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The Journal of Parapsychology
Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 43, March 1979
RAO, K. R. Studies in the preferential effect. IV. The role of key cards in
preferential response situations. Journal of Parapsychology, 1964, 28,
28-41. a
RAO, K. R. The differential response in three new situations. Journal of Para-
psychology, 1964, 28, 81-92. b
RAO, K. R., & DAVIS, J. W. The differential effect and experimenter effects
in intentional and nonintentional psi tests. Journal of Parapsychology,
1978, 42, 1-19.
SAILAJA, P. Confirmatory study of the role of key cards in the language ESP
test. Journal of Parapsychology, 1965, 29, 290-291. (Abstract)
SAILAJA, P., & RAO, K. R. Experimental studies of the differential effect in life
setting. Parapsychological Monographs, No. 13. New York: Parapsychol-
ogy Foundation, 1973.
SARGENT, CARL L. Hypnosis as a psi-conducive state: A controlled replication study.
Journal of Parapsychology, 1978, 42, 257-275.
Institute for Parapsychology
College Station
Durham, NC 27708
PRECOGNITIVE REMOTE VIEWING IN
THE CHICAGO AREA: A REPLICATION
OF THE STANFORD EXPERIMENT
By BRENDA J. DUNNE AND JOHN P. BISAHA
ABSTRACT: The ability of untrained individuals to describe a remote geographical
site where an agent will be at a future time, before the target location has been
determined, was investigated in eight separate trials using two volunteer pe Trip,
ients who had no claim to extraordinary psychic abilities. The transcripts of
descriptions were matched and ranked against the various target locations by eight
independent judges who had no other connection with the experiment. The results
of this matching indicated a degree of accuracy at the p < . 008 (one-tailed) signifi-
cance level.
The ability of individuals to describe remote geographical loca-
tions up to several thousand kilometers distant from their physical
presence was labeled "remote viewing" by Puthoff and Targ (1976a)
at Stanford Research Institute. In these experiments the percipient
was closeted with an experimenter at SRI and, at an agreed-upon
time, attempted to describe the site which was then being visited by a
target team of experimenters known to the percipient. The target
sites were chosen randomly from a pool of over 100 targets within a
30-minute driving distance and were unknown to either the percip-
ient or the experimenters who remained with him. After allowing 30
minutes for travel time, the percipient was asked to attempt to
scribe aloud into a tape recorder his impressions of the locati A
where he thought the target team was and to draw a sketch of the
location he was describing. The "demarcation" team remained at the
target site for 15 minutes, the same 15-minute period during which
the percipient was recording his impressions.
In the course of experimentation, one participant claimed to
have received impressions of the targets before the trials began, and
her descriptions turned out to be exceptionally accurate, even
though the target locations had not been selected at the time these
impressions were received. These spontaneous occurrences moti-
This paper is based on a preliminary report given on August 21, 1976, at the
nineteenth annual convention of the Parapsychological Association which was held at
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vated Puthoff and Targ (1976b) to investigate further the precogni-
tive aspects of remote viewing by altering their experimental pro-
tocol. The new protocol required the percipient to describe the re-
mote target during a 15-minute period commencing 20 minutes be-
fore the target was selected and 35 minutes before the outbound
experimenter was to arrive at the target. Four trials of this kind were
performed with one experienced subject. The method used to verify
the success of these trials was to have three independent judges blind
match the percipient's descriptions with the target sites.
The experiment described in the present paper was carried out
during a period of one month in the spring of 1976. It was a repli-
cation of the precognitive remote-viewing experiment conducted at
SRI, with the exception that eight trials were performed with two
inexperienced percipients. The results of these trials were originally
analyzed by the same method of judging utilized by Puthoff and
Targ (Bisaha & Dunne, 1977). However, the possibility of a violation
of independence in judging existed under those circumstances (Solf-
vin, Kelly, & Burdick, 1978), and the judging procedure was mod-
ified accordingly by having eight separate judges rank only one de-
scription apiece against the eight potential targets. This revision pro-
vided for the assurance that the rankings for each trial would be
independent of the other seven rankings and accounts for the dif-
ference in statistical results as given in the earlier report of these
trials (Bisaha & Dunne, 1977).
METHOD
Subjects
Two inexperienced female volunteers were selected to be the
percipients, the only prerequisite being that they hold a positive at-
titude toward the phenomenon under investigation. One of them
performed two trials; the other performed six, the determination for
this division being made strictly by the availability of the participants.
The agent in all eight trials was B. Dunne, designated here as E2.
J. Bisaha (E1) served as coordinator and observer in the laboratory.
Apparatus
Five other individuals who had no association with the experi-
ment were asked to submit lists of various locations in the Chicago
area; these were then compared and compiled into a target pool of
over 100 locations by a sixth individual, who was the only person
Precognitive Remote Viewing: A Replication
19
familiar with all the targets and who had no other involvement in the
experiment. The targets were printed on index cards, sealed ingen-
velopes, and kept in a locked file cabinet. Other equipment consisted
of a tape recorder, pencil (for percipients' and agents' use if Bey
desired to draw sketches of their impressions), and a camera (forche
use of the outbound experimenter, or agent, enabling her to ge
photographs of the target sites at the time of her visit and from The
perspective of her observations of the site).
Procedure
The percipients were individually tested. Before the experim
began, they were informed of the nature of the experiment and
experimental protocol. The agent took the time to talk casually with
each percipient in an informal, friendly atmosphere, attemptingoto
establish a comfortable rapport. At the time of the trials the perces-
ients were instructed by E, to make themselves comfortable, to rearx
and let their minds become as blank as possible. They were then told
to try to imagine or visualize the location where the agent would be
35 to 50 minutes after the trial began and to describe aloud into the
tape recorder the images which came to mind during the 15-minute
trial period. It was suggested that they also try to make sketches
these images, if possible. (Only two such sketches were obtained
from one of the percipients; the other drew one sketch, but did
not feel comfortable drawing, so the issue was not pressed.)
percipients were further advised to try not to define or identify wifal
they saw with specificity, but to stick to general impressions, even &
these appeared to make no sense or have no continuity. They were
allowed as much time as they felt they needed to relax and prepa
themselves before each trial.
Although it was preferable to have an obse wer closeted with the
percipient, keeping track of time and asking questions which would
elicit more explicit description, one percipient indicated that she had
difficulty relaxing or talking out loud with another person presen@
She was left alone in a closed room with the observer, E1, nearbo
ready to knock on the door and inform her when the allotted time
was up.
Once the time schedule was agreed upon (see Table 1 for a sam-
ple protocol) the agent left Mundelein College and the percipient
began recording her description. The agent had in her possession 10
envelopes which had been selected blindly by E, from the target
pool. Kept locked in a cabinet by E1, the contents of the envelopes
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Table 1
SAMPLE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL
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10:00 The agent (E2) leaves with 10 envelopes containing target locations and begins
20-minute drive.
The observer (E1), remaining with subject, elicits description of location where
the agent (E2) will be between 10:35 and 10:50.
10:15
Percipient response completed, at which time laboratory part of experiment is
over.
10:20 Outbound E2 generates random number between 1 and 10, counts down to
associated envelope, opens it, and proceeds to target location indicated.
10:35
Outbound E, arrives at target location and remains there for 15 minutes, until
10:50.
10:50 E2 returns to laboratory. Experimental trial completed.
were unknown to either E1 or E2. The agent drove continuously with
no set direction or goal for 20 minutes, or until five minutes after
the percipient had completed her part of the trial, the description of
the future target. After 20 minutes the agent blindly selected a
number from 1 to 10 from an enclosed container holding 10 num-
bered and identically folded sheets of paper. She selected the en-
velope corresponding to the drawn number, opened the envelope,
and proceeded to the destination indicated on the enclosed card,
arriving at the designated site 35 minutes after the percipient had
begun her description and 20 minutes after the description had been
completed. She remained at the target site for 15 minutes, photo-
graphed the location, and made notes as to her impressions of the
site. These photographs and notes were used later as the basis of the
judges' comparisons and rankings. When each trial was completed, a
typed, unedited transcript was made of the subject's tape-recorded
description and was attached to any associated drawings which the
subject might have made. When the eight trials were completed
there were eight percipient-generated transcripts, and eight agent-
generated sets of photographs and accompanying notes which had
been prepared by the agent before she had any information about
the contents of the subjects' descriptions. .
After the eight experimental trials had been carried out, eight
persons, not otherwise connected with the experiment, were asked to
act as judges. Each judge was given one transcript of a percipient's
description to read and was then presented with a set of eight
photographs with accompanying agent's notes, one of which was the
correct target. The number of photographs for each target varied,
Table 2
RANKS ASSIGNED BY JUDGES IN PRECOGNITIVE REMOTE-VIEWING
TRIALS
(P] = Percipient #1; P2 = Percipient #2)
Target
Rank Assigned
Windmill Cemetery (P1)
1
Adler Planetarium (P2)"
I
Playboy Building (P1)
3
Marina Towers (P1)
2
Lincoln Park Conservatory (P1)
1
Elks Headquarters and Memorial (P2)
5
Ivanhoe Restaurant (P2)"
6
Angel Guardian Orphanage Florist (P1)ª
Sum of Ranks
1
Statistical Significance
20
₱ < . 008 (one-tailed)
" In addition to the tape-recording, the percipient drew a sketch.
depending on the agent's judgment of the complexity and size of the
target as well as her own observational perspective at the time of Se
trial. The judges were given these photographs taped to a sheet of
paper with the name of the target and the agent's descriptive notes
typed below the photographs. The judge was requested to rad
order the photographs on a scale of 1 to 8; 1 being the target wh.@
best matched the transcript, and 8 being the worst.
RESULTS
The statistical analysis of these experimental trials was based
the rankings given by the eight judges, in accordance with Solfvig,
Kelly, and Burdick's (1978) method of analysis for preferential
ranking data. The sum of ranks assigned by the judges was 20 (se
Table 2), a figure significant at p< . 008 (one-tailed). Four of the
eight transcripts were ranked as 1, and the other four ranks were 2,
3, 5, and 6.
The judges who evaluated the transcripts were not specifically
trained for the task of assessing material of this type, a factor which
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could have possibly had a negative effect on the results. However,
the untrained judges still saw enough information in the transcripts
to match them significantly with the appropriate targets.
A short description of each trial will provide some idea of the
degree of accuracy which was reached in the percipients' descrip-
tions. As must be expected, some of the descriptions were more ac-
curate than others, a fact which is reflected in the ranks assigned by
the judges. For reasons of space, only select portions of the tran-
scripts are given here. The excerpts presented were chosen on the
basis of the judges' opinions, after judging, as to which elements of
the transcripts they felt best matched the locations they had just
ranked.
Trial 1 (ranked as 1)
The target was the Windmill Cemetery in Franklin Park, Illinois.
The primary feature of the target was a large windmill, dark brown
with square white windows and white blades of latticed, rectangular
pattern. There were two shiny spotlights in front of the windmill,
mounted on a nearby building. The cemetery itself was like a park,
no headstones or monuments; just lawn, trees, shrubbery, and a
small lake. The percipient saw a "contrast of black and white ....
The white shape was triangular, suspended on something. ... Has
both vertical and horizontal lines .... Some shiny things. ... The
impression of being out in the open. ... A sensation of swing, up
and down movements. ... A design of the horizontal and vertical
lines, but in squares. .. . A big thing that it's on, I don't know, like a
big building or a big something. ... Maybe it's windows."
Trial 2 (ranked as 1)
The target was the Adler Planetarium. The predominant fea-
tures were the large domed building itself, a seated statue of Coper-
nicus on a base of light-colored marble blocks, and a landscaped,
tree-lined mall lying between the statue and the building. The per-
cipient's tape recording for this trial was inaudible. Since she had left
the building and the agent was still at the target site, E, telephoned
the percipient and had her"repeat her impressions. It was this tran-
script, together with a drawing made at the time of the original tape
recording, that was presented to the judges for matching. The fol-
lowing is what the percipient reported over the telephone:
She had a sensation of motion. The next image was of vertical
and parallel lines which began to look like a tunnel. There was a
sensation of sunlight flashing through trees, as if of movement; it
23
Precognitive Remote Viewing: A Replication
would flash and disappear. She had an image of a half-circle which
was like a dome. Then parallel lines again which looked like a path
or road going into the distance. Again, parallel lines like a path, But
this time it seemed to be like little hills, like landscaping, she said, off
to the side. The dome again. The next impression was of what ep-
peared to be open arches which seemed to be to the left. It appeagd
to have something solid on either side; she wasn't sure if they wete
actually arches, but they were of that general shape. She had digi-
culty in defining that particular part of it, drew a sketch. Her figal
impression was of a pattern which seemed to be made of stones, Inre
solid stones set into some kind of a thing. She said it might be a stop
floor, she wasn't exactly sure. It was some kind of a hard stone, co
crete, marble, some light-colored stone. She did mention having t
image of seeing the experimenter's hair blowing in the wind. That
was all she could recall.
A sketch which the percipient drew bore a striking resemblan
to the features of the dome and statue pedestal, very similar to th
photograph taken by the agent at the time of the trial.
Trial 3 (ranked as 3)
The Playboy Building, a large office building in the heart o
Chicago, was the target. The front part of the building (the lower
part) was mostly glass windows divided vertically by dark column
and horizontally by dark square panels. There was a dark-colore
rectangular marquee over the entranceway. The panels and colum
divide the front of the building into sections about 10 feet squares
The percipient saw "something big, maybe a building .... Impres?
sion of sections or partitions. . .. Some kind of division, not neces
sarily fences but something else. Into squares or other shapes ...
don't know if it's different sections. . .. These sections aren't too big
10 x 10 or something like that."
Trial 4 (ranked as 2)
Marina Towers was the target. The location is a distinctive one;
though somewhat difficult to describe, and ti." >ercipient's descrip
tion is an excellent example of the nature of remote-viewing imag
ery. There are two tall circular buildings, often described as re
sembling corncobs, each divided into two main sections. The top
sections consist of rows of semi-circular balconies forming a series of
"rings" around the buildings; they are separated from the bottom
sections by vertical supporting pillars. The bottom parts of the
buildings resemble spirals and are used for parking. There is a large
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theatre shaped in a curved design off to one side. The percipient
described "horizontal lines. Just going across the whole field ....
Vertical lines now, but not nearly as many as the horizontal and
they're mainly from the lower part. . . . Sort of are sticking out of the
bottom .... A sense of division. ... There are curves that run along
the lower field. ... Also the impression of levels. . .. There might be
cars parked on the bottom. I'm looking at the area on an angle, like
from a corner or something. I get the impression of the whole thing
on a slant. ... Impressions of circles. . .. Not much color. ... Mostly
dark and light contrasts."
Trial 5 (ranked as 1)
The target was the Lincoln Park Conservatory. This is a large
open space, a park, with a circular fountain, several large trees, a
stone bridge which extends to a stone wall on either side, and, at the
time of the trial, large bare flower beds on the lawn. This is the
percipient's description: "A small pond .... In the middle of
grass. ... Something like a sand trap or something in a golf
course. ... A lot of grass around, very green. Trees too. ... A sense
of openness. A big, wide expanse. . .. There may be a stone wall. . . .
Could ... be some sort of park."
Trial 6 (ranked as 5)
Although the agent was in the correct location, the actual target
in this trial was not the one designated in the selected envelope, but
an unusual structure in the vicinity. (The designated target was a
statue nearby which could not be located at the time of the trial.
Once the decision was made to use the Elks National Headquarters
and Memorial as the target it was treated as though it had been the
designated one, and the designated target, the statue, was dropped
from any further consideration. It should be noted that this decision
was made at the time of the trial and before the agent had any in-
formation about the description generated by the percipient.) The
selected target was a large circular building flanked by two smaller
square buildings, each housing black metal statues. A large flight of
steps led to the Memorial, which was made of white stone and had
three distinct layers, the middle section of which was circumscribed
by white pillars. There was a large black metal doorway. The tran-
script reads: "There seems to be a lot of concrete or asphalt or stone
of some kind. Grays and gray colors or beiges. . .. Dark metal, steel
maybe. ... Could be steps .... Round and square shapes. Maybe
poles-like pillars or something."
25
Precognitive Remote Viewing: A Replication
Trial 7 (ranked as 6)
The target was the Ivanhoe Restaurant, an old English-style pub
located at the corner of a busy intersection. A large building with
several sections with Tudor-style trim and a rounded brick turgot on
the corner from which protruded a flag pole with a rigid pergant-
shaped sign. Looking down the street along the side of the budding
was a row of arched street lights. The transcript described "a dot of
movement nearby, cars, a lot of traffic. ... Some kind of a littleaf-
like thing. . . . Arches one over the other. . . . Rectangles. . .
ARoad
.. . going off away from me. . . . I see a kind of corner. . . . A r
and-
f
ness. . . a curving kind of side like a bowl. A wavy effect, kico"
leaf-like effect."
Trial 8 (ranked as 1)
The final target was a florist shop, the Angel Guardian Orghan-
age Florist. The shop was a square-shaped building with a pointed
roof, distinguished by four blue mosaic tile-covered columns before
an almost solid glass front. Behind the glass was a large dispkty of
colorful flowers and plants. This description was probably the most
accurate in terms of detail of the eight. The percipient saw "a lot of
colors, small groups of colors. Lots of reds and yellows, greens,
pinks. Probably flowers. They look like they're all bunches to-
gether. ... On display .... There's some kind of a building ...
Windows, poles, glass .... Concrete around that she's waging
on. . . . A couple of raised round things. . . . A sensation of blue
DISCUSSION
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The most significant finding evidenced by these experima
trials is that it appears possible for an untrained, not previouslycon-
sidered "psychic" subject to give significant descriptive information
regarding an unknown location which is spatially and temporally
remote from the percipient's physical presence when no appagent
source of ordinary communication is possible. This information Chay
be added to Puthoff and Targ's (1976a) findings that the qualig of
remote-viewing descriptions is not influenced by the amount ofadis-
tance involved and that electrical shielding does not interfere With
the accuracy or quality of remote-viewing descriptions. This success-
ful replication of their experiment, as well as other experiments in
this area by the present authors (Dunne & Bisaha, 1978), supports
the hypothesis that the remote-viewing design might well be a de-
pendable vehicle for further research in which variables such as
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time, the role of the agent, the improvement of subject performance
through training and experience and enhanced environmental con-
ditions, the relationship between percipient and agent, and other
vital issues in the field of parapsychology can be more fully
explored.
Some ideas for future research along these lines were suggested
by two instances in the present experiment when exact adherence to
the experimental protocol was prevented by unusual circumstances.
In Trial 1, because of an error in calculation on the part of the per-
son who prepared the target pool, the target turned out to be much
farther away than the prescribed 30-minute drive. Instead of arriv-
ing at the target, which was the Windmill Cemetery, 35 minutes after
the experiment began, the experimenter arrived 55 minutes later, or
90 minutes after the start of the trial. In spite of this variation in the
timing, the percipient's description was still accurate enough to be
ranked as 1 by the judge who evaluated this transcript. This seems to
indicate that the specific time assignment given to participants may
not be a determining factor in their remote-viewing performance.
By varying the time element in future experiments, this implication
could easily be tested.
In Trial 6, the experimenter was unable to locate the designated
target although she was in the correct area, and instead concentrated
on a nearby structure in the vicinity, the Elks Memorial Headquar-
ters. Although the judge ranked the description as a 5, the descrip-
tion was still closer to the chosen target than it would have been to
the designated one, a bronze statue. In this instance, at least, it could
be possible that the percipient's description was more influenced by
the agent's attentional direction than by some clairvoyant knowledge
of the contents of the envelope or by possible PK influence of the
random number selection determining the appropriate envelope.
Statistical analysis of the results of this experiment even without
these two trials is still significant (sum of ranks = 14 in 6 trials, with
p < . 012, one-tailed).
Since this experiment was completed, three major forms of crit-
icism have been leveled at some of the other remote-viewing ex-
periments:
1. Diaconis (1978) points out that in cases when the subjects have
feedback after each trial, they may avoid making responses that
match up with the target site of the past trial in a closed-deck situa-
tion. The probability of success, of course, will vary trial by trial,
resulting in a greater probability of success in the end trials than
Precognitive Remote Viewing: A Replication
27
would be expected if there were no feedback. This criticism is not
valid for the present experiment since, even though the subject had
feedback after each trial, it was not a closed-deck situation because
the target for each trial was randomly chosen from a fresh peol of
ten target sites.
2. Some of the previous analyses of the remote-viewing
results
used a statistic recommended by Morris (1972) which is appropriate
only for those cases when it can be safely assumed that judg
Bg is
independently done for each trial. An assumption of independence
cannot be safely assumed when the same judge matches all
Arcip-
ient transcripts with targets (Burdick & Kelly, 1977). Againpo Tis
criticism is inapplicable since no one judge attempted to rank & Jte
than one percipient's transcripts against the eight target locations.
3. Stokes (1978, p. 73) pointed out the possibility of sensory ging
where, for example, "weather might be incorporated into both_the
subject's description and the photograph provided the judge."This
could cause an artifactual correct match. In this experiment, the
transcripts and photographs were examined before judging for pos-
sible sensory cues as to the day, time, change in weather, etc., and
the identity of previous targets. None were discovered. In addition
the trials were conducted around the same time of day, within the
same month, and, serendipitously, with similar weather conditions
on each day. In addition, the information provided in a numb
E of
transcripts is so relevant to the target that it is unlikely that exticme-
ous factors influenced judging.
In the course of this experiment unsystematic attempts were
made to identify factors which may have contributed to the success
of these two percipients in precognitive remote viewing. Both@
ported that they felt they performed best when physically and men-
tally relaxed and unpressured by time constraints or personal obli-
gations (such as having an exam the next day or needing toObe
finished by a certain time because of an anticipated appointme
jt).
One of the percipients (the one who performed six of the eight
trials) said that she found it helpful to spend about ten minutes be-
fore the trial putting herself into a mild altered state which the
achieved by relaxing physically, breathing deeply, and visualismg
herself descending a spiral staircase. It might be of interest to note
that in the two trials which she thought were the best (Lincoln Park
Conservatory and the Angel Guardian Orphanage Florist) she re-
ported a definite feeling of being "tuned in" and felt confident of
success even before the trials were completed. In both cases the
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judges concurred; both of these descriptions were ranked as 1.
On the basis of these trials we can suggest that a relaxed and
positive state of mind or a mild altered state of consciousness ac-
companied by a feeling of being "tuned in" to the experience at
hand seems to be an accompaniment of good performance in pre-
cognitive remote viewing. The facts that nonlinguistic, or nonintel-
lectual, mental activity appeared to be an asset to participants' per-
formances and that the imagery described tended, in general, to be
more accurate when relating holistic impressions rather than specific
details, confirms other evidence of right cerebral hemispheric domi-
nance during the psi process. The percipients' perceptual mode
during descriptive activity tended to be more holistic than linear in
nature, with scenes more likely to be perceived in terms of shape,
color, or size, or in relationship to other shapes, confirming Puthoff
and Targ's theory (1976b). For example, in Trial 7 the percipient
described "sprays of water shooting up and falling down, leaning in
like a circle-like making arches one over the other." There were no
sprays of water at the target site; however, a row of arched street
lights receding into the distance could possibly have triggered such
imagery.
There is some tendency for descriptions to be metaphorical,
rather than specifically accurate. One percipient described a sand
trap on a golf course; and from that point on the remainder of her
description was inclined to be descriptive of what one would expect
to see on a golf course. Fortunately the location was similar enough
to a golf course for the judge to be able to identify it successfully. It
is to avoid just this type of biasing influence that percipients are
urged to refrain from definition and to stick to purely descriptive
terms if possible. In the near future the authors anticipate per-
forming a systematic analysis on the contents of these and other pre-
cognitive remote-viewing transcripts in the hope of determining
more exactly the nature of the impressions received and distin-
guishing them from the logical inferences percipients may make
about these impressions and thus biasing their descriptions. The re-
sults of such an analysis would be useful for training judges to dis-
tinguish the major or critical elements in the transcripts they are
judging from the extraneous detail. For example, a percipient who
might perceive a shape which reminded him of an old castle might
be tempted to include in his description such features as a draw-
bridge or turrets when none existed, although the overall impression
of the site might be very similar to a castle-like structure. It might be
Precognitive Remote Viewing: A Replication
2!
possible to develop a judging procedure which is less dependent on
the judge's subjective determination concerning the relationship
between transcript and target and geared more toward menching
specific aspects based on an order of transmissibility, ther@y en-
abling us to learn more about the nature of the information toinsfer
occurring in remote viewing.
It is the authors' belief that the attitudinal environment
&d the
initial rapport established between percipients and agent ared
Crucial
factors in remote-viewing success. In all the experiments ng have
conducted, we have attempted to create an atmosphere of Longe-
niality, playfulness, and relaxation in which percipients andagent
join in creating a belief system in which psi phenomena are re
Und
natural. Although we have not tested this empirically as yet, we be-
lieve that such an environment is a vital part of our procedure and
should be taken into consideration in any attempts at future replica-
tions.
Although our present knowledge does not enable us to explain
adequately the phenomenon being investigated here, the fact that
this paper represents a replication of an earlier experiment suggests
that remote viewing as an experimental design provides additional
evidence substantiating the existence of perceptual and commonica-
tion channels lying beyond the senses as they are currently dehned,
and offers itself as a viable vehicle for future research in pasapsy-
chology.
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