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SRI International
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GRILL FLAME (U)
CLOSE HOLD/HAND CARRY
28 September 1978
Proposal for Research.
SRI No. ESU 78-100
SPECIAL TRAINING TECHNIQUES (U)
Part One -- Technical Proposal
Prepared for :
Headquarters
Department of the Army
Washington, D.C. 20310
Attn: Maj. William Stoner
DAMI -ISH
Perceptor Aug.
4
Approved by :
Akut S. Leonard
Robert S. Leonard, Director
Radio Physics Laboratory
Prepared by :
Russell Targ
Senior Research Physicist
Radio Physics Laboratory
Harold E. Puthoff, Ph.D.
Senior Research Engineer
Radio Physics Laboratory
David Q Elliott
David D. Elliott, Executive Director
Systems Research and Analysis Division
GRILL FLAME (U)
CLOSE HOLD/HAND CARRYThis document consists of 26 pages
SRI 8-4443
Copy No.
2
SRI
International
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CONTENTS
I
INTRODUCTION
2
II
TECHNICAL APPROACH
5
A.
Background
5
B.
Experimenter Influences
7
c.
Educational Procedures
7
1.
Screening
7
2.
Training
8
a.
Training in Perceptual Tasks
Paralleling Ordinary Perception
8
b.
Training in Abstract Targeting,
Including Geographical Coordinates
9
c.
The Ten-Choice Numerical Training
Facility
9
III
OBJECTIVES
12
IV
STATEMENT OF WORK
13
V
REPORTING SCHEDULE
15
VI
QUALIFICATIONS OF SRI
16
REFERENCES
23
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I
INTRODUCTION
.
Recent publications provide mounting evidence for the existence of
so-called parapsychological or paraphysical processes. These processes
are taken to include the following:
(1)
The acquisition and description, by mental means, of
information blocked from ordinary perception by distance
or shielding and generally believed to be secure against
such access.
(2)
The production of physical effects such as the perturbation
of instrumentation or equipment that appears to be well
shielded against, or otherwise inaccessible to, human
influence.
The literature also indicates evidence of an acceleration of
research in both Western and Soviet Bloc countries in an effort to
precipitate a breakthrough.
In the West, a large-scale exploratory
research effort on psychoenergetic channels has been carried out by the
authors in the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory and the Radio
Physics Laboratory of SRI International. Our work dealt primarily with
a human information-accessing capability that we call "remote viewing."
This phenomenon pertains to the ability of certain individuals to access
and describe, by means of mental processes, remote geographical loca-
tions up to several thousand km distant from their physical location.
In more than 50 experiments with roughly a dozen subjects, including
government scientists sent to examine experimental protocols, signifi-
cant results were obtained in the viewing of remote buildings, laboratory
apparatus, and real-time activities.
From this work we conclude that1" 3"
(1) The phenomenon is not a sensitive function of distance
over a range of several kilometers and is still operative
over a range of several thousand kilometers.
(2)
Faraday cage electrical shielding does not appear to
degrade the quality or accuracy of perception.
(3)
Most of the correct information pertains to shape, form,
color, and material, rather than to function or name,
suggesting that the function may be mediated primarily
by the brain's right hemisphere.
*
References are listed at the end of this document.
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(4)
The principal difference between experienced subjects and
inexperienced volunteers is not that the latter do not
exhibit the faculty but rather that their results are
simply less reliable, indicating that remote viewing may
be a latent and widely distributed, though suppressed,
perceptual ability.
(5)
Subjects trained over a several-year period have shown
improved performance under continuing experiments.
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Clear evidence has been obtained showing that subjects
in laboratory experiments can describe future events,
not yet determined at the time of their description.
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II
TECHNICAL APPROACH
With the overall objective of improving the reliability of psycho-
energetic functioning, experimenters have attempted many different
strategies, both to find more gifted subjects, and to provide the most
optimal psychological environment for the subjects participating in
experiments. In this section we will outline some of these approaches,
with regard to special environments and methods for screening and
training subjects.
A.
Background
One of the most effective psychoenergetic protocols in terms of
successful subject performance is the remote viewing of natural targets.
As observed in the laboratory, the basic phenomenon appears to cover a
range of subjective experiences variously referred to in the literature
as autoscopy (in the medical literature); exteriorization or disassociation
(psychological literature); simple clairvoyance, traveling clairvoyance,
or out-of-body experience (parapsychological literature); or astral pro-
jection (occult literature). We choose the term "remote viewing" as a
neutral descriptive term free from prior associations and bias as to
mechanisms.
As carried out at SRI, the general protocol is to closet a subject
with an experimenter and at a prearranged time to obtain from the subject
a description of an undisclosed, remote site being visited by a target
team, one of whose members is known to the subject and who thereby
constitutes the target person. The target team is assigned their target
location by an independent experimenter who has generated a list of tar-
gets located within a 30-minute driving time from SRI, and who accesses
this list by a randomization procedure. The target pool consists of
more than 100 target locations chosen from a target-rich environment.
The target location selected is kept blind to both the subject and
experimenter closeted at SRI. The experiment is thus of the double-
blind type.
In detail: To begin an experiment, a subject is closeted with an
experimenter at SRI and instructed to wait 30 minutes before beginning a
narrative description of where the target team has gone. Meanwhile, the
target team obtains sealed traveling orders from a monitor who has pre-
viously prepared and randomized a set of such orders. After leaving SRI
by automobile, the target team opens the traveling orders and proceeds
directly to the target without any communication with the subject or
experimenter remaining at SRI. The experimenter remaining with the
subject in the SRI laboratory is kept ignorant of both the particular
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target and the target pool so as to eliminate the possibility of cueing
(overt or subliminal) and to allow him freedom in questioning the subject
for clarification of his descriptions. The target team remains at the
target site for a prearranged 15-minute period following the 30 minutes
alloted for travel. During the observation period, the remote viewing
subject at SRI is asked to describe his impressions of the target site
into a tape recorder and to make any drawings he thinks appropriate.
A
tentative evaluation is made of the subject's output when the target
team returns to SRI. Finally, following the experiment, the subject is
taken to the site so that he may obtain direct feedback.
To obtain a first cut at a numerical evaluation of the accuracy of
a series of, say, N remote viewing experiments, the experimental results
are subjected to independent judging on a blind basis by SRI research
analysts not otherwise associated with the research. The response
packets, which contain nine typed, unedited transcripts" of the tape-
recorded narratives and associated drawings, are unlabeled and presented
in random order. Working alone, an analyst visits a target location
and in a blind fashion rates the subject's descriptions on a scale 1 to
9 (best to worst match). This procedure is repeated with different
analysts for each target site. At the end, the statistic of interest is
the sum of ranks assigned to the target-associated transcripts, lower
values indicating better matches. For nine targets, for example, the
sum of ranks could range from nine ( for perfect matching) to eighty-one.
The technique for calculating the probability that a given sum of ranks
s or less will occur by chance is given in Reference 1.
As an overall calibration of the remote viewing process, against
which specific examples can be gauged, we can take as a background data
base a lengthy collection of 51 remote viewing trials collected over a
several-year period with nine subjects, and published by the authors in
Ref. 1. In these trials subjects were targeted on local targets
(bridges, swimming pools, theaters, airports, computers, machine shops,
etc. ) within a 20 km range of SRI. The quality of the results was such
that the judges, who had to determine in a blind fashion which subject-
generated data packages (tape transcripts and drawings) were associated
with which target sites, were able to blind match transcripts to targets
in first place in roughly half the cases.
*
Except that statements which would cue a judge as to target order are
removed (e.g., reference to a previous target).
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B ..
Experimenter Influences
From the work of Prof. Robert Rosenthal at Harvard it is clear that
there is a strong difference in the outcome of some psychology experi-
ments, depending on who conducts the experiment. This so-called experi-
menter effect has been the subject of investigation for the past 15
years in an attempt to find means to objectify some of the principal
findings of conventional perceptual and behavioral psychology. We are
not suggesting that this experimenter effect in psychology is due to
paranormal influences, but rather that some of the inability to replicate
ESP experiments of one laboratory, when the experiments are transferred
to another laboratory, might be due to subtle experimenter effects of
the type known to occur in psychology and behavior experiments in
general.
We consider it important to find out if the success or failure of
parapsychology experiments relate to the experimenter effect through
interpersonal interaction, subliminal cueing, or some as-yet uncataloged
factor. Rotation of experimenters and interchange of subject-experimenter
roles can supply needed information on these factors. As of June 1978,
Dr. Charles T. Tart, a well-known psychologist, has joined the program;
one of his specific concerns is experimenter influence.
c.
Educational Procedures
1.
Screening
It is now generally agreed that psychic
functioning is an innate or latent ability, somewhat similar to
musical talent. That is, all people have it to some degree, but there
is a wide range of abilities from the psychically tone deaf, to the
virtuoso performer. It would be the goal of a screening program to
locate and recruit the most psychically talented individuals available,
both to obtain a measure of the range of abilities that exists, and also
to make use of these abilities to further increase our understanding of
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the phenomenon. To build up an appropriate data pool psychological and
neurophysiological profiling of subjects as a routine practice is
indicated.
2.
Training
a.
Training in Perceptual Tasks Paralleling Ordinary
Perception
For our first attempt, we have carried out a series of
communication experiments involving the transmission, from one laboratory
to another, of simple shapes (e.g., T, 0, 4), which also were of
different colors for each shape. These tests were initiated in an
effort to assess reports of Soviet work in this area, which include the
transmission of decimal numbers via a psychoenergetic channel, with a
claimed yield of 105 out of 135 decimal digits 0-9 (p ~ 10-77).17
The communications series was designed to determine
whether a gradient series of perception tasks that mimic the known
development of ordinary perception would be useful in the development of
paranormal perception. The decision to follow such a protocol was
derived from data indicating that the laws of paranormal perception are
congruent with, rather than skew to, the laws that govern ordinary
perception, especially under conditions of subliminal presentation. The
particular question examined was whether a specific perceptual orienta-
tion process known to hold in ordinary perception of color, would hold
in the case of paranormal perception as well. The perceptual process
of interest was the well-documented scale of increasing sensitivity to
color tones. Cross-cultural studies of 98 separate linguistic stocks
indicate that perception of color tones in the environment begins with
discrimination first of black and white (dull/bright); then red is
identified as a color; then yellow followed by green, or green followed
by yellow; then blue, brown, and finally purple, pink, orange, and
grey.
18
With the hypothesis that a similar gradient is followed
in the development of paranormal perception, subjects were asked to
differentiate among simple remote color card targets first on the basis
of the dichotomy dull/bright, then with regard to shape, and only finally
with regard to color. Specifically, subjects were encouraged to reject
premature mental discrimination processes based on color recognition,
which, by the hypothesis under test, we would assume to be imaginative
overlay from the already highly developed ordinary perceptual modes.
Numerous data were gathered with two subjects who were
experienced remote viewers. Analysis of the data, which is suggestive
of learning, provides initial support for the hypothesis that progress
in paranormal perception can be made on the basis of training drills
designed from what is known about ordinary perception.
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The purpose of this kind of training is the development
of excellent and reliable paranormal perception of analytic and other
alphanumeric types of target material.
Two extensions of this work are proposed: (1) Novice,
as opposed to experienced, subjects will be tested on the protocol
established above to determine whether they also show improvement in
remote perception skills; and (2) additional protocols based on factors
known to be important in ordinary perception will be designed and
evaluated by further testing with experienced subjects.
b.
Training in Abstract Targeting, Including Geographical
Coordinates
.
To date, two subjects have unmistakably demonstrated
their ability to describe distant locations, given only the map
coordinates (latitude and longitude) of a target site. Other subjects
have attempted similar tasks with mixed results.
One notable difference between the two groups is that the
successful group ran through practice training procedures involving
~100 sites taken from an ordinary atlas. Therefore, it is proposed
that a similar procedure be applied with new subjects to evaluate
whether such a procedure might result in the development of a training
protocol of general use. Should improvement be forthcoming on this
basis, novice subjects would also be tested and evaluated utilizing
the same protocols.
Additional variations on the theme of abstract targeting
would include targeting on the basis of pictures or maps of the target
site (with and without key elements missing).
The goal of these efforts is to evaluate potential
training protocols of wide applicability. Should such a program be
successful, it would eliminate our dependence on a select group of
naturally gifted individuals, a group that is inadequate in number for
large-scale exploration of the field's potentialities.
c.
The Ten-Choice Numerical Training Facility
To date our experiments have generally indicated that
subjects show more psi functioning with natural setting/pictorial/solid
targets than numerical targets, yet numbers and quantities are an
important kind of information in the modern world. General parapsycho-
logical research over several decades has certainly demonstrated that
subjects can use significant amounts of psi on numerical targets like
cards, but these results, while highly significant statistically, have
usually been at a very low absolute level above chance performance,
such as averaging 52% instead of the chance-expected 50% in a binary
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calling task. Further, especially talented subjects, whose results were
at a more practical level, have almost universally shown a long-term
decline in performance with repeated testing, leading to eventual loss
of psi ability.
These declines have been observed almost exclusively in
testing situations that do not involve immediate feedback of results to
the subjects, and this factor led both Charles Tart (Refs. 19-23) and
Russell Targ (Ref. 24) to postulate that testing without feedback is an
extinction paradigm of the sort psychologists routinely use to extinguish
performance to chance levels. Thus the provision of immediate feedback
to subjects who have some demonstrable psi ability to begin with
should
at least allow stabilization of psi ability in numerical tests and allow
the more talented subjects to discover what sort of internal strategies
for psi calling improve their performances. Thus highly talented sub-
jects should eventually learn to improve their psi abilities with
immediate feedback training.
Research to date on immediate feedback by the present
investigators (Ref. 24), as well as others (summarized in Ref. 21), has
generally found that (1) significant declines, the big problem in the
field, are eliminated; (2) highly significant psi performance has been
stabilized in some subjects; and (3) higher talented subjects show signs
of learning improved psi performance. Research to date suffers from the
drawback, however, that there has not been extensive training of talented
subjects to test the ultimate psi performance available.
A Ten-Choice Numerical Training Facility just set up at
SRI, modeled on a Ten-Choice Trainer developed at Tart's laboratory at
the University of California at Davis, is designed to allow us to
investigate the parameters of immediate feedback training in a psi task
that is simultaneously numerical and spatial. The facility, the basis
of which is a computerized ten-choice random number generator, occupies
two laboratory rooms in separate buildings (to eliminate potential sensory
cueing problems). The subject, acting as receiver, is seated in a
comfortable room in an outbuilding adjacent to the main research
building of the project. He sits before a console consisting of ten
unit lamps arranged in a circle. There is a response button beside
each lamp for the subject to register his choice. When a Ready signal
lamp at the center of the circle comes on, the subject knows that an
electronic random event generator in the computer controlling the
experimenter/sender's console has chosen one of the ten lamps as a
target. When the subject feels he has some idea as to what the correct
target is, he presses the appropriate response button. The control
computer immediately illuminates the correct target lamp, so the subject
has immediate feedback as to whether he was right or wrong. If he was
wrong, he also sees whether he was spatially close to the correct target
or not, or whether he has consistent displacement patterns he might learn
to correct. He can try various response strategies and decide, by
virtue of the feedback, which ones work for him.
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Because some subjects treat this task as a spatial location
task, running their hand around the circle of unlit lamps and waiting for
a "feeling" to tell them when they are over the correct one, a closed
circuit TV camera monitors the subject's console so the experimenter/
sender can monitor when the subject is "hot" or "cold." While the console
in the subject's facility is designed so that no relevant information is
present in the room, this spatial scanning behavior is quite important
to some subjects as a "read-out device" for their psi impressions, and
it also gives the experimenter/sender immediate feedback on the success
of his "sending" technique, so he has a chance to improve also.
The facility is computer controlled by a dedicated micro-
computer, which automatically stores target and response data for later
detailed analysis, including sophisticated time displacement analyses
for study of the trans-temporal inhibition mechanism for enhancing psi
performance discovered in earlier studies by Tart (Refs. 25-27). The
experimenter/ sender's console, controlling computer, and other recording
apparatus are located in a separate building from the subject's room of
the facility to eliminate all possible sensory cueing paths. Communication
between experimenter/sender and subject is interlocked with the controlling
computer. Free conversation over an intercom system is allowed between
trials, when data on the previous trial have already been stored and the
target for the upcoming trial has not yet been selected by the electronic
random event generator; we feel such communication about response
strategies, etc., is important in the early phases of training. Simul-
taneously with a target being selected, however, the intercom is auto-
matically disabled, to prevent any inadvertent cueing of the subject by
the experimenter/sender.
It is important to note that the Ten-Choice Numerical
Training Facility is just that, a training facility.
Once a subject has
learned to recognize and volitionally generate psi-favorable mental
conditions with the immediate feedback provided in training, we expect
to be able to wean him from the Training Facility so that he can continue
to use high level psi in other settings where high experimenter/sender
participation and immediate feedback are not available.
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III OBJECTIVES
Based on our own past six years of research, and the decades of
investigation by other scientists, we conclude that present evidence
strongly indicates the existence of some sort of paranormal or psycho-
energetic perceptual channel.
The two underlying goals that must be attained for the eventual
utilization of this phenomenon are reliability and understanding, and
the recognition that it is necessary to have both in order to have either.
We recommend that the principal objective of this program involve the
optimization of the experimental protocols, and the training of subjects
to reach excellence of performance. In addition, screening procedures
must be established to enlarge the populations from which subjects are
drawn, to allow us to find additional gifted individuals for participation
in the experimental program.
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IV
STATEMENT OF WORK
The overall goal of this project is the training of four individuals
from the client organization for participation in remote viewing experi-
ments, as both subjects and experimenters.
To achieve this goal, four
separate activities will be undertaken.
(1)
In the first month of this contract, a senior observer
from the client organization will visit SRI for a one- to
two-week period for the purpose of evaluating past data
on hand, observing experiments in progress, taking part
in remote viewing experiments as subject, and, as a
monitor, conducting experiments with other subjects.
Relevant data, protocols, and procedures will be made
available to the client's representative to enable him
to reach informed conclusions about the remote viewing
activity and methods for conducting similar activities
himself in a different location of his choosing.
(2)
In April, May, and June of 1979, three additional indi-
viduals will take part in intensive training activities
at SRI for one month each. Again, these individuals
will learn to be subjects and to carry out experiments
themselves. Relevant training techniques and materials
developed to date will be made available to them for
this purpose.
(3)
Dr. Ralph Kiernan, Department of Neurology, Stanford
University Medical Center, a consultant on the Radio
Physics Laboratory projects on extended perception, is
involved in a long term project to attempt the identi-
fication of neurophysiological correlates of individuals
possessing enhanced capabilities in the areas of
interest. The function to be served by Dr. Kiernan is
the administration of various tests (speech perception
tests, Buschke memory tests, verbal concept attainment
tests, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, etc. ) which
yield information of neurophysiological and neuro-
psychological functioning and which may be of use in
establishing profiles for good subjects.
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(4)
Each of the training program participants will carry out
a minimum of 250 trials with the Ten-choice Numerical
Training Facility to provide a calibration on ability to
identify numeric characters by remote viewing.
The data
will be analyzed to detect success/failure strategies,
trends in learning ability, and so forth. The results
of such analysis will be provided to the client.
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V
REPORTING SCHEDULE
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Quarterly progress letters describing the work completed and financial
details will be delivered on the tenth day following the end of each
quarter after the commencement date of the contract. A final report will
be delivered at the end of the 12th month after the commencement date
of the contract.
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VI QUALIFICATIONS OF SRI
SRI is an independent, nonprofit organization performing a broad
spectrum of research under contract to business, industry, and govern-
ment. The institute, which was formerly affiliated with Stanford
University, was founded in 1946. Its operations include the physical
and life sciences, industrial and development economics, management
systems, engineering systems, electronics and radio sciences, informa-
tion science, urban and social systems, and various combinations of
disciplines within these fields.
SRI has no endowment; payments by clients under research contracts
and grants amount to approximately $100 million annually and are used to
cover all operating costs. Such revenue also helps the Institute main-
tain the excellence of its research capabilities.
SRI's facilities include more than one million square feet of office
and laboratory space and incorporate the most advanced scientific equip-
ment, including unique instrumentation developed by the staff. The bulk
of these facilities and most of the research staff are located at the
Institute's headquarters in Menlo Park, California. Regional office loca-
tions include Washington, D. C. ; New York City; Chicago; Houston; and
Los Angeles.
Of SRI's total staff of 3000, approximately one-half are in pro-
fessional and technical categories. Some 450 members of the professional
staff have Ph. D. or equivalent degrees; 600 others have their master's
degree.
The project leader and other research personnel who would be active
on the proposed work are members of the Radio Physics Laboratory. This
Laboratory employs a staff of 153 people, including 96 professional and
57 technical and clerical members. Of the professional personnel, 39
have Ph. D. degrees or equivalent, 5 other engineer's degrees, 25 have
master's degrees, and 30 have bachelor's degrees.
Since its inception, the Radio Physics Laboratory has undertaken
basic research for various branches of the U. S. Government. Laboratory
personnel have participated in theoretical and experimental studies of
ELF through UHF electromagnetic propagation, including ionospheric,
atmospheric, surface-wave, underground, and underwater propagation.
They
have performed extensive mathematical modeling and experimental studies
of environmental effects on propagation, including scattering, noise,
interference, EMP, and nuclear and ionospheric effects. A number of
these programs have required the development, modification, and maintenance
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of sizable computer codes. The laboratory has also been concerned with
the development, as well as performance evaluation and testing, of
instrumentation relating to these areas of work.
The proposed research will be supervised by SRI staff members within
the Radio Physics Laboratory under the direction of Dr. Robert S. Leonard,
The principal investigators will be Dr. Harold Puthoff and Mr. Russell
Targ. Our consultant, Dr. Charles Tart, will also participate in this
program. Biographies are attached for these personnel.
1
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HAROLD E. PUTHOFF
Senior Research Engineer
Radio Physics Laboratory
Systems Research and Analysis Division
SPECIALIZED PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE
Tunable laser research and development; quantum electronics, research
in remote sensing and other psychoenergetic phenomena
REPRESENTATIVE RESEARCH ASSIGNMENTS AT SRI (since 1971)
Development of tunable ultraviolet laser source for pollution studies
and medical research
Research and development of biofield measurements; investigation of
"paranormal" perceptual abilities, psychoenergetic phenomena
OTHER PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
Research associate, Hansen Laboratories of Physics, and lecturer, Depart-
ment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University: teaching, text-
book author, research supervisor of Ph. D. candidates in the area of
lasers and nonlinear optics, and development of high-power tunable in-
frared laser source (50-250 microns) for materials research
Consultant on applications of lasers to industrial and medical problems,
Stanford University
Lieutenant, USNR: in-house research and contract monitoring on DoD (NSA)
contracts concerned with the development of ultra high-speed (GHz) com-
puters, assessment of potential of fiber optics and lasers for use in
optical computers
Research engineer, Sperry Electronic Tube Division, and Sperry fellow,
University of Florida: design and testing of electron-beam focusing
systems for use in microwave tubes
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
B.E.E. (1958) and M.S.E. (1960), University of Florida; Ph.D. in elec-
trical engineering (1967), Stanford University
PUBLICATIONS AND PATENTS
Coauthor of textbook, Fundamentals of Quantum Electronics (Wiley) pub-
lished in English, French, Russian; author or coauthor of more than
twenty-five papers in professional journals on electron beam and laser
research; more recently, first major publications of research on psycho-
energetic phenomena: "Information Transfer Under Conditions of Sensory
Shielding," Nature (Oct. 1974) and "A Perceptual Channel for Information
Transfer over Kilometer Distances," Proc. IEEE (March 1976); coauthor
of Mind Reach: Scientists Look at Psychic Research (Delacorte Press, New
York, 1977)
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS AND HONORS
American Association for the Advancement of Science; American Physical
Society; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; Phi Eta
Sigma; Phi Kappa Phi; Sigma Tau; Sigma Xi
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RUSSELL TARG
Senior Research Physicist
.
Radio Physics Laboratory
Systems Research and Analysis Division
SPECIALIZED PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE
Development of high-power gas lasers; FM laser and supermode laser
techniques; optical modulation and demodulation; microwave diagnostic
techniques; microwave generation from plasmas; research in remote
sensing and other psychoenergetic phenomena
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
Sylvania Corporation; investigation of techniques for development of
new gas lasers, making use of research with compact, self-contained
multikilowatt CO2 lasers
Technical Research Group; experiments in new gaseous laser media
Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn; assisted in the establishment of
Electron Beam Laboratory
Sperry Gyroscope Company, Electron Tube Division; experimental work in
microwave generation from plasmas; early work in the technology of
ultrahigh-vacuum and ion-pump design.
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ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
B.S. in physics (1954), Queens College, New York; graduate work in
physics (1954-56), Columbia University
PUBLICATIONS AND INVENTIONS
Author or coauthor of more than thirty articles on lasers and plasma
research, and more recently, the first major publication of research
on psychoenergetic phenomena in Nature and in the Proceedings of the
IEEE: "Information Transfer Under Conditions of Sensory Shielding,"
Nature (October 18, 1974) and "A Perceptual Channel for Information
Transfer over Kilometer Distances," Proc. IEEE (March 1976)
Coauthor of Mind-Reach: Scientists Look at Psychical Research (Delacorte
Press, New York, 1976)
Invention of the tunable plasma oscillator at microwave frequencies
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS AND HONORS
Senior Member IEEE; American Physical Society; President and cofounder
of Parapsychology Research Group, a tax-exempt California corporation
since 1963, with research and educational objectives in the area of
psychic functioning
Research associate with the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn
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CHARLES T. TART -- SHORT CURRICULUM VITA
Charles T. Tart is a Professor of Psychology at the University of
California, Davis, currently on leave and acting as a Consultant to SRI.
He received his doctoral degree in psychology from the University of
North Carolina in 1963, after previous study of electrical engineering
and psychology. He taught and conducted research at Stanford University
and the University of Virginia School of Medicine before accepting his
current position.
Professor Tart has conducted research in sleep, dreaming, hypnosis,
psychedelic drugs, and parapsychology, with his research activities
currently being focused in the areas of altered states of consciousness,
transpersonal psychology, and experimental parapsychology, a concern
with the unrealized potentialities of man.
Professor Tart's scientific publications include the following
books :
Altered State of Consciousness (Wiley, 1969 and Doubleday, 1972) ;
Transpersonal Psychologies (Harper & Row, 1975) ; States of Consciousness
(Dutton, 1975) ; The Application of Learning Theory to ESP Performance
(Parapsychology Foundation, 1975) ; and Learning to use Extrasensory
Perception (University of Chicago Press, 1976) as well as more than one
hundred scientific articles and papers in journals such as Science and
Nature as well as more specialized journals.
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REFERENCES
1.
£
H. Puthoff and R. Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information
Transfer over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and
Recent Research, " Proc. IEEE, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 329-354
(March 1976), UNCLASSIFIED.
2.
H. E. Puthoff and R. Targ, "Direct Perception of Remote Geo-
graphical Locations, " Proc. IEEE Electro/77 Special Session on
the State of the Art in Psychic Research, New York, N. Y. (April
19-21, 1977), UNCLASSIFIED.
3.
R. Targ, H. E. Puthoff and E. C. May, "State of the Art in Remote
Viewing Studies at SRI, " Proc. 1977 IEEE International Conf. on
Cybernetics and Society (Technical Session on Research in Psycho-
energetics), Washington, D.C. (September 20, 1977), UNCLASSIFIED.
4.
L. F. Maire III and Major J. D. LaMothe, MSC, "Soviet and Czecho-
slovakian Parapsychology Research, " DIA Document No. DST-1810S-
387-75 (September 1975), UNCLASSIFIED.
5.
L. L. Vasiliev, "Experimental Studies of Mental Suggestion, "
JPRS Document No. 59163, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia (31 May 1973),
UNCLASSIFIED.
6.
I. M. Kogan, "Is Telepathy Possible?, " Radio Eng., Vol. 21, p. 75
(January 1966), UNCLASSIFIED.
7.
I. M. Kogan, "Telepathy, Hypotheses and Observations, " Radio Eng.,
Vol. 22, p. 141 (January 1967), UNCLASSIFIED.
8.
I. M. Kogan, "Information Theory Analysis of Telepathic Communication
Experiments, " Radio Eng., Vol. 23, p. 122 (March 1968), UNCLASSIFIED.
9.
I. M. Kogan, "The Information Theory Aspect of Telepathy, " RAND
Publication P-4145, Santa Monica, California (July 1969), UNCLASSIFIED.
10. E. C. Wortz et al., "Novel Biophysical Information Transfer
Mechanisms (NBIT), " Document No. EW-76-010, Final Report on
Contract No. XG-4208 (54-20)75S, Airesearch Manufacturing Company
of California, a division of Garrett Corporation (January 14, 1976),
UNCLASSIFIED.
11. E. C. Wortz et al., "An Investigation of Soviet Psychical Research, "
Proc. IEEE Electro/77 Special Session on the State of the Art in
Psychic Research, New York, N. Y. (April 19-21, 1977), UNCLASSIFIED.
12. W. P. Zinchenko, A. N. Leontiev, B. M. Lomov, and A. R. Luria,
"Parapsychology: Fiction or Reality?, " Question of Philosophy,
Vol. 9, pp. 128-136 (1973), UNCLASSIFIED.
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13.
N. E. Bauman, "Unsolved Riddles: Phenomena Amongst Us, " Leninskoye
Znamya, p. 4 (April 28, 1974), UNCLASSIFIED.
17. V. Ye. Fidel'man et al., "Procedure and Results of an Experimental
Check of the Possibilities for Telepathic Communication, "
FTD-ID(RS)-1336-77, UNCLASSIFIED.
18. B. Berlin and P. Kay, Basic Color Terms (University of California
Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969), UNCLASSIFIED.
19.
C. Tart, "Card Guessing Tests: Learning Paradigm or Extinction
Paradigm?," J. Amer. Soc. Psych. Res., Vol. 60, pp. 46-55 (1966),
UNCLASSIFIED.
20.
C. Tart, "Toward Conscious Control of Psi Through Immediate
Feedback Training: Some Considerations of Internal Processes, "
J. Amer. Soc. Psych. Res., Vol. 71, pp. 375-408 (1977), UNCLASSIFIED.
21.
C. Tart, Learning to Use Extrasensory Perception (University of
of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1976), UNCLASSIFIED.
22.
C. Tart, "Effects of Immediate Feedback on ESP Performance Over
Short Time Periods, " J. Amer. Soc. Psych. Res., in press,
UN CLASSIFIED.
23. C. Tart, J. Palmer, and D. Redington, "Effects of Immediate
Feedback on ESP Performance: A Second Study, " J. Amer. Soc. Psych.
Res., in press, UNCLASSIFIED.
24.
R. Targ, P. Cole, and H. Puthoff, "Development of Techniques to
Enhance Man/Machine Communications," NASA, Final Report, Contract
No. 953653 under NAS 7-100 (1974), UNCLASSIFIED.
25. C. Tart, Psi: Scientific Studies of the Psychic Realm (Dutton,
New York, 1977), UNCLASSIFIED.
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26. C. Tart, "Improving Real-Time ESP by Suppressing the Future:
Trans-Temporal Inhibition, " paper presented at Electro 77,
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York City,
1977, UNCLASSIFIED.
27. C. Tart, "Information Processing Mechanisms and ESP:
Trans-
Temporal Inhibition, " invited address, American Psychological
Association, Toronto, 1978, UNCLASSIFIED.
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