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ADVANCES IN SLEEP RESEARCH, Vol.
2-Elliot D. Weitzman, M.D .- Spectrum
(Halsted Pr), 1976, 236 p., illus., $20. Critical
reviews of multidisciplinary research, ranging
from discussion of neurophysiological sub-
strates of the changes in respiration during
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THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF NORTH
AMERICA-Dean Snow-Viking Pr, '1976,
272 p., color plates, 175 photographs by
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Explores the cultural traditions, artifacts and
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BEYOND ECONOMIC MAN: A New Founda-
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GAMES FOR RAINS, PLANES AND
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THE STRESS OF LIFE-Hans Selye, M.D .-
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TEXTBOOKS
BASIC FOOD CHEMISTRY-Frank A. Lee ---
AVI Pub. Co, 1975, 430 p., diagrams, tables,
$24 paper, $12. Undergraduate text, covers
the field from discussion of photosynthesis,
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to natural colors, browning reactions, fermen-
tation and specific food products.
ENZYMES: Basic Biology Course, Book 7-
Michael Tribe, Michael E. Eraut and Roger K.
Snook-Cambridge U Pr, 1976, 8x12, 112 p.,
diagrams, $15.95; paper, $5.95. Individ-
ual learning text on enzymes.
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLOGY-Francis
Leukel-Mosby,
1976, 3rd ed., 526 p., diagrams, $14.75. Un-
dergraduate text for psychology majors, in-
tended to develop understanding of physio-
logical concepts in other specialized fields,
deals with the internal organization of life,
integrating and response systems, the senses,
and adaptive behavior.
THE MAMMALIAN ALIMENTARY SYSTEM:
A Functional Approach-David S. Madge-
Arnold (Crane-Russak), 1976, 206 p., pho-
tographs, diagrams, $22.50; paper, $12.75.
Text summarizes the process of extracellular
digestion and outlines progress made in un-
derstanding intracellular digestion and
transfer of food and water molecules in the
small intestine.
MATHEMATICS, THE MAN-MADE UNI-
VERSE: An Introduction to the Spirit of Math-
ematics-Sherman K. Stein-W H Freeman,
19/6, 3rd ed., 588 p., illus., $12.50. Rewritten
and modernized text includes new chapter on
probability and chance phenomena.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-Norman L. Allinger
et al-Worth, 1976, 2nd ed., 1024 p., illus.,
$ 19.95. Tested and improved text, begins with
the structure of the main kinds of organic
molecules, their physical properties, electron
distribution and spectra, examines the reac-
tions these molecules undergo, covers or-
ganic synthesis and natural products.
PATTERNS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY: An
Introduction to Numerical Methods-David M.
Smith-Crane-Russak Co, 1976, 373 p., dia-
grams, tables, $12. Addressed to the intro-
ductory-level student and non-academic
reader, demonstrates through illustration a
wide range of commonly used numerical
techniques.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Basic Biology Course,
Book 6-Michael A. Tribe, Michael R. Eraut
and Roger K. Snook -- Cambridge U Pr, 1976,
8x 12, 85 p., micrographs, diagrams, $13.95;
paper, $4.95. Deals with the capture of light
energy from the sun by green plants, and the
transformation of this into chemical energy.
PLANT CELL BIOLOGY: An Ultrastructural
Approach -- Brian E. S. Gunning and Martin W.
Steer-Crane-Russak, 1975, 8x12, 108 p.,
200 micrographs, diagrams, paper, $8.95. Ex-
culent collection of fully captioned illustrations
depicting the ultrastructure of plant cells, use-
tul for classroom displays illustrating cell bio-
logical topics.
STRESS TRANSIENTS IN SOLIDS-John S
Rinehart-HyperDynamics, 1975, 230 p., dia-
grams, paper, $8.95. Text introduces the prin-
cinles of propagation and interaction of
stresses generated by impacts and explo-
mons.
UNDERSTANDING GENETICS-Norman V
Rothwell- Williams & Wilkins, 1976, 500 p.,
photographs, drawings, diagrams, tables,
$ 14.95. Introductory text gives a solid foun-
dation in the basics of molecular genetics.
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SCIENCE NEWS
®
A Science Service Publication
Vol. 109/April 3, 1976/No. 14
Incorporating Science News Letter
OF THE WEEK
Brand X laser fusion
Soviet electron-beam fusion
212
Enzyme fly shrinker
213
Silent quake energy
213
Washington's new Metro
214
NSF gains in Congress
215
Criticizing the uncritical
215
Ergotism, ergo, witch hunts
215
RESEARCH NOTES
Technology
216
Space Sciences
217
ARTICLES
Brain hemisphere functions
218
DEPARTMENTS
Books
Letters
211
210
Off the Beat: Toxin panic
221
COVER: The right hemisphere of the human brain
is thought to play an important role in creativity,
intuition, art, music, spatial abilities and a number
of other things. These findings are supported by
various lines of research, including a study of the
Inuit Eskimos and their art. See story p. 218. (Col-
lage: Dale Appleman)
Publisher
Editor
E. G. Sherburne Jr.
Kendrick Frazier
Senior Editor and
Physical Sciences
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Senior Editor and
Behavioral Sciences
Robert J. Trotter
Biomedical Sciences Joan Arehart-Treichel
Biology/Chemistry
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Science and Society
John H. Douglas
Space Sciences
Jonathan Eberhart
Contributing Editor/
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Books
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LETTERS
Moon rocks at school
I would like to add my comments to
Jonathan Eberhart's article "Moon Rocks
Go to School" (SN: 4/26/75, p. 276), since
I have just completed participation in this
program. I congratulate NASA on this pro-
gram to make available lunar materials for
study at the public level. The use of these
thin sections provided my students the op-
portunity to compare lunar mineralogy with
that found in terrestrial rocks. The compari-
sons were striking, and the overall interest
generated in my students cannot be dupli-
cated by the best of color slides. By making
these specimens available for public study,
NASA has truly brought the moon home to
the people.
Paul P. Sipiera
Department of Geology
Aurora College
Aurora, Ill.
Acronymania
The term "Acronymania" (SN: 1/31/76,
p. 67) most appropriately describes the
affliction, common among management-
oriented personnel in government, private
industry, and civic organizations, that is
responsible for the disturbing proliferation
of acronym production. Something ought to
be done to curb this distressing malady.
Perhaps thought should be given to forming
a National Association to Undertake the
Systematic Elimination of Acronymania.
S. O. Nelson
Lincoln, Neb.
Ongoing debate
John Douglas's articles on "The Great
Nuclear Power Debate" will unquestionably
be recorded by history as one of the finest,
fairest attempts to get at the facts in this
emotionally warped technological issue.
The hysterical allegations condemning
nuclear energy cannot be borne out by care-
fully analyzed fact and stem from our basic
societal problem today fear of the un-
known coupled with a distorted distrust of
government and industry. The Riley and
Cohen comments of Feb. 14 are but an'
example of this pervading problem.
This phenomenon of our times is triggered
by naive recognition of and childish disallu-
sionment with organization, institution and
establishment containing elements of human
frailty. These frailties have always been
present and probably always will be. As
increasingly wider segments of the popula-
tion spectrum seek more than superficial
understanding of the complexities of today's
society, of which technology is a significant
fraction, they grapple, like a teenager disco-
vering sex. with the inescapable need for
perspective ind wisdom necessary for the
logical and rational integration of their new
found knowledge.
But the In man frailties that frighten our
intellectuall. adolescent observers are, un-
fortunately, omnipresent and can be found
both in the . andemner and the condemnec.
This is evidenced by Riley's comments
where he advocates emotional outery at the
expense of mtellectual integrity and Cohen's
inference that data are not important in cru-
cial decision ..
These obviously intelligent and well-
meaning people cannot really mean what
they say. Are they not both victims of our
most ancient and prevalent human frailty ....
that the end justifies the means -- that distor-
tion and non-objectivity are "A-OK" so
long as they satisfy their personal set of
values? Shame, Shame!
This sort of fuzzy thinking on the part of
amateur crusaders in the midst of extremely
complicated technology is the very reason
we must have Douglas's "honestly defined
and clearly presented" fact in the resolution
of any technologically based issue.
P. 1 .. Grindrod, Ph.D., Ch.E., P.E.
Madison, Wis.
Left hand of life
The article "Physics and the Left Hand
of Life" (SN 11/29/75, p. 340) is somewhat
misleading Namely, a relationship between
the "left hand of life" and the "left-han-
dedness of weak interactions" has been
proposed as early as 1957 by Vester and
Ulbricht. Though they obtained no unequiv-
ocal results to prove their hypothesis, quite
a few paper: have been published in the past
several years. furnishing evidence that ( +-
and B paineles interact differently with L
and D moky ales. In order to understand this
differential interaction, a model has been
proposed according to which the orbital
electrons in optically active molecules have
a non-zero spin-polarization with respect to
their velocity. The contribution of weak in
teractions to the binding energy of L and
D molecules has been calculated 100 ( 10 12
eV).
A. S. Garay
Cyclotron Institute
Texas A&M University
College Station, Tex.
Addres communications to Editor.
Science News. 1719 N Street, N. W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
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APRIL 3, 1976
211
212

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SCIENCE NEWS OF THE WEEK
Laser Fusion: Toward 'Brand X'
In roughly three years, the idea of laser
fusion has grown from a germ of specula-
tion, discussed only by a few specialists,
to a heavy-weight contender of "big
science" ____ with a proposed budget of just
over $100 million for next year and a
small army of engineers talking about
"milestones" and "systems ap-
proaches." Both topics were widely dis-
cussed last week at a joint technical sym-
posium of the Society of Photo-Optical
Instrumentation Engineers and the Society
of Photographic Scientists and Engineers,
in Reston, Va. Perhaps more important
was analysis of the impact a new lasing
technique may have on producing a
workable fusion system.
The "milestones" of laser fusion were
set forth by John D. Hunsuck, project
director for the Energy Research and De-
velopment Administration (ERDA). He
predicts "scientific breakeven" (fusion
energy out equal to laser energy in) by
1981-82 and an operating test system by
the late 1980s. A demonstration plant may
be completed by the mid-1990s, he said,
but the final thrust to such a practical
system will be "a long, hard haul." At
that point, the main concern may be how
to find materials capable of withstanding
the intense neutron flux that results from
fusion.
Before any of the milestones beyond
scientific breakeven can be reached, how-
ever, a fundamental change must occur
away from present experimental sys-
tems-the combination of lasers and tar-
get pellets being used today cannot simply
be scaled up to higher power levels. This
realization has led some experts to specu-
late on the need for a high-powered
"Brand X" laser, probably radiating in
the visible spectrum rather than in the
infrared as in today's experimental de-
vices. This speculation was discussed at
the Reston conference by W.F. Krupke
of Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.
According to the Brand X theory, the
simple spherical target pellets now in
common use would have to be compressed
by some as yet undiscovered laser that
could achieve 10 percent energy effi-
ciency at around 0.5 microns (green
light). Krupke, however, points to an al-
ternative stratagem. He says more com-
plex targets might ease the restrictions to
allow use of an infrared laser (1.0 to 2.0
microns) with an efficiency as low as I
percent. (Long wavelength photons of in-
frared light are inherently less energetic
and capable of compressing a pellet than
the photons of visible light.)
Complex pellets, containing multiple
layers and heavy elements in addition to
the fusion reactants, have already ap-
parently found increasing usc
(SN:
KL. +_E.
mirror
RGH laser
1
electron beam
.25/4
1.34
/partial
1
O
Iodine
laser
::
mirror 1.3.
partial
mirror
beam
I
An RGH laser pumps iodine laser: Similar combinations may lead to fusion system.
6/14/75, p. 384). Now, within the last few
months, a new type of laser has been
developed that may aid the search for
Brand X. It is the rare gas-halogen (RGH)
laser, which radiates in the ultraviolet and
can be used to pump other lasers to pro-
duce desired wavelengths in either the
visible or infrared spectrum. (Brand X
would almost certainly be a flowing gas
laser, to remove heat generated.)
So-called rare gases (krypton, argon,
etc.) do not ordinarily form any chemical
compounds, but when their atoms absorb
energy they can form loose molecules
with the very reactive atoms of the halo-
gen gases (fluorine, chlorine, etc.). To
create these energetically excited states,
the reactants are bombarded with an elec-
tron beam in the presence of a third gas,
which helps transfer the energy. Once
formed, the new molecules (say, KrF)
quickly dissociate again, releasing energy
(in this case, ultraviolet light of 0.25 mi-
crons).
The dissociation is so fast that not
enough energy can apparently be stored
by RGH lasers for use directly in causing
fusion, so the ultraviolet light is used
instead to "pump" a laser of some other
material. One of the first materials that
appeared to have the right combination of
properties (to be pumped by an RGH laser
and in turn to lase at approximately the
right wavelength) was iodine, which emits
light in the "ncar" infrared (1.3 microns).
Several laboratories are now exploring
this laser combination, but an even more
promising set-up appears to be emerging.
Calculations show that if an RGH laser can
be used to pump the vaporized atoms of
certain "rare earth" elements (say, ter-
bium), they should lase right in the middle
of the visible spectrum (in this case,
green).
It is still too early to tell whether an
RGH-pumped rare earth. laser will turn out
to be Brand X-the first experiments are
just now in progress --- but the new tech-
nique has already opened several new
avenue. of approach. In an interview,
Krupke said of the RGH lasers: "It looks
like they will have a major impact on the
laser community, both in isotope separa-
tion and in fusion." He estimated that in
perhaps as little as two years, a decision
can be made on what combination of
targets and lasers to use in future power-
generating fusion reactors.
Meanwhile, in the corridors, talk turned
to what the Soviet Union is up to in this
field. Administration of the Russian laser
fusion program has reportedly shifted
from a pure research institute into the
USSR «quivalent of ERDA, and communi-
cation on the subject- once quite open
-has suddenly grown quiet. Speculated
one knowledgeable scientist: "Either
they've found out how to do it, or they've
run into trouble."
[ ]
Electron beam fusion:
Soviets claim advance
Although the Soviets are extremely
close mouthed (and close with their type-
writers loo) about their progress in con-
trolled thermonuclear fusion research, oc-
casionally something surfaces that gives
a bit of an idea of what approaches they
are into.
One such avenue that they have chosen
to follow is a variant offshoot of the
laser-fusion idea in which beams of ac-
celerated electrons instead of laser light
are used to implode the target pellets. This
idea was taken up because it seems it
might be able to get around some of the
difficulties that are beginning to appear in
the laser-fusion business. (It seems easier
to couple the electron energy into the
targets. and the targets can be larger.)
Both the United States and the Soviet
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SCIENCE NEWS, VOL. 109
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John H. Douglas. after Krupke
mirror

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Union are energetically pursuing laser fu-
sion, and at the same time both have taken
up electron-beam work. Now, workers at
the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow, where
Soviet fusion work of all kinds seems to
be concentrated, have claimed an impor-
tant advance in electron-beam fusion ex-
periments.
The report came not in a scientific jour-
nal, but in an article in the March 10
Pravda written in connection with the 25th
Communist Party Congress. The article
dealt mostly with other thermonuclear fu-
sion experiments underway at the Kur-
chatov Institute (notably tokamaks) but
devoted one paragraph to the electron-
beam work.
The paragraph claimed the achievement
of some fusions. It said electron beams
had compressed fuel pellets containing
deuterium to 100 times their original den-
sity. The crushing raised the temperature
of the fuel to nearly 11 million degrees
K. The reaction gave off more than a
million neutrons, which the Russian
physicists claim as evidence that fusions
actually took place in the fuel.
The number of neutrons, if in fact they
do come from fusions. is still a long way
from what is necessary for a practical
device producing useful energy, but the
achievement is a significant step, in the
opinion of Gerold Yonas of Sandia La-
boratories in Albuquerque, who heads the
American program in electron-beam
work. On receiving the Pravda report,
Yonas telephoned the leader of the Soviet
group, Leonid 1. Rudakov, to determine
whether the report was accurate, to offer
his congratulations if so, and to seek fur-
ther information. He was assured that the
report was correct, offered his congrat-
ulations and got no further information.
What Yonas was especially interested
in was the diagnostic methods used at the
Kurchatov Institute to determine what
happened in the imploded fuel pellets.
There are a number of possible sources
of neutrons in such events, and it takes
delicate methods to be sure that the neu-
trons seen are really those thrown off as
excess when two nuclei fuse, and not the
result of some other process. Rudakov
would not describe the diagnostic
methods, but referred Yonas to a forth-
coming scientific publication in an unspe-
cified journal at an unspecified date.
The American program has so far suc-
ceeded in crushing dummy pellets but has
yet to experiment with targets filled with
fuel, which in this case will be a mixture
of deuterium and tritium. The American
effort, as described by Yonas's colleague
M. J. Clauser at a meeting last fall. uses
electrons of 100 million electron-volt en-
ergy and protons of 10 million electron-
volts to irradiate the targets. What the
energy of the Soviet electron beams may
be is not known, nor have they said
whether they are also trying protons or any
of the other ions that have been sug-
gested.
Miniaturizing flies with membrane leaks
Three California biologists have disco-
vered an enzyme from bec venom that can
cause fruit fly larvae to grow up tiny. The
miniaturizing effect is due to the enzyme's
action on cell membranes; it causes them
to leak. Although this fly "shrinking"
phenomenon can carry the imagination off
to science fiction scenarios, the enzyme
will be mainly a tool for basic membrane
research. Sadly, for those inclined to
wonder about such applications, it won't
be at all useful for shrinking overweight
humans.
Cell biologists Peter H. Lowy, Herschel
K. Mitchell and Ursula W. Tracy of Cali-
fornia Institute of Technology report the
leak phenomenon in the April issue of
TOXICON. Lowy and Mitchell discovered
the miniaturizing enzyme purely by acci-
dent five years ago. They were studying
a bee venom enzyme that causes biologi-
cal molecules to break down. They in-
jected a control group of fruit fly larvae
with a different venom enzyme. To their
amazement, they found that the injected
larvae hatched into perfect, miniature
adults that produce a second generation
of normal-sized flies. The team has since
studied the action of this enzyme, which
is called phospholipase A-2, and can now
state that it causes permeability
changes -- leaking.
In order to determine the mode of ac-
tion, the team immersed human cancer
cells (Hela cells), red blood cells and
mitochondria (metabolic organelles) into
weak solutions of phospholipasc A-2. The
enzyme has no apparent effect on the red
blood cells, but it attaches to Hela and
mitochondrial membranes and causes
them both to leak. Mitochondria have a
double membrane, and the inner layer
allows larger than normal molecules to
pass through in the presence of phos-
pholipase A-2. The Hela cells accumulate
lipid droplets. This is due either to a
change in membrane permeability or to a
release of lipids within the cell. the team
suggests.
The miniaturizing effects on fruit fly
larvac are probably a result of membrane
permeability changes, too, Mitchell says.
Insect larvae are essentially eating ma-
chines, but fruit fly larvae injected with
phospholipase A-2 don't cat at all. When
they metamorphize, there is just too little
larval tissue to create full-sized adults.
The insects' lethargy is probably due to
muscle and nerve dysfunction resulting
from leaky membranes.
Phospholipase A-2 in bee venom and
its counterpart in cobra and rattlesnake
venom seems structurally similar to the
phospholipase present in normal cell
membranes. This similarity suggests,
Mitchell says, that normal cell phos-
pholipase may have a permeability regu-
lating function. The bee venom enzyme
should be a useful tool for studying that
normal membrane regulation.
As for miniaturizing overweight
humans, Mitchell replies to the somewhat
facetious question, "the enzymes would
be useless in fact, worse than useless."
The enzyme's will arrest the growth of
insects at a certain stage of development,
but "if anorganism is already big, there
is no reason to believe it will get smaller."
Besides, ou just wouldn't want to do
this to a person. The change in his mem-
branes might cause him to stop eating, but
he also n: . ht stop breathing. Breathing
is a memtvane function, too."
LOT
The hidden energy
of silent quakes
It's almost as though violent carth-
quakes, woh their rumblings and sudden
upheavals are just diversionary tactics.
According to geophysicist Hiroo Kana-
mori of flx California Institute of Tech-
nology, tuich of the real, large-scale
earth-moving along the faults and trenches
surroundin . the Pacific basin seems to
reveal itsell only in slow, ponderous "si-
lent earthquakes," whose seismic waves
don't ever show up in the measurements
used to rats quakes on the Richter scale.
Kanamo.i's research was reported this
weck at an international symposium con-
ducted by - 'olumbia University at Arden
House in biew York, in honor of the late
Maurice Fwing, whose name is associated
with many of the great discoveries in
marine geophysics in the last 30 years.
His findings are based on a study of the
"repeat time" -- the time between periods
of heavy quakes-for the various earth-
quake zones around the basin. His find-
ings, coupled with plate-tectonic theory,
suggest that the major recorded quakes
have not ly en sufficient to account for all
or even most of the earth movement that
plate-motion studies indicate has been
taking place.
Off the coast of Japan, for example.
where the Pacific crustal plate is said to
be thrusting under the Asiatic plate, the
repeat tin , by Kanamori's calculations,
is about 15) years. (The entire subduction
zone brok within the last 25 years, while
the previous sequence of breaks was be-
tween 18:vand 1900.) Each major quake
sequence he says, involved a relative slip
between the plates of 6 to 9 feet, yet the
Pacific phare advances beneath the Asiatic
plate abon: 30 feet every 100 years. The
difference Kanamori concludes, must be
due to slippage without the accompanying
ground sh, king. In other words, the silent
quakes.
The ser mic waves of the silent quakes
as Kanamori defines them are those with
periods .f 300 seconds or more ---
frequencie :. that is, of 12 cycles per hour
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and lower. The commonly monitored
waves of higher frequencies are usually
produced, according to plate tectonics
theorists, when the relative plate move-
ments somehow stick, releasing the ten-
sion in jerky spasms. The smoother
movements produce the low-frequency
waves.
Further evidence in Japan shows up in
measurements by Caltech geophysicist
Kunihiko Shimazaki, who has found that
crustal tilting and lifting in northern Japan
can account for only 20 percent of the
known plate slip. Somehow, he believes,
the Pacific plate is creeping under the
Asiatic one without deforming.
Off the Alaskan coast, the repeat time
is not definitely known, although 1,000
years has been suggested, during which
time plate subduction amounts to about
120 feet. The Alaskan quake of 1964
involved 30 to 60 feet of displacement,
only a fourth to a half of the total if the
1,000-year repeat time is correct. The San
Andreas fault in California also shows
gradual, non-quake-related creep, but the
repeat time for quakes along the fault is
not known, says Kanamori, so the "silent
quake" theory cannot yet be evaluated.
One of the major implications of Kana-
mori's work is for predictions of tsunami,
or tidal waves. Sometimes, he says, a
quake can appear small on the Richter
scale, which incorporates only higher-
frequency measurements, yet have a total
energy that is very large. An 1896 quake
at Sanriku, Japan, for example, produced
only minor shaking, but it was accom-
panied by one of the most devastating
tsunami ever to strike the country. Reali-
zation of the danger of low-frequency,
"silent" quakes, Kanamori says, should
be incorporated into tsunami warning sys-
tems, which at present are based largely
on Richter-type measurements of earth-
quake magnitude.
Washington's era of Metro begins
John H. Douglas
Spacious stations, comfortable rides greeted Washington Metro's first passengers.
When ground was broken in 1969 for
beginning construction on Washington,
D.C.'s, metropolitan rapid transit system,
Metro, then-President Nixon expressed a
common hope of planners trying to stem
decay of the nation's capital: "More than
a subway will begin . .. a city will begin
to renew itself, a metropolitan area to pull
itself together." Thus, with the opening
this week of the first 4.6-mile segment of
Metro, one of the boldest urban renewal
experiments ever attempted got underway.
The urgent need for something to halt
the spread of squalor has long been ap-
parent. A study of the Metro idea, con-
ducted by Development Research Asso-
ciates, concluded that Washington might
benefit more from such a project than any
other metropolitan area in the United
States. The report showed the city to be
"ideally suited for rapid rail transit," with
a strong downtown, relatively compact
suburbs and high transit ridership.
The initial line -- less than five percent
of the projected system-will hardly make
a dent in the life of the capital, but Metro
officials hope that its very attractiveness
and success will spur local governments
to raise the money needed to complete the
rest. Estimated costs have soared from
$2.5 billion at the start to $4.67 billion
currently. Some suburban governments
are considering pulling out of the cooper-
ative effort, construction is limping along
on federal funds left over from highway
projects, and overall progress has been
held up by strikes, storms, management
problems and lawsuits.
Despite inevitable start-up problems,
opening day was generally a success, with
more than 50,000 people showing up for
free rides. They were treated to the fastest,
most comfortable journey in town -- once
technicians could get all the train doors
closed a task that once took up to 40
minute :.. (Heavy loads apparently buckle
the car, just enough to jam the doors.)
The cars have carpeting, plush, two-
inch-thick padded seats (though some will
have to be replaced because of potential
fire hazard), year-round air conditioning
(which ilso needs to be tinkered with) and
steel wheels well suspended for a smooth,
silent :ide (though the brakes must be
adjusted so they don't jam under heavy
loads) Most problems had been worked
out by the time the first paying passengers
rode on Monday, in numbers twice as high
as expected.
Underground stations are built inside
long, continuous arches, indented like
wrap around waffles for noise suppres-
sion. Platforms are set away from walls
to prevent vandalism and have been
cleared of pillars and hiding places that
could invite muggers. The whole effect,
in the words of one architecture critic, is
"a serene kind of beauty."
To quit down noise to surrounding areas,
tracks long some segments are supported
on pad .. that absorb the vibration of pass-
ing trains. Tracks are also welded, so
there r. no "clickity-clack." In particu-
larly M nsitive areas, the whole concrete
track platform is suspended to keep noise
from disturbing people in buildings above.
Inside the subway cars, sound levels are
about the same as in a good automobile,
except for moaning brakes.
Alicady one can begin to see improve-
ment in neighborhoods bordering on
prospective Metro lines, and the system
is eventually expected to return $3 for
every $1 invested, including increased
property taxes. (In Toronto, a 4.5-mile
system costing only $67 million sparked
a $10 billion building program.) But the
overall impact of Metro on the life of the
community will depend on how much of
the proposed system is eventually fin-
ished. At present, about half the planned
99.8 mule system is under construction or
completed, including 42 of 87 proposed
stations.
Commuters can begin to take advantage
of the new rapid transit- supposedly
about four times faster than a taxi -- by
driving to the only above-ground station
along the new line. There a parking lot
and "Liss and ride" area (drop-off point
for commuters) have been provided; later
a complete rerouting of bus lines will
provide an integrated system of area-wide
transportation. The next section of line is
scheduled to open next year, which will
include service to National Airport.
Meanwhile, this summer's expected
flood of tourists may not find Metro too
helpful !. As they board at the Union Sta-
tion Bicentennial Center, the new line can
only take them into a nondescript North-
cast neighborhood or across to the bustling
commercial district- bypassing the Mall
and popular monuments. Still, come July,
Metro may be one of the safest, most
comfortable places in town
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NSF faring better
in Congress
Congressional supporters of the Na-
tional Science Foundation were caught by
surprise last year by the onslaught of crit-
icism that first surfaced as charges of
sponsoring "silly" research (SN:
3/15/75, p. 165) and eventually led to
passage of the so-called "Bauman
amendment," which would have required
prior Congressional approval of all NSF
grants (SN: 4/19/75, p. 253). After a
long, tedious summer of debate, the
amendment was finally defeated (SN:
8/9/75, p. 87), following elimination of
some controversial programs. This year,
the defenders were better prepared.
At the heart of the controversy is dis-
satisfaction among some conservatives
over the choice of specific projects for
funding-especially programs in the so-
cial sciences that appear to them to have
a liberal bias. Leading the opposition has
been Rep. John B. Conlan (R-Ariz.). Last
week Conlan offered an amendment cut-
ting all funds ($1.4 million) for pre-
college curriculum development, testing
and evaluation. (No funds had been pro-
posed for course implementation, pending
further NSF reorganization.)
Two ongoing projects would be af-
fected by the March 25 proposal: the
Individualized Science Instruction System
(ISIS), a set of minicourses on the physical
sciences; and the Human Sciences Pro-
gram (HSP), a social science series for
the middle grades. Conlan charged ISIS
would give "unfair advantage in the
commercial marketplace" to the company
chosen to market it. As for HSP, he called
it "a sophisticated and lethal assault on
Judaic-Christian family values, privacy of
students and their families, and the mental
health and developments of young ado-
lescents." By instructing youngsters to
interview family and friends and discuss
their attitudes in class, HSP would "turn
classrooms into gigantic gossip mills
where everyone's personal attitudes and
behavior are recorded in school files for
open discussion and dissemination."
Supporters of the original authoriza-
tion argued Isis was being turned over to
a private company in accordance with
long-established procedure, through com-
petitive bidding. They responded to criti-
cism of HSP with a detailed analysis of
the course objectives and the favorable
report of a broadly based review commit-
tec. Apparently convinced, the House de-
feated Conlan's amendment, 232 to 160.
A new amendment by Rep. Robert E.
Bauman (R-Md.) was similarly
· ispatched. Rather than again asking that
every grant be subjected to prior congres-
sional review, he proposed that individual
congressmen should have the authority to
demand documentation relating to all
"activities, programs,
tracts" of NSF. Opponents argued that
such authority already resides in the ap-
pointed oversight committees and that to
allow individuals to essentially conduct
private investigations of NSF not only
would disrupt its operation but also would
probably be unconstitutional. The amend-
ment was defeated, 257 to 136.
The House action left NSF with authori-
zation to spend $811 million in fiscal
1977-about $1 million less than the
President had requested but still up 11
percent over last year. Some $9 million
has been cut from the originally proposed
research budget and added to the science
education budget. Speaking for the
Science and Technology Committee,
Chairman Olin E. Teague (D-Tex.) and
Rep. James W. Symington (D-Mo.) said
the revised budget would still stem the
downward trend in support of basic re-
search (now some 20 percent below 1967
levels, in terms of purchasing power) and
demonstrate the committee's concern over
recent indications that Americans are be-
coming "illiterate" in technical matters.
In the Senate, however, Sen. Edward
M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) is proposing a
total NSF budget increase to $851.4 mil-
lion. His bill would provide funds for both
curriculum development and implementa-
tion, new aid to science students and in-
tensified efforts to increase women and
minorities in science. Thus, NSF has ap-
parently weathered its ycar-long congres-
sional crisis and may even be in line for
new support as a result of a perceived
decline in national science literacy.
Quote of the week
In the cour of what may be his last
debate on an NSF appropriations bill (see
accompanying article), Rep. Charles A.
Mosher (R-Oho), the retiring ranking
minority member of the House Science
and Technology: Committee, rose to reply
to media report, about "silly" research.
A reporter, editor and publisher for 34
years before entering politics, Mosher
spoke "an indictment of my own news
profession" as he condemned uncritical
publication of a list of funny-sounding
grants.
"The fact that the news media, hun-
dreds of editor: throughout the country.
picked up that list from a propaganda
source and published it without question-
ing the facts behind it is, to me, a supreme
example of inesponsibility and dema-
goguery on the part of some lazy newspa-
per editors and lazy reporters. . . . Any
editor worth hr. salt would at least inves-
tigate the validity of that list before he
published it."
He defended specifically two research
projects now aking a drubbing in the
press: a study f how men get distracted
by girl-watching while driving and a proj-
ect involving mit copulation, which has
already gone on nine years. The first, he
noted, is only one small part of a large
study of human aggression; the latter may
provide "the basis for the cradication of
this scourge of tats which has beset human
beings now for centuries."
Witchcraft in Salem: A fungus in the rye
The first arrests were made in February,
and by June the jails for miles around were
crowded with prisoners awaiting trial. By
September, 19 men and women had been
sent to the gallows, and one man had been
pressed to death. This grisly chain of
events, generally known as the Salem
Witch Trials, shook Massachusetts in
1692. But not until now has there been
a comprehensive explanation of what may
have caused the witch hunt. According to
Linnda R. Caporael of the University of
California at Santa Barbara, it was not
Satan but ergot, a fungus with 1.SD-like
properties, that bewitched eight young
Salem girls.
In December 1691, the eight girls were
all afflicted with unknown "distempers."
Their behavior was characterized by dis-
orderly speech, odd postures and gestures
and convulsive fits. Local physicians
could find no explanation for the illness,
but in February, one doctor finally sug-
gested that the girls might be bewitched.
Shortly thereafter, explains Caporacl in
the April 2 SCIENCE, the girls made accu-
sations of witchcraft against several
women in the village. A flood of accusa-
tions followed.
ghastly goings on in Salem have failed.
Fraud, politic :. Freudian psychodyna-
mics, clinical hysteria and even the exist-
ence of witchcraft have all been proposed,
but no one explanation has been able to
account for all of the facts as well as
Caporael's erget hypothesis does.
Ergot grows on rye, a well-established
cercal crop in 1 /th-century New England,
and ergotism (long-term ergot poisoning)
was once a common condition resulting
from eating contaminated rye bread. The
symptoms of ergotism include crawling
sensations of the skin, tingling in the
fingers, vertigo buzzing in the cars, hal-
lucinations and convulsions. All these
symptoms wer. mentioned in the trials
and blamed on witchcraft. Caporael's re-
search points out that growing conditions
were favorable for ergot just prior to the
outbreak, and that the girls could easily
have eaten contaminated bread (with 10
percent the activity of LSD).
"The utmost caution is necessary in
assessing the physical and mental states
of people dead for hundreds of years,"
Caporacl warns but her physiological cx-
planation certainly answers more ques-
tions than does either demonic possession
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TECHNOLOGY
From our reporter at the symposium of the Society of Photo-
Optical Instrumentation Engineers and the Society of Pho-
tographic Scientists and Engineers at Reston, Va.
State of a burgeoning art
Time was when some physics teachers steered their students
away from optics "because nothing ever happens" in that
venerable field. The coming of the laser began to change all
that. Now there is hardly any field in which new discoveries
follow each other more quickly or more swiftly move from the
laboratory to the commercial production line. And among many
new subspecialties, none, perhaps, is changing faster than the
field of fiber and integrated optics, which promises to revolu-
tionize communications (SN: 7/19/75, p. 44 and 7/26/75, p.
60).
All the specific elements for integrated optical circuits have
now apparently been demonstrated individually. What remains
is the difficult task of developing new techniques for growing
the complex "chips" to combine them all, and of finding
reliable ways of connecting them to fibers. Specifically, a
thin-film laser has apparently been developed to the point that
it is expected to be commercially available soon from a Japanese
firm. What will be perhaps the first demonstration of a complete
optical circuit in the United States is expected in 1978-79, when
the Navy finishes a billion-bit-per-second data network at its
Electronics Laboratory Center.
Simpler applications of existing optical communications sys-
tems are rapidly gaining acceptance. In Japan, a power company
has reportedly installed two separate optical networks, with
fibers that can be strung near high-voltage electrical lines without
suffering interference. This July the U.S. Navy is scheduled
to demonstrate an aircraft in which 1,890 feet of wire has been
replaced by 224 feet of optical fibers -- weighing only one-four-
teenth as much, at a system cost of $60,000 less. An experi-
mental optical telephone system is operating in Atlanta. In
Dorset, England, a police station has been outfitted with an
optical communications system.
In interviews with SCIENCE NEWS several scientists expressed
concern over a growing lag in American industry application
of this new technology, which essentially originated in the
United States. As one put it: "Japan is pulling ahead of us
in optical devices the same way they did in transistors."
Fighting fire with FLIR
Two major obstacles to more effectively fighting wildfires
have been how to find "hot spots" where no flame is showing
and how to use aircraft at night, when calmer wind, lower
temperature and higher humidity make the going much casier.
Herbert J. Shields of the U.S. Forest Service's Equipment
Development Center reported on a successful two-year experi-
ment aimed at adapting sophisticated military avionics equip-
ment to solve the problem.
First came the recently declassified night vision goggle (NVG),
weighing less than two pounds and worn continuously by a
helicopter pilot to sec well enough to fly with only partial
moonlight. The first successful demonstration of night fire sup-
pression using the NVG occurred on August 28-29, 1974, in
San Bernardino National Forest. The project became fully
operational in Southern California in 1975. Several successful
search and rescue operations at night were also made possible
by the goggles.
Late last year, an infrared detector was added, whose output
was displayed on a television screen inside the cockpit and
recorded for later reference. Called FLIR-forward looking in-
frared- - the device was developed for seeking out an enemy
at night and got its name because it was designed for installation
in the nose of a plane. Initial trials demonstrated its importance
dramatically: A week after major fires in the Angeles National
Forest, last November. a .L.IR-equipped helicopter discovered
several areas of glowing material that had crossed control lines.
ready to kindle a new conflagration.
Shields says the use of NVG and FLIR in land management
is just beginning. Research into the habits of nocturnal animals
is likely to be an early additional application. Already NVG's
have been used to catch people using the cover of darkness
to poach trees for Christmas.
Help for night blindness
At a price of over $10.000, night vision goggles are still
too expensive to help the estimated 100,000 to 200,000 people
in the United States that suffer from retinitis pigmentosa -- an
inherited disease whose fust symptom is night blindness. A
number of companies have tried to produce cheaper versions;
the latest is a device announced at the Reston meeting by ITT
Electro Optical Products Division. The so-called Night Vision
Aid was developed by James H. Burbo of ITT in conjunction
with the National Retinit: Pigmentosa Foundation. It sells for
around $3,500.
Light amplification did not need to be as great as that required
in the military prototype Thus the final product is extremely
light weight, has a rechargeable battery, fits in the palm of the
hand and has the light gam set at the factory according to the
doctor's prescription. A shall light-emitting diode is attached
to allow a patient to search for keys, and so forth, in total
darkness.
Because of the relative !. low price, other users are expected
to quickly enter the market. The Forest Service and some
security companies have already begun to show interest. Burbo
told SCIENCE NEWS he hopes the price can come down another
factor of two as production picks up.
Finding fish by the glow
One of the most unusual applications of image intensification
devices was described by William Dyer of Baird-Atomic, Inc.
His company was asked by commercial fishermen to develop
an instrument that could spot schools of fish at night, from an
airplane, by detecting the faint glow of bioluminescent orga-
nisms excited by the passage of the fish.
The problem turned out to be not so much one of sensing
the faint glow as discriminating it from extraneous sources ---
lights on boats, reflections on the water, and so forth. Eventually
the problems were solved and the unique instrument was ap-
parently functioning quite well-until a pilot exhausted from
hours of flying around looking for glows destroyed the device's
housing by landing his plane without remembering to lower
the wheels.
Next, the mini-laser
Solid-state lasers have. until now, presented engineers with
a peculiar dilemma --- the "doped" kind have to be relatively
large, to dissipate heat; the semiconductor kind can only be
very tiny. What has been missing is a powerful inexpensive,
"mini" sized laser. Talk around the conference centered on
a new breed-the rare earth-pentaphosphate laser-as a likely
candidate.
In so-called "glass" lasers, a tiny amount of optically active
dopant, usually neodymium. is widely dispersed through a glass
matrix, limiting the power density. If more than a few percent
of neodymium is added, the glass breaks from thermal stres: .
But in the new pentaphosphate medium up to 50 percent of
neodymium can apparently be used, so that for a given power
level, the size is greatly reduced. So far the new lasers are
relatively hard to fabricate. but one scientist speculated that they
may one day become cheap
"nearly throwaway" devices
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SPACE SCIENCES
The titanic tail of Jupiter
The Pioneer 10 spacecraft, which flew past Jupiter in De-
cember 1973, has apparently flown through the tail of the giant
planet's magnetic field 690 million kilometers further from the
sun than Jupiter itself, outside even the orbit of Saturn. It hap-
pened on March 19. when the spacecraft's solar wind detector
dropped to a zero reading for more than 24 hours. Such a reading
signifies that the tail's magnetic "envelope" may have shut out
the solar wind particles.
"It is just barely con-
ceivable that the solar
wind could have died
completely for a whole
day without our being in
the tail," says Pioncer
project scientist John
.
Wolfe of NASA's Ames
1
Research Center, "and
we'll know more when
we have complete track-
ing data. But we believe
we've found that Jupiter has a very stretched-out magnetic
envelope, or tail." There was also some speculation that Pioneer
10 might merely be in a "magnetic bubble" broken off from
the tail, but Wolfe believes that the long duration of the
zero-solar-wind period means that the spacecraft crossed an
intact portion of the tail. If so, Jupiter's magnetotail is at least
10,000 Jupiter radii in length, compared with about 1,000 carth
radii for earth's magnetotail. Saturn should enter Jupiter's mag-
netotail every 20 years. When that happens-as it will next
in April 1981 -- Saturn's outer radiation belt should be disturbed.
Spacecraft may attempt to monitor evidence of that event.
In addition, when Pioneer 10 crossed the Jovian magnetotail,
it was 6 degrees-about 100 million kilometers at that distance
from the sun --- above the plane of the ecliptic. Pioneers 10 and
11 have both detected enough solar wind turbulence at Jovian
distances and beyond to account for the wind's blowing the
magnetotail "upward" by that amount.
Another origin for the moon
No Lunar Science Conference, such as the one at NASA'S
Johnson Space Center in Houston two weeks ago (SN: 3/27/76,
p. 196), would be complete without a new theory of the origin
of the moon. A key constraint on such theories, according to
A.G. W. Cameron and W.R. Ward of the Center of Astrophysics
in Cambridge, Mass., has to be the "abnormally large" specific
angular momentum of the earth-moon system compared with
the other planets in the solar system. At an early stage, when
the moon was close to the earth, most of the angular momentum
resided in the earth's spin, a spin, they suggest, presumably
imparted to the protocarth by a collision with a major secondary
body possibly as massive as Mars.
The protocarth and the secondary body, they theorize, both
had iron cores and silicate outer layers. The silicates would
have vaporized and blown off, while the iron would have
fragmented and collapsed back to the earth (thus accounting
for the still-unexplained paucity of metallic iron on the moon),
leaving the silicates to condense into a disklike ring similar
to that proposed in the past by A.E. Ringwood of the Australian
National University. The disk would then condense into the
moon.
The resulting moon would be deficient in volatile elements
(as Apollo data indicate), because most of the fine grains into
which the volatiles condensed would have been driven com-
pletely out of the system by the rebound energy following the
collision. There would also be a slight enrichment in crustal
elements such as calcium and aluminum relative to the earth- --
Cameron estimates about 2 to : which is not inconsistent with
recently revised lunar heatflow. measurements.
This theory, say the authors. applies only to a planetary body
such as the earth, where the escape velocity is sufficient to
vaporize silicates. "If a similar large collision happened in the
late stages of accumulation of Venus," they report, "the orbit
of any satellite formed would have decayed into the planet long
ago.
Safer facility sought for moonrocks
With interest in the Apollo lunar samples still high and with
no return visits yet in sight, lunar researchers are seeking an
improved curatorial facility to provide safer storage and more
workspace for the priceless rocks. Participants at the Lunar
Science Conference in March were signing petitions in support
of funding for the facility. Funds were not approved by the
House of Representatives but have been endorsed by the Senate
space committee. The proposed facility, an addition to the
present one at Johnson Space : 'enter, would be designed to
resist flooding and other adverse environmental characteristics
of the arca.
Five new satellites in orbit
Five separate U.S. space satellites, representing both military
and civilian interests, have been launched into orbit recently,
four of them aboard a single rocket.
Two Naval Research Laboratory satellites, SOLRAD (SOLar
RADiation) 11A and 11B, were sent aloft March 14 to measure
the sun's X-ray, ultraviolet and proton emissions as well as
solar wind fluxes. Since SOIRAD I was successfully orbited on
June 22, 1960, the ongoing program has provided reams of
data, including such milestones as the passage of SOLRAD 8
through an eclipse shadow over Greece in 1966. Part of the
solar-flare alert network, SOLRAD 10 was standing watch during
the Apollo lunar missions and Lder during Skylab. The latest
satellites in the series will provide data to a system that uses
solar X-ray flux to help predict the duration and intensity of
fadeouts in shortwave radio communications.
The same Titan IIIC rocket :hat carried the SOLRAD probes
also lofted a pair of Lincoln Laboratory Experimental Satellites.
LES 8 and 9, built at the MIT facility for the U.S. Air Force.
Powered by nuclear generators rather than conventional batteries
or solar cells, the devices are helping to evaluate techniques
of "satellite survival and dependability in a hostile environ-
ment," using such aids as signal processing circuits designed
to resist electronic jamming.
In the private sector, the second of RCA Corp.'s commercial,
domestic communications satellnes, Satcom II, was launched
March 26 to provide voice, television and data relay for the
contiguous United States and Alaska. Satcom I, launched Dec.
12, is now in synchronous orbit over the cquator at about
119°W. due south of Los Angeles. Satcom II was aimed at
about 135°W, south of Juneau, Alaska.
Last man on the moon to retire
Irony. It was on the first day of this year's Lunar Science
Conference that NASA announced the July I retirement of veteran
astronaut Eugene A. Cernan- - the last man on the moon. Cer-
nan, who walked in space during : jemini 9 and flew the Apollo
10 lunar module to within 10 miles of the moon's surface,
followed astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt up the LM ladder as
they prepared to return to earth aboard Apollo 17 from the
moon's Sca of Serenity.
Of the 12 men who have walked on the moon, only three,
after Cernan, will still be with NASA: Alan Bean (Apollo 12),
David Scott (Apollo 15) and John Young (Apollo 16), and only
Bean and Young remain on flight status.
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The Other
Hemisphere
The right hemisphere of the
human brain has special quali-
ties. Brain specialists,
anthropologists and other
researchers pool their
evidence to delineate them.
BY ROBERT J. TROTTER
Newgilliak/
Waddington Galleries,
Montreal
Inuit soapstone
carving: "Woman,
Child, Bear'
Of all the frontiers science has yet to
conquer, of all the mysteries it has yet
to unravel, one of the most exciting and
possibly the most important is the still
uncharted human brain. Rising to meet
this challenge are thousands of researchers
in a number of diverse fields, cach coming
at the brain from a slightly different angle.
Neuroscientists, brain anatomists, elcc-
trophysiologists, biochemists and other
specialists in the physical sciences are all
probing the brain in attempts to under-
stand what it is and how it works. But
investigations of the brain itself do not
give the whole picture. Mapping the brain
from an entirely different but equally valid
perspective are the behavioral scientists
who hope to get a better understanding
of the human brain by examining not what
it is but what it produces-human behav-
ior.
Along these lines, an investigation was
conducted last summer among the Inuit
or Eskimo people of Baffin Island in
northeastern Canada. The project,
directed by anthropologist Solomon H.
Katz of the University Museum of the
University of Pennsylvania, dealt specifi-
cally with one of the most fascinating and
fastest growing arcas of brain research,
cerebral asymmetry or hemispheric dom-
inance. The researchers (including an-
other anthropologist, a_psychologist and
a psychiatrist) studied the environment,
lifestyle, socialization processes, art ob-
jects, eye movements and hand use of the
Inuits and found what appear to be im-
portant correlations between all of these
and the activity of the brain's right hemi-
sphere.
To the naked eye, the halves of the
human brain look almost like mirror
images of each other, but for more than
100 years it has been known that the right
and left hemispheres function differently.
In 1861, Pierre Paul Broca, physical an-
thropologist and a founder of modern
brain surgery, localized the center of ar-
ticulate speech in an area of the left frontal
cortex now known as Broca's arca. In
1874, Carl Wernicke discovered a sensory
speech center in the left hemisphere. It
is concerned with the comprehension of
language and is now known as Wernicke's
area. Lesions in these two portions of the
left hemisphere were found to cause
various types of aphasia, the loss or im-
pairment of the ability to use words as
symbols or ideas.
Speech is only one ability that the
hemispheres do not have in common.
People who have suffered neural damage
to one or the other hemisphere show a
number of behavioral differences that have
helped researchers delineate functional
areas of the brain, An accident involving
the keit hemisphere can impair speech or
produce aphasia. Damage exclusively to
the right hemisphere does not usually
disrupt linguistic abilities but can lower
performance in spatial tasks, simple mu-
sical ibilities, recognition of familiar ob-
jeets and faces and bodily self awareness.
Since these discoveries were made,
and especially in the past 20 years, the
whole field of research into the differing
functions of the hemispheres has blos-
somed. It was in 1953 that Roger W.
Sperty began his far-reaching "split-
brain research. Working with Ronald E.
Meyers at the California Institute of
Technology, Sperry performed split-brain
operations on cats. The corpus callosum,
the bundle of nerve fibers that connects
the hemispheres, was surgically severed,
and the sensory inputs from the eyes were
rearranged so that each eye fed informa-
tion to only one hemisphere (instead of
to both as is normally the case). After
recovery from surgery, the animals were
taught to solve various visual problems
with one eye (and hemisphere) or the
othe: With the left eye blindfolded, the
cat learned with its right eye and hemi-
sphere only. When retested with the
blindfold switched to the other eye, the
cat showed no signs of having learned.
After the corpus callosum was severed,
erc did not know what the
Jbs /11 hemis380040-0
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Left Hemisphere
( Right side of body)
Right Hemisphere
( Left side of body)
Speech/Verbal
Spatial/ Musical
Logical, Mathematical
Holistic
Linear, Detailed
Artistic, Symbolic
Sequential
Simultaneous
Controlled
Emotional
Intellectual
Intuitive Creative
Dominant
Minor (Quiet)
Worldly
Spiritual
Active
RecepTive
Analytic
Synthetic, Gestalt
Reading, Writing, Naming
Facial Recognition
Sequential Ordering
Simultaneous Comprehension
Perception of Significant Order Perception of Abstract Patterns
Complex Motor Sequences Recognition of Complex Figures
Clinical and experimental evidence along with anthropological data are outlining the separate functions of the hemi
right was learning and vice versa.
These split-brain experiments showed
that the hemispheres of the brain can
function independently when surgically
separated. Once this was demonstrated, it
became possible to use the split-brain
technique to investigate various aspects of
cerebral organization. But cats don't talk,
and truc cerebral asymmetry is not thought
to exist in animals (though recent evidence
suggests the possibility of hemispheric
specialization in some monkeys and
songbirds). It was not until the split-brain
procedure was used on humans that it
became possible to be more exact in de-
scriptions of the differing functions of the
right and left hemispheres of the human
brain.
In the intact brain, constant communi-
cation must be maintained between the
hemispheres because each side controls
only one half of the body, the opposite
half. If the left hemisphere decides to take
a walk, this decision must be signaled not
only to the right side of the body but to
the right hemisphere -- which in turn acti-
vates the left side of the body and pro-
duces coordinated walking. The connec-
tion between the hemispheres is made
through the corpus callosum, but this ar-
rangement does not always work to the
brain's advantage. An epileptic seizure
originating
one hemisphere,
for. in-
stance, is communicated to the opposite
side of the brain (and then back and forth
and back and forth), making the seizure
much more severe. In some of the worst
of these cases, the split-brain operation
has been used to contain the epileptic
activity to only one hemisphere.
It is these split-brain patients who have
added greatly to our growing knowledge
of the specific functions of the hemi-
spheres. Sperry and others have reported
that the left hemisphere is involved in
logical, analytical, linear and sequential
(especially time-bound) thought processes
and specifically mathematical and linguis-
tic abilities. The right hemisphere is in-
volved in spatial relations, musical (tonal
qualities), artistic, simultaneous (not con-
strained by time) and holistic thought
processes.
Brain damage and surgical techniques
have been important in mapping the brain,
but there are more subtle approaches.
Handedness and eye movements have
been found to be fairly reliable signs of
hemispheric activation. Since the brain
seems to have two "minds" that can
operate independently and differently, it
has been assumed that one hemisphere
must be dominant. Depending on the ac-
tivity involved, one hemisphere or the
other must take the lead and maintain
control in order to ensure coordination.
'S.
Because most people are -
aded (left
brained), and because "
Lech centers
are almost always located in the left
hemisphere, that hemisphere has usually
been considered "dominant" while the
right hemisphere has been called "minor"
or "quiet. (Approximately 10 percent of
all people are left handed. About half of
these are thought to be truly biologically
left handed That is, their speech centers
are located in the right hemisphere.)
But the left hemisphere does not always
control. and there appear to be degrees
of dominance. The amount of right hemi-
sphere activation seems to vary from in-
dividual to individual. This is where lat-
eral eye movement (I.EM) comes in. When
asked a question, people will often glance
slightly to the right or to the left before
answering The direction of this initial
gaze is thought to be an indication of
hemisphere activity. Investigators have
found that right LEM's (left hemisphere)
are usually associated with verbal and
sequential processes while left LEM's
(right hemisphere) are usually related to
spatial tasks. Recent research has also
linked the right hemisphere with emo-
tional processes (SN: 10/18/75, p. 244),
and there are indications that the right
hemisphere may be involved in such
things as creativity and intuition. Medita-
tion, hypnosis and drug use (alcohol,
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Katz
Katz uses vi-
deotape to
record the eye
movements
and hand use
of Inuit
carvers af
work. Left
hand (right
hemisphere)
positions
sculpture while
detailed work
is done with
right hand.
marijuana and cocaine) have also been
mentioned in association with right hemi-
sphere activity. It has been suggested, for
instance, that some types of drug use may
be related to attempts to temporarily free
the right hemisphere from the left's dom-
inance in order to produce states of
consciousness associated with the right
hemisphere. "Spaced out" is a term that
applies. And in typical right hemisphere
fashion, it offers an integrated impression
rather than an analytical description of a
state of mind.
It seems likely, says Katz, "that,
depending on the activity, normally the
brain selectively uses one or the other
hemisphere more or less during the per-
formance of various motor activities. In
a sense, while we are carrying out one
activity, we may be selectively screening
out another --- perhaps as a child who when
spoken to in the midst of daydreaming
hears the words but does not know what
has been said. Perhaps only in unusual
circumstances do we break through to use
both hemispherical modes in focused, co-
ordinated fashion, as in a flash of insight,
as when Archimedes said 'Eureka!' When
this occurs, there is certainly a great deal
of exhilaration, a new kind of high
point -- an 'epiphany,' as James Joyce
once called it."
Another line of evidence (still some-
what circumstantial) has to do with pat-
terns of human cognition as seen in dif-
ferent societies. It may be possible, says
Katz, to carry out cross-cultural studies
of practices that reflect upon the theme of
asymmetries in cerebral function. All we
have to do, he explains, is determine if
various societies have information in their
belief systems about the kinds of behav-
iors expected to be associated with left and
right hemispheric functions. Katz has
drawn up a list of such behaviors based
on the anthropological literature (see
ZYGON, vol. 10, no. 1, 1975, a publica-
tion of the University of Chicago). In
general, he found the left hand and side
of the body (right hemisphere) to be asso-
ciated with the symbolic, ritualistic, mys-
tical, mythical, omnipotent, tran-
Foulkes
scendental, supernatural, evil, profanc,
foreign and alien. The right hand is typi-
cally associated with social order, politics,
organization, social system, morality,
goodness, sacred, explicitly verbal, math-
ematical and ordered.
Katz admits that such a list of behaviors
related to one hemisphere or the other is
only intuitive at present but suggests that
anthropological studies will at least pro-
duce hypotheses for testing by neuropsy-
chologists. And with that as background,
he and his colleagues set out to study
cerebral asymmetry among the Inuits in
Frobisher Bay and Lake Harbor. (The
research was supported by William and
Jane Hitchcock of New York.)
If variations in cognitive style empha-
sizing one kind of thinking over another
are possible, says Katz, one of the most
likely groups manifesting orientation to
right hemispheric functions would be the
Inuit Eskimos. They are known for their
unusual gestalt (integrated) abilities, such
as drawing accurate maps of their terri-
tories. They seem to have a sort of sym-
biotic feeling of oneness with their envi-
ronment and have traditionally depended
on their well-documented ability to find
their way out of the most incredible cir-
cumstances. Such abilities would proba-
bly be highly adaptive in an environment
like the Arctic, which demands a high
degree of visuospatial ability for survival.
In short, says Katz, it would appear that
these right hemisphere functions would be
more highly developed in Eskimos than
in modern urban populations.
The Eskimo language also reflects a
high degree of spatial, right hemispheric
orientation. Linguistic studies rate it as
being the most synthetic of languages.
American English is at the other end of
the same scale and is rated as the most
analytic (left hemisphere).
The Inuit people are also known for
theu soapstone and whalebone sculptures,
wood cuts, lithographs and tapestries.
This artwork has been described as "vo-
luptuous, symbiotic and timeless in char -
actor." Figures on tapestries and in lith-
ographs are often seen floating helter-
skelter without apparent linear or three
dimensional analytic orientation. This art
(especially the sculpture) not only pro-
vides additional evidence for the Inuit's
spatial abilities but also affords re-
searchers a unique opportunity to observe
people carrying out work that demands
tremendous spatial skills. "Hence," says
Katy. "by observing and recording [ vi-
deotaping] how the stone carvers use their
hands and eyes in carrying out their work,
we can determine if the special spatial and
synthetic abilities resident in the right
hemisphere are playing an important role
in flie creativity expressed in their carv-
ings
While the researchers have not finished
analyzing all of their records, several clear
findings have emerged that are highly
suggestive of a specific role for the right
henur phere. Among the Inuit carvers (all
of whom were right handed), the left hand
cradles the work, moves it into new posi-
tions and feels its progress while the right
hand precisely carves the details and holds
the various carving tools. Even when a
tool could be placed down, the left hand
carried out the repositioning of the stone
in space. Also, as predicted, there was a
striking preponderance of holding the
stone in the left visual field (right hemi-
sphen.).
The se observations suggest hemispheric
symmetry or at least a high degree of
cooperation between the hemispheres.
Katy finds an "almost perfect relationship
between the right hand doing the detailed,
analytical kinds of activities and the left
hand doing all the spatial and touch activ-
ities. The Inuit artists produce some
phenomenal representations, he says, with
the left hand doing some remarkable
things.
Specific conclusions from these obser-
vations are hard to reach at present, but
there are some interesting implications.
The Muit environment, language and cer-
tain social behaviors (such as their em-
phasis on teaching by demonstration
rather than by verbal instruction) all
seemingly combine to foster right hemi
guipues on page 223
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OFF THE BEAT
Don't Let Toxic
Chemicals Go
To Your Head
Day after day scientific labs churn out
more devastating information about the
toxic potential of the 50,000 drugs, 36,-
000 pesticides, 7,000 food additives and
hundreds of thousands of other chemicals
in the American environment. Vinyl
chloride, heptachlor, chlordane, DDT,
menopausal estrogens, Red No. 2 cause
cancer; sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide
and photooxidants trigger asthma and
heart attacks; birth control pills induce
stroke; cigarettes lead to emphysema and
lung cancer-ad nauseam. If you're con-
cerned about what all these chemicals are
doing to you, take heart; this disseminator
of the bad news worries, too. In fact, her
head is reeling from a toxic chemicals
overload!
If you think I'm kidding, consider some
of the anxieties that have run through my
head in the course of a day. First off, I
crawl out of bed, my thoughts turning to
the aroma and taste of freshly ground and
brewed coffee. Yum. Then I think -- uh,
oh-not more than two cups. Otherwise
I might be courting bladder cancer, peptic
ulcers and heart disease. As I make my
way to my little kitchenette, a cockroach
invariably greets me. I reach for my trusty
pesticide can and let him have it, wonder-
ing what chronic pesticide exposure is
doing to my brain and nervous system.
In the bathroom I down some vitamin
C pills to ward off a cold I'm getting and
to counter the extra stress I expect that
day. Then I recall that I took some aspirin
carlier and that the vitamin C might keep
the aspirin from being eliminated from my
body. Now it's off to work. As I pass the
District of Columbia Lung Association
building, a sign in the window reminds
mc that the air pollution index is dan-
gerously high. Now I wish I'd taken a
vitamin E pill to counter the smog.
Comes lunchtime-must make sure that
I cat enough protein, vitamins, minerals
and unsaturated fats to prime my liver
enzymes so that they rid my body of
dangerous forcign chemicals. And enough
raw vegetables and whole grain products
to expedite waste products through my
body and avoid rectal cancer. After work
I hold my breath as a bus expels toxic
fumes in my face. Back in my apartment
I reach for a cocktail. Too late I remember
that I just took an antihistamine, and that
it enhances the depressive effects of alco-
hol, causing drowsiness, mental dullness
and inability to concentrate.
What I suspect is that many of us are
letting toxin
09
Annie Lunsford
heads. And the culprits are no less than
scientists and science funders who publish
bad news in scientific journals without
providing perspective on it.
For instance, scientists have used gas
chromatography to detect pesticides in
people in parts up to a billionth. But
pesticides in such tiny amounts may not
necessarily be doing anything baneful to
the body. Then there is the grave danger
of applying laboratory dress-rehears-
als -- tissue culture and animal experi-
ments-to the human situation. Different
cell lines and animal strains can react
differently to the same chemical. Dosing
animals with enormous amounts of chem-
icals is nearly always going to produce
toxic effects. But how often are people
exposed to such large doses? For instance,
the defoliant 2,4,5-T was used to clear
jungles in Vietnam during the Vietnam
war. This chemical induces birth defects
in mice and rats. But it has never been
proved -- spite of extensive efforts -that
the chemical caused birth defects in Viet-
namese children. And even supposing that
chemicals were present in the human body
in such large amounts as used in animals,
how long do they stay there? In what
forms? The reason DDT is relatively
harmless to people is that it is quickly
broken down by liver enzymes into DDE,
a less toxic metabolite.
Even Government regulatory agencies
have serious doubts over whether their lab
tests can be extrapolated to people. For
instance, it took the FDA 10 years to decide
that Red No. 2 should be removed from
the market. And apparently the most con-
vincing reason for doing so was that high
doses of the dye increased tumors in a
sensitive strain of laboratory rats. At the
same time FDA Commissioner Alexander
M. Schmidt said that foods on the market
containing the dye could be sold until they
were used up "because there is no evi-
dence of " public health hazard."
And how about the good aspects of the
many chemicals in our environment? Sci-
entists rar ty receive grants to explore the
benefits. vet without many of these
chemicals our lives would be far less
pleasant, comfortable and even, in many
cases, les: healthful. Alcohol is knocked
for all its evils, but it can also restore the
nasal mucosa and speed the flow of blood
to the heart. Although a witch-hunt is on
to condenmi marijuana, Harvard investi-
gators recently found that it can improve
the appetites of cancer patients who suffer
from nausea due to chemotherapy.
Now don't get me wrong. I know that
there are very real toxic threats in our
environment-lead poisoning in children,
mercury poisoning in Japan, the kepone
pesticide tragedy among
workers in
Hopewell Va. Last August, state officials
warned consumers not to eat bass from
the Hudson River or salmon from Lake
Ontario because researchers had found
that the fish contained dangerously high
levels of polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB's). Very young and old persons do
not have the same liver-enzyme defenses
against toxic chemicals that the general
population does. Some persons were born
with genetically defective liver enzymes.
Improper diet can also impair the liver
enzymes ! do advocate taking reasonable
precautions against toxic chemicals: cat-
ing a wholesome diet, e.g. natural,
whole-grain cereals instead of those lar-
ded with sugar and additives; telling the
cigar smoker in the no-smoking section
of the Metroliner where to get off; riding
a bike instead of driving. (I once was the
only per on who came to an air pollution
conference by bike; the scientists came by
car.) What I am arguing for is that we
stop letting the spate of bad news about
toxic chemicals warp our perspective.
wear down our health and use up our
precious leisure hours.
For example, how many gallons of
spring water should you lug from the
supermarket to avoid toxic chemicals in
drinking water? (I made it through seven.)
How many hours should you devote to
hand- picking bugs off tomato plants to
avoid using a pesticide? (I made it through
15 minutes.) How many days should you
stay in bed to avoid a high air-pollution
index ? (I've never stayed home one. Oth-
crwise, I wouldn't be able to bring you
all the bad news about toxic chemicals that
is crying to be publicized.)
And it is especially time, in this bicen-
tennial year, that we stop letting toxicolo
gists and company deprive us of our
American right to the pursuit of happi-
ness. As one doctor laments: "They can't
find that coffee causes cancer too. It's the
only pleasure that I have left."
-Joan Arehart-Treichel
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221

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YOUR HEALTH CAN
MAKE OR BREAK YOU
- doesn't it make sense to find out how
to take the best care of it you can?
executive health
the reprat that briefs yon ou what to wabrl
Vohenge KIJ, Mainthey 2 + November, 1974 · Michlang Ikke, Macchine Some 10 Ladit V20Mil + Anca 714-756-260
The B Vitamins ... Part II
ON VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE)
"The sleeping giant of nutrition"
what this wo die in the secured for understanding of the ! experimente moje the "
and their profile deforest in twee's dire are stunething we should you triff food
Mily fue Ktust Research in Harvard ierently Furend ng
a takmp findmg
Amowi as prymedisinci to sakr daily, along with 100
Just one pristaty stoc can be an all-time /ttttallt
Anon, jeedwing back pain, ou senat cola wyily vy
milligrams ve Ingcesjums atiile The study went ++ fest
wie then 415 years And altough sunt of the pa
ichiy ext key in he putightly deficitnl .: 1.
The 149 patriots didn't have jou omr sphie flir>
weee chacunf wimary lacue bruesa They inthe selectedl
for a special study because they had binlucich, in every
ime, ut How fan miniem dacing bark het years
IDITORIAL VOAND
What keeps well people well? Medical
men have long concentrated upon sick
people and how to get them well . . . not
upon well people and how to keep them
well. Now many top research scientists
are concentrating their efforts on pre-
ventive medicine . .. how to keep well
people well.
May we suggest that you get the bene-
fits of this new research for yourself?
Do as so many thousands of executives
do. Subscribe to Executive Health Re-
port. The members of our Editorial
Board are among the world's most dis-
tinguished authorities on preventive
medicine. Their wise advice can help
you not only live longer but enjoy those
extra years!
EDITORIAL BOARD
SIR HANS KREBS, M.D., F.R.C.P. (England).
Nobel Laureate in Physiology and Medicine.
Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry, Oxford Uni-
versity, Metabolic Research Laboratory, Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Radcliffe
Infirmary, Oxford, England.
RICHARD L. BOHANNON, M.D., F.A.C.P.,
Lieutenant-General, United States Air Force
( Ret.); Medical Director, The Institute for
Aerobics Research, Dallas, Texas.
LEONARD HAYFLICK, Ph.D., Professor of Medi-
cal Microbiology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, California.
ROGER J. WILLIAMS, Ph.D., D.Sc., Professor
of Chemistry, Co-founder and Consultant, Clay-
ton Foundation Biochemical Institute, The Uni-
versity of Texas; Past President, The American
Chemical Society, Austin, Texas.
ALBERT SZENT-GYORGYI, M.D., Ph.D., No-
bel Laureate for Physiology and Medicine, Lab-
oratory of the Institute for Muscle Research,
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts.
KENNETH H. COOPER, M.D., M.P.H., Direc-
tor, the Cooper Clinic; President and Chairman
of Board, The Institute for Aerobics Research,
Dallas, Texas.
JAMES F. TOOLE, M.D., F.A.C.P., The Walter
C. Teagle Professor of Neurology, Bowman Gray
School of Medicine, Wake Forest University,
Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
HARDIN B. JONES, Ph.D., Professor of Medical
Physics and Physiology, Assistant Director,
Donner Laboratory of Medical Research, Uni-
versity of California, Berkeley.
MARK D. ALTSCHULE, M.D., Visiting Profes-
sor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Lec-
turer in Medicine, Yale University; Staff Con-
sultant, Boston City Hospital; Attending Physi-
cian, Boston Veterans Administration Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts.
LINUS PAULING, Ph.D., Nobel Laureate in
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trition and Dietetics, Sir John Atkins Labora-
toties, Queen Elizabeth College, University of
London, London, England.
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. .
. Right Hemisphere
sphere activity which shows up in the Inuit
life style and artwork. This suggests that
modes of thinking (or hemisphere use) can
be taught. It is possible that different cul-
tures channel people into a greater or
lesser reliance on one or the other hemi-
sphere. This may eventually be confirmed
as the workings of the brain are further
elucidated, but even then will it have any
practical import?
Several researchers have addressed this
question, and as scientists so often do,
they seem to be searching for symmetry:
· Robert Hertz, in 1909, in a classic
sociological article on the preeminence of
the right hand: "If the constraint of a
mystical ideal has for centuries been able
to make man into a unilateral being,
physiologically mutilated, a liberated and
farsighted society will strive to develop
the energies dormant in our right cerebral
hemisphere and to assure by an appro-
priate training a more harmonious devel-
opment of the organism."
· Jerome S. Bruner, experimental
psychologist at Oxford University: "Since
childhood, I have been enchanted by the
fact and the symbolism of the right hand
and the left -- the one the doer, the other
the dreamer. The right is order and law-
fulness, le droit. Its beauties are those of
geometry and taut implication. Reaching
for knowledge with the right hand is
science. Yet to say only that much of
science is to overlook one of its excite-
ments, for the great hypotheses are gifts
carried in the left."
· Roger W. Sperry, in the National
Science Foundation's March/April 1976
MOSAIC (an excellent overview of the
current state of brain research): "Our edu-
cational system and modern society gen-
erally (with its very heavy emphasis on
communication and on carly training in
the three Rs) discriminates against one
whole half of the brain. . . . In our present
school system, the attention given to the
minor hemisphere of the brain is minimal
compared with the training lavished on the
left or major hemisphere."
· Solomon H. Katz, speaking of right
hemispheric thought processes: "Cer-
tainly, the absolutely abundant anthro-
pological evidence that supports their
manifestations from the intuitive perspec-
tive indicates that our implicit knowledge
of these phenomena may be as old as
humanity itself. But what is different and
truly exciting this time is that we can now
begin to use the knowledge as a regular
part of our scientific understanding of the
human mind in order to extend further our
means of adapting to the world we live
in. . . . At last, our newly developing
science of humanity can potentially set us
free to recognize that there is more to
humanity than all of our linear thinking
can give us and to realize that human life
viewed predominantly from left hemi-
spheric functions is almost as flat as
viewing the world through one eye."
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