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(U)
unseen nor the seen photograph allowed the subject to make significant
comments or drawings with regard to the intended target. The failure
of these particular experiments contrasts sharply with the high degree
of success achieved by the same subject during several years of work in
our laboratory, and also with other successful experiments carried out
during the same experimental period.
(U) There are several possible factors that could contribute to
the subject's inability to describe the remote buildings in these
experiments. First, it must be recognized that it may be impossible to
do the task required. We tend to discount this idea, since another
gifted subject has apparently been able to do this task under similar
conditions. A more likely explanation, in our opinion, is that the
subject was overworked in this experimental series: A total of 30 trials
of various types were carried out in a five-day period. This far exceeds
the subject's previous work pace, and the subject complained of great
fatigue at the end of many of the days. Further efforts along this line
should be pursued before a final determination is made as to the feasi-
bility of this procedure.
C.
Experiments with Analytical Targets (U)
(S) In the course of this program we carried out several series of
communications experiments involving the attempted transmission, from
one laboratory to another, of analytical targets (numbers, letters,
words). These series were initiated in an effort to assess reports of
Soviet activities in this area. One of the Soviet experiments involved
the transmission of numbers (decimal digits 0 through 9) with a claimed
yield of 105 out of 135 digits. The a priori probability of such a
result occurring by chance is p ~ 10-77
,
an extremely significant result
if true. 26
1.
Alphanumeric Targets (U)
(U) In this series an investigator in one laboratory cycled through
-
a set of targets by means of a random protocol, while a percipient,
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isolated in another laboratory, registered his responses. In some
experiments the percipient knew the elements of the target pool (e. g.,
digits 0 through 9), while in others the target pool was essentially
unknown (e. g., dictionary words). Target content for the various series
was as follows: ten decimal digits -- 0 through 9; five written color
words -- yellow, red, blue, green, black; three alphanumerics -- A, 1, 0;
three specific words -- cat, house, rhinoceros; and an open-ended list
of random dictionary words. Computer analysis of the total of 1, 100
trials completed indicated that the results in each case do not deviate
significantly from chance expectation.
(C) In addition to the above laboratory experiments carried out
within SRI, a long-distance (Ohio-California) communication experiment
utilizing binary digits (0, 1) as targets was undertaken. Each working
day for a two-week period the contract monitor placed on display at his
location a three-digit binary number, of which there are eight possi-
bilities (000, 001, ... 111). At an agreed-upon time a subject located
at the Radio Physics Laboratory at SRI, Menlo Park, California,
attempted to perceive the three-digit number. The results of this
experiment also did not deviate significantly from chance expectation.
(U) We thus found in our experimentation an inability on the part
of subjects to perceive alphanumeric material. This result is con-
sonant with our general findings -- namely, in paranormal perception the
patterns of correct versus incorrect responses indicate specialization
characteristic of the nonanalytic part of the brain's cognitive
apparatus. This part of the brain is thought to deal mainly with spatial
and holistic processing, in contrast to specialization in verbal or
analytical functioning.
.27-29
2.
Color/ Shape Targets (Parallels Between Remote Perception
and Ordinary Perception) (U)
(U)
In an effort to devise an approach that might begin to train
analytic perception ability, one of the program subjects devel-
oped a gradient series of perception tasks that mimic the known
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(U)
development of ordinary perception.
The decision to follow such a
protocol was derived from data indicating that the laws of paranormal
perception are congruent with, rather than skew to, the laws that govern
ordinary perception, especially under conditions of subliminal
presentation, 30
(U) The approach was based on a specific perceptual orientation
process known to hold in ordinary perception of color. The perceptual
process of interest was the well-documented scale of increasing sensi-
tivity to color tones. Cross-cultural studies of 98 separate linguistic
stocks indicate that, from culture to culture, perception of color tones
in the environment begins with discrimination first of black and white
(dull/bright); then red is added as a color, then yellow or green
followed by the other, then blue, brown, and finally purple, pink,
orange, and grey. Although these latter are undistinguished at first,
discrimination between them eventually occurs. 31
(U) On the hypothesis that perhaps a similar gradient is followed
by an individual in the development of paranormal perception, a lengthy
pilot series of several hundred trials was carried out with an experienced
subject to determine, in a simple lab-to-lab remote target card sequence,
whether any correlation existed between color impressions, brightness/
dullness impressions, and accuracy of symbol recognition. (The symbols
used were 0, T, and 4 of various colors. ) A post hoc analysis of the
data indicated that in those cases where the subject was correct in his
impression as to whether the target was bright (white, yellow) or dull
(blue, black), he was able to recognize the symbol to a statistically
-*
significant degree.
*
(S) This lengthy series on detailed alphanumeric material preceded the
subject's viewing of the
which yielded
one of the better, more detailed remote viewing results on the program.
Therefore, we might conjecture along with the subject that the remote-
viewing practice that occurred in this series may have helped to
strengthen and sharpen the subject's skills.
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Based on the above observation, a second experienced subject
was tested over a three-day period. This subject was instructed to
attempt to differentiate remote target card symbols (0, T, A of various
colors) first on the basis of the dichotomy dull/bright, and then with
regard to shape, and only finally with regard to color. (Specifically,
the subject was encouraged to reject premature mental discrimination
processes based on color perception. ) After noting an apparent learning
curve in the data, a final test run was carried out before subject
departure on the third day. For this run only, the subject was instructed
to reject color perception altogether, and to simply indicate bright/dull
followed by symbol shape. This test resulted in correct recognition of
10 out of 12 shapes consisting of the three symbols (0, T, A) of various
colors randomly intermixed. The probability of such a result occurring
by chance in less than one is 1800 (i.e., p < 5.5 x 10-4).
On the basis
of these preliminary results, further experimentation with this protocol
will be carried out to determine whether the approach can lead to stable
paranormal perception of alphanumeric targets, a task that has so far
eluded parapsychology workers in this country.
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VI ROLE OF FEEDBACK IN REMOTE VIEWING EXPERIMENTS
A.
Background Discussion
It is standard practice in our laboratory, and in others, to provide
subjects with feedback as to their results in paranormal perception
experiments. This procedure is based on two factors: (1) the recognition
in learning theory that feedback is important in learning any skill, and
(2) the observation that subjects indeed do better when feedback is
supplied.
For most ordinary (non-paranormal) tasks, the role that feedback
plays appears relatively straightforward. In paranormal experimentation,
however, precognition of future events sometimes seems to occur.
This
raises the possibility that in paranormal perception experiments some
part of the information obtained is a result of precognitive access to
future feedback rather than direct remote viewing. If so, feedback to
the subject would play a more substantive role in paranormal experimenta-
tion than is usually the case. As a corollary, the withholding of
feedback in paranormal experimentation could be especially deleterious.
Feinberg of Columdia has even suggested that perhaps all of the informa-
tion in remote viewing comes via precognition of feedback. 32
In any case, there is strong evidence that feedback is an essential
element for successful remote viewing, whether the reasons be simply
psychological or more substantive, perhaps even physical. Therefore
two experiments were undertaken to determine to what degree remote
viewing could be elicited under conditions where the subject never
receives feedback as to the target.
B.
Experimentation
In these experiments, each of two subjects independently made six
remote-viewing trials. Both subjects were experienced in the remote-
viewing task and have produced reliable and successful results in the
past.
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In experiments with one subject we carried out six trials of
standard remote viewing of local targets in the San Francisco Bay area
with no feedback as to the target location visited by the outbound
investigators. Instead, the subject was taken each day to a different
one of a set of "feedback" locations, none of which were in the target
pool for remote viewing. The subject was informed as to the nature of
the experiment and knew that his task was to describe the place visited
by the investigators, rather than the place he was to be shown after the
experiment. The experiment nonetheless provided an opportunity to
observe whether he would in fact describe the "feedback" site in place
of the target site.
The outcome of the experiment was determined by the blind matching
of an independent judge. The judge was given a listing of the target
sites in random order and a similar listing of the feedback sites, also
in random order without being told which was which. He was also given
the six transcripts produced by the subject. The judge then had two
tasks. He had to rank-order the transcripts, as he thought they applied
to each of the sites. This was done both for the target sites and the
"feedback" sites.
In blind matching of the subject's response to both the target
locations and the feedback locations, no deviation from chance expecta-
tion was found. In each case the judge correctly matched one target-
transcript pair, which is the result expected by chance.
If it had turned out that the matching of the transcripts to the
target sites had been significant, it would have been evidence for direct
perception of the site at the time of the outbound investigator's visit
to that site. If, on the other hand, there had been significance in the
matching of the transcripts to the feedback sites, we would have concluded
that the subject tends to describe primarily the location about which he
is eventually given feedback. The result, however, was that his effort
to target on the correct site appeared to suffer in the absence of rele-
vant feedback, but he was not diverted into describing an irrelevant false
feedback target.
.. .......... . . ...
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In experiments with a second subject, we first carried out three
standard experiments in the remote viewing of local San Francisco Bay
Area sites with feedback. These were successful trials in which the
subject described a secure map room, an outdoor swimming pool, and a
church in sufficient detail for the transmission of a five-bit error-
corrected message. (See Appendix D for a description of the application
of the remote viewing of natural targets as a vehicle for message trans-
mission with built-in error correction. )
We then carried out three trials without feedback, in which the
subject gave descriptions that in no way matched the targets. This was
then followed by a final trial with feedback to establish whether the
functioning would return.
In this case the outbound investigators
selected by the random-number generator protocol, the control tower at
the Palo Alto airport, a location never before seen by this subject.
The target was immediately described on tape as a "tower like building ...
rising out of organic petal shaped bushes. It is quite square with an
enlarged tip on the top." A photograph of the tower, together with his
drawing of it are shown in Figure 14. It would thus appear that reinsti-
tuting the feedback condition rehabilitated the functioning.
c.
Conclusions
1.
General
Taken together as a series, this experiment consisted of 13 indivi-
dual remote-viewing experiments with experienced subjects. Of the 13
trials they made, none of those without feedback were successful, and
all those with feedback were. From this we must conclude that, at least
for the two subjects examined, who are ordinarily quite reliable, feed-
back to the subject is an important aspect of the remote-viewing protocol.
We cannot, of course, conclude that feedback is essential for substantive
(e. g., physical) reasons, since the above series did not separate out
psychological factors. In fact, both subjects expressed the feeling that
the no-feedback condition was psychologically very frustrating to them.
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FIGURE 14
PALO ALTO AIRPORT TOWER TARGET. Described by subject as
a square stone tower rising out of foliage at its base. (U)
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The next appropriate series of experiments with these normally
successful subjects would be to intermix, on a random schedule, feedback
and no-feedback trials, to eliminate any effect of psychological pre-
disposition that a subject might have with regard to a given trial being
carried out without feedback. At this point, however, we can conclude
that feedback is important, whatever the cause.
2.
Recent Results
In the follow-on to the program reported here, we addressed the
issue as to whether it was possible in principle to obtain information
in the absence of feedback. Furthermore, the experiment was designed to
factor out the psychological component: the subject did not know on a
given trial whether feedback would be provided.
The goal of this experiment was to determine if paranormal perceptual
abilities could be elicited under conditions in which, for half the
trials, on a random basis, the subject would never receive feedback as
to his trial-by-trial performance.
The task of this experiment was for the subjects to determine which
one of ten digits, 0-9, had been chosen by an electronic random number
generator and stored in a computer. The entire experiment was software
programmed on a standard commercial microcomputer with typewriter/video
I.O. (Polymorphic Systems Model 8813 microcomputer). The subject
indicated his choice by striking the appropriate key on the computer
terminal. In a run of 20 trials, the subject received immediate feed-
back for only ten of his choices, on a randomly determined schedule.
In the feedback cases, the correct number was printed on the video
terminal as soon as the subject made his selection. In the cases with-
out feedback, the computer printed the words NO FEEDBACK, and went on to
the next trial. Hits and misses were accumulated internally and only
the totals were displayed at the end of each run of 20 trials. Results
for all subjects were accumulated in a separate, protected file.
-
Ten subjects were studied:
seven controls (SRI volunteers) and
three subjects a priori labeled "experienced." The seven SRI volunteers
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did not produce scores differing from chance expectation in either
experimental condition (FEEDBACK or NO FEEDBACK). All three of the
experienced subjects, on the other hand, did produce individually
significant departures from chance scoring. Of these, one subject
scored significantly in the NO FEEDBACK case (p < 0.01, or odds of less
than 1 in a hundred of such a result being obtained by chance).
Thus it
would appear that although feedback may play an extremely important
psychological, and perhaps more substantive (e.g., physical) role, it is
not absolutely essential.
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VII REMOTE PERCEPTION OF AUDIO SIGNALS
In assessing the possibility of remote sensing by modalities other
than visual, we conducted an experiment in which the primary remote-
sensing task was on audio one.
We feel that the success of our earlier remote-viewing experiments
has resulted from the following considerations:
. The targets have been "natural scenes" rather than
contrived visual stimuli.
. The subjects were encouraged to describe nonanalytic
features of the targets rather than to analyze the scene.
. The experiments were conducted in a relaxed atmosphere
with approximately one trial per day.
· Whenever possible, immediate feedback was provided to
the subject.
These considerations served as a basis for the design of the remote audio
experiment.
Ten musical pieces were chosen for the target pool. These targets
were selected on the basis of a nearly balanced mixture of classical,
nonclassical, vocal and nonvocal music. The pool of ten pieces were
chosen to keep the set as orthogonal as possible with regard to feeling,
rhythm, instruments, and overall gestalt; they are listed in Table 8.
In each trial a music tape was played for ten minutes in a building
1/8 mile distant from the subject to provide sufficient isolation to
ensure no audio leakage path. As with the cans experiment (Section V),
the ten trials were divided into two groups of five trials each. The
procedure for random-number generator access to the pool of target tapes
was the same as in the cans experiment, and the investigator monitoring
the subject was, as usual, kept blind to the contents of the target
pool.
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Table 8
MUSIC TARGET POOL WITH PARTIAL ATTRIBUTE LIST
Tape
Recording
Selection
Artist/Composer
Mood
Description
1
Olatunji!
Drums
of Passion
Oya (Primitive
Fire)
Olatunji
Rousing
African drums
2
Sitar of India
Dhun Jhinjhoti
Kamar
Melodic
Sitar + tabla
3
Rachmaninoff:
Vespers
Glory to God in
Rachmaninoff
Meditative
Russian church
4
Bach Organ
Favorites
Fugue in D Minor
J. S. Bach
Powerful
Strong organ music
5
Mozart -- The
Complete Works
for Piano
Sonata in F Major,
k. 497
W. Mozart
Relaxing
Piano music
6
Come from the
Shadows
Love Song to a
Joan Baez
Romantic
Clear vocal love
song
Stranger
Wah-Wah
George Harrison
Loud
Acid rock; crowd
noise
8
An Evening Wasted
with Tom Lehrer
Elements
Tom Lehrer
Humor
Nonsense patter
9
Vivaldi:
The
Complete Flute
Concertos
Concerto in C
Vivaldi
Lilting
Baroque flute
music
10
Also Sprach
Zarathustra
Same
R. Strauss
Ponderous
Heavy orchestra
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the Highest
music, a capella
7
The Concert for
Bangla Desh
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As in the remote-viewing experiments, the subject was encouraged to
describe his impression of the overall mood of the remote audio "scene, "
and specifically discouraged from guessing the name of the musical
number. The subject's comments were recorded for later transcription.
Since the target tapes were chosen to be extremely different from
each other, and since the monitor was to act as a judge, no feedback was
given at the end of each trial to either subject or monitor. The judging
technique employed was the rank-ordering procedure described for the
canister experiments. The results of the rank-ordering analysis are
shown in Tables 9 and 10.
Of the two series of five trials, the second was the better. Three
of the five transcripts were first-place matched without difficulty, as
the correspondences between the transcripts and associated musical
selections were excellent. (In the first series, there were no first-
place matches, although three of the five were second-place matched. )
Thus, there is possibly some indication of learning in this new task.
Statistically, the odds of obtaining the observed matching results
by chance are 1 in 2. 3 and 1 in 12.5 for the first and second series,
respectively. Therefore, considering that some of the individual cor-
respondences were quite detailed and accurate, and considering that one
of our other subjects (not present for this experiment) had performed
exceptionally well in similar tests conducted in a different research
laboratory, we would not conclude that this is a definitive null result.
However, more experimentation is necessary to define the characteristics
of this particular form of channel, and better statistical results would
be required to place the results on a solid footing with regard to a
positive interpretation.
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Table 9
DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO SUBJECT RESPONSE PACKETS
ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TARGET FOR SERIES 1
Experiment
Tape
Musical Target
Rank of
Associated Transcript
1
7
Concert for Bangla Desh
4
2
1
Drums of Passion
2
3
10
Also Sprach Zarathustra
2
4
2
Sitar of India
2
5
4
Bach Fugue in D Minor
4
Total Sum of Ranks
14
Odds of Such a Result
by Chance
1 in 2.3
1
Table 10
DISTRIBUTION OF RANKINGS ASSIGNED TO SUBJECT RESPONSE PACKETS
ASSOCIATED WITH EACH TARGET FOR SERIES 2
Experiment
Tape
Musical Target
Rank of
Associated Transcript
6
6
Baez Love Song to a
Stranger
1
7
9
Concerto for Piccolo
3
8
5
Mozart Sonata in F Major
1
9
8
The Elements
1
10
3
Vespers
4
Total Sum of Ranks
10
Odds of Such a Result
by Chance
1 in 12.5
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VIII
SUBJECT- INDUCED EQUIPMENT PERTURBATION EFFECTS
(U)
(S) The study of human/machine interactions as a psychoenergetic
process has posed great difficulties for serious investigators. Among
these difficulties are the combined facts that the reported effects tend
to be small, and the local environment has rarely been monitored for
causes alternative to the proposed psychoenergetic effects.
In addition,
one finds that the strongest effects are reported as occurring with the
most controversial and/or suspect subjects. Out of this collection of
questionable experimentation (and often poor reporting), emerge, however,
a few provocative experimental results suggesting that further careful
examination may be worthwhile and possibly rewarding. Such studies
would provide valuable data for assessing whether the area of subject-
induced equipment failures poses a potential threat.
V
A.
Strain-Gauge Experiments (U)
(U) As a result of technical contacts with Prof. John Hasted,
Birkbeck College, University of London, we have developed an interest in
attempting to confirm his claim33, 34
that he has observed inelastic and
elastic deformations of metal bars by some kind of remote human inter-
action. During these experiments the subjects are reported to cause
effects without any physical contact with the metal.
(U)
In an effort to replicate Hasted's results, we have con-
structed an electrically shielded enclosure having more than 135 dB RF
attenuation from 10 kHz to 10 MHz and plexiglass sides (to shield against
air currents). Within this enclosure is an experimental system of
resistive strain gauges attached to a thin metal bar. These are wired
as a temperature-compensating bridge and connected to battery-operated
amplifiers and recording instruments. At present we can detect changes
in the length of the bar on the order of 500 angstroms and applied
transverse forces of approximately 100 mg. To date, we have been
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successful in isolating and correcting several sources of artifact, and
have obtained hours of artifact-free baseline operation. All of the
data will be magnetically recorded for later computer analysis, and a
simple strip-chart record will provide immediate feedback to the subject
of any changes in the bar. We are encouraged with the progress of
artifact isolation, and we will begin to task subjects to attempt to
perturb the isolated metal bar during the follow-on program.
(U) Should experimentation reveal genuine subject-induced pertur-
bations, we will determine whether such effects can be used as a
message-transmission device (remote telegraph).
B.
Random-Event Generator Experiments (U)
(U) Another class of experiments that have been extensively
reported are those that involve alleged human/machine interaction with
electronic random-event generators. In these experiments, digital
electronic noise derived either from a thermal noise source or from the
decay of a radioactive material is monitored while a subject is
attempting to alter the statistical properties of the noise distribution.
The usual protocol involves providing visual and audio feedback signals,
proportional to various statistical parameters, to a subject who is
asked in a biofeedback scenario to concentrate upon the feedback signals
and to alter them in a prescribed way. To date, there have been 54
such experiments reported in the literature, 35 of which 35 report
statistically significant effects, while none of these studies show
similar departures from randomness during control runs.
(U) We have completed the design stage of a micro-processor-based
(LSI-11) random-event generator, and are in the hardware construction
and assembly phase. We are using three fundamentally different sources
of random events to derive the digital electronic noise signal. The
first of these is a diode designed by R. H. Haitz, 36 that is completely
understood from both the quantum-mechanical and solid-state construction
point of view. A second fundamentally different source of random events
is to be derived from the decay of a single-transition beta emitter.
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(U)
Lastly, the entire system can be checked against a pseudorandom shift
register that constitutes a third source of random events. This latter
has the property that a long string of bits appears random, yet once the
shift register is reinitialized it produces the identical random sequence
once again.
(U) The instrument is under control of a microprocessor that records
data on magnetic tape for later analysis, and controls a printing I/0
statistical calculator that provides immediate results for feedback.
Once the instrument is complete, it will be exhaustively tested for
possible artifacts resulting from environmental conditions.
(U) We propose to use this instrument in the follow-on program
first to attempt to confirm the existence of the claimed phenomenon.
If
it is confirmed, we will investigate theoretical implications with regard
to various modes of human/machine interaction. Assuming that an effect
can be stabilized, this microprocessor-based system can easily be re-
programmed to utilize error-correcting coding techniques to construct a
"remote" telegraph communication system.
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IX
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS (U)
-
(U)
Experimental laboratory work continues to provide evidence for
the existence of so-called psi processes, a class of interactions between
consciousness and the physical world as yet unexplained. These include
(1) the acquisition of information not presented to any obvious sense,
and (2) the production of physical effects not mediated by any obvious
mechanism.
(S) At SRI we have concentrated primarily on the former, investi-
gating a particular human information-accessing capability that we call
"remote viewing." This phenomenon pertains to the ability of certain
individuals to access and describe, by means of mental processes, infor-
mation blocked from ordinary perception by distance or shielding, and
generally believed to be secure against such access. Our data base now
consists of several hundred trials in the remote viewing of targets
ranging from objects in nearby light-tight canisters to geographic sites
at transcontinential distances, and viewed from locations that include
shielded Faraday cages and a submerged submarine.
SG1
A
(S)
Table 11 summarizes the key findings with regard to target
acquisition, resolution, shielding, and distance effects; factors that
appear to enhance or inhibit success in remote viewing; accuracy,
reliability, and robustness; screening and training of subjects; and
technological and theoretical considerations.
(U)
Data from these observations indicate that the phenomenon is
characterized by resolution on the order of at least millimeters,
apparent ineffectiveness of ordinary electrical shielding, and relative
insensitivity to distance up to and including transcontinental distances.
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With experienced subjects the accuracy and reliability of the phenomenon
can also be characterized roughly by a two-thirds factor. That is,
approximately two-thirds of a given transcript about a given site is
correct, roughly two-thirds of a series of transcripts can be blind-
matched by a judge to the correct target out of a list, etc.
(S) Remote viewing, through the use of geographical coordinates
as designators, has in many cases provided meaningful descriptions
SG1A
Evaluation by appropriate intelligence community specialists indicates
that a subject is able by this process to generate useful data corrob-
orated by other intelligence data. As is generally true with human
sources, the information is fragmentary and imperfect, and is therefore
best utilized in conjunction with these other resources. Nonetheless,
the data generated by this process appear to exceed any reasonable
bounds of chance correlation or acquisition by ordinary means, and
therefore constitute a potentially exploitable information source.
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Table 11
(S)
REMOTE-VIEWING STATE OF THE ART -- CONCLUSIONS
(U)
Characteristic
Known
Unknown
Target acquisition
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71
Subject can acquire target site
on the basis of presence of
cooperative person at site;
targeting by geographical co-
ordinates without person yields
results comparable to those
obtained in experiments in
which a person known to the
subject is used as a target.
This observation offers
evidence for goal-oriented as
opposed to means-oriented
interpretation of the "laws"
that appear to govern psycho-
energetic functioning.
Descriptive aspects (shape,
form, color, material) are
described better than analyti-
cal concepts (function, name)
although at times the latter
come through excellently;
written target material correct
only occasionally; alphabet
targets successful only
statistically.
Information access often appears
to be available in essentially
"real" time.
Time of flight of psychoener-
getic phenomena; mechanism of
propagation.
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Whether analytical psi can be
trained to levels similar to
descriptive psi.
Time of flight
What is necessary for target
acquisition (names, maps,
pictures, other coordinate
systems); accuracy of target
acquisition in geographical
coordinate case -- e. g., circu-
lar error of probability (CEP) ;
how subject identifies target;
whether person unknown to sub-
ject can be tracked on the
basis of biographical informa-
tion, pictures, etc.
Target attributes sensed

....
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(S)
Table 11 (Continued) (U)
Characteristic
Temporal resolution
SG1A
SG1A
Real-time activities at the
target site are often perceived;
experiments have included suc-
cessful real-time remote viewing
(differentiation
between successful firings and
scrubs, timing to within ten
seconds); ephemeral, rapid, or
repetitive targets more
difficult.
On the order of one millimeter
or less.
Accuracy and resolution not a
sensitive function of subject-
target distance over intercon-
tinental distances.
Faraday cage or seawater elec-
trical shielding not effective
shield.
In addition to visually obser-
vable detail, subjects some-
times report sounds, smells,
electromagnetic fields, etc.
that can be verified as exist-
ing at target locations.
Unknown
Extent to which a subject can
improve temporal resolution and
accuracy of the process; upper
limit to bit rate and ability
to track targets in motion.
SECRET
72
Spatial resolution
Extent to which subject can
improve spatial resolution.
Whether, or at what range,
distance effects become
important.
Whether magnetic shielding is
effective.
The accuracy of nonvisual
sensory modalities; other
sensory modes available.
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Distance effects
Shielding
Sensory modalities
Known

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1
Characteristic
Factors that appear to inhibit
success in remote viewing
Factors that appear to enhance
success in remote viewing
SECRET
73
Accuracy and reliability
(S)
Table 11 (Continued) (U)
Known
A priori subject knowledge of
target possibilities; absence of
feedback; application of ability
to trivial tasks (testing for
the sake of testing); use of
repetitive target sequence.
Interest factor for subject; a
priori necessity and relevancy
for obtaining information
(seriousness of purpose); pres-
ence of a facilitating monitor
to ask questions and direct the
subject's attention; practice
with feedback.
Analysis of remote-viewing
transcripts generated by
experienced subjects indicates
that for a given target site
roughly two-thirds of the sub-
ject-generated material consti-
tutes an accurate description
of the site, while about one-
third is ambiguous, general, or
incorrect.
Unknown
Effects of environmental
physical factors; EM jamming.
Effects of environmental
physical factors; EM generators
for targeting.
SECRET
Achievement levels to be
reasonably expected.
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. .. .. ..
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(S)
Table 11 (Continued) (U)
Characteristic
Known
Unknown
Optimum number of subjects for
efficient utilization of this
approach.
Repeatability of phenomena
SECRET
74
Distribution of psychoenergetic
capacity in population;
identification of good subjects
Percentage of population with
natural talent or trainable;
optimum screening procedures;
medical or psychological pro-
file of good subjects.
Improvement potential
Redundancy, whereby more than
one individual attempts to
collect data on a given target,
improves reliability by reducing
the effect of the biases of
individual subjects.
Continuing demonstrations in
this program, and replications
in other laboratories,
14-19
indicate that the capability
known as "remote viewing" is a re-
peatable human perceptual ability.
Abilities appear widespread,
though latent; volunteers with
no previous history of psycho-
energetic functioning exhibit
ability in screening experiments,
indicating that reliance on the
availability of special subjects
may not be necessary.
Subjects trained over a several-
year period have shown improved
performance, with regard to both
accuracy and reliability.
SECRET
Whether near-perfect results as
sometimes obtained can become
routine.
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Use of redundancy to improve
signal-to-noise ratio
......

. .... .
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Characteristic
Technological considerations
Low-level perturbation of equip-
ments observable during remote
viewing (magnetometer, noise and
nuclear-decay-driven random
event generator).
Theoretical considerations
Phenomena characteristics often
appear to be at variance with
present scientific models.
Unknown
Degree to which phenomena can
be stabilized and mechanized,
and to which energy can be
stored; to what extent psycho-
energetic processes can be
amplified by technological
means.
Precise mechanisms responsible
for the phenomena; relation-
ship of phenomena to electro-
magnetic, quantum, etc. bases
of present scientific under-
standing; whether the data can
be accounted for within the
framework of physics as
presently understood, or on the
basis of conservative extra-
polations that have been pro-
posed to account for other
(non-psi) data.
SECRET
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75
(S) Table 11 (Continued) (U)
Known

SG1B
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Appendix A
STANDARD REMOTE-VIEWING PROTOCOL (LOCAL TARGETS)
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Appendix A
STANDARD REMOTE-VIEWING PROTOCOL (LOCAL TARGETS)
The basic outline of our standard remote-viewing protocol is as
given in our tutorial paper, "A Perceptual Channel for Information
Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent
Research, " H. Puthoff and R. Targ, Proc. IEEE, pp. 329-354, March 1976.9
The elements of the protocol, each of which is addressed below, consist
of (1) target pool selection; (2) subject orientation; (3) outbound
investigator behavior; (4) inbound investigator behavior; (5) post-
experiment feedback; (6) judging procedure.
1.
Target Pool Selection
To carry out an experimental series of, say, n trials with a
subject, a list of targets >> n should be prepared in advance by an
investigator who will not interact with the subject after that. The
targets should be chosen to be distinctive, but not necessarily distinct
from each other; that is, rather than just a collection of nondescript
street corners one should select bridges, towers, fountains, gardens,
plazas, etc., so that a judge could in principle recognize targets on
the basis of correct but sketchy descriptions. On the other hand, once
having chosen a fountain-type target, there should be several fountain
targets; for a bridge target, several bridge targets, etc., in order to
avoid the possible subject strategy of "I had a bridge yesterday, so it
can't be a bridge today." The subject should be told explicitly that
there are similar as well as different types of targets.
When the target list is made, each target location should be written
on a card and placed in an envelope, the envelopes randomized and
numbered. These should then be stored in a secure safe or similar
container.
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With regard to whether a target is replaced in the pool after use,
the preferable procedure, from a methodological standpoint, is to
replace it. (A problem with actual replacement is that the subject,
upon becoming aware of a mental image of a previous target, might be
biased to reject it as memory. An acceptable alternative is to replace
a used target by a new one of similar type -- e. g., one fountain by
another. )
-
2.
Subject Orientation
Before the experiment, the subject should be shown some previous
remote-viewing results with one goal in mind -- to get across the idea
that one should, as nearly as possible, report raw perception rather
than analysis, since the former tends to be correct and the latter is
almost always wrong. A subject needs to understand that a rounded piece
*
of blue metal is just that, and that he should not initially try to
determine what it is. Remind the subject that imagination constitutes
noise in the channel, and therefore the closer he can get to raw uninter-
preted imagery, the better. To have success in the above, the best
guideline we have found is to choose as subjects individuals who are
self-confident, uninhibited, successful, and not afraid to be wrong.
No psychological test we have investigated is as reliable as the above
subjective assessment in choosing subjects.
3.
Outbound Investigator Behavior
At the start of an experimental session, the inbound and outbound
investigators and subject should rendevous for a relaxed informal dis-
cussion in the laboratory setting.
(The outbound investigator or
*
Figures 3 and 4 in the IEEE paper
9
are good examples. In Figure 4 the
subject had absolutely no concept of a pedestrian overpass, but simply
saw a pattern of receding squares; in Figure 3 correctly-dimensioned
pools of water were misinterpreted as purification plant pools rather
than recreational swimming pools.
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investigators must not know the target at this time. )
Together they
agree on a time for the subject description to start (e. g., 30 minutes
hence -- the length of time required to reach the furthest target in the
pool; this time is then an invariant for all experiments. ) The outbound
investigator then leaves the laboratory, uses a random-number generating
procedure to obtain a number from 1 - n (number of targets in pool),
obtains the so-numbered envelope from the target pool, and leaves the
premises. (We use a Texas Instruments SR-51 hand calculator, which has
a random-number function. ) After driving away from the laboratory, he
opens the envelope to determine the target, and then proceeds to that
location. He should arrange to park and then come upon the target
location at exactly the starting time so that his view of it is fresh
at the beginning of the experiment. He then simply pays attention to
the environment and does not let his mind wander (especially to another
target). It does not appear to matter how many people comprise the out-
bound team, provided they do not (1) pay attention only to each other,
or (2) scatter about. At the end of the agreed-upon target viewing time
(usually 15 minutes) they return to the lab.
4.
Inbound Investigator Behavior
During the period that the outbound investigators spend en route
to the target, the inbound investigator and subject have a period to
relax and discuss the protocols. (Inbound it is best not to have addi-
tional observers. ) The goal of the inbound investigator during this
period is to make it "safe" for the subject to experience remote viewing.
For the initial orientation of a new subject, this typically includes a
low-key pep talk as to how remote viewing appears to be a natural, not
abnormal, function, that many people appear to have done it successfully,
even their first time, and always including the reminder to eschew
analysis and simply render raw impressions.
Since we think that remote viewing is a difficult task, like per-
ceiving a subliminal stimulus, we think it takes the full attentive
powers of the subject. Therefore, the environment, procedures, etc.,
should be as natural and comfortable as possible to minimize the
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attention on anything other than the job at hand. No hypnosis, strobe
lights, or sensory-deprivation procedures are ever used, since in our
view these (novel) environmental factors take away some of the subject's
much-needed attention. We are in this sense proponents of a "naturalist
school." If the subject feels more comfortable smoking, or drinking a
cup of coffee, that is permitted. These should be arranged ahead of
time, however, so that neither subject nor investigator leave the experi-
mental room while waiting for the outbound investigator to reach his
target.
The investigator should have arranged ahead of time to have pen and
paper available for drawing, and a tape recorder. When the agreed-upon
experiment time arrives, the inbound investigator simply asks the subject
to "describe what impressions come to mind with regard to where the
outbound experimenter is." Most subjects prefer to close their eyes,
but they should simply do what comes naturally. The room lighting is
preferably subdued to prevent after-image highlights, shadows on eyelids,
etc. It is best that the inbound investigator not pressure the subject
to say a lot; he should act as if there is all the time in the world.
Otherwise, a subject may tend to embroider descriptions just to be
saying something to please the investigator. If the subject tends
toward being analytical ("I see Macy's") the investigator must gently
lead the subject into description, not analysis. ("You don't have to
tell me where it is, just describe what you see. ") This is the most
important and difficult task of the inbound investigator.
It is also useful for the inbound investigator to "surprise" the
subject with new viewpoints. ("Go above the scene and look down -- what
do you see? If you look to the left, what do you see?") The subject's
viewpoint appears to shift rapidly with a question like this, and the
data come through before the subject's defenses activate to block it
out. The shifting of viewpoint also obviates the problem of the subject
spending the entire time giving meticulous detail on a trivial item,
such as a flower, which, even if true, will be of no help to a judge.
Once a subject feels he sees something, he tends to hang on to this
perception rather than commit himself to a new viewpoint.
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The subject must be encouraged to sketch what he sees, even over
his objections that he is not an artist, can't sketch, etc. He may do
so throughout, or wait until the last five minutes if intermittent
drawing would distract his concentration. Since drawings tend to be
more accurate than verbalizations, this is an extremely important
factor for good results.
5.
Post-Experiment Feedback
When the outbound investigator returns, the inbound and outbound
investigators and subject should proceed directly to the target for
feedback. This helps to develop the subject's sense of which parts of
his mental imaging are correct, versus incorrect. It completes the
experiment for him, so that when he does a following experiment, his
mind is not still involved with wondering how he did on the previous
one. Only a very experienced subject can function well time after time
without feedback, so this must be done for each experiment to ensure
success.
6.
Judging Procedure
In a sense, the most critical part of the remote-viewing procedure
is the judging. Any single experiment in remote viewing, even if per-
fect, can in principle be dismissed as possibly coincidence. Further,
any result less than perfect can be dismissed as a generalized "grass
is green, sky is blue" transcript that fits every target. Only blind
differential discrimination across a series of targets can put these
interpretations to rest.
To prepare the transcripts for judging, an investigator not involved
in judging must read the transcripts and delete from them any reference
to dates or previously used targets, so that a judge could not order
the transcripts chronologically or otherwise obtain a priori information
useful in matching.
Two judging procedures can then be used:
Direct Matching, and
Rank Ordering. Both procedures assume that n experiments have been
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carried out and n responses obtained. The judge must then try to
determine which of the n responses goes with which of the n targets.
a.
Direct-Matching Procedure
The n responses (transcripts with associated drawings) are numbered
in random order and given to the judge along with the list of n targets,
also in a (different) random order. The key is known by an investigator,
but not the judge. The judge then visits the target sites and con-
structs a one-to-one correspondence list between targets and responses
without replacement; that is, no target or response is used twice.
With the correspondence list and the aid of the key, the investigator
then consults the statistical table for Direct Matching (Table A-1) to
determine whether the result is statistically significant. For example,
if there were 5 correct matches out of 9 responses, the table indicates
that the probability of obtaining such a result by chance is p = 0. 003125,
or roughly 3 times out of a thousand. Since the accepted standard in
behaviorial research is that a result can be considered significant if
one obtains the value p < 0.05, such a result would be considered sig-
nificant -- that is, indicative of a nonchance correspondence.
The Direct Matching procedure is the simplest to carry out, but
will give no credit for a fairly good description if a judge has
difficulty in choosing between two possibilities and chooses the wrong
one.
This procedure is thus overly conservative. The more difficult
Rank Ordering procedure, described next, gives partial credit in such a
case, and is therefore a more precise statistical tool for analysis of
medium-grade results.
b.
Rank-Ordering Procedure
In the use of the Rank-Ordering procedure, the investigator ran-
domizes the targets and transcripts as before. Now, however, each of n
judges is given a set of the n transcripts but only one of the target
sites to investigate. Each judge's task is to visit his assigned target
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Table A-1
(U)
DIRECT MATCHING
(U)
THE PROBABILITIES OF M CORRECT MATCHES OUT OF N TARGETS
I
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
17
#
0
.5000
.3333
.3750
36667
.36806
.36786
.367882
.367879
.367879
.3678794
.3678794
1
1.000
.5000
.3333
.37500
.36667
.36806
.367857
.367882
.367879
.3678795
.3678794
2
.5000
...
.2500
.16667
. 18750
. 18333
. 184028
.183929
.183941
.1839396
. JA39397
3
. 1667
..
.08333
.05556
. 06250
.061111
.061343
.061310
.0613137
.0613132
+
.0417
...
. 02083
.01389
. 015625
.015278
. 015336
.0153274
0153284
5
.00833
..
.00417
.002778
. 003125
.003056
.0030671
.0030655
6
(4 or more out of any arbitrary N)
.00139
..
. 000694
.000463
. 000521
.0005093
.0005112
7
.00020
...
.000099
.000066
. 0000744
.0000728
8
.000025
. 000012
.0000083
.0000093
4
.000003
...
.0000014
.0000009
10
.000000
...
.0000001
11
. 0000000
...
12
.0000000
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.
.
85
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site, read through all the transcripts, and order them best-to-worst
match (1 through 5, say, if there are five targets and five transcripts).
With the aid of the key, the investigator then adds up the rank-
ordering numbers assigned to each target's associated transcript. For
example, if the actual response to a target was given a first place
when a judge was looking at that target, then it gets a 1. If the actual
response to a target was given a third place match when a judge was
looking at that target, then it gets a 3, etc. The addition of these
numbers 1 + 3 + ... then yields a number called the sum of ranks.
One
then consults the rank-ordering table (Table A-2) for the statistic of
interest. For example, if there were 5 experiments (5 targets and 5
transcripts) and the sum of ranks was 9, the table for 5 x 5 gives a
probability of obtaining such a rank ordering result by chance of
0. 0403 ... , which is significant. A more complete set of tables is given
in Solfvin et al.
25
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Table A-2
RANK-ORDERING TABLE
Number of Targets = 4; Number of Transcripts = 4
SUM OF RANKS
4
P-VALUE
0.39063E-02
5
0.19531E-01
6
0.585945-01
7
0.13672F 00
8
0.25781E 00
9
0.414066 00
10
0.585945 00
11
0.74219E 00
12
0.863285 00
13
0.94141F 00
14
0.98047E 00
15
0.99609E 00
16
0.10000E 01
Number of Targets = 5; Number of. Transcripts = 5
SUM OF RANKS
P-VALUE
5
0.32000E-03
6
C - 192005-02
7
0.67200E-02
8
0.17920E-01
9
0.40320F-01
10
0.79040E-01
11
0.13824E 00
12
0.21984E 00
13
0.32224E 00
14
0.43904E 00
15
0.56096E 00
16
0.67776E 00
17
0.78016E
00
18
0.86176E
00
19
0.92096F
00
20
0.95968E 00
21
0.98208E
00
22
0.99328E
00
23
0.99808E 00
24
0.99968E 00
2.5
0.10000F 01
*
The notation E-02 is to be understood as 10-2; E 01 as 101; etc.
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Table A-2 (Continued)
-
Number of Targets = 6; Number of Transcripts = 6
SUM OF RANKS
P-VALUE
-
6
0.21433E-04
7
0.15003F-03
8
0.60014E-03
9
0.18004F-02
10
0.45010F-02
11
0.990235-02
12
0.19676E-01
13
0.358805-01
14
0.607645-01
15
0.964725-01
16
0.14463F 00
17
0.20585E 00
18
0.279395 00
19
0.36310E 00
20
0.45357F 00
21
0.54642F 00
22
0.636895 00
23
0.720616 00
24
0.79415E 00
25
0.85537E 00
26
0.903530 00
27
0.93923E 00
28
0.96412F 00
29
0.980326 00
30
0.99010E 00
31
0.995505 00
32
0.998206 00
33
0.99940F. 00
34
0.999855 00
35
0.99998E 00
36
0.10000F 01
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Table A-2 (Continued)
Number of Targets = 7; Number of Transcripts = 7
SUM OF RANKS
P-VALUE
7
0.12143E-05
8
0.97141E-05
9
0.43714E-04
10
0.14571E-03
11
0.40071E-03
12
0.96170E-03
13
0.20837E-02
14
0.41589E-02
15
0.77458E-02
16
0.13585E-01
17
0.22595E-01
18
0.35838F-01
19
0.54453E-01
20
0.79544F-01
21
0 .112056 00
22
0.152596 00
23
0.20137E 00
24
0.25802E 00
25
0.32161E 00
26
0.39065F
00
27
0.463150 00
28
0.53685E
00
29
0.60935E
00
30
0.67839F
00
31
0.741985 00
32
0.79863F
00
33
0.84741F 00
34
0.88795F 00
35
0.920456 00
36
0.94555F
00
37
0.964165 00
38
0.97740E 00
39
0.98641E 00
40
0.99225F
00
41
0.995846 00
42
0.99791E 00
43
0.99903F 00
44
0.99958F 00
45
0.99984E 00
46
0.99995E 00
47
0.99998E 00
48
0.99999F 00
49
0.10000E 01
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Table A-2 (Continued)
Number of Targets = 8; Number of Transcripts = 8
-
SUM OF RANKS
P-VALUE
8
0.59605E-07
9
0.53644E-06
10
0.26822F-05
11
0.983485-05
12
0.29504E-04
13
0.76711E-04
14
0.17899F-03
15
0.383565-03
16
0.76663F-03
17
0.14447F-02
18
0.25867E-02
19
0.44264F-02
20
0.72724E-02
21
0.11515E-01
2.2
0.17628F-01
23
0.26157E-01
24
0.37702E-01
25
0.52890E-01
26
0.72328E-01
27
0.96562E-01
28
0.12602F 00
29
0.16095E 00
30
0.20139E 00
31
0.24714E 00
32
0.297726 00
33
0.35237E 00
34
0.41012F 00
35
0.469825 00
36
0.53018E 00
37
0.58988E 00
38
0.64763E 00
39
0.702286 00
40
0.75286E 00
41
0.79860E 00
42
0.83905E 00
43
0.87398E 00
44
0.903446 00
45
0.92767E 00
46
0.94711E 00
47
0.96229E 00
48
0.97384E
00
49
0.982376 00
50
0.98849E
00
51
0.99273E 00
52
0.99557E
00
53
0.99741E 00
.
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Table A-2 (Continued)
Number of Targets = 9; Number of Transcripts = 9
SUM OF RANKS
P-VALUE
9
0.25812E-08
10
0.25812E-07
11
0.14196E-06
12
0.56786E-06
13
0.18455E-05
14
0.51675E-05
15
0.12919F-04
16
0.29529E-04
17
0.62748E-04
18
0.12547E-03
19
0.23821E-03
20
0.43226E-03
21
0.75357F-03
22
0.12673E-02
23
0.20628E-02
24
0.32586E-02
25
0.500755-02
26
0.75003E-02
27
0.10968E-01
28
0.15683E-01
29
0.21954E-01
30
0.30122F-01
31
0.40548E-01
32
0.53601E-01
33
0.69639E-01
34
0.88989E-01
35
0.11192F 00
36
0.13864E 00
37
0.16924E 00
39
0.24189E 00
40
0.28353E 00
41
0.32821E
00
42
0.37540E 00
43
0.42447E 00
44
0.474695 00
45
0.52531E 00
46
0.57553F
00
47
0.62460F 00
48
0.67179F 00
49
0.71647E 00
50
0.75811E
00
51
0.79630E
00
52
0.83076F 00
53
0.861366 00
54
0.88807E 00
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UNCLASSIFIED
Table A-2 (Concluded)
Number of Targets = 10; Number of Transcripts = 10
SUM OF RANKS .
P-VALUE
-
10
0.10000E-09
11
0.11000E-08
12
0.66000E-08
13
0.28600F-07
14
0.100105-06
15
0.300305-06
16
0.80080F-06
17
0.19448E-05
18
0.43758E-05
19
0.92378F-05
20
0.18475E-04
2.1
0.35261F-04
22
0.64599E-04
23
0.11412E-03
24
0.19512F-03
25
0.32387F-03
26
0.52317E-03
27
0.82418E-03
28
0.12686E-02
29
0.191065-02
30
0.28197E-02
31
0.40825E-02
32
0.58049F-02
33
0.81133E-02
34
0.11156F-01
35
0.15103F-01
36
0.20143E-01
37
0.26484E-01
38
0.34347E-01
39
0.439605-01
40
0.55552E-01
41
0.69345E-01
42
0.855415-01
43
0.10432F 00
44
0.12581E 00
45
0.15011E 00
46
0.17725E 00
47
0.20721E
00
48
0.23987F
00
49
0.27506E 00
50
0.312555
00
51
0.35202E
00
52
0.39311F
00
53
0.43538E 00
54
0.47838E 00
-
-
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2
Appendix B
SUMMARY OF KEY EXPERIMENTS IN LONG-DISTANCE
COORDINATE REMOTE VIEWING GENERATED FOR THIS PROGRAM
DURING PREVIOUS YEAR (U)
1
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SECRET
2.
Sponsor-Designated Targets in the USSR (S)
a.
Soviet Site 1
SG1
A
(S) The project monitor conveyed to SRI investigators the coordi-
nates of the first Soviet site. Although the coordinates were intended
to designate an airport of interest, they were obtained from a list that
in fact corresponded to a nearby population center. In response, a sub-
ject targeted on this site generated the drawing of a dam as shown in
Figure B-5. This drawing was delivered to the project monitor who had
forwarded the coordinates. Although the existence of the dam was
unknown to the project monitor when he chose the coordinates, he later
verified that a dam resembling the subject's drawing was located within
a few miles of the coordinates, roughly as far from the population
center as the airport of interest.
(U) It was then agreed that the appropriate next step was to
obtain an overview from the subject without indicating to him that the
item of interest was an airport. Should he find an airport during this
second phase, he would then be asked for more detail. This procedure
was followed and resulted in the overview shown in Figure B-6; the sub-
ject did in fact mention an airport in his overview. After completion
of the overview, the SRI investigator monitoring the subject's efforts
requested more detail on the airport. Figure B-7(a) shows the runway
outlines and nearby buildings, while Figure B-7(b) indicates detail on
a structure at the end of the major runway. These data were evaluated
by the project monitor, and much of the description was verified.
Further details can be supplied on a need-to-know basis by the project
officer.
b.
Soviet Site 2 (S)
(S)
Coordinates for a second Soviet site were given to SRI investi-
gators, who then passed them on to a subject. As a result of an error
on the part of the individual who chose the coordinates, the coordinates
were not of a site of interest, but rather of a barren area out in the
countryside.
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SG1A
13 May 1976
10.30 a.m
gets langer
up here.
A river with a damon it.
not too high - about 100 yards
across.
Roads one hoch sides
and going across it.
S
-
a small building
53-Tre
SECRET
Sort of park-like.
a good sized town in this direction.
FIGURE B-5
REMOTE VIEWING BY GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES OF DAM SITE
IN THE USSR (S)
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N
1
SG1A
14 May 76
11.30. p.m.
-
This is sart of civilized countryside that renunds
me of the oct shorts of Prague. It is easier to describe
it then draw a map. Some trees . A large highway.
Lots of city to the NW. a large river.
What seems to be an airport. Some radio
towers - maybe a radar net. Another much
smaller town ( city) to the, S.E.
small anfuld.
factores
- Rur
Large city.
Wouldings.
dam
×1
towas
aufuld.
.
Highway
low
SECRET
FIGURE B-6
REMOTE-VIEWING OVERVIEW OF DAM-SITE LOCALE, SHOWING
AIRPORT OF INTEREST IN THE LOWER LEFT (U)
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Id say This is a commecial fuld.
to the degea they havetheir
Banking br
RAMP
0001
HANGARS
BUILDING
1
approx
1 mile >
fence
(a) DETAIL ON RUNWAYS
windows
50 feet.
(b) DETAIL ON STRUCTURE AT END OF MAJOR RUNWAY
SECRET
FIGURE B-7
REMOTE-VIEWING SKETCH OF DETAIL ON
RUNWAYS AND STRUCTURES (Soviet Airport) (S)
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(U)
In response to the coordinates, the subject described a town
to the southwest and a relatively barren area with "loopy roads" at the
target site (Figure B-8). As before, the sketches and a written
description were turned over for evaluation to the project monitor, who
subsequently verified the results as matching the coordinates given in
error. The error thus provided an opportunity to verify that (1) the
subject's output is not simply geared to match the expectations of the
investigators, and (2) the subject does not simply conjure up what may
reasonably be expected to be correct (an educated or "safe" guess), but
in fact describes the area appropriate to the coordinates even though
it may run counter to the subject's own expectations. This experiment
thus inadvertently provided a control trial of the type useful in the
testing of human abilities.
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har "echoes": Echo devices? (Madas")
worket
S
hole in
Tower
Roads
" trees
-
SECRET
?
FIGURE B-8
RURAL SOVIET SITE (S)
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Appendix C
DATA-SOURCE TRANSCRIPT (COMPLETE) (U)
-
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Appendix D
ERROR-CORRECTING CODING AND THE REMOTE VIEWING OF
TARGET SITES AS A MESSAGE-SENDING MEDIUM
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Appendix D
ERROR-CORRECTING CODING AND THE REMOTE VIEWING OF
TARGET SITES AS A MESSAGE-SENDING MEDIUM
One of the most successful psychoenergetic processes is the remote
viewing of target locations demarcated by some means, such as the
presence at the site of an individual known to the "viewer." Unfortu-
nately, this process -- which works so well -- results in narrative descrip-
tions that are difficult to assess in a quantitative manner.
In order to utilize the remote-sensing phenomenon as a tool to
investigate the physical and psychological parameters of psychoenergetics
processes, it is important to establish optimum analysis (judging) pro-
cedures. Because experiments are designed with the goal of varying
specific parameters, such as subject shielding or the necessity of feed-
back, the analysis or judging procedure must be as rapid as possible,
while retaining objectivity, if immediate feedback to both subject and
investigators is to be provided.
To make an objective analysis of a single response from a subject
during a remote-sensing experiment, it is necessary to quantify the
target content in some discrete way. From an examination of the data
base accumulated to date it would appear that at least five recurrent
target attributes are frequently sensed correctly by our subjects. If
each of these attributes is assigned a binary digit -- a "one" if the
attribute is present at the target site, and a "zero" if it is absent --
we can, for the sake of research experimentation, construct a pool of
32 targets corresponding to all possible combinations of five individual
attribute bits (see Table D-1).
A judging procedure utilizing the binary-coded target pool is as
follows. After a target is selected at random, and after the subject
has registered his response in the usual way, the judge's task is simply
to ascertain from the subject's response whether each of the five
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Table D-1
QUANTITATIVE JUDGING TECHNIQUE
Code Word
Bit Position
Target
Attribute
Bit Assignment
1
Inside
1
Outside
0
2
Subdued lighting
1
Bright lighting
0
3
Wet
1
Dry
0
4
Passive
1
Active
0
5
Man-made
1
Natural
0
attributes is present (1), or absent (0).
The resulting five-bit number
is then compared to the actual five-bit number for the target.
In the
case of good functioning, it is possible to obtain statistically signi-
ficant results with one or two such trials. From pilot work it appears
that the individual attributes are identified with 80% reliability; thus
the results indicate that this judging procedure may provide a rapid and
accurate technique to use remote sensing as a tool to test various models
of psychoenergetic functioning.
This technique provides an additional benefit for the transmission
of messages. With judicious assignment of the attributes in terms of
1's and 0's, it is possible to transform a given target into one of the
specially coded words shown at the top of Table D-2 -- for example, an
indoor swimming pool would be rendered as the code word 10101. These
code words are carefully chosen37
to construct an error-correcting block
code of a type commonly used for signal transmission over noisy informa-
tion channels.
To send one of four messages using our standard remote-sensing
protocol, an outbound team of investigators chooses the message whose
attributes match one of the four shown on the top of Table D-2 and
.
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Table D-2
A 5-BIT DECODING MATRIX
(Two Information Bits, Three Parity Check Bits)
00000
01110
10101
11011
00001
01111
10100
11010
00010
01100
10111
11001
00100
01010
10001
11111
Single Error
Correction
01000
00110
11101
10011
10000
11110
00101
01011
00011
01101
10110
11000
Double Error
Correction
01001
00111
11100
10010
proceeds to a target location corresponding to the binary word chosen.
The subject and his monitor then conduct a standard remote-viewing
experiment. (The subject is encouraged to respond freely, and is
discouraged from guessing with regard to the attribute list. ) Once the
response period is completed, a judge must form a single binary word
from the subject's response, as described above. The judge then must
find his "response" word somewhere in the decoding matrix shown in
Table D-2 and choose as his "message received" the word that tops the
column in which the response word appears. By inspection of Table D-2,
one finds that the decoding matrix will correct for all single errors
in attribute labeling, and will correct for some double errors.
Figure D-1 shows the enhanced probability of receiving a two-bit
message correctly over that expected if no error correction is used.
This procedure was used successfully in experiments described in
Section VI.
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1.0
.
0.9
/
1
1
0.8
1
1
.
1
0.7
-
1
1
0.6
-
1
0.5
1
1
1
0.4
-
-
-
0.3
NO ERROR CORRECTING
d
ERROR CORRECTING
0.2
0.1
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
P :
PROBABILITY OF CORRECTLY PERCEIVING
A SINGLE BIT
UNCLASSIFIED
FIGURE D-1
USE OF A 5-BIT ERROR-CORRECTING
CODE TO INCREASE PROBABILITY OF
CORRECT MESSAGE RECEPTION (U)
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UNCLASSIFIED
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and Methods Involved
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