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- : THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ELECTRIC CURRENTS 1. Volume 2 - : ! moved For Peace 2002/05/17 . CARD96-00787000500200005-2
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ELECTRIC CURRENTS Volume 2 Proceedings of the Fourth Annual National Conference of the Neuroelectric Society, held in San Antonio, Texas, March 10-12, 1971 Edited by Norman L. Wulfsohn Associate Professor of Anesthesiology University of Texas Medical School at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas and Anthony Sances, Jr. Professor and Chairman, Biomedical Engineering Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin . PLENUM PRESS . NEW YORK-LONDON . 1971 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-2
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-2 . .. Anth: Alan David Berna Jack Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 70-114562 SBN 306-37172-3 C 1971 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011 United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, Ltd. Davis House (4th floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, NW10 6SE, England A11 to: All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher Printed in the United States of America
THE NEURO-ELECTRIC SOCIETY 1971 CONFERENCE CHAIRMAN : Norman L. Wulfsohn CONFERENCE SECRETARY : Edward F. Gelineau University of Texas Medical School San Antonio OFFICERS Anthony Sances, Jr., President, Marquette University Alan R. Kahn, Vice President, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota David V. Reynolds, Vice President, University of Windsor Bernard Saltzberg, Vice President, Tulane University Jack J. Snyder, Secretary, Hoffman-La Roche, New Jersey NATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD Edgar J. Baldes James A. Meyer Joseph J. Barboriak James W. Prescott Robert 0. Becker Donald H. Reigel Carmine D. Clemente Alfred W. Richardson Donald F. Flickinger Lawrence R. Rose Lester A. Geddes Charles E. Short Ernest 0. Henschel Kenneth A. Siegesmund Reginald A. Herin Charles F. Stroebel Raymond T. Kado Calvin C. Turbes Sanford J. Larson Arthur S. Wilson Irving Lutsky Norman L. Wulfsohn Simon E. Markovich All enquiries for the Neuro-Electric Society should be addressed to: Mr. Jack Snyder Senior Research Associate Department of Medical Research Hoffman-La Roche Inc. Nutley, New Jersey 07110
Approved For Release 2002/05/17". CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-2 PREFACE This second volume of the "Nervous System and Electric Currents" represents the collected papers of the Proceedings of the fourth annual national conference, organised by the Neuro-Electric Society. It will be held at the Convention Center, San Antonio, Texas, March 10-12, 1971. The interests of the Neuro-Electric Society focus upon the measurement and quantification of neuro-electric phenomena, neuro- stimulation and recording techniques and procedures, and the appli- cations of biomedical engineering to the furthering of our under- standing about neural-behavioral processes. These research papers further explore the influence of electrical currents on the neurophysiological correlates of the nervous system. The "central" nervous system is still the main focus of research. The use of transcranially applied electric currents in the production of electro-sleep and electro-anesthesia is the important practical clinical aspect of these interesting researches. However, a new emphasis is now also beginning to be placed on the effects of these applied currents to the "peripheral" nervous system. The Editors wish to thank the following sponsors: Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C. (Grant No. NR 108-918) ; Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Plenum Press, New York, New York. We also wish to thank for their cooperation the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Bethesda, Maryland, the In- stitute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (Group of Engineering in Medicine and Biology), New York, New York, and the International Society for Electro-sleep and Electro-Anesthesia , Graz, Austria. We would like to thank Mr. E. Gelineau and Mrs. Linda Peters for their untiring help in preparation of this Proceedings Book. The Editors, March 1971 Norman L. Wulfsohn Anthony Sances, Jr. vii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Robert D. Allison, Chief, Cardiovascular Physiology, Scott and White Clinic, Temple Texas 4 Maxim Asa, Director, Department of Physiology and Clinical Research, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, New Jersey S. C. Ayivorh, Biophysics Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana L. E. Baker, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Edmundo Baumann, Institute of Bio-Medical Electronics, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Division of Neuro- surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada D. Brittain, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Joseph D. Bronzino, Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts Leo A. Bullara, Huntington Institute of Applied Medical Research, Pasadena, California Neil R. Burch, Head, Psychophysiology Division, Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas P. Cabler, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Enrique J. A. Carregal, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California Guillermo Chavez-Ibarra, Department de Investigacion Cientifica, Centro Medico Nacional, IMSS, Mexico, D. F. ix
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-2 x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS M. E. Cherviakov, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR J. K. Cywinski, Department of Anesthesia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Jose M. R. Delgado, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Jerry S. Driessner, University of Texas Medical School, San Antonio, Texas Daniel A. Driscoll, Union College, Schenectady, New York P. W. Droll, Research Scientist, Ames Research Center, NASA, Moffett Field, California J Allan H. Frey, Technical Director, Randomline, Incorporated, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania Harry G. Friedman, Research Program Manager, Medtronic Incorporated, Minneapolis, Minnesota L. A. Geddes, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas E. Gelineau, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School, San Antonio, Texas - Oldrich Grunner, Balneological Research Institute, Working Center Spa, Jesenik-Graefenberg, Czechoslovakia ... A. H. L. Gurvich, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR M. Susan Halter, Department of Anatomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada S Warren Harding, Orthopedic Resident, University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California L. Hause, Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin A I Norman Hoffman, Departments of Neurosurgery and Chemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee Wisconsin B Michael Iloshiko, Department of Pathology and Audiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-2 G. J.
xi LIT Of CONTRIBUTORS W. Hou, Systems Analyst, Department of Psychiatry of the University of Missouri School of Medicine at the Missouri Institute of Psychiatry, St. Louis, Missouri F. M. Itil, Professor and Associate Chairman, Department of Psychiatry of the University of Missouri School of Medicine at the Missouri Institute of Psychiatry, St. Louis, Missouri F. J. Iufer, Research Scientist, Ames Research Center, NASA, Moffett Field, California K. P. Kaverina, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR A. S. Khalafalla, Systems and Research Center, Honeywell Incorporated, St. Paul, Minnesota Judith M. Kilby, Faculty of Science, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana G. A. Kitzmann, NRC-NASA Resident Research Associate, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California J. J. Konikoff, Environmental Sciences Laboratory, General Electric Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jan Kryspin, Institute of Bio-Medical Electronics, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada A. C. K. Kutty, Palat House, Panniyankara Calicut, Kerala, India M. N. Kuzin, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR S. J. Larson, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Benjamin Lesin, Orthopedic Research Resident, Rancho Los Amigos Hospital, Downey, California Aime Limoge, L'ecole Nationale de Chirurgie-Dentaire de Paris, Montrouge, France H. M. Liventsev, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR OF CONTRIBUTORS gy for Animal L' Moscow ts General iversity 1, San ork NASA, rated, .as of Texas king Center or Animal Moscow y, Kingston, -- i fornia at a dical College try, Medical i waukee , Southern
xii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Y. Maass, Bioengineer, COMM/ADP Laboratory, H. Q., USAECOM,, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey John Marasa, Scientific Programmer Analyst, Department of Psychiatry of the University of Missouri School of Medicine at the Missouri Institute of Psychiatry, St. Louis, Missouri Simon E. Markovich, Clinical Associate Professor of Neurology, University of Miami, School of Medicine, Coral Gables, Florida Richard E. Mckenzie, University of Texas Medical School, San Antonio, Texas 1 Donald R. McNeal, Director of Neuromuscular Engineering, Rancho Los Amigos Hospital, Downey, California Jose Medina-Jimenez, Somepsic, Mexico, D. F. V. D. Minh, Pulmonary Research Fellow University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, University Hospital of San Diego County, San Diego, California L. H. Montgomery, Assistant Professor, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee Vert Mooney, Chief, Amputee and Problem Fracture Service, Rancho Los Amigos Hospital, Downey, California Kenneth M. Moser, Associate Professor of Medicine, Director, Pulmonary Division, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California B. A. Negovskii, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow . Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR C. H. Nute, Computer Specialist, Department of Psychiatry of the University of Missouri . School of Medicine at the Missouri Institute of Psychiatry, St. Louis, Missouri E. Otis, Department of Orthopedics, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, New Jersey Robert Pearson, Department of Neurophysiology, Rancho Los Amigos Hospital, Downey, California Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-2 1 A. Sal M. Rul. ( C. Rom K Sau1 1! l Rene : 1 O. H. Herma . S. I. John UST OF C. D. P. . Robert Donald R. J . T A. W.
xiii VH OF CONTRIBUTORS D. P. Photiades, Biophysics Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana Robert H. Pudenz, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Pasadena, California Donald H. Reigel, Departments of Neurosurgery and Chemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin A. W. Richardson, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois R. J. Riggs, Faculty of Science, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana C. Romero-Sierra, Department of Anatomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Saul H. Rosenthal, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Medical School, San Antonio, Texas M. Rubin, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois A. Sances, Jr., Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Rene Sanchez-Sinencio, Instituto Mexicano de Electrosueno y Electroanesthesia, Mexico, D. F. 0. H. Schmitt, Department of Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Herman P. Schwan, Electromedical Division, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania S. I. Schwartz, Department of Surgical Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York John H. Seipel, Director, Neurology Department, Maryland State Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland; Chief of Neurological Research, Friends of Psychiatric Research, Inc .; and Clinical Instructor in Neurology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D. C. = CONTRIBUTORS COM, Fort Medicine - Missouri tology, cs, San Rancho Cornia, San ity School Rancho or, 280 : Animal :COW of the. ouri r, Long Amigos
xiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS D. Shapiro, Computer Scientist, Department of Psychiatry of the University of Missouri School of Medicine at the Missouri Institute of Psychiatry, St. Louis, Missouri ---- C. Norman Shealy, Chief of Neurosurgery, Gundersen Clinic, Associate Clinical Professor of Neurological Surgery, University of Minnesota. Assistant Clinical Professor of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin C. Hunter Shelden, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Pasadena, California K. A. Siegesmund, Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Roger C. Simon, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois Hans-Guenther Stadelmayr-Maiyores, Munich, West Germany K. Steven Staneff, San Angelo, Texas D. B. Stratton, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois B. J. Tabak, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR J. A. Tanner, Control Systems Laboratory, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada R. L. Testerman, Department of Surgical Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York H. C. Tien, Michigan Institute of Psychosynthesis, Lansing, Michigan W. J. Wajszczuk, Section of Cardiology, V. A. Hospital, Wilmington, Delaware Edgar L. Watkins, General Dynamics, Pomona, California E. R. Winkler, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 4 LIST OF N. L. Willa. D. E. . V. D. E. J .
XV CONTRIBUTORS of the ·souri , , of School, ol of i.S S na 1 ty of , New mington, LI! Of CONTRIBUTORS $. L. Wulfsohn, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School, San Antonio, Texas Willard G. Yergler, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana D. E. Yorde, Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin V. D. Zhukovskii, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR f. J. Zuperku, Medical College of Wisconsin, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-2
xiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS D. Shapiro, Computer Scientist, Department of Psychiatry of the University of Missouri School of Medicine at the Missouri Institute of Psychiatry, St. Louis, Missouri C. Norman Shealy, Chief of Neurosurgery, Gundersen Clinic, Associate Clinical Professor of Neurological Surgery, University of Minnesota. Assistant Clinical Professor of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin .V. D. C. Hunter Shelden, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Pasadena, California 1 K. A. Siegesmund, Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin E. J. Roger C. Simon, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois Hans-Guenther Stadelmayr-Maiyores, Munich, West Germany K. Steven Staneff, San Angelo, Texas D. B. Stratton, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois B. J. Tabak, Laboratory of Experimental Physiology for Animal Resuscitation, Academy of Medical Sciences, First Moscow Medical Institute, Moscow, USSR J. A. Tanner, Control Systems Laboratory, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada R. L. Testerman, Department of Surgical Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York H. C. Tien, Michigan Institute of Psychosynthesis, Lansing, Michigan W. J. Wajszczuk, Section of Cardiology, V. A. Hospital, Wilmington, Delaware Edgar L. Watkins, General Dynamics, Pomona, California E. R. Winkler, Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois . LIST OF N. L. Willa. 1 D. E.
CONTENTS SECTION 1 1 ELECTRO-NEUROPHYSIOLOGY I 4 1 Radio Communication with the Brain 3 J. M. R. Delgado On the Penetration of UHF Energy Through the; Head . . 11 A. H. Frey Evaluation of Electrostimulation of Hearing by Evoked Potentials 0 . . 15 R. C. Simon and M. Hoshiko . Mechanisms of Electricity Conduction in Brain and Kidney Studied by Impedance Measurements and Chrono- potentiometric Polarography 19 J. Kryspin and E. Baumann Bioelectric Potential Changes in Bone During Immobilization . 25 J. J. Konikoff : SECTION 2 ELECTRO-NEUROPHYSIOLOGY II A Neural Feedback Circuit Associated with Sleep-Waking. . 29 J. D. Bronzino Autonomic Nervous Control of the Intrinsic. Cardiac Pacemaker and Its Electronic Analogue Simulator . 35 J. K. Cywinski, W. J. Wajszczuk, and A. C. K. Kutty A Theoretical Analysis of RF Lesions Using Spherical Electrodes D. A. Driscoll 47 xvii
xviii CONTENTS SECTION 3 ELECTRO-NEUROPHYSIOLOGY III Period Analysis of the Clinical Electroencephalogram N. R. Burch 55 Spectral Analysis of the EEG on the PDP-12 57 C. H. Nute, J. Marasa, and I. M. Itil Period Analysis of the EEG on the PDP-12 59 D. Shapiro, W. Hsu, and T. M. Itil Psychosynthesis: A TV-Cybernetic Hologram Model H. C. Tien 61 SECTION 4 NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS The Effects of DC Current on Synaptic Endings 69 D. E. Yorde, K. A. Siegesmund, A. Sances, Jr., and S. J. Larson The Effect of Magneto-Inductive Energy on Reaction Time Performance . . D. P. Photiades, R. J. Riggs, S. C. Ayivorh, and J. M. Kilby 75 Effect of an Electromagnetic Field on the Sciatic Nerve of the Rat . 81 C. Romero-Sierra, S. Halter, and J. A. Tanner A Theoretical Analysis of Neuronal Biogenerated Magnetic Fields 87 G. A. Kitzmann, P. W. Droll, and E. J. Iufer Polarization Changes Induced in the Pyramidal Cell and Other Neural Elements by Externally Applied Fields L. Hause, A. Sances, Jr., and S. Larson 93 SECTION 5 PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SPINAL CORD STIMULATION The Design of Implantable Peripheral Nerve Stimulators 0 99 Cieet. R. Masch, W. Ihres v. Devel( R. E. The C: c. Peripl. M. E. "What' R. Respoi L. Selec A. Safet L Stan S Limi -. I H. G. Friedman Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-z
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-2 CONTENTS xix Electrical Stimulation of the Rabbit's Aortic Nerve and the Dog's Carotid Sinus Nerve: A Parameter Study . 101 R. L. Testerman and S. I. Schwartz Muscle Response to Internal Stimulation of the Peroneal Nerve in Paraplegic Patients W. G. Yergler and D. R. McNeal . 107 Threshold Distributions of Phrenic Nerve Motor Fibers : A Factor in Smooth Electrophrenic Respiration · 109 V. D. Minh and K. M. Moser Development of an Implantable Telestimulator R. H. Pudenz, C. H. Shelden, L. A. Bullara, E. J. A. Carregal, and E. L. Watkins 111 The Current Status of Dorsal Column Stimulation for Relief of Pain 113 C. N. Shealy Peripheral Nerve Regeneration by Electrical Stimulation .. 115 M. Asa, H. Friedman, W. Harding, B. Lesin, V. Mooney, E. Otis, R. Pearson, and Y. Maass SECTION 6 SAFETY FACTORS IN BIOELECTRIC IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS "What's Important in Safe Medical Electronics Instrumentation" 119 R. D. Allison Response to Passage of Sinusoidal Current Through the Body . 121 L. A. Geddes, L. E. Baker, P. Cabler, and D. Brittain Selective Differential Electrocardiograma Leads A. S. Khalafalla and O. H. Schmitt 131 Safety Factors in Bioelectric Impedance Measurements L. H. Montgomery 139 Standardization Committee on Bioelectrical Impedance Measurements 143 S. E. Markovich Limit Current Density of Safe Tissue Exposure H. P. Schwan 145 . · . 69 75 81 .... 87 93 TION . 99 CONTENTS · 55 . . . 57 59 · . 61 ₡S
xx CONTENTS CONT. Problems in the Clinical Interpretation of the Impedance Plethysmogram and Rheoencephalogram J. H. Seipel D 147 SECTION 7 ELECTROSLEEP A Qualitative Description of the Electrosleep Experience S. H. Rosenthal . . 153 Electrosleep, Hypnosis and Auditory Evoked Potentials to Words, a New Psychological Approach G. Chavez-Ibarra, R. Sanchez-Sinencio, and ..... 157 J. Medina-Jimenez Electrosleep : Some Interesting Case Reports . . 159 . O . K. S. Staneff Some Psychophysiologic Effects of Electrical Transcranial Stimulation (Electrosleep) · . 163 . R. E. Mckenzie, S. H. Rosenthal, and J. S. Driessner Electrosleep Enhanced by Intravenous Lidocaine N. L. Wulfsohn and E. Gelineau 169 Electronic Noise in Cerebral Electrotherapy . 0. Grunner 175 Wireless Electrostimulation of the Brain (ESB) . 0 . 181 H. - G. Stadelmayr-Maiyores . SECTION 8 ELECTRO-ANESTHESIA Obstetric Electro-Analgesia . 0 0 . . 0 0 . A. Limoge . 189 Electro-Anesthesia for Electrical Cardio-Version o B. A. Negovskii, M. N. Kuzin, H. M. Liventsev, . o 195 B. J. Tabak, H. L. Gurvich, V. D. Zhukovskii, M. E. Cherviakov, and K. P. Kaverina Rectangular Electroanesthesia Currents and the Primary Visual Pathways 0 197 E. J. Zuperku, A. Sances, Jr., and S. J. Larson 0 Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200005-2 Elect E . A Mech: A, Effe. D. N Surgi D Inde:
Approved For Release 2002/05/17 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000500200003-2 CONTENTS CONTENTS xxi Electro-Anesthesia : By a New Portable Battery Powered Device . · . a 205 E. R. Winkler, D. B. Stratton, M. Rubin, and A. W. Richardson Mechanisms of Electro-Analgesia . 0 · 209 A. Limoge Effect of Electroanesthesia Upon Circulating Serotonin .. 217 D. H. Reigel, A. Sances, Jr., S. J. Larson, and N. Hoffman Surgical Experiences with Electroanesthesia ...... 219 D. H. Reigel, A. Sances, Jr., and S. J. Larson 0 O . 1 Index . 223 O 2 · o O · 159 163 169 175 0 181 ... 189 · 195 197 . 147 e . . 153 . 157 0 - . O . O o 0 ,