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SECRET'
REPORT ON THE SITUATION IN
PARAPSYCHOLOGY IN EASTERN EUROPE
Milan Ryzl
Summer 1967
.. .
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#ilon Ryul
Report on the Situation in Partyphology in partero perop
Introduction
This report will cant in thinly informations on the purepsy-
chologiesl resoarch in Czechoslovakia and in the U.S.G.i amwhich
countries I had the possibility to observe it in firstabend expor-
ience .:
The moct sir rificant conclusion of this report /which I pre-
fer to point out right from the beginning/ is the ren ization of
a rather paradoxical situation in perepsychology of tortaya leny
popular publications about purepsychology /articles in rowspapers
and popular-scientific magazines stel/ heve been published in coa-
sunist countries in recent years .| Owing to this faut the ley public
and especially the students /as far as they care about it at all/
consider paropsychology a serious field of scientific research
of scientific publid le not uniform. There are critics
/who are already mostly silent/, there exist advocates who very
cfter for ideologicel roscons hesitate to procheim open_y their
interests /they are silert, too/ - but the tolerant opinion seeds
to prevail that parcpsychology is a serious scientific effort bid
nevertheless, did not bring about a general conviction of the use+
fulness of investing financial means in parapsychological research.
In fact, the means devoted to research in communist countries are
licited in extent, end care is |token to invest preferently in those
brunches which - at least according to the opinich of persons who
direct the investments - promise to bring either an immediate ecor-
cildel profit or, an increase d the international presdige of the
cohenist science. Therefore, the leading scientific institutions
soon
to tolerate parapsychological research, but are hesitant acti-
vely to support it. Such a situation - in specific cond tions exist-
1
ir torsuniet countries - makes it immensely difficult to start
y resberch of significance.
I.ll means devoted to science in communist countries cose,
rectly or indirectly, from the state treasury, and che distributed
through leading scientific institutions. There exist no private
protione. Therefore, persons interested in parapsycho! ;.
suck from their own initiative, in their free ti :: 1 20
full-time occupation, ond alco the research expenses ars paid ty
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them from their own meand
since the standard of CONins is = 'mer lot - in the U.Gli koses
derably lower than in Czocheslovakis oholymin, in Czecherloverso
Lower then erg., in Austria/il
This is one side of thei cointla Mitad
able, or at leastinos martin
more frightering, all
ure: Not a long time ago, and father succesny stete cu
in communist countries, notably military authorities a
secret services, became greatly interested in parapsycholess. = his
interest probably has not brought about great military investments
in parapsychology up to now /though secret state ceans have a ready
been occasionally invested in parapsychologicel rescorely, but the
interest especially of the secret services is very striking.
characterized by the effort to obtain as quickly br possible, cre
as detailed es possible, informations about the peropsychological
research in the West as well as in China. The groot fear is evident
lest the findings of parapsychololy could be used apoinet the u.s.S.
either direct in the military combat, or as a tool of a cold war.
I am unable to judge in how much these feers can lead to
the effort to overcome the West in the parapsycholc idit research
just at the present time and to increase the etete investments in
parapsychology. One conclusioni, however, seetis to be pretty cartei :.:
The position of parapsychology in communist countries and especi-
ally in the U.S. S. R. is sufficiently strong, and there can be no.
doubt that this field will develop further. Russian scientists ore
well aware of the perspectives of practical applic wich of parsley-
cholesy. At the come ti
richle fout to which a
erince to science
the efforts,
by the obave, to apply the results of scientific iceurch in the
practice whenever it is possible, to look for hem s'ildw m
entific research con contribute to praxis - und to
applicatione always with one ultimate joal: to so
tons of the world communist movement. Soviet
enough moons /and apparently onough able individuali ready
considerably to accelerate the program of :
carry out :::::
@ Foci .-
" when it is found deciroble and conductive to the sale over
world. In such a case, it has also enough bento to Keep the
..
obtained in secret, and when practically applicable resalve .
once obtained, there is no doubt that will actually be applis :
practice - without ony hteitation ond at the place and ville
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sully dijosen huid ine
indicoto that sovdot acientlabu huve stehtcu it Fallsbot
have already tttsired! first promothi reu ts,
TV
pui involves the participation
of psi i possible. This conviction, however, con be outy a picus
desire cho cannot be relied upon. |I agree that we perdo: ychologists
shouldstill hold in mind that the most important historical miseior.
of parapsychology of to-morrow is in accumulating theoretical knox -
Jodie about the man and the universe, in finding the proper cool of
human life and helping man to its fulfilment - in other words: in
finding a synthesis of science and religion which could fully satisfy
the modern man. Nevertheless, on the background of facto mentioned
above, the possibility of practical use or even misuse of psi crest-
es a singular situation which should not be overlooked.
In my opinion - though it may seem a little absurd in our
field which is still little developed - there seems to be siready
wow only one way left for Western science: to accelerate: the ceve-
of Parepsychology so that the present start before the
Russian perapsychology is mainteised and ever increased, and while
doing it to promote not only theoretical aspects, but the practical
application as well. I am afraid that we are already in the situat-
ion from which there is no way back, and which repeats in the field
cf parapsychology the situation in atomic research at the time of
World War II: It is necessary to ensure lest the totalitarian state
misuges, in its ambition to gain rule over the world, new scientific
findingo opt to afford far reaching adventures.
Situation in Czechoslovakia
In the way of introduction, I shall sum up the development
of parapsychology in Czechoslovakia in recent years. Stimulates bj
=y popular publications /printed in Czechoslovak prece since Lypsy
ond lectures, and especially later in consequence of t.
pat
ione by professor L.L. Vasiliev in the U. S. S. R., a fewy __ coups of
persone interested in parapsychology have been formed, the cost
promising of them having been the group of researchers ut the Uni-
ver ily in Dadec Kadlovs led by Dr. C. Veselý. The group has gradur
ally gained respect of university authorities, and succeeded at
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last in getting parapsychological research introduced into the
rescarch plans of their departmerce /in depts of physics and ply-
siology at the university's Medical School/. Unfortunately, their
work became a center of a journalistic campaign leter ch, which
gave it an unwelcome and distorted publicity /An conperience of
disputable experiments in psycholinesie/.
i MAG LOYer
criticisms, univercity authorities began then to oppose thie droa)
and its work come to a stop.
In addition to this group there has existed a number of per-
sons seriously interested in parapsychology /physicians, university
students etc./ in different cities whose activity, as far as I know,
has not proceeded over the stage of accumulating informations yet,
and therefore, they arenot mentioned in this report. What should be
mentioned is only the fact that representatives of several import :. t
scientific institutions /such as, e.g., Institute for euronautica ..
medicine, Military political academy, or, Philosophical institute of
the Czechoslovak academy of sciences/ have publicly proclaimed the
importance of parapsychological research recently.
Otherwise, only the activity of about five persons deserves
to be pointed out separately.
Mr. Milan Nekonečný
Assistant professor at the Dept. of psychology, College for
journalists, University of Prague, At one time he took a very active
part in the discussions about parapsychology /in lectures and popular
articles/. Later on, when he came to the opinion that sociclosy ic
a field where he can make his career more easily, he devoted hicscl
fully to sociology.
Doc.Dr. Juling Krmešský
Retired professor of physics at a Teachers College. He pub-
lished a scientific paper describing his observations relevant to
the psychokinesis research /voluntary influence upon the movement
of light objects floating upon the surfaces of fluids/.
A new personality in Czechoslovak parapsychology. a young and
diligent student at the University of Bratislava. He was successful
in getting permission to work on a diploma thesis with a parapsy stol-
ogical theme. According to recent developments it was
I would be appointed his official |tutor. Wy departure
slovakis, however, interfered with this program.
TAD Zienty Radik and Inc. Karel Drbal
Ing. K. Drbal is a mon of about 60, working in an electro-
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nication wetabiishione, hope ilmoja-life hobby
wod bien te con
information on parapeycho gry but who wub unsolo
these inferintions hicshis. DE| Sajdik tura y
about 35/ who has been drawing Escomitions from Ine.x
. DFb
K. Kuchynka /Czech parsprycholdi
cotive at present/, enilinot)
ations with ia forceschcepn)
articles about
or with the statement of the co-author K.Drbol. No public
s holly
in arcy magazines y'he is on employee of Ceochoslovak at
is
core a popularizer then a scientific worker. Inhis coxcelt he cole
ora doubtful contribution to partipsychology: ho call:
chotron-
ics and had thus created some confusion.
Only a few years ago, a vivid discussion on pois sychology
took place in Czechoslovakia. As opponents became well known Dr. I.
Horvei /pe chiatrist/,
J.Sures bnd Dr. T. Weiss /neurophysiologists/.
I was much active fiblicly at this time in popularizing parapsychoi-
day /popular articles and lectures/. In the hope to set financial
support for parapsychology from Czechoslovak authorities, I have
more than once pointed publicly to possibilities of practical cppli-
cation of parapsychology, and I have mentioned also possibilities
plications. By the way, L. L. Vasiliev in the U.S.S.R.
took adventure of a similar tactics when he gave vast popularity
to the invented Nautilus story./
Later on, when the discussions about parapsychology come to
a standstill /the critics discontinued their attacks/, I have devoted
= self fully to research activity and to educational activity on high-
er levels /lectures in scientific institutions ete./. I have also
had's fex lectures for students of psychology et Frague university
/not paid yet/. Whose lectures wore gradually developing into a pro-
a chat evary student of psychology should attend at Least che
lecture on pardpsychology.
It was Z. Bejda who took on all popularizing activity st
this time. Bein ; a member of the army he has always torcod to e=
military applications of parapsychology. I have fostered th
hope that the ariay could be instrumental in ustosdish-
ychologienl leberetory.
I shall give below some most interesting facts which are role-
in this respect and which received a wide popularity in Czechc-
cicvakis end in the U.S. S.R. - such a popularity that was able to
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influence the inttitudel of cor
these factu jero battle out
the yout./
Russian stage-telepathieti
Wolf Messing whono ability is
reported to have been tested personally by Stalin himself, seems to
have been aulo to perfort remarkable feats; He claims to have been
able, by means of telepathic suggestion, to enter unnoticed into
a strictly guarded dred, or to bring persons to actions that were
contrary to their duties /a.g ., the guard in the troin acknowledged
the strip of poper as a Valid ticket or, the cashier in the bank
paid a large sum of money upon the presentation merely of a blank
sheet of paper/
It was reported that also other Russian stege performers,
such as K. N. Nikolaev /subject of K.E. Naumov/, M.Kuri ctc., have
been similarly able to manifest ESP abilities, murtally to influ-
ence other people and induce them to obey telepathicelly given orders.
A well-known Polloh clairvoyant, Ing.S. Ossowiecki has been
reported, among other things, to have helped in World War II at the
exhumation and identification of persons in mass graves.
V. L. Durov planned already in the 20-ies a willtory applicut-
ion of telepathy: telepathically to direct swimming porpoises to
enemy's ships and thus to use them as torpedoes.
In 1919, during a local wer between Czechoslovakia and U:corn,
it happened that one unit of Czechoslovak army commanded by Kare_
Hejbulik hoc a remarkable success during the whole cs. coist. Later
on, it was reported that all success of this unit was Jue to the
fact that the reconnaissance of the terrain was entrusted to a few
hypnotized soldiers; these soldiersthen ascertained clairvoy hely
/and very reliably/ positions, ordnances, and tactical plone of
the enemy.
It has been reported that in the Sommel's German ary in.
Africe dowsers were used to ensure water supply for units Fighting
in the desert.
plonkeer of Rebeimti pardpsychology, B. B. Kaminsky plaanod,
before he died, the rededich tired at the application of telepathy
in het Le esile! "re-ocecation of anti-social elementa". He satici-
pated that it Would sebebiblo to influence su gestivoly men at
e dictunico without their knowledge, and thus to induce the to have
e required social and political attitude, and possibly slus to pc :-
required cetions.
Cal book tos loy experiseiten S. Kofka was publis hed by the
author Lincois in Ceschoslovakia in several editions b. swoon ly.
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to 1948, and attracted considerable attention, the author
stone-mason who died :5 5867/ diponibes is it in manytimi
his very interesting experiment" with hypnotized "subjecten jis p
his subjecte and hypnotized them regularly, and the subject: recolnoc
in the hypnotic state sometimes 10 to 12 hours each day. Ke:'ka re-
ported that after several years of such treatment some of his mub.
jects received phenomenal psi abilities /ESP as well as PK/. He
reported his best subject Mir. Křeček who died already many years
aco/ to have been able, while in the hypnotic state, even to kill
various animale at a distance, by mere concentration of his thoughts.
Also some reports from the Western press have been widely
popularized. This was, for instance, the report according to which
Lord Dowding was able, in the world War II, with the help of a spi-
ritualistic medium to outsin informations about the tergets in Eng-
land selected by Germans to be attacked in air-raids; or, the cases
of Edgar Cayce, Mrc. J. Dixon, Las. Buchel of Remagen /West Germany/,
Krs. Greet Hofmans from Holland, and of course, the case of Gerard
Croiset /especially the experiments allegedly performed on behalf
of the police/. All these reports have been presented as if it were
always strictly scientifically verified facts; as if it were not
exaggerated journalistic presentations - but rather revealed top
secret reports. Again and again, particular attention was devoted
to reports describing military and police applications of ESP.
All these publications made the question of military appli-
cation of parapsychology very topical, but in spite of it, they
have not brought the expected financial donations. They have, hoy-
ever, contributed to stimulate the secret service to become inter-
ested in parapsychology. So for instance, shortly after my retur
from India /in July, 1966/ I was invited by the Czechoslovak secret
service to supply informationa for it about parapsychological re-
search in abroad. I could cope with this depressing situation by
elusive manoeuvres for a short time, but since November, 1966, this
service wes exacted from me under such a severe pressure that even
my personel fate became very uncertain. In addition to this, I was
secretly trailed at various times in last few years, and secret
service agents were sent to me under under different pretexts to
draw informations from me. Also my contacts with Russian parapsychol-
ogiets were obstructed in the recent time with the aim to make it
impossible for me to gather informations in the U.S.S.R. and to
pass them over to the West. The pressure exerted upon me by the
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to my final deotdion to leave the country.
U.S.S.R.
The situation in parapsychological research in the U. S. S. R.
is far more important now then that in Czechoslovakia. I chell intro-
duce it with a historical not" summarizing what has been already
known:
The development of parmpaychology in the U.S.S.R. efter the
World War II was parallel with the partial weakening of the political
oppression in the country in late fifties. It started with bold pub-
lications of professor L.L. Vasiliev /at first a few popular articles
in magazines by which Vaaillew probed the situation/ which were
followed by a book by B.B. Kazbinsky "Biological Radiocom ... ication".
Three books by L. L. Vasiliev were published soon aftervards. All there
publications made Russian public acquainted with older researches
by B. B. Kazhinsky /with V.L.Duroy and Is doga/, L. L. Vasiliev /tele-
pathic hypnosis/, and with some other less significant
explorations, e.g. that by S. Ya.Turlygin /whose pupil is D. I. Birza/
or, by L.A. Vodolazsky /with whom recently worked K.E. Naumov/, etc.
This was the stimulus to a further development which proceeded
along these lines:
1/ Organizing activity: The establishment of a research group at the
University of Leningrad /Vasiliev/, and then constituting an active
group in Moscow /thanks to the initiative of Naunov/.
2/ Popularization activity /to a great degree thanks to Naumov and
his cooperators/.
3/ Philosophical and theoretical apology of parspsychology. Efforts
to justify parapsychological research while using arguments from
the sphere of thinking of dialectical materialism /E.T. Faddeev, V.P.
Tugarinov, I. K. Kogan/.
4/ Research activity characterized by a great number of enthusiastic
individuals who have collected themselves in several precising groups.
Some individuals have an excellent knowledge of western parapsychol-
ogicel literature, but on average, the experimental methods do not
resch the perfectness of methode used in the West. A certain indecis-
ion con be coserved typical for a period of looking for new cetheds
/especially when the tendency is folt to work out own specific re-
seorch approaches/. Especially explorations of the "akin-optic senso"
/finger-reoding/ prevailed in recent years - in many cities, especi-
ally ir. Novosibirsk /A. S. Kovomeysky,' and Noacow /D. I.Wirza, I.S.
Smirnov, S.G. Gellersteyn/ - and efforts to achieve a long-distance
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telepathic communication by the hilp of epecially poleetod poiro
of subjects.
This activity proceeded undor simultaneous Therp ottacs
by critics /mainly . . Biryukoy,
.Shokhnovich, I. I. Xitaygorodsky,
and L. Toplov/.
Attitude of Russian Parapsychologiete towards Soviet State
system
In view of recent developments, I consider this question pretty
important, unfortunately, I am unable to answer it with certainty.
This is for several reasons:
1/ First, the strict internal regime and severe discipline to which
every soviet citizen is subject, has learned Russian pud "e to hide
any possibly existing feelings of dissatisfaction and to pretend
loyalty.
2/ It has become well known in the U.S.S.R. that I have been supporte
for years from USA. Therefore, some Russian scientists accepted me
rather as a delegate of USA, and it seemed to me that they were not
as confident and frank as they had been before.
In my opinion, the following observation is typical, and for
me very significant: One susies scientist with whom we have estab-
lished very friendly relations during my pest visits to the U.S.S.R.
and whom I consider to be most open of all people I met in the U.S.S. R.
expressed himself during our previous meetings very sharply against
the soviet regime. This time, after he already gained a certain po-
sition and popularity in the U.S.S.R, and when he expects that he
will have the possibility of a further prosperous work under soviet
régime, he did not say a single word against the communist regice
- to the contrary, he even behaved in such a way that I myself did
notdare to make allusion to his political attitude. In discussions
with other Russian scientists I could feel the wish /difficult to
say whether sincerely ment, or dictated by political necessity/ to
establish a kind of union of parapsychologists from communist count-
ries, in which parapsychologists from the U.S. S. R. and East-Europear
countries would cooperate. For instance, during my discussions in
Leningrad, Russian scientists suggested the possibility of organising
a conference of parapsychologists from communist countries. In all
plans, however, the tendency is visible to draw informations from
the West, and keep developments in communist countries secret.
Taking into account these isolated observations, and especi-
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Russian poropsychologiate are wither from conviction loyal to tho
communist regime or, that they "111 at least behave loyally regard-
lese their actual conviction. I will add a few reflections to support
this conclusion.
/1/ All scientists younger than 50 have been born already in
the communist era. They have been influenced by the communist pro-
paganda for the whole life, deliberately indoctrinated, while infors-
atine coming to them from abroad have been filtered. And since the
Russian frontiers are closed they lack the comparison with other
countries and the possibility to form really independent opinions.
/2/ In spite of the fact that soviet citizens live in pretty
poor conditions, they nevertheless have a marked national pride.
It seems that they do not hesitate to go on living poorly /and their
government takes readily adventage of it!/ when they realize that
the standard of living has yet increased during the soviet régime
/they can learn only very little of parallel developments in other
countries!/ end that their country has become a world-power.
/3/ This patriotic feeling is strengthened by the realization
of the menace for the whole nation coming from China /and, in some
peoples opinion, also from USA/. I have felt fears lest parepsychol-
ogy is misused against their country. For instance, I was reprehen .-
ded that I have published the description of a method for training
ESP in the American press. /When I argued, in this connection, with
a moral imperative which might prevent any misuse, one objection
has been raised which, of course, can be applied in various situat-
ions: that it is possible, when suitable means of proposonda are
used, to mould man's consciousness so that he may even misuse his
abilities at last, and yet remain convinced that he was serving a:
honest purpose./
/4/ Soviet regiuc has vast possibilities of influencias in-
dividuals by threct and pressure and thus to force thet to obedience.
The influence of different means combines here. So for instance:
/a/ Soviet regime monopolizes the propaganda /press, bread-
cast, etc./, and it admits the expression only of those opinions
thet ore ir harmony with its plans.
/b/ Soviet régime monopolizes also all economics: aspects
of individual's life. The etete /more precisely: the institutions
entirely controlled by the government/ is the sole ompleyer in all
types of activity. Any citizen who through his work, political
ottitado or personal life, folle into disfavour of persons who rc-
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propeut the state power, la no chance of honcurable position /1
net neceptod to the position hi wishou to hold, ho jo ol oud on
inferior work, with more dutica and loos salary, etc./. in the.
sphere of mutual control and hiddou fight of everybody 's sinat every-
body always enough individuals can be found who will try and please
the representatives ofstate power by denunciation and b, more out-
ensible display of loyalty, and replace him in his position. An open
manifestation of disagreement with the gournment is always punished
by long-lasting imprisonment. But also an insufficient manifestotica
of agreement is punished - by loss of position and of the possibility
to earn decent living.
: /c/ Even the dissatisfied individual, when surrounded by uni-
form und purposeful propaganda and deprived of the possibility effect-
ively to manifest his opinion, wwon resigns in his oposition soon ..
He feels too isolated since the life in the state is organized to
the effect that it is conbiderad a citizen's duty to display his
agreement with the regime at every occasion, and the citizens watch
one another's life at work as well as in privacy if it complies
with the adopted standards.
/d/ The communist state power has, in comparison with the
democratic states, far wider possibilities to motivate the individual.
As a matter of fact, every citizen is far more limited in his rights,
and the state power has to ita disposal a number of motivating stit-
uli that fulfill those wishes which, in the free world, have been
recognized self-evident long ago, so that people in the free world
do not even feel their necessity. So for instance, in addition to
the always efficient financial reward, there are other stimuli such.
as permission to make a trip abroad, preferential supply of scarce
goods, or perhaps an amendment of a person's secret "personal record".
Organization of Parapsychological Research in the U.S.S. R.
In order to understand the situation in Russian parapsychology
properly, we must point out, first, general necessary conditions
that must be fulfilled in the U.S.S.R. before any field of research
can prosper.
/1/ The first condition is that the usefulness of such an
endeavour for the communist society is recognized. Otherwise the
persons engaged in research would be persecuted by state authorities.
This condition has been fulfilled in the U.S.S. R.
/2/ The second condition is the sufficient financing of re-
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means, and the question 14 how to omasvince the responsible persons
of the usefulness of investments into parepsychology. These persoro
who manage research money are either mere officials whe tend to pro-
mote practical trends in research or scientists working: in acknow-
ledged branches of science; since the means to be invested in re-
search are limited, it is conceivable that those scientists will
promote mainly their own fields or, still more likely, their own
topics of research. In addition to that, it is in the core of the
situation - on the background of the rigid state-discipline they
are subjected to - that these persons will necessarily always hesit-
ate to support new ideas /unless they receive the order to do so/,
since this makes them more vulnerable by criticisms end thus under-
mines indirectly their own position. In the atmosphere are every-
body watches for another's mistakes, is mussy every private initi-
ative dangerous.
Thus, from the point of view of financing the research, Russian
parapsychologists work on three levels:
/a/ A few individuals /say, about ten or twenty/ work on
problems of parapsychology that are normally included into the re-
search program of some research institution. Their research is not
called "parapsychology" /so as to designate it as a new separate
branch of science/, but they work on problems that belong to the
sphere of parapsychology on the same level as problems of other
branches are being solved: The scientists are paid for their work,
and they work in specialized laboratories whose equipment -though
modest - is nevertheless sufficient /the equipment of laboratories
has been considerably improved in recent years. For instance, the
members of the Leningrad group work in these conditions, and evidently
also scientists engaged in secret research.
/b/ Some other scientists working in laboratories of their
institutes are not paid explicitly for their work in parepsychology,
but nevertheless, they work with support and in laboratories of their
institutes - but rather from private initiative, and in addition to
their prime research tasks. This situation prevails in the research
of finger-reading.
/c/ Very many individuale work from their own initiative and
in rather difficult conditions: They devote themselves to parapsychol-
ogy in their free time left after their full-time work in other
fields /sometimes considerably different ones/, and they pay necess-
sry research expenses from their own income. Of course, this brings
about considerable difficulties for them, since they have no other
incomes than those from their employments - and such an income is
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usually enough to ensure only h Very modest living. /Cn tho otho:
hond, Russian people are modest, and can easily becche onthuniodtic
about some idea - even if it
not bring financial profit./
Such is the situation, c.C.
group of Naucev, end we must
point out as Naumov's great meric that ho know how to stimulute
the interest and activity of u numerous group of persons /come of
them being mere amateurs/ and how he tries to exploit everybody's
abilities for the development of parapsychology.
A special commentary should be made on the question of the
"secret research" in the U.S.S.R. Everybody who meets Russian sci-
entists is surprised by their lack of communicativeness when they
speak about their work. There are several reasons for it:
/a/ One self-evident reason could be the natural reluctance
of a scientist to speak about the results of his work before final
conclusions are carefully drawn.
/b/ But the reticence of Russian scientists hus deeper roots.
It is imposed upon them as a basic duty, as a sign of loyalty to
the soviet state. The scientist is paid by the state, and it is
considered self-evident that the results of his work do not belong
to him but to the state /as represented by a few leading personal-
ities/. Hc is not allowed to dispose with them /e.g., to communi-
cate or publish them/ without permission. There is a tendency of
soviet scientists /imposed by state authorities as a duty/ while
contacting foreign scientists to draw as many useful informations
as possible, but to tell as little as possible in return. In this
way, not only positive research achievements are kept in secret,
but also difficulties and failures. The reasons of this secrecy
are not in science, and not in the people, but in the political
background: Thescientist is rather a mere instrument for gaining
knowledge - which knowledge then stands to the disposal of the
state power, and measures are taken so as to prevent lest anybody
else makes use of it.
The state power then uses the scientific knowledge in the
usual way, in practice, but in addition to that also as a tool
of political propaganda. Successful results of scientist's work
/when it is found advantageous to publish them/ are presented as
if obtained thanks to the soviet regime, while the difficulties
he has to curmount are kept in secret. The whole atmosphere in
which the scientist works resembles more a military campaign than
a quiet peaceful work: The extorted strict discipline, the necessity
repeatedly to display showy tokens of loyalty towards the state,
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steady control of mistrustful itperiore is the
loyalty is not pretended; at
fuebe time the duke of
results fue of one's work secret from the "eneny"), and to do ode 4
best to apply them immediately in practice with the purpose to
strengthen communist power.
/c/ The above situation concerned scientists it "civilian"
research institutions /universities, institutes of Actdosies of sol-
ences, etc./. These scientists, subjected to nearly militery diod_p-
line work on tasks imposed upon them by their superiors; and these
tasks, in dependence upon the institution who has ordered them, hat
sometimes a civilian, sometimes a military character. Besides this
there exist in the U.S.S.R. also secret research institutions in :he
proper sense of the word /where tasks concerning the security and
defense of the state are being solved/ where the requirements on
secrecy are still stricter: Those who work in such institutions :
not speak about their work at all, they do not travel to abroad, and
the institutions are sometimes denominated only with a code number.
Characterization of Main Persons and Centers ir. Soviet Para-
psychology
Perspsychology has spread considerably in the U.S.S.R. in the
recent years. Mary now individuals became interested, and new centers
appeared. I was unable to meet all interested people, and therefore,
this report will necessarily be incomplete as concerns the specifi-
cation of persons and centers. Yet I think it will be pretty accurate
as concerns the work completed, since only a few groupe show visible
signs of their activity /others are either too isolatec or, they are
just starting their work and have no visible results yet, or, they
are only laymen without great perspectives of prosperous work/. It
was understandably very difficult to assess the extent of the secret
work. I trust, nevertheless, that I have not made a great mistake
even here, since I had a relatively good possibility to judge froa
binto cr cilerece of people I met, from confrontations of independent
cocaunications of different persons, and from the general level of
published recearch!
The general level of parepsychological research in the U.S. S.I.,
es for os I could judge, ic methodically more primitive then the :i-
clbny work in the West. The work of coviet paroprychole iets Jes
not reach the finalese of methodical perfection achieved the the-
ing western metmartes centers. But they are well informed about the
western porapsychology and, in addition, I have encountered a fox
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methodical innovations which roprocent a diemotdolly fetterperis44tel
approach, new way of attacking the problem of getting 23P under 1s-
boratory control /which is the main aim of soviet parapsychology/.
These new methods may prove promising and may initiate a significant
progress surprisingly soon.
Leningrad
It seems, in contradiction to what was reported previously,
that the official and legal establishment of an independent para-
psychological laboratory in Leningred hoe not been completed curing
Vasiliev's lifetime. firmywwwwbartbouespiasutiourway As a matter of
fact, already during my former visits to Leningrad, I have wondered
why I have never found an inscription on the door indicating the
existence of the parapsychological loboratory. But this is a sere
formality indicating to the most that parapsycholegy Las not toer.
acknowledged an independent branch of science. The fact is that
Vasiliev received an official permission of his superiors to start
the parapsychological research /in the frame of physiology of higher
nervous activity/ and that he organized a group of research workers
to work on problems of parapsycholog y. This success has been
achieved at a price of a great personal sacrifice, and the fight
for parapsychology has brought for Vasiliev many disputes and diffi-
culties, and has embittered the last years of his life.
During World War II, Vasiliev was entrusted with various re-
search tasks of military significance, and evidently enjoyed a full
confidence of soviet authorities. According to some informers, he
has received a larger sum of money at some time before his death
/but not before 1962/ to equip his laboratory. At this time he was
probably entrusted with definite research tasks in the field of
parapsychology /some of which could have been secret already at
that time/. It seems likely that he had not time to fulfill these
tasks to the satisfaction of his superiors.
Vasiliev's death itself is rather mysterious. ile suffered
from a long-lasting heart disease, he underwent a liver operation,
but this was not the cause of his death. He recovered from the
liver opcration, was sent home, but later on he returned to the
hospital again for a cold and suspected pneumonia. He was recover-
ing again, was already to be dismissed, wher. he died probably From
ar. acute heart attack. He received a sudden message /nobody told
me which one/ which made him very angry, andin consequence of a
heart stroke he died within one hour.

Vasilicv's work before his death /at Least that which Las
been reported/ concerned research of finger-reading with N.Kulagina.
This subject was paid from @mmmmdudir Vasillov'e research seuns
for some time, and the routine experimenting was made mainly by
Vasiliev's assistants V. A.Doroshenko and A. I. Tudovkin. It seems
that this rescarch has not brought much satisfaction for Vociliev,
since Kulagina was an adventurer. She was tried for fraudo, and it
was only the admission to psychiatric treatment which has saved for
from prison. Vasiliev has protected her, and he was convinced that
Kulagina really had the finger-reading ability. Unfortunately, Ku-
lagina deceived too often, and she was remarkably inventive in
finding still new and new ways of cheating.
During my first visit to Loningrad I was not __ _ date th
laboratory. This time, I had a free access everywhere, and could
freely inspect its equipment. The laboratory is situated in on
old building, its equipment is very modest, without the least of
luxury /lack of space, old-fachioned furniture/, but there is
a number of apparatus there /though again, not the most modern
cnes/. The present director, professor P. I. Gulyaev, has assured me
that he was satisfied with the equipment as well as with financial
means which have been given to the disposal of his research.
After Vasiliev's death, Gulyaev is director of two laborat-
ories now:/a/ The original Vasiliev's laboratory, colled "Laborat-
ory of basic nervous processes", and /b/ his own laboratory, called
"Laboratory of biological cybernetics". They are placed beside
each other on one corridor.
In the Laboratory of Basic Nervous Processes there work tso
groups of people: Members of one group work on physiological prob-
lems and are not interested in parapsychology, while the others
work on parapsychological problems /I was, however, not able to
find out the theme of their work/. In the Loserstory of Biological
Cybernetics the work goes on on problems which have only borderline
relation to parapsychology. They are studying electromagnetic ra-
diation emitted by living organisms or, more precisely, foint
electrostatic fields surrounding living organisms. According to
whet P. I. Culynev has told me, they are fully aware of the fact
that the electromagnetical theory is unable to explain telepathy,
but they are studying this problos with the hope, first, that en.
explanation could thus be found for at least some cases of apperent
telepathy, and second hand in my opinion mainly/, with the hope
technically to design new forms of information transfer between
human body and physical apparatus.
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Derentially, the work of Gulyeov'o group is based on the
discovery that all living bodies are surrounded by o faint olocurro-
static field /they call it "electrical aura"/ which they were able
to detect and measure by a sensitive high-resistance detecting
apparatus. This field undergoes changes in the course of time. .
So for instance, muscular contractions /even as small ac idecmotor-
ical movements accompanying a mere imagination of a movement/ give
rise to changes in it which could be detected. These changes in
the "electrical aura" represent signals which carry a certain in-
formation .. They can be, first, a basis of soue processes of infor :-
ation transfer as they occur in the nature /probably, from evolut-
ional point of view, of a rather atavistic nature - communication
between some fish, insects, etc./, and second, they can have also
a technical significance. There exists, for instance, the theoretical
possibility that the changes in the aura, initiated by war's mental
activity /for instance these accompanying the thought of some move-
ment/ could be exploited to exert a distance control over some
apparatus. On the other hand, also a possibility has been considered
to register the "electrical aura" of the body or of some organs
for diagnostic purposes.
Or. the whole, about 10 persons are engaged with problems
of or close to parapsychology in both laboratories mentioned above.
At the opportunity of my visit there in June, 1967, I was chown an
experiment in which a sensitive electrode detected electrical in-
pulses in the excited nerve from the distance of a few centimetres,
or the changes in the electrical field in the proximity of flying
insects. The visit to the laboratory and the discussion with its
staff, however, gave me more questions than answers. Let me point
out a few striking facts:
In spite of the evident vivid interest of all staff members
in my visit, it was nearly exclusively only the director, P.I. Galy-
aev, who put questions to me. This indicates the conclusion that
the questions were prepared on advance, and that the ordinary staff
members had little freedom in contacting the visiting foreigner;
this conclusion is further supported by the fact that in spite of
& cordial welcome I had no opportunity to meet individuel staff
rombers separately, but instead, the whole discussionmos "official"
in the presence of the whole group. When the staff members spoke
about their work, they have mentioned only the registration of
electric fields, as if this were the only thing they were working
on. But in fact, from the whole staff apparently only two members
are working on the registration of electric fields /V. I. Cabotin

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and N. Shlippenbokiv, while informations which I received from other
persons I have interviewed say that also work on other problems is
going on in Leningrad. It is possible that the group is continuing
the secret research on tasks which had been inposted upor. Vasiliev.
A certain insight into the character of activity of the
Leningrad group can be drawn from questions they have asked. Under-
standably, many questions originated in their general decire to
make their informations about western parapsychology more up-to-date:
the questions concerned main centers of research, addresses, respon-
ses to Hansel 's critique, organization and financing of porupsychol-
ogical research in the West, sources of financial means. On the
background of these general questions some items were cor.spicuous
by their inner significance:
First, it was the desire to learn as much as possible about
the parapsychological research in China and in USA. As concerns
China, the lack of informations is well understandable, since the
Chino-Russian conflict is severely felt in the U.S.S.R. The research
in China was barred from the outside, there are no precise infore-
ations, and yet rumours transpired that parapsychological research
was rapidly developing in China /perhaps at the Peking University,
but possibly elsewhere/ at Mao's personal command. As concerns USA,
there is the greatest desire to learn how the parapsychological
research is being financed - especially which projects and to what
degree are or have been financed by military institutions. I have
also observed thet they are very curious to learn whether and to
what degree parapsychological research is incorporated into the
Americar space-flight program. In this connection there was a zar ked
interest in the work and theories of A. Puharich. From the methodical
point of view, there was the greatest interest in experiments where
physiological methods were used to detect ESP /e.g .; experiments
with the plethysmographiic method, Rex-technique, etc.y.
what was very striking, however, was a complete lack of
questions about hypnosis - in spite of the fact that hypnosis was
e central point of discussions during my previous visits. This is
strange, since at least two independent informers /one ir. Lenin-
grad and one in Moscow/ have told me that research in hypnosis was
going on in the former Vasiliev's laboratory in Leningrad. Mis
makes me to suspect that Gulyeey's group had reasons not to display
openly their interest in hypnosis before me.
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State Celontific and Tosoarel fijetituto for Allnerdi How
Materiais /oubovinatod to 50 in utry of Juolcay .
Research in dowsing is going on in the instituto, For intt-
ance, a well known Russian dowser NiN.Sochovonov works for this
institute already for at least one year. Nothing hao buon published
about this research, und therefore, I was unable to lourn more
about it.
Research in Finger-Reading
This research is going on not only in Moscow, but also else-
where. much work in this direction was done by A.S. Novomeycky at
the Pedagogical Institute in Novouibirak. This author has trained
finger-reading ability in his students with allegedly 20 percent
of success. In Moscow, it was mainly M.S. Smirnov, . . Bongerd /both
working in the Laboratory of Sight/, S.G. Gellersteyn /professor of
psychology at the Moscow University/, and D. I. Mirza /psychiatrist
who was the first to bring R. Kulechova to Moscow/ who were engaged
ir finger-reading research. The subject for this research was R.
Kuleshova who visited Moscow several times.
M.S. Smirnov, whom I consider a very able, reliable and metho-
dically punctuous scientist /46, meticulous, with deep interest in
Indian philosophy/, has assured me that in experiments he bos wit-
nessed in 1962 and in the first half of 1963 R. Kuleshova actucity
had her ability and did manifest it in conditions which made it
impossible for her to cheat. Among other things, successful experim-
ents were done with her in which EG2 sards were ascertained in a
geme-like situation /R. Kuleshova was paid a reward of 20 kopcek for
each hit, and had to pay a fine of 5 kopeek for each miss/.
Otherwise, the history of R. Kuleshova i. rather depressing.
Che has been a psychiatric patient /epilepsy/ from the beginning
of the investigation; later on, she wished to turn her abilities
into financial profit /she requiredthat a rent is given ber for
demonstrations of her ability/. She became a prima-donna, started
to dictate experimental conditions, and when her ability became to
disappear, she did not hesitate to take recourse to froud. I: happen-
ed that in experiments performed bofore a sceptical committee she
was found cheating. Her ability disappeared already during the second
helf of 1963. This could have been due to the psychical strain from
experiments with: sceptics and from public criticisms. Smirnov was
then able, while exorting much tact and effort, to restore her abil-
ity for a short time. But soon afterwards her ability disappeared

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again, and now she is unable to manifest it /except perhaps only
a few rare occasions when bries flashes of doubtful ability appear-
ed again/. R.Kuleshora, however! asserts that her ability is still
as good as ever, cheats and exoale in performances for her fellow-
-patients. Meanwhile, her disesso has deteriorated and, according
to Smirnov, it is impossible to experiment with her any more.
On the whole, it seems that the climax of enthusiasm for
finger-reading research is already far over.
Secret Research
I was able to find convincing indications testifying that
secret research in parapsychology is going on in the U.S.S.R., but
I am unable to assess ita extent quite reliably.
Besides the indications of secret research going on in Le-
ningrad, I came across testimonies that as early as in 1960 the
psychiatrist D. I.Mirza was engaged in secret parapsychological re-
search. I met him personally at the occasion of my first visit to
Moscow in 1961. At that time, he made a very conspicuous impression
by his taciturnity and extreme reluctance to speak about his work.
He did not even tell me the name of the institute where he was
working. Whendirectly asked he answered evasively by seying that
he had gone over to an another institute recently. Later on, he
did not answer my letters. At that time, I found an explanation for
such a behavidt in the supposition that he was in no way enthusi-
astic to work in parapsychology or, that he was, in consequence of
distrust or some political purge, removed to such an inferior job
he is ashamed to avow. This time, however, I have learned that al-
ready at that time he was working on parapsychological problems
in some secret research institution. I am not sure if he still
works there. According to one information, Mirza has not fulfilled
the tasks he had been given, and he came over from that secret in-
stitution to a civilian one. Most probably he is working in a pub-
lic hospital now.
An another indication of a secret parapsychological research
can be found in reports about Russian space research. Shortly after
V.Tereshkova and F. V.Bykovsky have completed their space flights
some pages from their diary have been published with records of -
- as it was announced - their "psychological experiments". On those
pages there were, among other things, drawings strikingly reminding
of ESP symbols. Therefore, these records can be interpreted /though,
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without assurance/ ou recorde of Efr uxporincite, lind, during w
reeont visit to Moscow, N.EINaussy Anforade taubst nokt: sacosved
an invitation to help in the function of a scientific civicer in
ESP experiments with commonnute, llo intiusted thet he kaew that sop
experiments had been performed in the Russian cosmoneutic center
already for a long time; but that they /according to Neumov/ "had
no able advisor" to lead the research.
I am sure that in Russian parapsychological research SUP carne
are extensively used. I have seen a pack of perfect For cardo
factured by a soviet printing house. With the state printing cono-
poly in the U. S. S.R., and with the strict control over every print-
ins, this can only signify that some official institution wished to
have ESP cards in numerous copies.
Scientific-Technical Society for Radiotechnics and Electro-
communication
While in Leningrad it was predominantly physiologists who
became interested in parapsychology, in Moscow there was established
a very active parapsychological research center in which technicists
working on technical means of distance communication cooperate. They
are organized in a voluntary association called "Scientific-techni-
cal society for radictechnics and electrocommunication /razed to the
honour of A. S. Popov/" in the sub-unit called "Section for bioinfor-
mation". This group was officially established in 1965. It is a vo-
luntary organization which, in soviet conditions, assures the legal-
ity of parapsychological research and its social esteem. This is
necessary in soviet conditions, and it facilitates the publication
activity, contacts and co-operation with other institutions, acqui-
sition of support from scientific establishments, etc. But, as a
matterof fact, this organization is rather merely a prestige provis-
ion which does not afford finances for research. The activity of
the group is financed from private means of the members of the group.
This group was organized thanks to the efforts of K. E. Neumov
who was active in it for some time as "director of research". He
claimed this boastful title of "director of research department",
but in fact, the Society had no laboratory of its own. Experiments
performed under the auspices of the Society were performed in labor-
atcries of cooperating institutions. Naumov has left this group
recently, and now there work in it /to name at least some most is-
portant members/ prof. I. M. Kogan /director of the Bioinformation
unit in Moscow/, Dr. M. S. Smirnov, prof. S.G. Gellersteyn etc.
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The Scientific-technical society A.S. Popov > Le o whole-stete
organization. Hence, following the example of the Bioinfordetdoor.
unit in Moscow, other similar unite have been founded in other
cities, such as Leningrad /to be distinguished from the Leningrad
university centert/, Novosibirsk, Odessa, Zaporozhye and Tegarros.
Also in these groups persons interested in parapsychology are udso-
ciated; but these groups have been little active till now.
Bioinformation unit in Moscow has exerted a very busy betiv-
ity, such of which was realised thanks to Naumov. An international
meeting of parapsychologiets was organized in August , 1966 following
the International psychological Congress in Moscow. Also o vett and
useful popularization activity was realized: public lectures and
discussions, popular articles in various newspapers and aogezinco.
Very important was the organisation of regular meetings and seminar
discussions of scientists which were thematically devoted eitty
to surveys of main areas of parapsychology or, to various exports-
ental and theoretical problems of parapsycholow or, to soue aurier
problems of parapsychology. The activity of the group thus for: ci
a good organizational and broad thematical background for further
development. The organizers were very inventive in choosing varied
themes for these meetings which have been sometimes very interesting.
I shall quote some of the discussed questions and ideas:
a/ The possibility to use parapsychology as a military weapon.
b/ The role of parapsychology in the formation of the Man of the
Future.
c/ Prospects of developments in technics and science due to pora .:-
cholecy.
d/ Prof. Ya. P. Terlecky /director of the Dipt. for theoreticel .?;.-
ice of P. Lumumba's university, Moscow/ has consider. . the persisix-
ity to explein ESP by the supposition of new, hitherto net deteet.d
elementory porticles with negative energy /whose existence con be
theoretically admitted/. fis theory is thus based on a cure catene-
ion of known physical principloc. Even if this theess is unable to
chos ti way to un exhaustivo explanation of poi, it can neve: : : 0-
lese be an illustration of one newly arising telling in covas
parapsychwieis : in endeavour to find an explanation of telepathy
in tons of how physical lowe activates offerte to 1.ox for not law
of physics, particularly for new elementary particice, which .. ..
levo thwar technical applications, e.c., in the infer istics trac-
fur. The prepaycholo deel endeavoure in the 2.3.3. 3. can CANS
werebly be found to stimulate oguin back the development of A: ....
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Thus /should this stimulus be followed/ the pondibi :"y lo domain :
of finding purely technical /1.c., hon-poropsycholog ;. 001/ xay. af
information transferthat, nevertheless, would be revolutionary ans
based on entirely new principles; ways of information transfer that
could model telepathy with the aid of purely techniccl contrivoncce
/and represent even a revolutionary contribution to the practice
of communication/.
e/ F. Yu. Zigel /astronomer/, Yu. I. Dolgin /engineer/ und V. K. Zescov
have considered the possibility that parapsychologienl communication
channels could afford means for communication with intelligent
beings that can be imagined to live on other planets It was chretts
the Russian pioneer of rocket flights, K.E. Ciolkovsky, who anticip-
ated the existence of "higher" beings elsewhere in the Universe
who could communicate with and influence the human civilization on
the Earth at a distance while taking advantage of parapsychologieal
means of interaction.
f/ Prof. V.P. Tugarinov /director of the Dept. of philosophy, Lidir .-
grad university, who has published an article at the end of 1:34
in which he defended parapsychology from the philosophical point
of view/ has expressed the idea that at the present time when no :-
ledge in all branches of science is being accumulate. with ro lily
increasing velocity we cannot manage with the verbal communic.t.co.
as it is common in our culture. It is necessary to find & red. call;
new way of communicating - both for the needs of scientists co that
they may cope with the flood of newly acquired information, s .. i for
the needs of students as well. Such a new way of communicating cilt
be based on psi abilities, and therefore, parapsychological research
is necessary and socially valuable. According to Tugurinov, e: ci-
ally telepathy is suitable for such a purpose, provided that three
conditions are fulfilled: 1/ The ability must be possessed by all
people; 2/ It must be prone to developments and perfectiching; 3/
It must be brought under control with such a reliability of fact-
ioning as, e.C., telephone.
According to the summery by I.E. Kogan /newspaper "Komscusi-
skaya Pravda", October 9,1966/ the activity of the Bioinformatin.
unit consists in:
1/ Study ond systemetization of world parapsychologieel literature.
2/ Clservation and study of cases of spontaneous telepathy.
3/ Experiments with artificially provoked telepathic phenomena.
4/ Efforts to achieve the establishment of a parapsychological
boratory.
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The unit's experimental work proceeded mainly in these di-
rections:
/~ The exploration of what they call "mental suggestion."
/1.e. of telepathic influence upon the behaviour of a person/ with
subjects in the hypnotic state /physician-hypnotizer V. L. Raykov/
mainly under these experimental arrangements:
a/ Awakening from the hypnotic state on a telepathic command /regis-
tered by means of BEG/;
b/ Transmission of a telepathic command to fall down /observei by
television/.
These experiments have been performed only at a distance of
not more than a few metres /at most to the neighbouring roce/. It
was observed that the interception of the telepathic impulse iss
always a few seconds /usually 2 to 5/ belated after its sending.
We may note in this connection that, already since the times
of Vasiliev, soviet parapsychologists give a great emphasis c. the
exploration of how to exert a telepathic influence upon the behaviour
of man at a distance: Actively to transmit impulses to control the
behaviour - as distinct from the mere transmission of sige .. s
carrying a certain sensory information. Russian scientists consider
this particular process so important that they have introduced a
new term for it, "mental suggestion", as distinguished from ' ele-
pathy" which is understood only as reading of thoughts of other
people.
/B/ Exploration of mental suggestion and telepathic transfer
of images with the help of specially selected subjects /of which,
up to now, K. N. Nikolaev has been the best one/.
/C/ Experiments with long-distance telepathic transmis. ich.
It appears that the group has made some successful /t! ach
not very extensive/ experiments with the telepathic /under C ...
conditions/ transmission of images at a short distance: The scent
was sitting behind the back of the percipient and tacitly observed
an object lying in front of him on the table, while the perci; lent
was describing freely his impressions. Then the 'agreement of per-
cipient'e statements with the reality was judged, and even sole
efforts towards quantitatization were made /when a limited rueber
of target objecte wos uced/.
A few chort experimentel series have also been completed
/again only short-distance ones/ in which the subject /K. N.A.kolacv,
had the task, following a telepathic order, to lift one out of ten
prepared envelopes. In theco experimente which are briefly dosertbed
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in a paper by I.M. Kogani Teldont) y, potiolhosig ong cupi i votione
/Journal "Radiotokbatka" ; to. | LUIVier
of the order of p < 10"> has been achieved.
In contrast to the above, wonentionally-locking Jong-distance
telepathic experimenta /as reported mainly by Z.K. Noucov/ wore ac
a rule not so successful am to deserve the publicity they have ob-
tained /it was the case of too short experimental series, with
little convincing resulte obtained under little rigid conditions/.
These long-distance experiments performed at a tiite when Nauxov
was still with the group will be described later on /uncer the
heading "E.K. Naumov"/. Now after the split with Naumov the members
of the group perform their own experimente which have not been
published yet, and about which I know very little. They made, e.c.,
a corroborative experiment with K. N. Nikolaev /the subject of Nou-
mov's long-distance telepathic experiment Moscow-Novosibirsk/,
but without any positive result.
The president of the group, I.M.Kogan, is rather theoreti-
cally-minded. From other members of the group it is, e.g., N.S.
Smirnov who has an experimental disposition. Besides his experim-
ents with Kuleshova he reported me also about his other experiments
/performed - as I suspect - in cooperation with D. I. Mirza, and
possibly with a group of further, probably younger, co-operators/:
He reported to have had performed experiments with hypnosis and
with psilocybine. Both have reportedly been successful, and he
plans to continue them.
As concerne these experiments with psilocybine I consider
these details methodically important: Dose 12 to 15 mg. The subject
receives a box in his hands in which the target object is enclosed.
As a basis of the approach to the subject a supposition is deliber-
ately adopted weh that the subject, when in a state of intoxication,
is unable consciously to concentrate upon the imposed ESP task.
Hence, the situation is induced which helps the ESP impressione
their
to impress themselves onto the train of visions /which, by
a= inner
nature, depende from the psychical structure of the subject/ and
t
influences it at least in adding some symbolical elements to it.
The instruction given to the subject says approximately this: "I
know that you possibly are unable voluntarily to observe the con-
tent of this box; but your only task will be freely to observe
your visions and to report on them; while fulfilling this task you
must only have in your mind that the content of this box will be,
in some way or other, reflected in the contents of your visions."

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When an another box /with a newiterdet obidet/ jte eding put in bus-
Ject's handa, the destruction |sier wiie phovibes do cds coabob
to exist. Since it does not editiony pore, your vidione will be
invaded and influenced by impressione coming from inside of this
box. "
Eduard Konstantinovich Naumov /born 1932/
He is a most dynamic person in Russian parapsychology. He
can be compared, to a certain degree, to Z. Rejdik, but he has far
more enthusiasm and vitality. It is difficult to judge his work
as a whole since it has different aspecta. Some traits of his activ-
ity help considerably to the development of parapsychology in the
U.S.S.R., and deserve to be acknowledged, while others are harmful
and deserve condemnation. Persone whom I met, and whose opinion
I share, appreciate Naumov s informative and organizational activ-
ity. He is a very able and efficient organizer, and doubtless he
has great merite in the establishment and the activity of the Noscer
Bioniformation unit. Further on, he did much to popularize parapay-
chology in the U.S.S. R. He organized and read meny informative lect-
ures, and encouraged many journalists to write informative articles
about parapsychology. In addition, the fact must be respected that
for many years he carried out his activity quite selflessly, in
addition to his whole-day job /till November, 1966, in State Research
Institute for Medical Instruments in Moscow/, and at a price of con-
siderable financial sacrifice and difficulties at his work. He is
very inventive as regarde what to do to promote parapsychology, and
his ideas are usually valuable!
On the other hand, Naumov is generally condemned for his
dilletantism in experimenting, especially for his carelessness as
concerns experimental controls, and for his irresponsibility in
reporting. His experiments are organized more for a journalistic
effect thon for their scientific contribution, and their results
are exaggerated so as to make a more striking impressicn.
His personal traits: He is extremely enthusiastic about para-
psychology, He makes no scruples in exploiting all imaginable mesna
to promote parapsychological research in the U.S.S.R. - though some
of the means he uses are undoubtedly objectionable. Ho genzersis
is obstinote in pursuing his way, accepts no advice, and enduros
no criticiom. Ho wishes to fight a priority position for himself
in Russian porapsychology. /For instance, he showed a worked dis-
pleasure when he realized that I wished to meet also other Russion
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scientists; he evidently wished this is hove only Wiol traomissione
- and Such ones se he whoted thee un boundiy sie boil prstentracy
to arrogate the work of others to himself. For instance, when to
works with co-operators, it happens that he publisher the results
at his own dieonetion, without the knowledge and content of co-oper-
ators. /For instance, in the last experiment he has performed in
co-operation with L.P. Pavlove and G.A. Sergeev; the distribution
of tasks was approximately as follows: The experiment wer performed
by Pavlova, Sergeev made the mathematical evaluation; while Naumov s
task was the organization of the experiment end bringing the sub-
ject from Moscow to Leningrad. But Naumov, when reporting about the
experiment, has put it as if it were his own experiment; he pre-
sented the results prematurely and exaggerated, which irritated his
colleagues./
As concerns Naumov s showy long-distance telepathic experim-
ents, let us say, first, generally that the results were by far
not so perfect as it was reported. /Naumov has never published
detailed records and numerical data From these experiments; and
those results which I learned from reporta of other people I'met,
most definitely gave not the least substantiation to such a bom-
bastic reporting as he did./
These experiments were performed by Naumov and his colleagues
under the auspices of the Bioinformation unit in the Moscow branch
of A. S. Popov's Society. But when he reported about them irrespons-
ibly in the press and did not want to accept criticisms, there
arose a conflict between him and other members of the unit. For in-
stance, M.S.Smirnov, a diligent and conscientious scientist, whose
approach to parapsychology is undoubtedly positive, informed me
that, after long hesitations, he has decided publicly to criticize
methods of popularisation of experiments as they are used by Naumov
/Smirnov's article is about to be published in autumn or winter
1967 in the journal "Nauka i Zhizni"/.
Naumov's reaction to this conflict was that he left the
group and organized his own new group. With the support of professor
N. A. Valyus he found a new job since November 1966. He entered the
Department of physics at the State engineering college in Moscow
/Vsesoyuznyi zaochnyi machinostroitelnyi institut/. According to
Naumov, this is his first position where he is paid for his work
in parapsychology. With the help of professor Valyus Naumov succeed-
ed, cinco June 1957, in establishing a "Laboratory for Technical
Perapsychology" /affiliated to this Dept. of physics/. He is the
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director and s sole mimts paid staff member of this Laboratory. But
he disposes with a group of about 7 to 10 not paid volonteer coopor-
stors who help him in their free time. The work in this laboratory
has some peculiar features which create a rather stronge lapression:
/1/ Naumov acts formally as a director of the "Laboratory
for technical parapsychology", and makes on its beholf vaguely fors-
ulated contracts in legal form concerning cooperation with other in-
stitutions, such as for instance Scientific and research institute
for raw materials of the Ministry of geology or, with the Scientific
research institute for introscopy. Such a formalism, however, ip
common in soviet science. /It can serve as a token of activity co-
mouflaging that little was actually done, and at the same time, it
assures the legalization of performed activity in the prevailing
atmosphere of general mistrust./ But in actual fact, it ceans only
little more than a mami administrative work - many words but little
work.
The above mentioned "Scientific research institute for intro-
scopy" is abundantly supplied with financial means, since it works
on military tasks. Its director is P.K.Oshchepkov, designer of Kassi-
an radar defence system. At the present time, he is mainly engaged
in the problem how to find technical means that would make it
possible to see inside of opaque objects /which is necessary, e. g.,
for industrial defectoscopy/. The design adopted in the institute
is purely technical one, and is based on the same principle as roent-
gen defectoscopy. The material is illuminated by a penetrating light
of a suitable wave-length /e.g., with infra-red rays/, and the
shadow of the object is observed on a screen that makes the rays
visible. This program has evidently nothing to do with. parspsychol-
ogy, but one could argue that clairvoyance could fit into the scope
of this institute.
/2/ Naumov's laboratory /one room about 3.5 x 4.5 meters in
the basement/ is equipped virtually only with a few chairs, a table
and a book-shelf, but yet the first thing he did was to fix a showy
plate on the door: "Department for technical parapsychology".
The work in the laboratory performed up to now was more the
formal office work than research. On the walls there abound chor:s
and graphs showing, e. g. : The survey of cities and countries with
which Naumov corresponds. Survey by countries of numbers of letters
received and sent. Graph showing numbers of articles for and against
poropsychology published in different years. Graph showing how many
times the subject of mmmmmmmmies telepathy was used in science
fiction in different years.
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negotiationstil
haa hộ
duced
activity
pro-
lothar.
bowed who dovier thar
their own experimental program.
Naumov's attention is fixed now to advertizing the perspect-
ives of practical application of parapsychology, especi.123 :
1/ Cbserving the behaviour of men from a dictanco.
2/ Control over the behaviour of men exerted froma distance.
3/ Psychokinetic control over the behaviour of inanimate objectc.
4/ A rather phontostic plan to design a technical appliance for Loss
suggestion and hyprosis at a distance.
What I take for valuable is a project to compile a volume
summarizing in abstract form everything that has been publiched
about parepsychology in the U.S. S. R. The plan is nearin: completion
/Naumov has made several persons enthusiastic about this idea/, but
the publication of the volume is not secured yet.
Naumov is planning several showy experiments, such as long-
-distance telepathic experiments deep under earth surpace, deep
under water, from one flying airplane to the other, etc. /Thio of
Naumov's close cooperators, G. A. Sergeev and G. I. Rilsky, are members
of the oriya/ In my opinion, Naumov plans to use these showy exper-
iments, about which he wishes again pompously to report, so as to
attract the attention of the public end of soviet functionaries to
parapsychology /if this is still necessary in the U.S.S.R./, and of
course, to his person, too. It seems to me that he is looking for
/or, possibly, thanks to his activity is attracted to/ the cooperct-
ion with military or police circles. /He denies any close cooperation
xigutwubothriumtime to exist right at the present time; he must have
also realized that such a cooperation would obstruct hic appreciated
contacts with abroad. / Neumov has told me, for instance, that the
initiative concerning the above mentioned invitation /see chapter
"Cecret research"/ that he may methodically help with slep_thic
experiments in the orbit, came not from himself, but fre: function-
aries of Russian space-research program.
Ar another Koumov's intimation is important on the background
of ay experience from Czechoslovakia where theCzechoslovak svere:
service become interested in my work and in the extent ~ ~ know-
ledge of the parapsychological research in the U. S. S.R. and elsewhere.
Neurov hod - strikingly enough: at the same time! - a sinilos exper-

It seems that Nouboy injost outer corfacto, :
negotiatione, ko likes to townw
has no valuable oxperimot.telir adulte of til owo. IMpiecewysy pre-
duces experimentol results rather cecondurily, whion &#: public
activity stimulates the interest of other people who dovlee thor.
their own experimental program.
Naumov's attention is fixed now to advertizing the perspect-
ives of practical application of pardpsychology, copecfully :
1/ Coserving the behaviour of men from a distance.
2/ Control over the behaviour of men exerted froma distance.
3/ Psychokinetic control over the behaviour of inunitate objects.
4/ A rather phantastic plan to design a technical applionce for Loss
suggestion and hypnosis at a distance.
What I take for valuable is a project to compile a volume
summarizing in abstract foru everything that has been publiched
about parepsychology in the U.S.S. R. The plan is nearing completion
/Naumov has made several persons enthusiastic about this idea/, but
the publication of the volume is not secured yet.
Naumov is planning several showy experiments, such as lor .¿-
-distance telepathic experiments deep under earth surpace, deep
under water, from one flying airplane to the other, etc. /Tho of
Naumov's close cooperators, G.A. Sergeev and G. I. Rilsky, are members
of the cry ./ In my opinion, Naumov plans to use these showy exper-
iments, about which he wishes again pompously to report, so as to
attract the attention of the public end of soviet functionsries to
parapsychology /if this is still necessary in the U.S. S.R./, and of
course, to his person, too. It seems to me that he is lookin; for
/or, possibly, thanks to his activity is attracted to/ the cooperct-
ion with military or police circles. /He denies any close cooperation
wigwamubybutsutime to exist right at the present tice; he must have
also realized that such a cooperation would obstruct his appreciated
contacts with abroad. / Naumov has told me, for instance, that the
initiative concerning the above mentioned invitation /sco chapter
"Secret research"/ that he may methodically help with : tersthic
experiments in the orbit, came not from himself, but fre: function-
aries of Russian space-research program.
Ar chother Koumov's intimation is important on the background
of =y experience from Czechoslovakia where theCzechoslovak sueret
cervice become interested in my work and in the extent of my know-
ledge of the parapsychological research in the U.S.S. R. and elsen! cre.
Naunov hod - strikingly enough: at the same time! - a siciler exper-
:
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Lenco. At some tibo at the les of 1908 ViniNovember or Decouber/
members of covidt secret for
tiy/ have interviewed bim ber the first itholland thun sidin coveret
times. According to Hourov
the initiative in this contact cole
again from the secret service, Naumov has told me that he pleined
loosely to cooperate with them since he hoped that this might help
him in his further work.
Moin Experiments organized by Nounov in the Recent Tiac
Lonsedistanco telenethic experiment Moscow-
That was reported modut this experiment was approximately
this /newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda", July 7, 1066/: 3:tween
April 19 to 27, 1966 a successful long-distance telepathic experiz-
ent was performed. In this experiment ESP symbols w.i vicool imges
were sent from Moscow. The agents were Yu. I. Kumensky and A. Q. Apla-
shin. The transmitted signals were reportedly successfully received
in Novosibirsk /percipient K. N. Nikolaev/ at a distance of about
2800 kilometres.
Of course, this brief description does not give the true
picture of the actuel course of the experiment in :
of which there were several weak points: Co the whole, the experiment
consisted in a transmission of 2 series of 25 usp cord systole and
of 12 pictures of objects in GOSP conditions /the opent was looking
at the object which the percipient had tolekaribex Lich of the
agents sert one set of 25 DSP symbols and o objecte. The Perci, icat,
K. N.Nikolaev, dictated his impressions, and those res, cases were
compared with the transmitted freges. This was done in the fellesins
way: Percipient's statements were divided in separate items and
each item was judged separately as to which one out of 6 objects
in the respective series it fits. The object to wadet the majority
of individual it is was thus saucedy was then confronted with the
object thet was actually transmitted.
The trouscission of iunges of objects wec thus virt . ity on esfer-
icant of a qualitative type /thousif one primitive c.fort towiris
quantitatization hvad exerted/ and it cannet be tokei. for comci .cive
since roslly fitting responses wire scorce. .
was the ctstemont /colectad fiom numerous other dupy sefont te cho
case ot Ject/: "something lorithy ... probably code ofplastic
" The tront bitted object was a block derex-drivoor with c
handelsde of plasticb.
The overdil results wore these: In the acries were .aast .
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was the agent only one out of six transmitted objects wan correctly
identified /which means that the majority of percipient a Individual
statements fitted to the transmitted object/. In the certos where
Kamensky was the agent five objects out of six were allegedly iden-
tified. When, however, other members of the Bioinformation unit
wished to check the correctness of the evaluation, one cucpicious
thing happened: the original tape-record of Nikolaev's statements
was mysteriously lost.
In experiments with the transmission of ESP symbols these
results were obtained:
In a series of 25 symbols sent by Arlashin only 3 hits have been
recorded.
In a series of 25 symbols sent by Kamensky there were 12 hits. Un-
fortunately, the record from the experiment was written ambiguously,
with cancellations and corrections /in some trials there were ss
such as 3 different responses to one target/. When other members of
the Bioinformation unit corrected the overall result with regard to
these shortcomings in the record, the number of hits dropped to 7.
In contrast to this, in public reports about this .xperiment,
the failure of series with Arlashin is never mentioned, cad only
the second series with Kamensky is being reported and the result of
12 hits is being claimed.
We could ade that in en another long-distance telepathic ex-
periment /Koscow-Leningrad/ which was not published yet, and in which
also the transmission of visual images was the objective, a parell. .
allegedly successful experiment was performed in which the third
person /with a good ESP capacity/ tapped the transmitted message
without both agent's and percipient's knowledge.
Telepathic experiments with EEG recording
I take these experiments for methodically very p. ising and
inventive. I have discussed them with M. S. Smirnov and with the
author, L. P. Pavlova. /I was unable to meet the second author, S.A.
Sergeev, since he was on duty outside of Leningrad./
L. P. Fovlova /about 35, electrophysiologist specialised in
electroencephalography, working in the Laboratory for the Theciolea.
of Labour, Leningrad University/ has been interested in telepathy
sin.co her admission to the university /in 1948/ where she became
Vaciliev's pupil. Telepathy is not the center of her interests /her
main interect is in the electroencephalography/; she is interested
in telepathy rather secondarily, since she finds in it a good example
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of applying her theory of several basic types of functional states
of brain hemispheres. She cooperates with 0. A. Sergeev who helps her
mathematically to evaluate ELG recorde. The description of the thes-
retical basis of her experiments will be published in two books:
G.A. Sergeev, L. P. Pavlova, A.F. Romanenko: Statistichesky: ensliz
SEJ cheloveka /Statistical analysis of human ENG/, Publishing house
"Nauka", 1967.
N. I. Vinogradov /Editor/: Rukovodstvo po fyziologii trude /Physiology
of Labour - Manual/, 1967. /Chapter: EEG criteria of assessment. cf
the functional state of human brain/.
In principle, we have to do with these discoveries: G.A.Cor-
geev has developed a mathematical method for evaluating the electro-
encephalographic record. L. P. Pavlova found, when ap; lyin; this method,
several basic types of function of brain hemispheres. These types
the
of function differ in different excitation /increased activity/ of
different regions of the cortex, which aguin is manifested or. the
EEG by different probability distributions of different activities
as recorded from different points of the brain /the difference is
always in probability patterns of activity/. So for instance, iron .-
tal parts of the brain are more excited at times of intensive :ontol
activity, while when awaiting sensory impressions it is the respect-
ive projective areas of the cortex which are excited. During the
normal brain activity the types of function alternate.
Thysiological importance of this research is in the study of
attention. Pavlova found, for instance, in one experiment in which
the subject was to fulfill a simple performance task that errors
appeared especially in moments when the types of function chut. ec
/in moments of a temporary decrease of activity of the respectiv.
part of the cortex/.
For parapsychology, an observation by faviova eth be very
important that there existe a specific state of activity of the
brain which is favourable for perceiving /interception/ of tele x .;-
hic stimuli, and which con be identified by means of 330. Accesiuns
to Pavlova, this type of function does not occur in che normally
active brain, but it can be achieved after some trad: ing.
A second important finding was that it was allegedly possible
to detect or the EEG-record the impact of the incoafre dede ..
C
stimulus /a strong emotion which was telepathically . uppressd.
vious to the subject realizing md consciously reporting. it.
delectroen.copholographic detection was reportedly evi: bore :
than the cubject's subjective nuseccmert. /So for it ... . ance, '
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the telepathic eichol wer ropenten, the cusjeet's cons
ity interfered, and he imagined sometimes to have Intran plod ever
the signale that were not sent./
In my opinion, these two observatione are leportu: t, and they
con, when corroborated, bring us a long way ahead toward the control
over ESP. The problem seems to be rather complicated, muze of
course, since all regularities of these types of IChetier of the
brain are of only statistical character, and they repres at > dufir-
ite simplification of the complex activity of the brain .. And scoir,
the telepathic signals thus registered were merely simple ispaloce
/without any complex meaning/. Nevertheless, this reseort. indicetoo
one important and apparently realizable plon /which Pavlovo is aware
of/: To design an appliance that could /by means of a co puter and
a television screen/ immediately analyze and visualize the type of
activity of subject's brain; this appliance could then Serve of a
feed-back for the subject when practising auto-concentration, and
thus help him to train bringing his brain into the desired function
state. And then, when the suitable function state of the brain is
achieved, it could be possible /say, again by DEG/ to detect the
incoming telepathic stimuli.
The conclusions of Rommet Pavlove /who makes, after all,
the impression of an able, serious and self-critical Scientist/,
howover, have been deduced - as it seems - only on the basis of
short-distance experiments made with not more than two subjects.
Yet in my opinion, when we take them as preliminary results, we
should accept them quite earnestly. On the other hand, the long-dis-
tance telepathic experiment Moscow-Leningrad to which publicity
was given by Naumov, though it was based on the care principle,
can be interesting only from the methodical point of view, since
the experiment itself, and especially its evaluation, were net core-
ful enough.
The experiment consisted in the effort telepathicelly :o trans-
mit one single short Russian word LIG in the Morse alphabet code:
/ -- / .. / --. / , i.e. the total of 7 signals.
The experiment was performed in this way: Yu. I. K .ensky /who
did not know thet he was sending the Morse code/ concentrated in
Moscow at en agreed upon time in certain intervals on a situation
with a strong emotional tinge /that he was throshing Midlaev/.
Signal of a dach lasted 45 seconds, signal of a dot 15 seconds.
K. N. Nikoleev tried in Leningrad at the same time to cater thuoc
signals. Hle announced the interception of euch signal by a consci-
ous response and, in addition, the correctness of this response
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was checked by means of mcG. According to the original experiments_
plan Nikolaev e responses louting less than 30 secc.is were to be
interpreted as dots, signale longer than 30 secondo so Jotbee. But
when the actual decoding of the received response was done /this was
done by G.A.Sergeev who knew the word to be signallod!/ it becece
evident that decoding according to the original plan would not give
the signalled word. G. A.Sergeev, therefore, has introduced addition.ol
criteria for evaluation by which the original responses were "correc :-
ed" so as to make it possible to decode the transmitted word et laet .
This proceeding is methodically dubious and therefore, this tona-
-distance experiment cannot be taken seriously. Nausov has given
publicity to it without Pavlova's consent.
In connection with the above study an another telepathic cx-
periment was performed which was methodically interesting, toc. I !:
agent was stimulated by flashes of light, and the rhythm of thise
flashes was different for both his eyes. Due to the superposit.o ..
of both rhythms there appeared beats in subject's centol activ .: y.
Strangely enough, these beats could be detected ir. LEG recorde of
the percipient, too.
Situation in other East-European Countries
As en appendix to the above report I shall briefly comment
the situation of parapsychology in other. East-European countries.
Cast Jermany
The situation adversary to parapsychology has dovelopes th ...: 0
to the activity of an influential ond unscrupulous critic, pre cestr
Otto Prokop /director, Inet site for . wicie: . teso, ** tel. :
Univercity, Berlin/, who has published numerous books and articles
in recent years through which he influenced bublic e inien vers
adversorily.
/Let us note that there were three such oute:
; critics
of parapsychology in Lastern Europe who have some wers traits in
common: opportunist carcerism in character, unscrupulous sethois,
application of philosophic demagogy, political force and boekprod
intrigues instead of free matter-of-fact discussion. It is vis.
C. Prokop in East Germany, fr. I. Horvai in Czechoslovesta, and west.
. . Biryukov in the U. C. S. R./
An only person with a positive interest in partpacked ..
appears to be Dr. med. Gorda Jan, a young physician /s, coinlice: :
Juvonilo psychiutry/. loving too many routine professional te.x.
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she has no time for experimentel work ir parapsychology.
Ungarn
As far as I could learn, no serious interest.
Poland
After the 2nd World War, a leading Polish goophysicist, pro.)
Ś. Manczarski has published reporta about his telepathic experiments
/without having given full necescary details of methods and resulta
obtained/ tRechtedfts of which he tried to explain electromagneticully.
Under Manczarski's auspices, his pupil K. Jach completed a diploma
thesis with a theme close to parepsychology. But Manczarski is old
now, and in addition, has many duties in his physicist's profession,
and therefore, does not work in parapsychology any more. The same
applies to Jach who has still some interest, it is true, but does
not continue experimental work, since conditions in Poland are not
such as to make it possible to earn one's living in parcpsycholog-
ical research.
In contrast to the above, a lady about in 40-ies, inz. Maris
Szulc, seems to have a deep interest in parapsychology. . y original
profession a biochemist, she teaches at the College for Sody Culture
in Warsaw now. From her own initiative /possibly motivated by her
interest in parapsychology/ she has passed a university course in.
hypnosis which she uses now in the treatment of alcohol-drinkers.
She made no public statement about parapsychology but she is - from
all Polish scientists I know - most likely to make some positive
contribution to parapsychology under present conditions.
But, to sum up, the situation in Poland is little favourable
to parapsychology. This is true in spite of the fact that some arti-
cles about parapsychology have been published in Polish press recent-
ly - this being a few popular articles about Ossowiecky, and then
mainly reports taken over from Russian press: mainly about Vasiliev's
and Naumov's experiments that received wide publicity in Jussis.
Roumanie
I do not know from personal experience. Conference in Moscow
in 1966 which has been organized by Naumov, was attended also by
one Roumanian delegato /a psychologist, V. Gheorghiu/ who reported
about some experimento with hypnotized subjects.
Bulsoria
While in the above states there is no strong personality
which could put through conditions for parapsychological research,
in Bulgaria there is such a strong individuality: a psychiatrist,
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Dr. G.Lozanov. After many years of efforts and megotiscionu he suc-
ceeded in obtaining the support of influential persons in the Bul-
garian government /T.Zhivkov, etc./. Some of his researches concern-
ing learning in the sleep and hypnosis /which I do not know in
detail/ seem to have contributed to it. When I was the last time
in Sofia /in summer 1966/ he informed me that he had been appointed
director of a newly established "Institute for Suggestology and Pa-
rapsychology" in Sofia which he was just in the process of organizing.
He has shown me a modest building in which the institute was to be
situated, and told me that the institute was to bave about 15 to 30
staff members, and that it was understood that half of the research
tasks would have bearing upon parapsychology.
The institute has meanwhile started its activity, but I a ..
not in the position to assess to what degree. Be it as it may, Lo-
zanov travels abroad to gather experience, and his research expon-
ses are paid by Bulgarian government. He attended Naumov's confer-
ence in Moscow, he was in India, etc.
As concerns Lozanov s parapsychological explorations performed
up to now, we could point first to his qualitative observations of
a clairvoyant women, Vange, living in Petric neer the Creek frontier.
These observations have been reported on different occasions in Bul-
garian newspapers and magazines. /Lozanov has stimulated the inter-
est of some journalists who help him in this publicistic activity./
But there is no scientific mummy publication about those experiments.
As concerns other Lozanoy's work in the field of parapsychol-
ogy, he reported superficially about some experiments in which ho:
succeeded to improve psi abilities in some subjects ir the hypnotic
state. With one subject trained along these lines he lerformed, us
he claims, o signalisation experiment similar to my assured identi-
fication experiment. The experimental arrangement was this: On both
sides of the subject /percipient/ telegraphic keys were placed, and
the subject received telepathic signals to press these keys in such
an order which signalized, in the adopted code, a transmitted ser .-
tence. The message was ten times repeated so as to ensure the reli-
ability of transmission. The transmission reportedly succeeded also
between two neighbouring rooms. But no detailed report about these
experiments was published. According to one preliminary numerical
statement given by Lozanov, in one such experiment from 1766 tele-
pethically transmitted signals to press one of the two keys 1215
were correctly received.
In my opinion, the quality of Losonov's work does not reach
the standard of precision in methods and evaluation that are usual
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they deliberately mode seience to a servant of mater. Miotic ideolo-
wy and of the communist greed for pose". When confronted with this
threat, in my opinion, we must not neglect considering what use or
impact our scientific findinge can have in the world we live in.
And when there is a danger that these findings could be used to
threaten democracy, we must take paind to find means in time to defy
this threat.
Besides the above prospects of practical application there
are at least two areas where the findings of porapsychology can, in
the last instance, bring a definite advantage to the democratic
state, and disadvantage to a totalitarian mmmm regine, and porti-
cularly to that one which is based on a materialistic philoso :!:.
First, when a perfect control over telepathy is obtained /es-
pecially when the ability spreads widely among the people/, the
deceitful propagando will be impossible which helps the totalitar-
ian state to recruit and work up loyal adherents.
The second point seems still more important to me. It could
to me that the Western world, in comparison with the Comunise block,
has no comprehensive and universal guiding philosop !:. Diebeetle
materialism is a universel philosophical system whilel. directe the
whole human life and gives to it, from its point of view, a ca: ::::
reasonable sense. /Other philosophical systems, more or less, ca ....-
size only some selected ideas or partial aspects of human existence ..
Only the religious wiew of the world which is the foundation of the
Western civilization, is also universal in its encompassing of1
aspects of human life. And it is apparently only the religious vie.
of the world that can be compared and confronted with the gates of
dialectic materialica. And this is why we experience the coustic+
between the democracy end communism as a conflict between the reis .
ion and atheistic materialism.
In my opinion, the orthodox religious view of the world,
when judged or a world-wide acele, suxess gradual1;
.comin
in corp of its features. The developments in natural seiere
contributed to it to a great defree and, of course, the whole was
of development of the modern civilisation /the coptsis pre :. :
material and technical aspects of life/. In today's civilian in
the mon lu cruwn more and more away from its inner life, and
his otteition ic fostoned to outer manifestatione c: Siu det :.: :
" existence. Toingoxically enough, Wosteen selontiet: by nee .. .... . .:
scior tific krijgs cy oid by launching now and now :veli fent :. ..
Topments, thee indirectly propagate the materialistie view o. ..
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world and una watne that
nije world which to the bunte
reverse tile trend and difodt iln'a attention piso to ot on a
of' bis commie I'mutende and |to other structure parts of hau
sonality.
It is true, diplvetid materialiom involved # cortiin cor -
cession, 'one weak point, in the conception of an unlimited no:
of attributes of mattor ay it is expressed In the definition. ..
rotter se an "objective reality existing outside of the cor ..:!: -.-
ness" of the observer /without any other invariable attribut ...
This conception, in its consequences, undermines the very principle
of materialiarriand the dialvetloommaterialistic conception ce
matter melte onay. /Gliould it be possible scientifically to dolon-
strate, eig. the objective existence of God, He would he, according
to this definition, also "material" in lis nature./
Communist philosophers do not realize in their majority this
conflict situation since they take it for absurd that it would be
possible scientifically to prove human personality and cosmic
essence to extend beyond the limits of the World of .tysical Matter.
In my opinion, it is just parapsychology which offers us scientific
methods apt to afford ue such a proof, and to help u. to give & co-
re perfect, more, adequate description of the processus in the
Univerce, and to work out ja new universal view of the world the:
will give a new sense to human life in conformity to Michest csasic
Laws.