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Copy No.
3
Final Report
NOVEL BIOPHYSICAL INFORMATION
TRANSFER MECHANISMS (NBIT)(U)
January 14, 1976
Document No.
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Contract No. XG-4208(54-20)75S
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G
AIRESEARCH MANUFACTURING COMPANY OF CALIFORNIA
A Division of The Garrett Corporation
2525 W. 190th Street, Torrance, Calif. 90509
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Final Report
NOVEL BIOPHYSICAL INFORMATION
TRANSFER MECHANISMS (NBIT)(U)
January 14, 1976
Document No.
Contract No. XG-4208(54-20)75S
SG1A
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Prepared by
E.C. Wortz, Ph.D.
A.H. Bauer, B.S.
R.F. Blackwelder, Ph.D.
J.W. Eerkens, Ph.D.
A.J. Saur, Ph.D.
GAR
RETT
AIRESEARCH MANUFACTURING COMPANY OF CALIFORNIA
A Division of The Garrett Corporation
2525 W. 190th Street, Torrance, Calif. 90509
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CONTENTS
Section
Page
1
Abstract (U)
1-1
2
Introduction, Overview, and Conclusions (U)
2-1
3 - 1
4
Electrostatics of Telekinesis (S)
4-1
5
Remote Physiological Sensors (S)
5-1
6
Sensitivity of Human Subjects to Magnetic Fields (U)
6-1
1
Biophysical Information Carrier Mechanisms (S)
7-1
8
Miscellaneous Observations (U)
8-1
9
Speculations on the Nature of Soviet Laboratories
Investigating NBIT (S)
9-1
10
Recommendations for Future Research and Development (U)
10-1
Appendix
Bibliography (U)
A-1
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3
Application of Advanced Statistical Theories to Novel
Biophysical Information Transfer Mechanisms (S)

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ABSTRACT (U)
(S) This report presents the results of a review of Soviet research on the
biophysics of parapsychological processes. The reviewers centered their
attention on novel biophysical information transfer (NBIT) mechanisms. The
body of the report treats Soviet application of statistical theories,
research done on electrostatics, the development of remote sensors, hypoth-
esized carrier mechanisms, human sensitivity to magnetic fields, and
performance training to improve. NBIT. Speculations are made with respect
to Soviet research organization and as to the direction of future R&D.
Conclusions are drawn concerning Soviet progress in understanding and
applying NBIT mechanisms.
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SECTION 2
INTRODUCTION, OVERVIEW, AND CONCLUSIONS (U)
INTRODUCTION
(S) This document presents the results of a study effort conducted under
Contract No. XG-4208(54-20)75S. The purpose of the study was to review
Soviet research literature concerning the biophysical aspects of parapsychology.
The body of this report presents sallent features of the study. It is assumed
that the readers have a background understanding of parapsychology. In
addition, it is assumed that the reader also is familiar with the questions
posed by physical, physiological, biological, psychological, and mathematical
approaches to this topic. A distillation of the relevant background material
can be obtained from a review of this field presented in Biophysical Aspects
of Parapsychology, AiResearch Report No. 75-11096, January 20, 1975, which
was prepared in response to the RFP for this study. The technical team
utilized in this study and their disciplines are listed below:
E.C. Wortz, Ph.D., Psychology/Physiology, Program Manager
J. W. Eerkens, Ph.D., Physics
A. H. Bauer, B.S., Physics
R. F. Blackwelder, Ph.D., Signal Enhancement/Information Theory
A. J. Saur, Ph.D., Instrumentation/Engineer ing
OVERVIEW
(S) The great bulk of the papers reviewed during this study were found to be
speculative, unscientific, and sensationalistic, much like the parapsychological
literature of the West. There is one big difference, however, between this
type of literature in the U. S. S.R and the U. S. The Soviet literature almost
invariably shows interest in the physical and physiological mechanisms.
An
example is the interest in psychoenergetics, bioplasma, and psychotronics.
The term psychotronics was coined by a French journalist after the analogy
with electronics, bionics, nucleonics, and others. The Czechs have adopted
the term to replace parapsychology. The Russians have devised their own
term -- psychoenergetics. These new names were chosen to give the field of
study an air of scientific or technological respectability.
(S) A fundamental question remains: does the name imply a basic difference
in the approach and, if so, what effects can be expected from it? Judging
from the available literature, the name does imply a difference in the
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(S) approach of the Russian and Czech Investigators from that of most Western
parapsychologists. Some of the differences are outlined below.
(1)
The Russians do not undertake studies like those of J.B. Rhine,
in which remote card reading or other simple telepathic tasks
are carried out repeatedly to gather statistical evidence. The
Russians assume the reality of thought transference. Their best
exper iments are designed to elucidate the physical basis of these
novel biophysical information transfer (NBIT) mechanisms.
(2)
Many of the Russian researchers that publish in open literature
in this field pursue their studies on their own time and at their
own personal expense. They lack the resources to carry out well
designed or long statistical studies.
(3)
Many Westerners remain convinced that parapsychology will never be
explained in terms of physics. They cling to an undertone of a
religious-like belief in transcendent mechanisms. The Russians,
in contrast, reject such an approach; being doctrinaire material ists,
everything has a physical, scientific explanation. Again, this
line of reasoning reinforces the trend toward eliciting the
physical mechanisms of NBIT.
(4)
The Soviets would not hesitate to use secrecy or deception to try
to gain even a small military or political advantage. This
desire to gain a small advantage would undoubtedly lead them to try
to develop NBIT means of communication if they assumed that it
was technically feasible. Such attempts would obviously be cloaked
in secrecy and camouflaged by false information.
(S) In reviewing Soviet and Western work on NBIT phenomena, it seems reasonable
that serious interdisciplinary research and development is being carried on.
Furthermore, there seems to be veridical indication that the Soviets have
organized laboratories for just such programs. The work of These laborator ies,
is obviously secret. On the other hand, If is obvious that many Russian workers
in this field pursue their research as extracurricular activity, with little
or no funding. Thus, there are hints of secret work as well as indication that
parapsychological research may be in disfavor. It may be that high quality,
systematic research is officially approved, well-funded, and well-organized,
whereas research in this field from "nonofficial" laboratories may be allowed
to founder without funds, thus providing a smoke screen of poor quality work. If
the Soviets did indeed establish laboratories for a systematic approach to
this problem, in our opinion they are certainly capable of making good progress.
(S) The literature surveyed varies widely in degree of sophistication. Most
exper imental papers give rather vague descriptions and insufficient data to
assess the accuracy and importance of claimed results. Upon completion of the
review, we found the bulk of what was considered to be creditable work centers
around the activities of three principal individuals -- Kogan, Adamenko, and
Sergeyev .
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(S) Of the theoretical papers, those by Kogan are undoubtedly the best and
reflect the good thinking of an experienced physicist. Using physically
acceptable arguments, Kogan demonstrates the possibility that ELF and VLF
carrier waves might be part of NBIT mechanisms, and initiates an Information
theory approach to the study of NBIT. His ideas are much like those of Persinger
and strike a resonant chord for all members of the team.
(S) The papers by Adamenko, on the other hand, are spotty with respect to
knowledge of modern physics and physiology. He utilizes a number of poorly
defined and unquantifiable concepts such as "bioplasma," "psi energy," etc.
Nevertheless, significant contributions are made by him -- particularly his study
and explanation of telekinesis in terms of electrostatics.
(S) The papers by Sergeyev show the effectiveness of a radar signature expert
turned to analyzing electrophysiological events. He shows some interest-
ing new possibilities, taking into account that the noise in the signals not
only contain statistical random variations, but that the carriers also may
have non-stationary drifts. His work also seems to suffer from the lack of
an interdisciplinary approach. Furthermore, he is probably responsible for the
development of at least one and perhaps two remote physiological sensors.
CONCLUSIONS
(S) From the review of essentially open Soviet literature, the following
conclusions are made :
(1 )
The Soviets have done significant work on signal extraction,
statistical, and information theory approaches to novel biophysical
information transfer mechanisms.
.
(2)
The Soviets have done creditable work on the electrostatics of
telekinesis and have probably now turned their attention to the
psychophysiological aspects of the phenomenon.
(3)
The Soviets have an interest in remote physiological monitors, have
developed one or two new instruments, and are probably involved in
R&D in this area.
(4)
The Soviets had and probably still have an interest in the physics
of NBIT transmission mechanisms and are probably doing research in
this area.
(5)
There is a developing interest in the Soviet Bloc to apply psycho-
physiological training methods (similar to biofeedback) to develop
control over NBIT mechanisms.
(6) All the Soviet research that has been reviewed suffers from the lack
of an interdisciplinary approach.
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(S) (7) The Soviets are investigating the psychophysiology of multimodal,
programmed stimulation as a method to entrain physiological rhythms
and produce changes in states of consciousness.
(8) A systematic, interdisciplinary approach to NBIT by the Soviets
would require only a modest commitment of resources. A small
number of key personnel with an adequate supporting staff of
engineers and technicians could make substantial headway in this
area. At this stage, in our opinion no unique technological
breakthrough is required -- only careful Investigation.
In
addition, no unique features such as physical plant, facilities,
services, or equipment would specifically identify an NBIT R&D
laboratory from other types of laboratories.
(S) These conclusions are drawn in spite of the fact that most of the published
material we have reviewed is confusing, inaccurate, and of little value from a
scientific point of view. In this respect, the review team may have erred in
the direction of trying to make too much sense from a small data base. The
following sections of the report provide a critical review of Soviet research,
by topic, in support of these conclusions.
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APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL THEORIES TO NOVEL BIOPHYSICAL
INFORMATION TRANSFER (NBIT) MECHANISMS (S)
RUSSIAN APPROACH
-
(U) In the field of theoretical statistics, the Russians are usually considered
to be ahead of the Western countries. Kolmogorov and his contemporaries did
a considerable amount of work in the 1920 to 1945 era, developed many new
theories, and applied them to some classical problems, such as Kolmogorov's
theory of isotropic turbulence. Directly before and during World War II, Rice,
Shannon, and others in the West developed more advanced ideas that are now
embedded within information theory and communication theory. However, the
Soviets have been the first to apply these ideas and techniques to the field of
parapsychology. I. M. Kogan seems to have been the leader in this venture and
the papers that we have by him are good in that he demonstrates a knowledge of
these advanced fields, correctly applies the techniques, and reaches some
justifiable and creditable conclusions. Kogan seems to have started working
on these ideas in the early 60's. Ryzl (Reference 3-1)* states that the Bio-
information Section of the Scientific Technical Society of Radiotechnique and
Electrocommunication was founded in 1965 and that Kogan was its first director,
indicating that Kogan's ideas were viewed favorably at that time. Ryzl further
reports that the Bioinformation Section seemed to flourish under Kogan. It
organized meetings, seminars, and discussions; he embarked upon a publicity
campaign In newspapers and magazines and was concerned with the use of para-
psychology as a military weapon. Kogan also headed the section as it under-
took some successful experiments involving transmission of images over short
ranges .
(S) Kogan seems to have been at his peak when he visited the United States
in 1969 and gave a presentation at U.C.L.A. on the application of information
theory to the problem of telepathy. That paper (Reference 3-2) summar ized
his work and represents the most advanced work on this topic by anyone. Then
publication of his work inexplicably stopped. Judging from the papers that
we have, no one else in the U.S. S.R. has reported this line of endeavor.
(S) Although this work may have been completely stopped, it hardly seems
likely. Considering that Kogan had successfully started to apply these new
concepts to parapsychology and had obtained some new information, it is more
plausible that this work did not abruptly stop, but is continuing secretly.
Ryzi (Reference 3-1) Indirectly lends credance to this idea by discussing
the military work done at Kogan's institute.
*References are presented at the end of this section.
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(S) It is significant that the Soviets pursued the application of non-
stationary analysis to parapsychology, especially in the study of EEG signals.
Sergeyev (References 3-3 and 3-4) has been the leader in this effort; he has
used both correlation functions and spectral analysis. Under the more common
assumption of stationarity, these statistical quantities are independent of
time. Since parapsychological events are quite intermittent and occur rather
randomly, their statistical functions, such as correlation, spectra, etc.,
may vary dramatically in time.
(U)
Sergeyev thus defines a nonstationary auto-correlation function as:
[X(S) - X(S) ][X(S + T) - X(S + T)] dS
R(t,T) = 1
RC )
where X is the stochastic variable, X is the average value of X (presumably
over time T) , ris a time delay, and T is the averaging time. He does not
specify the averaging time T, but T must be of the same order of magnitude
as the time scale of the event being studied.
(U)
Since Rit, T) is a function of the time delay T, Sergeyev suggests
characterizing this correlation function by several time scales, which he
defines as:
T
(n)
(t) =
|Rit, +]
dT.
n
Thus, T(n) are random functions of time and Sergeyev claims that T
(1) - (2)
is
a measure of the nonlinear modulation by the stimul i received through extra-
sensory channels. He does not justify nor substantiate this conclusion.
(S)
Sergeyev has applied this type of, analysis in at least two different
modes. First, he compares the ratio T(1)/T(2)
from a "bioplasmagram" to that
obtained from signals external to the body, such as the fluctuations in the
earth's magnetic field (Reference 3-4). He claims to have obtained a well-
defined relation between these two signals; however, the data shown in his
paper do not support the statement that is given in the text. In spite of this
discrepancy, Sergeyev's ideas are sound and in view of the intermittent nature
of parapsychological phenomena, it seems reasonable to explore nonstationary
analysis of the recorded data. Ryzl (1968) speaks highly of these new mathe-
matical methods and goes on to say that Sergeyev can detect an incoming tele-
pathic stimulus by analyzing EEG records.
(S) Secondly, Sergeyev (Reference 3-3) has applied these ideas in studying
changes in the "bioplasmagram" during emotional stress. He used digital
analysis and retained the high-frequency content (i.e., up to 30 kHz) of the
EEG. It is obvious after studying the data in his previous paper (Reference
3-4) that he also retained the high-frequency content there as well. Although it
is not obvious what type of information is obtained in these higher frequencies,
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(S) Sergeyev does believe that they are important in the dynamic functioning of
the brain, it is conceivable that frequencies higher than the normal beta wave
frequency may be present and would be Instructive to study.
(S) Also, if a very low frequency (VLF) carrier wave is important in the para-
psychological communication channel, a study of these frequencies would be
beneficial.
SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS
(U) Sequential analysis is a technique for analyzing data that are transmitted
over a noisy channel. It was developed at about the same time that the founda-
tions of communication theory and information theory were being laid and is des-
cribed in the classical book by Wald (Reference 3-5). Since this technique has
been used by Ryzi (Referernce 3-6), a brief description of the method is
given, followed by a discussion of Ryzi's application.
(U) Quite often communication channels are very noisy, which decreases the
reliability of the channel. Thus, a common problem is to attempt to improve
the reliability by coding techniques. This is often accomplished by sending
redundant information. For example, assuming a message consists of a set of
binary bits, each bit may be sent several times instead of just once. The
average number of times that a bit is sent will depend upon the signal-to-
noise ratio of the channel, Thus, one wishes to maximize the reliability of
the channel while minimizing the redundancy.
(U) Sequential analysis is one technique that will minimize the redundancy
under a given set of conditions. This technique allows a bit of information
to be sent continually until it is received. The amount of redundancy
(e.g., the number of times a bit is sent) is a random variable and cannot be
determined in advance. Thus, some additional information must be available
in order to decide when to terminate transmission of that bit and proceed to
send the next bit. It is the nature of this additional information that
determines if sequential analysis can be used and how successful it will be.
(U) In practice, there are two different types of problems in which sequential
analysis has been quite useful. The first utilizes an additional communication
channel. This method assumes a nonpassive sender that continues to send a bit
until instructed to proceed to the next one. The additional channel is
utilized to send the instructions to the sender. In this case the sender is
an active element in the transmission process in that he reacts to instructions
sent over the second channel. Since there are two communication channels
involved, sequential analysis is useful under these circumstances only if there
are significant differences between the channels. Satellite communications is
one example of this method where one channel is very weak and the other quite
strong. If the channels were equal in quality and direction, only one would be
required, assuming that it had sufficient capacity.
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(U)
The second use of sequential analysis utilizes some additional Information
embedded within a predetermined probability distribution. With this additional
knowledge, the receiver can decide with a predetermined probability when the
correct bit has been received and then proceed on to the next bit. This pre-
supposes that the message is fixed and available for viewing or reading at the
will of the receiver; that is, the sender is completely passive and may have
no knowledge that someone is attempting to read his message. This technique
has been used in radar analysis to determine if a target is present in a given
sector. The data received from that sector are continually sampled and com-
pared with existing information. After the receiver has gathered sufficient
data, he makes a decision and takes appropriate action, such as moving to
another sector. A similar method is used in sampling products on an assembly
line for quality control.
(U) RyzI (Reference 3-6) has attempted to use the techniques from sequential
analysis in order to explore the functioning of an extrasensory perception
channel. The message he attempted to send was a three-digit number that was
coded in binary. The binary representation was a unique sequence of ten
white and green cards. The procedure was to select a three digit number at
random, determine its equivalent representation in a binary base (0,1), and
then use green cards to represent 1 and white cards to represent 0. To ensure
that there was no color preference of the subject, a reverse color coding was
used in a separate set of ten cards. Another set of ten index cards chosen
completely at random was used as an exploratory device to determine apriori
if an extrasensory perception channel was functioning. A total of 30 green
and white cards were thus selected and hidden from normal sensory perception
channels by enclosing them in opaque envelopes. These envelopes were then
presented at random to the subject, S.P., who attempted to determine if the
enclosed card was green or white. The envelopes were then reshuffled and
this procedure was repeated 50 times.
(U) Ryzi first analyzed the results from the ten index cards. If he found
clear evidence of an extrasensory perception channel existing, he proceeded
to analyze the remaining 20 cards that had the encoded number. He does not
state what criteria he used to determine if an extrasensory perception channel
was operative or not. One can only assume that the subject must have scored
relatively high in determining the colors of the initial index cards before the
remainder of the cards was analyzed. It may be possible that the technique
used to determine whether or not to proceed may have influenced his final
results. Without further details, it is impossible to estimate this effect.
(S) The remaining 20 encoded cards were then analyzed according to criteria
that are clearly specified in Ryzi's paper. In the terms of modern
mathematical statistical theories, these criteria define a decision boundary.
From the text of the paper, it is not clear how his decision boundary was
determined. Ryzl fails to state whether the criteria were determined before
any experiments were run, whether the criteria were determined after an
initial set of experiments, or if the criteria were determined after an initial
analysis of the data reported in his paper. It is well known in fields such
as pattern recognition, decision theory, etc. that the conditions under which
a decision boundary is determined are extremely important to the outcome of
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(S) the experiment. For example, given a set of data such as recorded by Ryzi,
it is known that a decision boundary can be determined posteriori that will
ensure a prescribed set of conclusions as long as those conclusions were
arrived at by a unique process. Without this additional information, it is
Impossible to judge the quality of the results of Ryzl's experiments.
(S) Even if it is assumed that the decision boundaries were arrived at in a
completely unbiased manner, the data presented by Ryzi do not agree with
his stated boundary criteria. For example, the cards Aa and Cc do not indi-
cate that they have crossed any of the stated decision boundaries (I.e., they
do not satisfy the necessary conditions for making a decision as given by Ryzi) .
According to his criteria, it appears that he should have gone at least one
more step in his sequential analysis and taken another set of data.
(S) As stated in his title, Ryzl seems to be offering this technique as a
model of extrasensory perception. In actual fact, sequential analysis is not
a model of any physical system, but merely offers a technique for analyzing
messages and other information In the presence of noise. Its limitations in
analyzing communication channels for extrasensory perception are even more
restricted because of the requirement that additional information must be
imposed upon the problem as discussed earlier. Thus, it is difficult to con-
ceive why sequential analysis would be used in circumstances such as remote
viewing if another channel is accessible to the viewer. That is, if conditions
allowed two channels of communication as in Ryzl's experiment (such as an ESP
and voice channel, say), then use of the voice channel exclusively would be
preferable because of its higher efficiency. However, the method with feedback
could be very useful in training subjects in extrasensory communications
because it can provide immediate feedback of results to the receiver. Sequential
analysis could be used in remote viewing in a "radar" context where the sender
is completely passive and the receiver slowly scans the scene. In this case,
an effort would have to be expended earlier in order to develop the underlying
statistics necessary for determining the proper decision boundaries (i.e.,
the subject would require training to be able to determine when he had received
a portion of the message and should proceed to the next).
(S) In terms of remote viewing as described by Puthoff and Targ (Reference 3-7),
the methodology of sequential analysis can be a useful tool for both training
and analyzing viewed results. In this context, the technique could initially
be used as a means of analyzing data obtained in a training session. This
would involve a sender at a site that was sending one item of information at a
time (e.g., tree). After the receiver in the laboratory had made a decision,
he could be informed of the correctness of his decision so that training would
occur. The sender would then be instructed to proceed to the next item of the
message. Simultaneously, a more mathematical version of this technique could
possibly be tested by using some concepts from pattern recognition together
with EEG signals. After a sufficient amount of data had been gathered in the
training mode, this information would form the basis for making decisions in
a mode with no active sender. Other than for use in a training mode, we fail
to see how the ideas borrowed from sequential analysis by Puthoff and Targ can
be applied to optimize the S/N ratio in remote viewing.
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POSSIBLE SOVIET DIRECTIONS
(S) It is purely speculative to guess what type of work the Russians are
now doing in this area. Obviously, they have a great interest in para-
psychology. Mutshall (Reference 3-8) says that they have opened seven
new laboratories to study these phenomena since 1960. Kogan had just started
to apply information theory to these problems and seems to have developed
this technique to the point of usefulness before publication of his work
ceased. Although information theory cannot explain the physical mechanism
of the NBIT communication channel, it is a very useful tool to analyze the
data quantitatively. Kogan had already used this to yield new information
(e.g., the information rate dropped as distance traversed Increased). More
advances from this avenue of approach can be expected, such as (1) qualifying
the information to be transferred, (2) designing experiments more amenable to
analysis, and (3) studying coding and encoding techniques.
(S) Sergeyev's published work suggests that he is possibly continuing his
study of nonstationary analysis of NBIT phenomena. In particular, it seems
strange that he did not publish or even mention the use of his techniques for
cross-correlations or cross-spectra. Since he almost always was comparing
two different signals (EEG and the earth's magnetic field), a nonstationary
analysis of the cross-correlation between these signals seems more appropriate
than the single channel analysis he published.
(S) It also could be expected that Sergeyev has pursued nonlinear analysis
and modeling of NBIT events. He reported (Reference 3-4) that he found a
modulation of the EEG at a frequency fi-f2 when lights were flashing at
frequencies fj and f2. If only linear mechanisms were involved, there would
be no energy or modulation of the spectra at a frequency of fi-f2, thus
suggesting that nonlinear mechanisms may be responsible for this behavior.
This phenomenon should be verified and explained, if possible.
(S) The Soviets should have a vested interest in remote viewing, which
interestingly is never mentioned in the available literature. Based upon
the experience of Puthoff and Targ (Reference 3-9), it is not too difficult to
set up an experiment in this area, and it seems reasonable to assume that the
Russians have probably successfully done so. The next step is obviously to
improve the efficiency of the transmission process. Here, the ideas from
Information and communication theory become important tools because they can
be used to determine the amount of information transferred, and thus represent
a quantitative measure of success or failure. This tool can then be used to
measure the effect of different variables such as distance (which Kogan has
already done), directivity, shielding, and the type of information transferred.
Mutshall says Kogan has studied this also. It is more reasonable to assume
that this work has continued than that it was terminated at this level of
development .
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REFERENCES
3-1.
Ryzi, Milan, 1968, "Parapsychology in Communist Countries of Europe,"
International J. of Parapsychology, Vol. 10, No. 3, p. 263.
3-2.
Kogan, I.M., 1969, "The Information Theory Input of Telepathy," from
UCLA symposium entitled "A New Look at ESP."
3-3.
Sergeyev, G.A. "Principles of Spectral Analysis of Bioplasmagrams
During Emotional Stress", Kontrol Sostoyaniya Cheloveka-Operator, 1970,
p. 18.
3-4.
Sergeyev, G.A., "Some Methological Problems in Parapsy," Telepatie
a Jasnovidnost, 1970, p. 79.
3-5.
Wald, Abraham, Sequential Analysis, John Wiley, New York, 1947.
3-6.
Ryzl, Milan, "A Model of Parapsychological Communication," J. of
Parapsychology, 1964, pp. 18 to 30.
3-7. Puthoff and Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information Transfer
over Kilometer Distances," PROC. IEEE, 1976.
3-8.
Mutshall, Vladimir, "The Present State of Research in Telepathy In the
Soviet Union."
3-9.
Targ, Russell, and Harold Puthoff, "Information Transmission under
Conditions of Sensory Shielding," Nature 251, 1974.
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SECTION 4
ELECTROSTATICS OF TELEKINESIS (S)
(U) According to the published reports, there are several investigations of
telekinesis (i.e., moving material objects without touching them) that have
occurred at various times and places in Communist Bloc countries. In work
done in Leningrad by Vasil'yev and his associates, Mrs. Nina Kulagina (also
called Nel ja Mihailova) exhibited remarkable psychokinetic ability. Benson
Herbert, Milan Ryzl, Zdenek Rejdak, and Viktor Adamenko, among others, have
discussed or commented on Mrs. Kulagina'a feats. In Moscow, Adamenko worked
with another subject, Alla Vinogradova, who is more skilled in telekinesis than
Nina Kulagina.
Benson Herbert and others also have reported some of the
work of Julius Krmessky of Bratislava, who moves hanging mobiles. As tele-
kinetic subjects, the women seem to be superior to the men: Vinogradova and
Kulagina are said to be able to move objects on a table top weighing as much
as 100 gm.
(S) Viktor Adamenko has advanced an explanation for observed phenomena of
telekinesis that is more interesting psychologically than physically. In the
article "Some Problems of Biological Electrodynamics and Psychoenergetics",
he theorizes that the physical force causing the objects to move is due to
static electric charges on the objects and electrical fields generated by the
subject. It can be shown (as discussed subsequently) that electrostatic forces
can indeed be strong enough to produce some of the effects reported. Anyone
living in dry climates is quite familiar with electrostatic forces: static
electricity discharges from the finger when one walks across the room to the
light switch, and articles of clothing stick together and crackle with corona
discharge when removed from the gas clothes drier.
(S) Dr. Adamenko's descriptions of the observed phenomena are easier to deal
with than his theoretical expositions. An example is his article in The A.R.E.
Journal, Vol. viii, No. 2, pp. 76 to 77, March 1973, cited on page 4 of the
Annotated Bibliography of Selective Psychoenergetic Activites, July 1973. In
the work with Ms. Vinogradova and others in Moscow, Adamenko used a dielectric
cube, 50 cm on an edge, as a table. Various small objects were placed on the
upper surface of the cube. Ms. Vinogradova was able to induce an electric
charge on the cube, after which she could then move small objects on its sur-
face. With biofeedback training, other subjects were able to duplicate
Vinogradova's feats. There must have been some effect that reduced the
coefficient of friction between the moved object and the cube, since Adamenko
writes at some length about the reduced friction and theorizes that the electric
field of the cube polarizes the air molecules and reduces their number of
degrees of freedom from six to two. in addition, Adamenko states that the field
is inhomogeneous and produces a net flow of the air molecules, which tends to
buoy up the objects on the cube. Elsewhere he states that the electric field
is as great as 10,000 v/cm. This value is approximately the maximum electric
field that can exist in dry air because of corona discharge and ionization of
the air molecules at higher field strengths. The explanation of air molecules
providing the buoyant force to overcome sliding friction is necessary because
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(S) electrostatic forces alone could not, in the situation described by Adamenko,
levitate objects weighing more than a gram or so, and because the coefficient
of sliding friction is in the range 0.1 to 0.3 for nonlubricated surfaces.
:
(U) The concept of a conductor at ground potential near a charged dielectric
surface as the mechanism for generating an electric field whose direction
and magnitude can be altered is illustrated in simplified form in the Figures
4-1 and 4-2. In Figure 4-1, a plane conducting surface is placed parallel
to the dielectric. The resulting electric field is uniform and normal to the
two parallel surfaces. If the extent of each surface is much larger than the
distance between them, the field is not changed by moving the plates closer
together or farther apart. In Figure 4-2, the plates are not parallel. In
this case, the electric field is nonuniform and has a component parallel to
the dielectric slab.
OBJECT
CONDUCTING PLANE AT
GROUND POTENTIAL
ELECTRIC
FIELD
7
DIELECTRIC SLAB WITH
UNIFORM SURFACE CHARGE
Figure 4-1. Electric Field Between Parallel Plates
(Title, U; Figure, U)
RESOLUTION OF
FIELD INTO NORMAL
AND PARALLEL
COMPONENTS RELATIVE
TO DIELECTRIC SLAB
ELECTRIC FIELD
OBJECT
CONDUCTING PLANE
DIELECTRIC SLAB
S-1686
Figure 4-2. Electric Field Between Non-parallel Plates
(Title, U: Figure, U)
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(U) In the case illustrated in Figure 4-1, the object experiences no force
parallel to the surface of the slab. In the case shown in Figure 4-2, the
electric field is not normal to the slab. Hence, If the object has an
electrostatic charge, it will experience a force that tends to move it
parallel to the plate, either toward or away from the region of closest
approach between the dielectric slab and the conducting plate. It will
experience a force in the same direction, but weaker if the effect is due to
polarization of the object rather than an unbalanced charge.
(U) The human body is a conductor. According to Adamenko, the conductivity
can be varied at will to affect the field. He does not try to explain in detail
the physiological mechanism Involved. Even with constant conductivity, the
human subject can vary the field near the dielectric surface by positioning
his (her) body, arms, hands, etc.
(U)
There are two possible mechanisms whereby a small object on the dielectric
surface can be moved by the electric field -- particularly a nonuniform field.
The first mechanism is that the small object is itself electrostatically charged.
The second is that it is electrically neutral but can be polarized. An electric
dipole in a nonuniform electric field experiences a force in the direction of
the field.
(S)
The work reported by Viktor Adamenko on telekinesis appears to be genuine
information and not disinformation. The experimental arrangement he describes
can be analyzed on the basis of electrostatic theory, with predicted results
in substantial agreement with the results reported. Adamenko's theoretical
explanation appears to be a mish-mash of classical electrostatics and para-
psychology. It appears probable that Adamenko himself is a believer in the
psi field because he tries to incorporate it Into his theoretical framework.
(S) In terms of application to the transmission of intelligence, the telekinetic
work of Adamenko does not seem to lead anywhere. However, it does point up the
ability of certain individuals to develop an ability to influence the ambient
electrical field, apparently by volitional control over physical and physiological
processes (e.g., electrical conductivity of the skin). In addition, we must
not overlook the possibility that the psychophysiology of this phenomena may have
relevance to NBIT transducer mechanisms.
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SECTION 5
REMOTE PHYSIOLOGICAL SENSORS (S)
(S) A remote sensor is an instrument for measuring a physiological response
of the human body without the use of electrodes or other means of contacting
the body. In the literature reviewed, there are references to one or more
remarkable remote sensors developed by Dr. Gennadij Aleksandrovic Sergeyev .*
It is claimed that one of these instruments will measure the electro-
encephalogram of a person at a distance of 5 m. The instrument is classified
and no credible description of it is available -- only allusion to its existence.
One must keep in mind that there is reason to doubt the Russian claim. If the
instrument is to register the EEG, it must remotely sense the electromagnetic
field associated with the EEG potentials. These potentials are typically of
the order of tens of microvolts. American investigators have measured EEG
signals with electrodes placed a few centimeters from the head. These electrodes
sensed the electric field generated by the brain. David Cohen ( Science,
Vol. 161, pp. 784 to 786) has measured the magnetic field associated with the
EEG by means of a search coil several centimeters from the head. At larger
distances from the head, the electric and magnetic EEG fields become drowned
in noise. The following discussion is a speculative attempt to guess the
operating principles of the instrument.
(S) It is possible that a sensitive electric or magnetic sensor, or some
combination of the two, would detect electrical signals from a human body at
a distance of 5m. Although it is unlikely that the output of such an instru-
ment would be a direct measure of the EEG, it would provide information of
Interest to a police interrogator, such as the strength and rate of the heart
beat, the tensing and relaxation of muscles, the depth and rate of breathing,
and perhaps the electrical properties of the skin.
The uses to which the
Instrument would be put are reasons enough for official secrecy about its
operating principles. Moreover, the story that a remote sensor is a remote
EEG sensor would be a natural way of trying to hide the real purpose of
Dr. Sergeyev's invention. Some support to the speculation that the invention
is a remote lie detector is provided by the statement in the Ostrander and
Schroeder book (Psychic Discoveries behind the Iron Curtain, Prentice-Hall,
1970 p. 20) that Sergeyev is a mathematician at the Uktomskij Laboratory run
by the Soviet military.
(S) In reviewing the available literature, five references have been found that
may help shed some light on the Sergeyev invention(s). First, Ostrander and
Schroeder (Psychic Discoveries, pp. 73 to 74) report Sergeyev's assertion that
Nina Kulagina, who reportedly exhibits remarkable telekinetic ability,
generates a pulsating magnetic field whose amplitude is not much weaker than
the magnetic field of the earth, according to measurements made with his remote
sensor. Second, the reporter Anatolij Kongro, writing in the journal Znani je-
Sila, discusses work by Sergeyev and his students in measuring emotional states
*Sergeyev also referenced as Sergeev in the literature.
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(S) of a subject by a remote sensor. No description of the instrument is given
in the article. Third, in an article entitled "Detection of Telekinesis by
Semiconductors," there is a description of a remote sensor. The sensor
consists of a metal disc suspended in a vessel of water. The disc is coated
with a semiconductor and appears to be electrically connected to an EEG
recorder. The patient is connected to the other (ground) input of the
recorder .
(S) The fourth reference, a paper entitled "The Method of Registration and
Statistical Processing of the Bloplasmogram" by Sergeyev, Shushkov, * and
Griasnuhin, contains the intriguing statement that the sensitivity of the
bloplasmagram detectors is increased by placing them in water. A doubling
of the output is claimed. Although it is claimed that these detectors respond
to electromagnetic radiation, this reviewer is unfamiliar with any simple
detector whose sensitivity would be enhanced by immersing it in water, except
possibly a proton resonance detector for the magnetic field. A small acoustic
detector (such as a hydrophone) consisting of a piezoelectric or magneto-
strictive material with appropriate electrical connections might exhibit greater
sensitivities to sound when immersed In water. The greater sensitivity would
be achieved because of the improved match of acoustic impedances between water
and detector as compared with the poor match between air and detector. In
addition, the physical size and shape of the water container might provide a
larger sensitive area for detecting sound than the detector alone.
(S) A speculative conclusion from the previously cited literature, together
with the known fact that Sergeyev is a mathematician who has published articles
on the application of information theory to parapsychology (see, for example,
G.A. Sergeyev, "Some Methodological Problems of Parapsychology" in the journal
Telepatie a Jasnovidnost, Prague, 1970, pp. 79 to 87) is that the Sergeyev remote
sensor does exist and is an instrument for measuring electric and magnetic fields
generated by a human subject at a distance of a few meters. Because of background
noise, sophisticated analysis of the signal generated by the instrument is
required to extract useful information. The instrument is probably a research
tool and apparently has been used with some success on subjects that generate
strong electric or magnetic fields (e.g., Nina Kulagina). The coated disc in a
vessel of water is probably mostly a Russian fairy tale if we discount the
possibility of an acoustic sensor; however, the mention of water suggests that
possibly magnetic fields are detected with a proton resonance magnetometer.
Certainly water would be a poor medium for detecting electric fields because
of its high dielectric constant. The instrument probably comprises several
sets of electric and magnetic field detectors arranged such that the noise
due to extraneous fields can be reduced by signal extraction techniques.
*Also referenced as Suskov in the literature.
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(S) In the fifth reference, an article entitled "A New Detector for
Registering the Physiological Functions of the Organism", by G. A. Sergeyev,
G.D. Shushkov, and E. G Griasnuhin, a set of noncontacting electrodes used
to measure changes in the dielectric properties of the patient is dis-
cribed. It may well be that this instrument is completely different from
the Sergeyev remote sensor. On the other hand, these noncontacting
electrodes may, in fact, be the Sergeyev sensor and the other published
information may be a complete fabrication. If it is assumed that the des-
cribed sensor is different from the Sergeyev remote sensor, it can be concluded
that the instrument comprises noncontacting electrodes arranged electrically
to sense small changes in the dielectric constant of the human body. The
electrodes are silver, probably formed by depositing silver on plates of
barium titanate. They are built into a rubber covering that insulates them
electrically from the body and holds them in a fixed geometric configura-
tion with respect to a portion of the body. The two terminals of a high-
voltage supply (e.g., a battery) are connected to the two silver electrodes,
with a large resistance in series with one electrode. A change in the
dielectric constant of the body causes a change in the capacitance between
the electrodes. The resulting flow of charge either to or from the
electrodes produces a measurable potential difference across the resistance.
This potential difference is amplified and constitutes the output of the
instrument.
-- -
(U)
The resistance or other details of the signal conditioning and amplifying
system are not explicitly mentioned in the article. Instead, the theory of
the instrument based on the bioplasma hypothesis is described, as is the
notion that there are maser effects in living organisms which lead to the
emission of free electrons and protons, and thereby to changes in the elec-
trical properties of the surrounding air. An analysis also is presented to
show that the observed signal is not due merely to the piezoelectric effect
in barium titanate.
(S) The fact that barium titanate is used to support the silver electrodes
is irrelevant to the operation of the sensor, but relevant to the evaluation
of the paucity of the report. It is likely that silver-plated barium titanate
slabs happened to be available to the investigators. Because of its piezo-
electric properties, barium titanate has a variety of uses In military
weapons and instruments, such as hydrophones for underwater sound detection
and shock-actuated detonators for explosive devices. As previously noted,
Sergeyev works in a military research and development laboratory where bar ium
titanate would be available. It has been previously reported that much of
the Russian parapsychological work to which we have access is done as an
avocation by the investigators without official support or sanction. In such
circumstances, the use of silver-plated barium titanate as an inexpensive
and available substitute for solid silver electrodes is understandable.
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(S) Other types of remote sensors mentioned in the available literature
seem quite simple and conventional. For example, V. Puskin (Pushkin) wrote
( in an article published in the Moscow journal Znani je-Sila, "Knowledge-
Strength", No. 10, 1972, pp. 4 to 49, about a sensor used to demonstrate
that the power shown by Alla Vinogradova to move objects without touching
them was due to the electrostatic charges induced on the objects. The
sensor in this case was a simple neon glow lamp. When the object was dis-
charged by means of the neon lamp, it could no longer be moved.
(S) A broader question regarding remote sensors is to determine or predict
types of sensors that logically would have been or would be developed in
the course of following the indicated lines of investigation. Perhaps the
Russians have, in fact, developed such Instruments; perhaps they are going
to do so. Perhaps they have tried and have not been successful. Possible
sensor developments discussed in the following paragraphs are not meant to
be exhaustive; rather, they are speculative and offered as examples of what
may or might be.
(S) A tunable antenna for detecting low-frequency, very-low-frequency, or
extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic radiation could be used. The
Russians believe both in mental telepathy and in a prosaic physical mechan ism
for it. The most probable mechanism is electromagnetic radiation. A tunable
antenna could be used in two types of experiment: trying to detect the radia-
tion from the telepathic agent and trying to generate radiation of the right
frequency to interfere with telepathic reception.
(S) A neutrino detector may be used. Both the Russian Je. Parnov (Nauka i
Religija, No. 3, pp. 48 to 49, 1966) and the American Martin Ruder fer
("Neutrino Theory of Extrasensory Perception" in Abstracts:
1st International
Conference on Psychotronics, Vol. 2, Prague, pp. 9 to 13, June 1973) have
suggested neutrinos as the means of transmitting thought from one mind to
another. One of the collaborators in the present study, J. Eerkens, has a
plausible hypothesis about the production and detection of neutrinos that
could be experimentally tested by relatively modest expenditures for equip-
ment and labor.
(S) A magnetic field or field gradient detector could be used. The Russians
and other Eastern Europeans are greatly Interested in dowsing, or finding
ground water. A currently popular theory of dowsing is that the human body
is sensitive to small changes (temporal or spatial) in the magnetic field of
the earth, such as might be produced by water near the surface of the ground.
If the human body can generate as well as sense magnetic fields, such human
magnetism might be the basis of some form of thought transference or psycho-
kinesis. It is reported that Nina Kulagina warms up her psychokinetic powers
by causing a compass needle to move (Ostrander and Schroeder, "Psychic Dis-
coveries behind the Iron Curtain" p. 68) and Dr. Sergeyev claims that
Kulagina generates a pulsating magnetic field not much weaker than the mag-
netic field of the earth ( ibid., pp. 73 to 74), according to measurements
made with his remote sensor.
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(S) A noncontacting temperature detector may be used. V. Adamenko and others
have shown Interest in the properties of human skin in three separate lines
of investigation. First, Adamenko ascribes some electrostatic properties to
the skin to support his theories about telekinesis. Second, he has developed
a tobioscope for investigating the electrical properties of the acupuncture
points on the skin. Third, he has written joint articles with the Kirlians
about photographing the skin with the Kirlian apparatus. It seems natural
that eventually he or other workers in Russia will be curious about other
properties of skin, such as temperature. Two American investigators,
Barrett and Myers, have recently reported a technique of subcutaneous temper-
ature measurement by measuring microwave radiation from the skin ( Science,
Vol. 190, pp. 669 to 671, November 14 1975). One might expect the Russians
to develop remote temperature monitors, either on their own or by copying the
American techniques. Such a monitor would be a useful adjunct to a remote
lie detector, and its development would probably be supported by the Military
or the Secret Police.
(S) In addition to work on the development or application of remote sensors,
one can expect the Russians to try to develop data processing equipment to
handle the signals from an assembly of several sensors. In their published
work, the Russians have shown Interest in various types of correlation
analysis. For example, G. A. Sergeyev has published a paper dealing with
nonstationary random functions and their application to parapsychological
phenomena (Telepatie a JasNovidnost, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1970, pp. 79 to
87). It would be natural for Dr. Sergeyev or others to attempt to mechanize
his methods of statistical analysis by a special-purpose electronic signal
processor. The difficulty may be that the Russians are not very advanced
in electronics and would hesitate to develop such a piece of equipment.
Nevertheless, it would seem to be a logical next step.
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SECTION 6
SENSITIVITY OF HUMAN SUBJECTS TO MAGNETIC FIELDS (U)
(S) An interesting facet of the present study is the fascination of Russian
and Czechoslovakian parapsychologists with the effects of magnetic fields on
human beings, as well as the presumed ability of human subjects to generate
magnetic fields. Presman (A.S. Presman, "Electromagnetic Signaling in Animate
Nature", Moscow, 1974) presents a survey of the effects of weak magnetic and
electric fields on living organisms, such as the ability of birds to use the
earth's magnetic field as a cue in navigation. There is, in fact, a respect-
able body of experimental evidence in reports published both in Iron-Curtain
countries and in the West on the effects of magnetic fields on the growth of
plants, the orientation of simple animals, and the like. Presman is mainly
interested in the possibility that electric and magnetic fields can be used
by complex animals for information transfer. He theorizes that humans have
largely lost this ability through evolutionary disuse following the develop-
ment of speech, a much more efficient method of communication. Those few
individuals who have the ability to communicate by electromagnetic signaling
are, in Presman's view, evolutionary throwbacks.
(S) There is some evidence that human subjects can detect small changes in
a magnetic field. Harvalik (Z.V. Harvalik, "A Biophysical Magnetometer-
Gradiometer," Virginia Jour. Sci., Vol. 21, No. 2, 1970, pp. 59 to 60)
reports that about 80 percent of subjects tested were sensitive to magnetic
field changes in tests where the field was generated by an ac or dc current
passing through damp ground. Harvalik, a Czech-American, proposes that
dowsers are able to sense changes in the earth's magnetic field due to
moisture in the ground. The sensing organs are the muscles of the forearms.
The dowsing rod is an amplifying and indicating device for the slight twitching
of the muscles responding to the changes in magnetic field strength.
Native
Czech writers also are fascinated with dowsing, as evidenced by reports by the
following authors cited in the Annotated Bibliography prepared by Skaidrite
Maliks Fallah: Boleslav and Boleslav, p. 13; Bradna, p. 14; Drbal and Rejdak,
p. 19; and Kaderavek, p. 36. We have seen only the abstract of the Harvalik
paper in the Annotated Bibliography. It appears that the paper presents actual :
experimental data. Actual data on the sensitivity of humans to weak magnetic
fields are scarce, a situation that should be remedied by research.
(S) A related question to magnetic field sensitivity is the ability of a human
subject to generate a detectable magnetic field. Adamenko alleges that a Russian
psychic (Nina Kulagina) generates a pulsating magnetic field when she is demon-
strating telekinesis. Belief in the existence of such an ability is speculative
at present. However, the concept of volitional human generation of a magnetic
field is consistent with present knowledge of physics and biology.
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(S) It is worthwhile to conclude this brief discussion of human magnetism
with a review of some of the better known magnetic effects. With regard to
generating a field, the two known mechanisms are current loops and ferro-
magnets. It is known that the body generates circulating currents; pre-
sumably these currents can be enhanced and controlled volitionally by bio-
feedback training. Several effects are known that might be used by the
body to detect a magnetic field or field gradient; some of these are
outlined below:
Hall Effect -- An ion moving in a magnetic field experiences a force
perpendicular to its direction of motion and perpendicular to the
direction of the field. The resulting displacement of the moving
ion creates an electric field In the direction of its displace-
ment. The Hall Effect is sensitive to the magnitude and direction
of the magnetic field and not particularly to the field gradient.
Force on Magnetic Dipole -- A molecule having a magnetic dipole
moment tends to align Itself parallel to a uniform magnetic
field. Molecules having this property would act as tiny compass
needles. A second effect is that a dipole experiences a net force
In the direction of a field gradient. Thus, an assembly of such
molecules would experience two forces in a magnetic field: a
twist or torque tending to align them with the field and a tension
tending to pull them in the direction of Increasing field strength.
Zeeman Effect -- A magnetic field changes the energy separation of a
group of closely related quantum levels in a molecule. Usually the
effect is to remove the energy degeneracy of a set of quantum
states. Such states have identical energies in the absence of a
magnetic field. The splitting of energy levels could have subtle
chemical effects, inasmuch as many metabolic processes involve
small changes in the total energy of a given molecule. Certain
chemical reactions could proceed in the presence of weak magnetic
fields, with small Zeeman splitting, but would be inhibited or
altered by large fields due to the increase in energy level
separation among the affected quantum states.
(S) One would expect to see Soviet research dealing with biological,
physiological, or psychological interactions of these three effects if they
are systematically engaged In research on NBIT.
1
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SECTION 7
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SECTION 7
BIOPHYSICAL INFORMATION CARRIER MECHANISMS (S)
(S) In several papers, 1. M. Kogan reports experiments and hypotheses
concerning telepathic information, and describes information theory aspects
of the observed phenomenon; he developed rationale for transmission mechanisms.
Essentially, his thesis is that the energy required is about 10-8 to 10-20
joules. He hypothesizes that the transfer of information is advanced by ultra-
long electromagnetic waves in the spherical waveguides formed by the surface
of the earth and the ionosphere. In our opinion, the work of I. M. Kogan is
creditable and the best thought out of any of the work reviewed.
(S) Observing that experienced physicists such as Kogan took serious notice
of parapsychology from 1966 to 1969 and that almost nothing profound has
appeared on the subject in the Soviet literature in the last 5 yr suggests
that further theoretical and experimental developments along the lines out-
lined by Kogan are continuing underground in the Soviet Union. Kogan posed
too many interesting and challenging questions for himself and his colleagues
not to have delved into them further. Based on the well-known predilection
of Soviet physicists to solve difficult and challenging problems and their
excellent training in modern physics, the possibility that a team of Soviet
physicists is at work to systematically uncover and learn the physical mecha-
nisms of parapsychological events is highly probable. Had Kogan not presented
such a clear and sound proposal 6 yr ago, one might have wondered if Soviet
physicists have any interest at all in novel biophysical information transfer
(NBIT) mechanisms. Clearly, if one could find out where Kogan is working
and what he is doing, this question would be answered.
(S) Assuming that the U.S.S.R. started a special NBIT program some time in
1970, by now they should have developed some sensitive instruments to detect,
monitor, and analyze VLF and ELF radiations for possible information content,
as Kogan suggested should be done. Also, they must have been instrumental
in developing sensors to monitor fluctuations In the human body's electric
and magnetic fields, and they may have a team of scientists studying the
properties of bio-organic molecules and their response to electromagnetic
ELF/VLF radiation. In fact, the suggested experiments given in Section 10
may well be much like what was proposed 5 yr ago by such a group. The Russians
may now be implementing the next logical step, namely to reinforce, enhance,
or aid NBIT in certain trained or gifted individuals after having discovered
the basic communication carriers.
(S) If experiments which generate special ELF/VLF waves are being conducted,
it may be possible to Intercept and analyze them because they will travel
across the world. Thus, an opportunity may exist during the initial test
phase to do some elint work. However, as discussed subsequently, these man-
manipulated VLF and ELF frequencies may be very monochromatic and undetectable
by the usual relatively broad-band radio frequency detectors. For example,
it would be like finding the red emission line of a 1-mw Helium-Neon laser
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(S) emitted from a satellite to the earth and observed against a background full of
bright direct sunlight. With the proper narrow-band filter, such a line can
be observed, of course, but the frequency must be known.
(S) It is rational to assume that the Soviets pursued the investigation of
various physical methods that might serve as novel blophysical information
transmission mechanisms. Whether or not ELF/VLF mechanisms explain para-
psychological events may be a moot question if these mechanisms can be
utilized for human information transfer. In order to (1) evaluate the credit-
ability of the hypothesis, (2) evaluate where the Soviets might logically have
gone in their work, and (3) display the type of thinking involved to know what
information to seek in other fields, a short speculative study on the possible
carrier mechanisms for novel biophysical information transmission (NBIT) was
undertaken. A review of possible NBIT transmission mechanisms that are compat-
ible with current modern physics yields three schemes.
(1)
Very-low frequency (VLF) and extremely-low frequency (ELF)
electromagnetic waves
(2)
Neutrinos, based on the photon theory of neutrinos
(3)
Quantum-mechanical (Y ) waves, based on the schizo-physical
interpretation of basic QM theory
Presently, most U.S. and Soviet experiments on NBIT and the use of the law of
parsimony would point to ELF/VLF mechanisms, but the other two possibilities
cannot be ruled out. In this section, these three possibilities are briefly
examined.
SPECULATION ON VLF AND ELF MECHANISMS
(S) In the VLF or ELF transmission scheme for NBIT it is hypothesized that
atmosphere-produced naturally occurring ELF electromagnetic waves in the 3-to-
300 Hz region (so-called "Schumann" waves) or in the 3000-to-30,000 Hz (VLF)
region propagate over the surface of the earth and interfere with the natural
frequencies (alpha and other bio-organic oscillations) in the human brain or
directly with objects. This results in an Interference pattern that is either
an amplified signal (by stimulated emission) or a scattered wave pattern that
contains the information that was present in the brain wave oscillations or
object. The atmospheric ELF and VLF carrier wave spreads the interference
pattern over the surface of the earth (in two dimensions), and certain gifted
people can pick off the interference patterns and reconstruct the originals.
(S) In this scheme, it is vital to know whether a second human is necessary
to convert the viewed object into transmittable and decodable (by the viewer )
information or whether the interference patterns of entire scenes (buildings,
forests, etc.) are directly decodable by an NBIT receiver .*
*The hypothesized processes bear some resemblance to holography. However,
the wavelengths are much larger than the objects, while in holography the
opposite is true.
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(S) Another Important feature in ELF/VLF transmission may be that the carrier
frequency is not constant, but randomly floating (within a certain range) so
that it is difficult to pick off the information waves for subsequent decoding
by an Instrument, unless special receiving circuits are built that can instanta-
neously search for and detect the floating value of the carrier frequency. At
any rate, the interference pattern probably will be highly nonlinear, and
although radio-receiving techniques should be a guide, much thought must be
given to the many possible ways in which information can be imparted to and
retrieved from an ELF/VLF wave with a floating base frequency.
(S) Because the frequency is so very low for natural ELF waves, it is difficult
to see how significant quantities of information can be transmitted by them. *
However, the VLF wave frequencies are high enough that reasonable rates of
transmission are conceivable.
(S) Instead of the scattering interference scheme proposed or alluded to by
most parapsychological researchers, considerable stronger carrier-wave utiliza-
tion results from carrier-wave amplification and modulation by stimulated
emission in resonant bio-organic liquid crystals. The latter scheme is
discussed in a subsequent part of this section.
(U) For naturally occuring reservoirs of VLF and ELF radiation, some portions
of the ELF and VLF region can exist in mode patterns that are trapped by the
spherical annular waveguide bounded by the earth's surface and ionosphere
(References 7-1 through 7-6). The ELF modes are three-dimensional, annular,
spherical groundwaves whose characteristic wavelength is the earth's circum-
ference, while the VLF waves are TMno and TEno earth-curvature that follow
ribbon-like modes with open sides whose characteristic wavelength is the
altitude of the ionosphere. The two different types of standing wave modes
that the lonosphere can support are illustrated in Figure 7-1.
(U) The lowest frequency waveguide resonance in the ELF region is at 7.8 Hz,
or at a wavelength of 38,462 km, which is approximately equal to the earth's
circumference. The next waveguide resonances for spherical annular modes are
at 14.1 Hz () = 21277 km), 20.3 Hz () = 14,778 km), 26.4 Hz () = 11,364 km),
and 32.5 Hz (X = 9231 Km). They have been called the Schumann waves
(Reference 7-1) after Schumann, who first calculated the eigenvalues of these
spherical annular eigenmodes of trapped waveguide radiation (see Figure 7-2).
Under solar activity, Schumann waves with 1 mv/m field strength (= 2.65 x 10-9
w/m2) have been observed (References 7-1 and 7-2).
(U) The other type of eigenmodes that the earth's surface and ionosphere
can capture and support in a near-resonant manner are similar to those that
are propagated in microwave waveguides (References 7-7 through 7-9). They
are ribbon-like and have open sides, much like the eigenmodes in a laser,
except that reflections occur between the earth's surface and the ionosphere,
and the wave travels around the earth instead of being a standing wave.
Since TEno modes are less attenuated by the ionosphere than TMno modes,
trapped VLF radiation (noise) is probably mostly polarized horizontally.
-
*The maximum bit rate dB/dt is equal to twice the frequency: dB/dt = 2v.
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SCHUMANN
WAVE
I ONO SPHERE,
I NON SPHERE
(E-LAYER)
E
EARTH
D = 12,742 KM
~ 120 KM
eff
=
UNCLASSIFIED
EARTH
SURFACE
(a) THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPHERICAL
ANNULAR GROUND-WAVE MODE
AT 14.1 Hz IN THE ELF REGION
(b)
RIBBON-LIKE TE
no
TRAPPED MODE IN
THE VLF REGION
Figure 7-1. Illustration of Two Types of lonosphere-Supported Trapped
Electromagnetic Wave Modes
S-1942
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UNCLASSIFIED
7-4
H

...
... ..
--
n = 2
Er
Ho
S-1949
Figure 7-2.
Standing Waves of the Radial Electric and Horizontal Magnetic
Field in a Concentric Shell Cavity Excited by a Vertical
Electric Radiator at the Two Lowest Frequencies (after
Reference 7-2, p. 41). (These Waves are also Called
Schumann Waves.)
-
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n = 1
Er
Họ

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(U) The trapped frequencies with the strongest intensities in the VLF region
lie between 2000 and 20,000 Hz (References 7-1 through 7-7), or X = 150 km and
)= 15 km. Sharp increases in electron density in the ionosphere occur at
60-to-90 km (D-layer), 110-to-120 km (E-layer), and 200-to-350 km altitudes
(F-layer). The least attenuated, and thus most intense naturally trapped, VLF
radiation is found at 10,000 Hz () = 30 km), as shown in Figure 7-3, which
gives the observed pulse from a distant nuclear detonation .*
(S) The frequencies at which waveguide modes are least attenuated are
influenced by three factors: (1) the reflectivity of the waveguide boundaries
(which decreases with increasing frequency for the lonospheric layers),
(2) the low-frequency cutoff, which is the lowest frequency at which a fixed
waveguide geometry can support a given mode, and (3) the high-frequency mode
losses. For the spherical annular earth-lonosphere waveguide which gives rise
to the ELF resonant frequencies, a high-resolution spectrum is shown in Fig-
ure 7-4 (see Reference 7-2), while the measured VLF spectrum of ribbon modes
Is shown in Figure 7-5.
(S) Since each waveguide mode has a minimum in its attenuation-versus-
frequency curve, the attenuation losses tend to suppress propagation at high
frequencies while at low frequencies the cutoff frequency prohibits support
of a propagating wave. Thus, an optimum frequency exists for each mode.
If
a flat earth is assumed, the attenuation of mode TEno (n = 1, 2, 3) for ribbon
modes is approximately given by Equation 7-1 (Reference 7-8).
--.
1/2
a = 1.088 × 10-0 1-3/2
n
(P;
. h (km)
1/2
1/2
ion Pearth/Pcopper/
-
(f/f)3 - (f /f)
f
·
1
1 +
h
2w
f
2
,
km
(7-1) **
c
*Reference 7-2 calculates TMno modes emitted from radio stations to be least
attenuated at f = 18,000 Hz, if reflected by the D-layer at 70 km. Experi-
ment gives 10,000 Hz for peak radiation, however.
** 1 neper/km = 1 e-fold/km =
10
= 4.3433 db/km.
In(10)
7-6
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nepers
* :

: -
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7(103)
8
6(103)
6
x, s (@) , AMP-M
5 (103)
4
ARG F
(w)
x, S
4(103)
2
"x, s (w), RAD
UNCLASSIFIED
7-7
3 (103)
0
IFx, s (w)
x, s
2 (103)
-2
1 (103)
-4
0
-6
10
102
103
4
105
10
FREQUENCY, f, Hz
$ -1943
'Figure 7-3. Observed Pulse Waveform of a Distant Nuclear Detonation
(After Reference 7-6)
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UNCLASSIFIED
BROADBAND
o = 0.005
AMPLITUDE, FX
PHASE, ARG Fx S
.6
10
-

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UNCLASSIFIED
6 × 109
E2
JULY 8, 1972
5 x 169
1935-1952 UT
RADIANT POWER, W/M2
4 × 169
3 x 109
2 x 109
1 × 109
1
0
10
20
30
40
FREQUENCY, Hz
S-1944
Figure 7-4. High-Resolution Measurement of Schumann-Wave Radiation
1
Near Kingston, R. I. (After Reference 7-2, p. 40).
7-8
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159
ELF (Schumann) Waves
MAXWELL
ALASKA SUMMER 1963
--- 1600-2000
00800-1200
RADIATION POWER, W/M2 (Hz) 1/2
1010
VLF (Ribbon-Mode) Waves
1011
MI KHAYLOVA
DAY TIME
----- 0-0
1012
6000 KM
AVERAGE DI STANCE
10
102
103
104
105
FREQUENCY, Hz
S-1950
Figure 7-5. Measured Atmospheric "Noise" in the ELF and VLF
Regions (After Reference 7-2, p. 42).
1
7-9
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where h is the effective height of the waveguide, n is the mode number,
1/2 1/2
Pion Pearth/ Pcopper is the effective resistivity ratio of the ionosphere/earth
and that of copper, f is the frequency of interest, and fc is the cutoff
frequency given by:
f
c
(TE
)
=
n
150,000
h(km)
.
Hz
(7-2)
no
(S) The parameter w is the width of the waveguide, or since the sides of
the ribbon-mode waveguide are open, the width of the source radiation.
For
thermal earth radiation from land masses or other random sources, a
probability distribution of widths may be assumed, given by p =exp-(w/LF),
where LE is the flatness scale of the land and is estimated to vary from
LE = 0.01 km for mountainous terrain to LE = 100 km for flat deserts. The
probability averaged expression for a is then still given by Equation 7-1,
with w given by:
3
= w = LETT
(7-3a)
(land)
Over the oceans on the other hand, w can be quite large. It might appear
that w = œcould be assumed, but this cannot be correct physically because
the curvature of the lonosphere and earth put a limit on how wide a strip
of earth might still be considered flat at the wavelength ) = c/f. Some-
what arbitrarily, it is assumed that the approximate rectangular cross-
section formed by the earth's surface, the lonosphere layer, and two radial
lines passing through the center of the earth should not deviate by more
than 1/20 wavelength from an exact rectangular. Since X= 2h, this means
h .
n
Ax< 10n
Thus, the arc section Sion = 0 (6371 + h) passing through the
ionosphere layer should not exceed arc on the earth's surface Searth = 0 (6371)
by more than 0.1 h/n. For w this yields the relation:
W
km
(ocean)
~
6371 01 = 637.1
(7-3b)
where n is the mode number of the TE. ribbon mode.
7-10
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(U) If (f/fc) >> 1, a minimum attenuation (according to Equation 7-1)
occurs at:
(f/f
6w/h
,
c/min.
atten,
(7-4a)
or above oceans:
fmin.
=
atten.
(oceans)
-
n × 150,000
h
= n
-
6 × 637.1 1
n h
37.12
-
1/2
44,141.5
h
3/2
Hz
(7-4b)
Thus, above oceans for the TElo modes with h = 70 km, fmin = 7.39 fc
= 15,835 Hz, while for h = 120 km, fmin = 5.64 fc = 7055 Hz, and for
h = 300 Km, fmin = 3.57 fc = 1784.8 Hz.
The ratio pl/2
may be expressed by:
ion Pearth/P copper
1/2
P :
ion
Pearth
=
copper
1/2
ion. "earth
1/2
(5.8 x 103) (2
1
9.02 x 10-12 w2
2
2
5 × 10-3
10-12 021 2
1
= 0.1834
-
(7-5)
Vc
N
C
V
For the D-layer of the lonosphere (h = 70 km), the following approximation can
be made (Reference 7-2).
1/2
1/2
Pion. Pearth
P copper
D-layer,
h = 70 km
1
100
(7-6)
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... ..**
=
..... ...
2 ....
P
copper
1/2

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UNCLASSIFIED
(U) Here, the conductivity of copper for RF frequencies is 5.8 x 103 mho/m
(Reference 7-8); the average earth conductivity is taken as 0.005 mho/m ;*
the square of the plasma frequency equals w2 = 3.18 x 103 N. (m=3), with Ne
the electron density (m-3); and the collision frequency v = 1.38 x 108
P(torr), where p is the atmospheric pressure. It is assumed further that an
exponential atmosphere exists such that in the D-layer (Reference 7-3) the
following is true:
N =
'e
4.717 x 108 exp 0. 15 (h-70) }
electrons
m
3
(7-7)
Vc = 5 x 106 exp- { 0. 15 (h-70) }
Hz
(7-8)
With Equations 7-3 and 7-6, the attenuation relation (Equation 7-1) becomes:
no
~ 1.09 × 10-5
·
OTE
(D-layer)
L
n/h3
"(km)
(f/f )3 - (f/f )
-
1
1
2
L
2
h ( km)
f
nepers
+
-
km
2w
f.
(km) C
1
For the other lonosphere layers, another constant in place of 1.09 x 10-5
must be used. However, the remainder of Equation 7-9 remains the same.
(U) The result (Equation (7-9), which was derived by fitting the rectangular
waveguide relations of microwave theory to the ionosphere-earth ribbon-mode
problem, is only approximate. More exact calculations have been made in
References 7-3 through 7-6, which treat the ionosphere more realistically as
a series of slabs .** The assumption of a sharp waveguide boundary inherent
*Over oceans, o ~ 2 mhos/m, while over lakes, o ~ 0.001 mho/m and over dry
desert sand, o varies from 0.1 to 0.0001 mho/m. Over land masses, an average
value of 0.005 mho/m may be assumed.
(AIP Handbook, 2nd edition, pp. 5-284,
McGraw-Hill.)
** Unfortunately, all calculations made In References 7-2 through 7-6 were done
with h = 70 km and for a source with vertical polarization (TMno waves from
a vertical radio-station antenna); furthermore, all mode effects in the
horizontal direction at the edges are ignored. For a horizontally polarized
TEno source, the attenuation is less than that calculated in these references.
Many dependencies on frequency and earth magnetic field are similar, however.
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(U) in Equation 7-9 cannot correctly predict all the VLF propagation features that
have been observed. One of these features is that the earth's magnetic field
rotates the incoming refracting/reflecting wave such that for TMno waves, less
attenuation occurs for waves traveling from West to East than for waves traveling
from East to West .* For North-South and South-North polar travel, where the
earth's magnetic field Is perpendicular to the direction of travel, there is
no difference in attenuation.
(U) In Figure 7-5, the measured frequency envelopes of the natural waveguide
trapped radiations in the ELF and VLF regions are shown side by side. The
intensity levels shown In Figure 7-5 depend strongly on such factors as
thunderstorms, solar flares ( ionospheric disturbances), and whether it is
day or night. The VLF contour shown in Figure 7-5 agrees reasonably well
with a sum of the various modes given by Equation 7-9. To obtain the
relative intensities of the TE10, TE20, etc. modes, one must consider that
during the travel of a wave around the circumference of the earth (40,000 km
in 0.1333 sec), it is attenuated by exp-(40,000 a). If a source emits steadily
R Watts/(m2 . Hz) of energy at frequency f, the buildup In the atmosphere due
to the guiding effect by the ionosphere will be:
I(f) =
- exp(-40,000 a(f))
R f)
,
m2
W
(7-10a)
2 . Hz
(U) From a comparison of calculations with Equations 7-9 and 7-10a, and the
VLF curve in Figure 7-5, it appears that the assumption of reflections from
the E-layer at h = 120 km by waves propagated over oceans give better agree-
ment between observations and calculations than if supra-oceanic reflections
from the D-layer (h = 70 km) are assumed. **
With h = 120 km, a TEjo peak
occurs at about 7055 Hz and a TE20 peak occurs at 9977.3 Hz, while with
h = 70 km, the TEjo peak is at about 15,835 Hz and the TE20 peak at 22,394 Hz
according to Equation 7-4b .*** Observations give a peak at 10,000 Hz. The D-layer
at 70 km seems to disappear at night, during which only a weakened E-layer at
120 km remains (Reference 7-10). This may explain why the observer spectrum
of Figures 7-3 and 7-5 peaks at 10 kHz and not at 18 kHz. Reference 7-6 does
not indicate at what time of the day the data of Figure 7-3 were obtained,
,but even if the nuclear detonation occurred in daylight, the waves may well
have traveled over a darkened portion of the earth before reaching the observers.
*For the TEno waves, this effect may be reversed (?)
** Of course, Equations 7-3b, 7-4, and 7-9, are only approximate, and it is not
possible to deduce from them with certainty that the observed reflections
actually occur primarily in the D-layer or E-layer.
*** Reference 7-2 calculates 18,000 Hz for the peak of the envelope of TM
reflections at h = 70 km with n = 1,2,3,4,.
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(S) Having determined that the earth's lonosphere can trap the portions of
the ELF and VLF spectrum shown in Figure 7-5, it remains to determine from
where such radiation may originate. When viewed as a black-body, the 290°K
earth can be shown from the Rayleigh-Jeans law to provide:
dR = 9.728 x 10-40
V(Hz) (OK) = 2.821 x 10-37
,2
v (HZ)
m2 . Hz
W
(7-10b)
which at v = 104 Hz yields dR/d., = 2.821 x 10-29 w . m-2. Hz- . Assuming a
width of approximately 5000 Hz for the VLF peak, this amounts to 1.41
x 10-25 w/m2. Similarly for the ELF trapped radiation, we find approxi-
mately 6.35 x 10-34 w/m 2.
(U) Normally, these radiations would be lost to space, but because of the
trapping effect by the earth's ionosphere, they accumulate up to a level
where the leak rate through the ionosphere equals the supply rate. For a
leak rate of Tr = 0.01 through the ionosphere, for example, the level of
trapped radiation will be (1/Tr) = 100 times the amount given by Equation
7-10, or 1.41 x 10-23 w/m2 for the VLF region and 6.35 x 10-32 w/m2 for the
ELF region. Since this level is far below what has been observed, other
sources must exist.
(S) In their review articles, Persinger, et. al. (Reference 7-1) mention
that VLF waves with intensities on the order of 10"/ w/m2 have been observed
by Reiter in connection with unstable air masses, while both VLF and ELF
waves appear to be created by ionospheric disturbances. However, even in
the absence of such sources, VLF and ELF levels well above the levels that
are predictable from earth black-body radiation and the ionospheric green-
house-effect (with bellevable transmission ( leak) fractions of 0.001 to
0.01 from the lonosphere) have apparently been observed (Reference 7-1);
thus, other possible sources must be sought.
·
(S) One speculation is that large bio-organic molecules may possess quantum
levels of excitation in the 104 Hz (VLF) or 30 Hz (ELF) regions. If such is
the case, organisms (for example a forest) could be responsible for providing
nearly monochromatic ELF and VLF radiation at levels that are far above that
of Maxwell-Boltzman or Rayleigh-Jeans thermal earth radiation. Also, it is
possible then that resonant amplifying interactions can take place between
organisms and radiation in these frequency regions. Resonant interactions
of radiation with matter are much more efficient than those due to scatter-
ing, and it appears more likely that a resonant interaction is responsible
for NBIT transmissions than one based on scattering If VLF or ELF are indeed
Involved. These possibilities are considered in some detail in the next
part of this section.
(S) In searching for possible quantum interaction resonances between matter
and electromagnetic waves in the 10 or 104 Hz region, stimulated amplifica-
tion of VLF and ELF waves by large bio-organic molecules In the liquid
crystal state provides a model. One could consider the hyperfine transi-
tions that are known in the kHz region ( for example, for iodine due to nuclear
magnetic octupole interactions (p. 142 of Reference 7-14), and in the 10 Hz
7-14
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(S) region due to nuclear electric hexadecapole (16-pole) interactions (p. 133
of Reference 7-14). However, the interaction cross-sections are extremely
small compared to the usual electric dipole interactions, and it is not too
likely that these interactions play a role in the ESP phenomena under
investigation.
(S) It is well known that in living organisms large organic molecules exist
which are arranged In regular patterns and form liquid crystals (References
7-15 and 7-16). Also, from recent studies of nematic liquid crystals (Refer-
ence 7-17), it is known that many large organic molecules have appendages
at an angle to the main chain which possess strong dipole moments. When
an electric field is applied, the molecules align their long chains along
the field and the appendages cause the scattering and refraction of light
In preferential directions causing opaqueness in certain directions; this
effect is utilized in display technology (Reference 7-18). When the applied
field is lifted, the molecules become randomly oriented and the liquid
becomes transparent again. When certain additives are added, however, the
return of the liquid crystal to a random orientation is slowed considerably
and may take hours (this is used in displays with memory). However, it has
been found (Reference 7-18) that if radio frequency radiation in the kHz
region is applied to the liquid, the hindered relaxation Is overcome and
instant random reorientation can be effected (this is used to wipe out
memory). This is most likely due to the absorption of rotational quanta
by the macromolecules which cause rotation of the appendage chain about
the main chain as illustrated in Figure 7-6.
(S) The energy quanta associated with the rotation of large molecules
(with or without appendages) can easily fall in the kHz range. The usually
studied rotational levels of molecules are those of relatively simple ones
such as CO, NH3, SF6, H20, etc. For these molecules, the fundamental
rotational quantum is given by :
VB =
8112 I
h
8172 u.F2
h
Hz
(7-11)
This has an energy or frequency value that falls in the microwave region
(ghz = 109 Hz), since u and r2, and thus the moment of inertia I = ur 2,
of such molecular rotors are relatively small. For a large bio-organic
molecule, however, r can be 10 to 100 times larger than the value of a
typical diatomic or simple polyatomic molecule, while u can be 100 to
10,000 times larger. Thus, the product ur 2 for such a large molecule can
well be 103 to 107 times larger than the corresponding value of a simple
molecule. Hence, the values of the rotational constants vp of some large
bio-organic molecules lie between 10 and 106 Hz.
7-15
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- -.
H

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1
L
-
1
0 -
- CH
CH 2 -
: N
-
-0
1
y
11
7
0
1
1
L
CH2
1
1
O
ROTATION
UNCLASSIFIED
ROTATION ENERGY LEVELS ARE:
_h
E
rot
= J
2
-
= urz
J
= 1, 2,3,
....
S-1940
Figure 7-6.
Illustration of a Non-aligned Appendage Dipole in a Macromolecule
(Reference 7-18) and its Rotational States
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UNCLASSIFIED
7-16
MAIN CHAIN
APPENDAGE
DIPOLE
-
/
C
L_J

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UNCLASSIFIED
(U) The emission rate constant (Einstein coefficient), the absorption
cross-section, and stimulated emission cross-section of rotational levels
in molecules are as given below (from Reference 7-19).
A'
rot
`mn
spont.
emission
=
2.6833 x 10-21
10 -21 Vmn w.
n\
R 2
mn
(Hz)
(cm2)
0
nm
rot
absorption
=
0.0960 v
mn
Wm
(R2
mn
rot
g(v,Vmn,AVmn)
,
cm2
(7-13)
(Hz)
(cm2)
(Hz- 1)
b
rot
mn
=
0.0960 v
-
n
`mn
g(v, Vm,AV)
,
cm2
stimulated
emission
(Hz)
mn
rot
W
R 2
(cm2)
(Hz-)
(7-14)
where the upper level is labeled m and the lower level n. The function
g(v,v
,Av __ ) is the line-broadening function to be discussed later, while
the rotational transition matrix element R., and statistical weights w, are
given by:
--
R
mn
2
rot
= f(J, W) d2 , cm2.
(7-15)
WK = 2Jk + 1 .
(7-16)
Here, d Is the permanent dipole moment length (Reference 7-19) of the molecule,
and f(J, W) = Jm for a simple diatomic rotor. However, for an asymmetric-top
rotor with three different principal rotation axes, f(J, W) is a function of
the two quantum numbers J and W (W is a semi-quantum number with non-integer
values).
-
7-17
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rot
- I
(7-12)
sec

FIRST
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(S) Assuming that the large bio-organic molecule under consideration is
constrained to rotate only about Its main axis (as is the case in a liquid
crystal), it can be described by a diatomic-like rotation for which
f(J, W) = Jm , even though it has three principal axes. Here, Jm is the
quantum number of the upper level of the unhindered rotation, which transi-
tions from level Jm to Jn . Also, do is the dipole moment length about
the main axis. For such transitions, vm
= 2 J v. to first-order, so
Equations 7-12 through 7-14 become:
(Arot )
mn
,
sec
V3.
spont.
emission
2.15 × 10-20
(Hz)
J4(2J - 1) d2
(cm2)
- 1
(7-17)
0
rot
nm
absorption
=
0. 192 VR J2 (2)+ 1) d2 g(v, vmn, AVmn)
cm2
(7-18)
(Hz)
(cm2) (Hz-1)
.
rot)
0. 192 VB J2(2J - 1) d2 g(v, Vm>AVmn) , cm2
(7-19)
stimulated
emission
(Hz)
(cm2) (Hz- 1)
In Equations 7-17 through 7-19 J = Jm for brevity, that is, J is the rotational
quantum number of the upper level of the transition.
(S)
Taking typical values of do = 3 Angstrom = 3 x 10-8 cm, VB = 103 Hz,
and J = 10, we get values like:
-1
rot
=
T
mn
= 3.6765 × 10-21
,
sec
- 1
(7-20)
T
rot
mn
=
2.72 x 1020 sec = 7.67 x 1012
years
(7-21)
rot
absorption
=
3.63 x 10-10
g(v, Vmn,AVmn)
mn
,
cm
2
(7-22)
(Hz-1)
7-18
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1
...
A
rot
mn
mn

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(S)
2
σ
rot
stim.
=
cm
emission
3.28 × 10-10
(Hz-1)
g(v,Vmn; AVmn)
mn
,
(7-23)
Clearly, the lifetimes of these rotational levels are infinite if they depend
on spontaneous decay via emission of a photon. Thus, their population must
be controlled by molecular collisions or crystal-field (electric or magnetic)
excitation/deexcitafion processes. Stimulated deexcitation and absorption
by electromagnetic field radiation can be quite significant.
(S) If there is an incident flux of Fo photons cm-2 sec- with frequencies
in the vicinities of the resonant rotational transitions and there are N.
molecules/cm3 In lower state n, and Nm molecules/cm3 in upper state m in an
organism, the absorption and stimulated emission rates in the organism will
be as follows (Reference 7-19).
(S)
(Qrot )
mn
rọt
absorption
=
1 dFe
V
dv
rot (v) Nn dv =
=
0. 192 VR J2(2J+ 1) d2 N
dF
du
4
V=V
absorptions
sec . cm3
‘n
la
mn
(7-24)
and similarly:
(D
rot
mn
stim.
emission
dF
9
dy
g(v, Vmp3 AVmn) dv = (24)
V = V
'mn
= 0.192 VB J2(2J - 1) 2 Nm
dF.
dv
9
emissions
(7-25)
V=V
sec . cms
mn
if
at &
dv
dF
is not monochromatic
(Reference 7-19). The net number of outgoing photons or gain will be:
Grot
=
(prot )
mn
(orot)
nm
=
mn
stim.
emission
abs
= 0.192 d2 VB
dF
dv
0
Vmn
J2 (2J+ 1) (
2J - 11
2J + 1/
N - N
m
.
`n
photons
sec · cm3
(7-26)
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2 . 4
:
-- -
::: :
i :
-- -
!
Here
V

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(S) The photons emitted from the organism according to Equation 7-26 are going
in the same direction and are coherent with the incoming flux dFo/du. If they
are emitted from an area of AT cm2 at right angles to the beam di/du from
a volume V, in the organism, and if the resonance line-breadth is Au., the
mn
ratio of outgoing to incoming photons, or amplification by the organism, is:
(S)
Y
=
G
(dF /dv) v=v
mn /(AT AV mn)
Av
=
mn
0. 192 L-VBd2 (21 + 1) J2
mn
2J - 1)
2J + 1'
N - N
m
n
(7-27)
where:
4 = VT/AT, cm ,
(7-28)
and the frequency of the resonance was:
V ~ 2J VB , Hz
(7-29)
(S)
Taking again typical values of:
UB = 103 Hz
do = 3 x 10-8
J = 10
cm
Equation 7-27 becomes:
Y
2. 1856 × 10+4
=
L-(cm)
Av (Hz)
mn
(0.905 m
m
-
n
(7-30)
wheremm and m, are the molar concentrations (moles/cm3) of the upper excited
(m) and lower excited (n) populations of resonant biomolecules in the organism.
Taking further reasonable values of L- = 10 cm and m* = (0.905 mm -m ) = 10
moles/cm3, we get:
2. 19 x 109
Y =
Av __ (Hz)
mn
(7-31)
which can be quite large if Aum, is not too large.
7-20
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===

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(S) For the amplification to be possible, it is necessary that m
m >m
m
n
by at least 10 percent ( if J = 10). Such inversions can easily exist with the
very low quanta of energy that are needed (10,000 Hz = 4.8 x 10-7 ºK) for the
rotational levels of a large molecule. If excited by random collisions, the
most probable J-level for the rotation of a gaseous molecule is given by:
₦ 0.589
T (OK)
1/2
(7-32a)
most
probable
VB (cm")
which for T = 300°K and v. = 103 Hz = 3.33 x 10-8 cm-1
would give J = 55,877.
Actually, for such a high value of J, stretching corrections would have to be
added to the energy level expression €+ = J(J + 1) hvg used in driving,
and this would make Jmax much smaller. However, Equation 7-32a does not
apply to a liquid crystal of large molecules aligned on and off by bioelectric
fields. The rotations of appendaged long-chain species like the one shown
in Figure 7-6 are not excited by random collisions in that case. In liquid
crystals composed of aligned large bio-organic molecules, it is necessary that
all molecules rotate with the same quantum number J for dissipation forces
to be minimum. The minimum total energy, and thus most probable distribution
Of states, would In this case correspond to some constant value of J rather
than a Boltzmann distribution*, and Equation 7-32a becomes Instead:
Nv (cm )
1/2
J
most
-
T (OK)
(7-32b)
probable
Here, N is the number of molecules in the liquid crystal. Taking N = 10',
T = 300OK, and Up = 10' Hz gives J most prob. = 18 (according to Equation
7-32b), which is more reasonable. **
(U) Returning to Equation 7-31, the usual expressions for doppler, collision,
and natural line-broadening of the rotational absorption emission lines of
gaseous molecules are given below (Reference 7-19).
*If one molecule rotated faster than its neighbor, its appendage would collide
with the appendage of its neighbors. Only if all molecules rotate with the
same frequency are such collisions avoided. Statistical mechanics allows
precisely such a stationary minimum energy solution if the energy levels are
constrained like this (see p. 277 of Reference 7-20). The Boltzmann distribu-
tion only results if the rotational energies are free to take on any quantum
values.
*N = 107 molecules with molecular weight M = 106 amu, gives a total liquid
crystal mass of 1.66 x 10-11
gram, which is still very little.
7-21
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CCIA-RDP79-00999A000300070001-4
(U)
(Avmn).
Doppler
= 7.6246 x 10-7
mn
Vm
T1/2 M- 1/2
,
Hz
(Hz) (°K) (amu)
(Av)
'mn
-
Collision
= 3.384 × 108
-
Hab
0
ab
(Å2) p (atm)
( amu) T (OK) ,
,
Hz
(7-34)
V
AFot
Hz
4
(7-35)
The largest of these three determines the line width of a gaseous molecule.
(S) For um
= 10 Hz, T = 300°K, and M = 10,000 amu, we obtain (Av
= 1.32 x 10-3 Hz, while (40
mn Natural = 9.2 x 10-22 Hz according to
doppler
Equations 7-20 and 7-35.
Collision-broadening as given by Equation 7-34 would
not apply to an assembly of aligned rotating biomolecules, but assuming that
It did, we would have (Au ) Collision = 9.2 x 108 Hz, ifoch ~ 1000 A2,
Hab= 10,000 amu, p = 1 atm, and T = 300°K. Thus, if random collisions could
occur in the liquid crystal ( for example, perpendicular to the crystal axis),
Y~10.
(U) In crystals, the main broadening effect is due to local crystal fields.
For electronic transitions in solid luminescent crystals, the broadening
effects have been studied theoretically, but no theory yet is available for
the effect of the field on rotational transitions of aligned rotating bio-
molecules in liquid crystals. An educated guess would be that at most
Avmn/Vmn ~ 10-3, in analogy with electronic transitions in crystals for which
10-10 < Avmn/vmn. S 10-3. For Vmn = 104 Hz, Avmn = 10 Hz, and thus the
following i's obtained from Equation 7-30:
Y = 2 x 1013 L(0.905 mm - mn)
(7-36)
or from Equation 7-31, with LT = 10 cm and (0.905 mm = m ) = 10-6 moles/cm3:
n
Y ~ 2× 108
(7-37
7-22
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sind : - mt
4.3
(7-33)
(Avmn) Na
Natural
=
mn

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SECRET
(S) The result ( Equation 7-37) is rather surprising and shows that if liquid-
crystal-like assemblies of biomolecules exist in organisms, which we know is
very likely the case (References 7-15 and 7-16), these organisms are capable
of coherent and monochromatic amplification of incoming electromagnetic waves
In the kHz region by more than a millionfold.
Not only can the incoming
waves be amplified, but if the liquid-crystal rotational levels are modulated
by bioelectrochemical potential fluctuations induced by the brain of a man,
for example, the outgoing field will carry this modulation information. A
second person, gifted to perception and demodulation of this kHz wave-
modulated information, could then conceivably "read" the first person's
mind. Thus, NBIT could be explained.
(S) Aside from the possibility of explaining NBIT between men, the
Interesting picture that emerges from the above-given analysis is that for
very large biological molecules, resonant interactions with low-frequency
radiation fields occur primarily via absorption and stimulated emission.
Spontaneous emission can be entirely ignored. This is completely opposite
to the thinking of 40 yr ago, which indicated that atoms and molecules
interacted with the radiation field mostly by spontaneous emission and
absorption.
(S) In the 1930's, Einstein first introduced and showed the necessity of a
stimulated emission process in addition to absorption and spontaneous emission,
but It was considered small and negligible. Not until 15 yr ago, when masers
and lasers proved to be feasible, did one realize that simulated emission can
play a significant role. Of course, one was still dealing with well-known
light molecules such as CO,, N2, CO , H2O, etc. Now, by extending recent know-
ledge of the lasable and masable lighter molecules to heavy organic molecules,
spontaneous emission may be almost entirely ignored. From the nanosecond life-
times of excited electronic states, the milliseconds for vibrational states,
and hours for the rotational states of small molecules, we have to consider
relative lifetimes of billions of years for the rotational levels of biomolecules.
(S) To illustrate some possible consequences of these new notions, one could
preferentially pump liquid crystals of macromolecules to some particular
desired J-level, and as long as the liquid crystal properties remained intact
and no mechanical or electromechanical deexcitation mechanism came into play,
these levels would remain pumped up at the particular J-level indefinitely.
(S) A forest with trees possessing large biomolecules in a liquid crystal
state may be "charged up" to some high J-level by the advancing kHz waves
generated from a rain-front or storm. This might trigger a chain of physio-
logical events in the tree to prepare itself for storing water.
7-23
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(S) Although the resonant frequency is low ( 10 - 104 Hz ELF and VLF), the
resonance is very sharp (very monochromatic) and must be exactly matched by
v = 2VAJ for a particular liquid crystal with quantum number J. With Avm
between 10-4 and 1 Hz, experimentally finding such a resonance may be very
difficult with ordinary RF equipment.
(S) It is quite likely that many liquid crystal subdomains actually make up
an organism or organ in a living thing, and that each domain can have a
different J-value, there being a distribution of the domains over the J-
values. Since a domain of aligned biomolecules with the same J may contain
some 107 molecules, each with M = 106 amu, its weight is only 10 -! ] gm.
Therefore, some 1012 domains may make up a 10-gm liquid crystal portion of
an organ or organism. The total spectral coverage and resonance detectability
of 10 11 domains with a J distribution over say 1 << 1000 would be considerably
better than if only one liquid crystal with one J value existed. On the other
hand, the gain Y will be lower, and the larger the spread In possible J values ..
---
SPECULATION ON THE NEUTRINO MECHANISM FOR NBIT
(U) In the neutrino theory of photons (NTP), it is postulated that photons
(I.e., electromagnetic waves) are composite quanta made up of one neutrino
and one antineutrino (References 7-21 to 7-25). Absorption or emission of
a single neutrino (or antineutrino) is not possible because of the require-
ment of spin conservation, and this enables neutrinos to traverse directly
through the earth. A beam of neutrinos can stimulate the deexcitation of an
excited state, however, without violating any of the conservation laws. Thus,
they can leave signatures In excited matter or trigger the release of stored
energy without being consumed themselves (Reference 7-21) .
(S) Now the sun and the cosmos send immense quantities of neutrinos and
antineutrinos at and through the earth over a very large spectrum of fre-
quencies. Some of the lower frequency neutrinos (kHz to MHz) can stimulate
the deexcitation of biophysical rotationally excited molecules in the brain
according to the NTP hypothesis. A flux of these low-frequency (kHz to MHz)
neutrinos could thus release "J-stored" VLF radiation from organisms
as discussed in the previous part of this section, or set off the emission
of brain-modulated low-frequency VLF electromagnetic waves directly. In the
10-kHz region, these VLF waves can propagate with little attenuation around
the earth because they are trapped by the ionosphere. Thus, in this picture
neutrinos ald the VLF/ELF mechanism discussed previously, being responsible
for the release of coded thought waves as well as the mysterious enchancement
of natural "noise" radiation in the lonosphere/earth-trapped VLF/ELF region.
As discussed at the beginning of this section, the observed intensity of the
latter cannot be explained by Planckian sources and only superficially by
assuming the continuous presence of many world-wide thunderstorms (Reference
7-1).
7-24
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(S) The stimulated-deexcitation cross-section by neutrinos is much smaller
than that by photons, but since the neutrino flux from the sun at a frequency
of 10 kHz is much higher than that of 10-kHz photons produced via Planckian
earth radiation, the deexcitation trigger rate can still be higher.
(S) In another NTP-involving scheme, it is conjectured that NBIT communica-
tion takes place directly via thought-modulated monochromatic neutrinos
generated during maser-like VLF stimulated discharges of liquid organic
crystals of the type discussed above .* An NBIT receiver can register the
passage of such monochromatic neutrinos if it possesses near-threshold
masable crystals that are in resonance with the neutrino frequencies
(Reference 7-21).
(S) Since neutrinos can travel straight through the earth and NBIT has been
observed to be Independent of distance and magnetic shielding, the direct-
neutrino scheme has some favorable arguments. On the other hand, it may be
that neutrino flux levels are too weak to cause sufficient signal strength
at the NBIT receiver unless the sender almed a coherent beam of neutrinos
at the receiver. Calculations for the NTP interactions described above are
subject to several uncertainties (which can only be removed by some
experimental data). If one set of assumptions is correct, the flux levels
will be too low, while if another set is right, the above scheme may be
possible.
(S) Both NTP schemes discussed above could be theorized further ad infinitum.
However, such exercises would be a waste of time without the guidance of
experiments to prove or disprove the basic assumptions of the NTP postulate.
The NTP hypothesis is sufficiently plausible on theoretical grounds that one
or more experiments, as suggested in Reference 7-21, seems well justified.
If NTP proves to be correct, it will almost assuredly advance science by a
magnitude comparable to the discovery of nuclear fission, nuclear fusion,
or the laser, while in the field of communications ( including NBIT), it would
add an entirely new dimension.
SPECULATION ON QUANTUM-MECHANICAL + APPROACHES TO NBIT
(U) According to one school of quantum-mechanical theorists, actual matter
and states of matter are indeterminate or "dispersed", and actual reality
must be described by a wave function with an Infinite set of eigenstates
that extends over all space and time. The state of matter is not in any
one particular state, but is dispersed over all possible eigenstates -- that
*According to the neutrino theory of photons, each generated maser photon
is really an antineutrino-neutrino pair traveling in the same direction.
This theory also predicts that occasionally (with lower probability), an
antineutrino-neutrino pair is emitted in which each is traveling in
exactly the opposite direction.
7-25
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: ...

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UNCLASSIFIED
(U) is, it is in a state of schizophrenia (Reference 7-32).
When an experimenter*
observes certain matter (say the movement of an electron) either directly or
via an apparatus, he performs an operation on the wave function of this matter
or on the combined wave function of the apparatus plus matter, namely the act
of bringing it from an unconscious state into a conscious state. This opera-
tion places the matter from its schizophysical state into one particular
eigenstate (References 7-26 through 7-32). This assumption of physical reality
is referred to as the schizophysics postulate (SPP).
(U) Another school of theorists led by David Bohm believes that matter (say
an electron) still must be described by a multi-state wave function, but that
this wave function represents the time and space average of certain hidden
variables, much like pressure and temperature represent the statistical
average of a subworld of molecules with different momenta and kinetic energies.
If time and space Intervals of observation are taken short enough, one would
find, for example, an electron to be in a particular state specified by so-
called hidden variables whose averages may take on any one of a series of
possible discrete values inherent in the wave function. This hidden variables
postulate (HVP) can be given a sound mathematical and physical foundation
which is not in conflict with current quantum mechanical results (References
7-33 through 7-34), but suggests new experiments which may verify the
postulate.
(U) Recent measurements by Freedman and Clauser (Reference 7-36) to test such
HVP theoretical predictions indicate that at least a "local hidden variables
postulate" is in conflict with experimental data. Many researchers there-
fore tend to give more credence to the SPP theory (References 7-36 through
7-38), which was originally considered to be too exotic. However, one
should be cautioned that the HVP theory as constructed in Reference 7-34 is
rather general and that only one particular possibility of how local hidden
variables might play a role and might be observed has been disproven. Other
possibilities still exist and the HVP theory can by no means be considered
dead.
(U) Both the SPP and HVP theorists reject the belief of a third school of
quantum mechanics practitioners, which is herein designated the "axiomatic
collapse postulate" (ACP). According to SPP and HVP believers, the ACP
group assumes ad hoc, without use of any physical rules, that the multi-
state wave function, or "state vector," y "collapses" to one of several
possible states i of an observable E with eigenvalues e;, with a probability
given by | y* Ey d /e. 12 when an observation is made. The ACP group,
according to SSP and HVP believers, seems not to be concerned about such
an unphysical "change of the rules" (References 7-32 and 7-34). Many ACP
followers, however, consider the wave function Y of say an electron to be
a parameter that represents the average state or probability distribution
of many electrons, not of one electron. The observed measurement of a
parameter is then also a probability, and the collapse described above is
no longer artificial.
*The word experimenter must be taken in its widest sense and includes, for
example, a person who views another person and consciously perceives him.
This viewing is considered to be experimenting.
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(U) On the other hand, the HVP and SPP believers state that Y must be attached
to one system or particle and not to an ensemble because the famous Davisson-
Germer electron scattering and double-slit electron diffraction experiments
and variants thereof reject the possibility that Y is an ensemble parameter
(Reference 7-34, P. 455). It is the writer's opinion (Reference 7-34) that
the interpretation of the double-slit experimental results lies at the
foundation of the conflict between the ACP followers and the HVP and SPP
theorists. *
(S) Before presenting a personal view of the double-slit tests, let us first
restate by another example the different viewpoints of the SPP, HVP, and ACP
philosophies. Consider a polyatomic molecule such as CO., which has three
normal vibrations (v ,V,vz ), each one of which can be excited to various
levels (v) = 0,1,2, ...; v2 = 0,1,2, ...; v3=0, 1,2, ... ), and for which v2 is
doubly degenerate, meaning that the v, bending vibration can occur in two
possible planes that are perpendicular to each other. According to the
ACP viewpoint, if CO2 molecules are excited to say the v2 = 2 level of the
degenerate v, vibration, a particular CO2 molecule is either doubly excited
in one plane, doubly excited in the other plane, or once excited in one
plane and simultaneously once excited in the other plane, all three cases
requiring the same amount of energy (anharmonicity Is neglected). According
to the SPP viewpoint, the degenerate v = 2 vibration of one single CO
molecule is a mixture of the three possibilities, and only when the
"conscious observation operation" is performed does the molecule jump into
one of these three possible states. Thus, SPP theory asserts that a
particular state is only an imagination and that in reality the state is
a schizophysical three-state. Bohm's HVP theory finally assumes that one
CO2 molecule in the v2 = 2 state will jitter back and forth very rapidly
and randomly between the three states, the details and rate of the jitter
being determined by hidden variables.
(U) Returning to the double-slit test, which has compelled many to accept
the SPP or HVP theory, the question appears still open as to whether the
maxima- and minima-containing diffraction pattern formed on a screen by
single electrons passing one at a time through the two slits is due only
to an intrinsic Y-wave ascribed to each electron or due to the interaction
forces between the electron field and the sum of the induced and permanent
force field of the electrons and nuclei that make up the double-slit
structure. Any real material, whether conductor or dielectric, must exert
*Note that Bohm's motivation for the HVP theory is the same as of the ACP
school, namely, the retention of determinism In physics. However, he starts
with assuming that Y is a property of one electron (because of the double-
slit experimental results) and starts from that point on to reformulate
quantum mechanics so that determinism is still kept. The ACP school, on the
other hand, assumes from the start that y represents the statistical average
of many electrons, and thus determinism is still not violated. They ignore
or disbelieve the contention that the results of the double-slit experi-
ment are necessary and sufficient proof that a single particle like an
electron has wave properties expressed by y.
r
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(U) an induced and/or permanent asymmetric force on the electron which deflects
it as it passes through slit 1, for example, because there are less electrons
and nuclei on the side where slit 2 is and more on the other side.
(U) Gryzinski (References 7-39 through 7-41) has shown that the diffraction
pattern produced by electrons scattered from molecules can be entirely
explained by a three-dimensional consideration of the conservation-allowed
exchanges of energy, momentum, and spin (and thus the forces) between the
projectile electron and the electrons bound in the outer shell of an atom
or molecule. A simpler alternative wave scattering analysis which assumes
the electron particle to be a wave gives the same diffraction pattern, but
if one believes in determinism, only Gryzinski's classical particle analysis
makes any sense. It seems that an analysis similar to the one given by
Gryzinski, in which surface atoms or molecules and a two-dimensional two-
slit geometry replaces Gryzinski's single spherical molecular scatterers,
may well give an interference pattern which is also identical to the one
calculated by a simple particle-wave model. The recent work by Boyer, who
has shown how several other quantum results can be replaced by a classical
calculation (References 7-42 through 7-44), perhaps also may be useful and
applicable in such a calculation.
(U) Bohm himself also admits that a classical interpretation of the
Davisson-Germer and like experiments is possible, and in fact has been made
by Duane (Reference 7-45, Sections 3.12 and 6.11). The additional counter-
arguments given by Bohm in 1951 in favor of a wavy nature (¥) for a single
particle (Reference 7-45) over a possible classical interpretation with
a statistics-produced effective y are not rigorous, particularly not in view
of his invokement of a hypothetical "proton microscope" with certain limited
electron-proton scattering angles. These angles, so he states, can only be
explained on the basis of a wave theory. As mentioned above, Gryszinski has
in the meantime (1965) shown that such limited scattering angles can indeed
be explained classically.
(U) Of course, all the classical explanations of previously supposed pure
quantum effects by Duane, Gryzinski, Boyer, and others do not suggest that
the use of Y and quantum mechanics for the description of microscopic system
interactions should be abandoned. The quantum mechanical calculations are
much quicker and easier to carry out, and therefore much to be preferred.
The classical-calculations only suggest that the ACP theory, which considers
Y as the average property of a pure ensemble (Reference 7-34, p. 456) rather
than the property of one single particle, appears physically more plausible
than the SPP and HVP theories. Quantum mechanics is then seen as a shortcut
to describe overall interactions and is made possible because of quantum
restrictions inherent in these interactions, much like thermodynamics
provides many shortcut calculations in the macroscopic world.
.
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(S) In summary, though this writer is a believer of the deterministic ACP
theory for the reasons given above, it is not possible at this time to say with
certainty that the SPP and HVP theories are untenable. The SPP theory, which
has been called upon by some to possibly explain NBIT, therefore cannot be
ruled out. Its possible connection with NBIT phenomena is discussed in a
following section.
(S) Time-reversed waves and precognition is another controversial subject.
Whether or not "advanced waves" are admissible as really occurring
phenomena in physics in addition to the usual "retarded waves" also has
been pulled into NBIT theories in an attempt to explain precognitive NBIT
events (References 7-26, 7-27 and 7-38). In contrast to the controversy
surrounding the interpretation of + discussed in the previous section,
which is of quantum-mechanical origin, advanced and retarded waves are both
allowed by the classical Maxwell equations. However, certain boundary and
initial conditions (usually present in classical physics) allow only the
retarded wave solutions to exist in the macroscopic world. Retarded waves
move forward in time and assure the irreversibility of a physical process.
Contrary to the fundamental diffusion equation in classical physics, which
is not symmetric with regard to time inversion (i.e., processes described
by diffusion are irreversible), the equally fundamental wave equation is
symmetric with respect to time and allows two possible solutions, one
called the advanced wave (negative time) and the other the retarded wave
(positive time) .
(U) It should be emphasized that time irreversibility seems only to arise
in the macroscopic world, but on a microscopic basis, a quantum-mechanical
transition is symmetric in time ( it obeys the wave equation), and for
example, the probability of a particular excitation is equal to the probability
of its deexcitation. * In other words, on the microscopic level at least both
advanced and retarded waves are physically allowed.
(S) Costa de Beauregard, who appears to believe in SPP (Reference 7-26),
has considered coupling the SPP theory for & with an allowance of both
advanced and retarded waves in the final consciousness operation procedure
assumed in SPP theory. His general discussion could apply equally well to
an ACP-based quantum theory with such "dual-time" waves because they are
allowed in any quantum theory. Thus, a belief (Reference 7-38) that time-
inverted interactions also require the SPP concept is not true.
(U)
Costa de Beauregard gives physically plausible arguments which suggest
that because of the finite values of the "thermal quantum" kT, time-
reversed processes (such as the conscious "willing" that a certain event
will happen) are not zero in probability, but have a finite value even
though this value is usually very small. He states further that the
probability for an Interaction increases with time for retarded waves,
but should decrease with time for advanced waves.
*This result is often called the principle of microscopic reversibility.
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(S) Both Costa de Beauregard and Walker (References 7-26 and 7-27) also
cite experimental evidence that appears to indicate that will-Influenced
macroscopic events actually occur, for example, when pinballs are thrown
and directed to follow a certain desired path. Walker states that influence
on even one atom or molecule of the pinball at the beginning can affect its
final position because of amplification by a multitude of interactions, as
the pinball proceeds to its final location. He claims to have calculated
these willed effects for the pinball case, though these calculations are
not explicitly given (Reference 7-27), and that the experimental results
agree well with his calculations.
(U) Costa de Beauregard's dissertation (Referrence 7-27), which is on a
more fundamental level, does not provide an explicit example of how one can
verify his assertions experimentally in a specific case using a particular
expression. Without checking Costa de Beauregard's basic arguments, how-
ever, let us postulate that he is correct and review some specific
situations in what follows.
(S) In considering the specific case of precognition,* a person imagines
a certain event that actually occurs later .** First consider the simple
event of a person viewing an automobile. According to the dual-time wave
concept, it is equally possible (not violated by mathematical physics)
that the interaction "seeing of automobile" in the observer, brought about
by the observer's absorption of diverging visible light that traveled from
the automobile to the observer, was preceded by the emission of a converging
visible wave with the same automobile imagery from the observer to the auto-
mobile. Typically, a person can see only a distance of about 100 m, and
since light travels at 300,000 km/sec, the time difference between the two
events in the retina of the perceiver is 2 x (0.1/300,000) = 0.67 x 10-6 sec,
or about 1 usec. Since neurons have time constants on the order of milli-
seconds, it is doubtful that a person could distinguish the two events,
assuming that the emission event was registered in the same manner as an
absorption event and that the person had the capability of emitting visible
light from his eyes. Clearly, there are at least two macroscopic con-
. straints, and possibly a third, that prevent the physically allowed dual
observation to be actually used by man: (1) eyes are not provided with a
mechanism to emit light; (2) neuron time constants are too large; and
(3) registration of absorbed light by the brain is not equal to registration
of (hypothetically) emitted light.
*it is quite possible that "deja-vu" experiences also can be fitted into the
theory, but we shall not consider it to avoid unessential digressions.
** Instead of "willing" the event as Costa de Beauregard envisions, our feeling
is that the event is not willed but already "established" (time is relative )
so that the precognitor "perceives" it ahead of time via the advanced waves,
but does not create the event.
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(S) However, let us now turn to NBIT communications via ELF or VLF waves
and let us assume for the sake of definiteness that the brain can sense such
waves via groups of certain bio-organic molecules that are in liquid crystal
aggregations as discussed previously. Because of the very small quantum
energies involved (microelectron volts), the brain can easily provide the
necessary microwatts of power for emission of ELF or VLF waves, as well as
register absorptions. In contrast, the emission of visible light requires eV
quanta, and consequently watts of power. Such large energy supply rates are
not (known to be) available in man. Thus, for ELF/VLF at least, the macro-
scopic energy source requirement for emission is in principle available,
while the registration ( in the brain or consciousness) of an absorption
and emission event is most likely equally recordable. Therefore, macro-
scopic objections (1) and (3) listed above for visible light would most
likely be absent for the ELF/VLF sensing case.
(S)
Whereas nearly all other electromagnetic waves of the spectrum are
highly attenuated and/or escape into space on an attempted trip around the
world, ELF and VLF waves have the unique property of being able to circle
the globe ( in about 0.13 to 0.2 sec per revolution) with little attenuation,
perhaps a thousand to a million times. If they are amplified in some
fashion (say by other bio-organic assemblies), certain waves may even keep
circling the globe for a day before they lose most of their information
content if they possess any. The loss of information with time for an
organism-emitted (highly monochromatic) ELF or VLF wave circling the globe
would depend on the bit rate in the emitted pulse train, lower bit rate
signals generally surviving longer than higher bit rates.
(S) Returning to the automobile viewing situation, let us now assume that
Instead of direct communications with visible light waves, another person
sits in or on the automobile and "communicates" with ELF/VLF waves of what
he sees to our subject. This person thus serves as a translator of high
bit-rate visible wave signals into low bit-rate ELF/VLF wave signals with
an inevitable loss of picture quality, but nevertheless some picture. *
Because of the globe-circling capacity of ELF/VLF waves, it is now possible
for our subject precognitor to emit an ELF/VLF wave that travels a minute
or more by making 450 or more orbits around the world before arriving at
the automobile scene.
(S) Many people have reported to have perceived a certain scene which
actually presented itself again a minute or so later (i.e., "deja-vu").
It is possible to explain such "double exposures" with the dual-time wave
proposition by assuming that an advanced ELF/VLF wave traveled a thousand
:
*As stated previously, it may well be possible that objects do implant their
own signal on ambient ELF/VLF waves so that an intermediate translator is
not needed.
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times or so around the earth before arriving at the scene, while the retarded
ELF/VLF wave (and the visible wave) traveled directly to the individual. Cases
of precognition of hours and days also are reported, but it appears that the
frequency of their occurrence is less than those of the for 2 minute variety.
(S) We next ask what the probability might be that one would perceive an
advanced picture of a future scene communicated via ELF/VLF waves. Avoiding
a rigorous derivation, a heuristically constructed expression for this
probability is:
P
relative
=
8
"Direct-View" Probability
"Pre-View" Probability
=
dissip.
exp-
-
-
precogn
At
At
(7-38)
where At is the time into the future when the interaction event occurs and
At is the mean time of travel for earth-orbiting ELF/VLF waves in going from
a precognitor who emits these waves in random directions to the scene of the
interaction event. The latter is given by:
At =
Δς
C
(7-39)
in which c is the velocity of light and As is the mean travel distance of the
earth-orbiting ELF/VLF wave-front before "hitting" the event target .*
(U) The parameter nl dissip is an efficiency factor which gives the loss of
wavefront information content with time due to wave attenuation, diffraction,
and incoherency production. A heuristic expression for ll dissip
is:
"dissip.
= exp-(K BC At)
(7-40)
*Because of the geomagnetic field and the earth's rotation, plane waves that
circumnavigate the globe will experience a lateral drift. Thus, a wave-front
emitted in say the direction of the North- or South-pole will reappear after
0.15 sec near the location where it was emitted, but shifted to the West
or East.
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(U) where B. is the original information bit rate carried by the wave
(Bc 5. 0.5 \wave ) and Kc is a lumped constant dependent on the details of the
attenuation, diffraction, and incoherency-generation processes experienced
by the wave and on the original direction and constitution of the emitted
wavefront. Clearly, there may be preferred directions of emission where
these losses are a minimum.
(S) Typically, one may have At ~100 sec (based on the anecdotal performance
by precognitors), while for an optimum direction and wave constitution, we
guess that Kc ~ 10%. According to Equation 7-38, the probability of a
"pre-view" (via ELF/VLF sensing, not by visible seeing) is exp(-2) = 10 per-
cent for a bit rate of say 1 Hz. Of course, all this is extremely speculative
since neither the probability expressions nor the assumed constants are at all
established. This result shows that a precognitor cannot will an event, but
rather he has an opportunity for a preview if he is lucky, and (1) turns on
his right-hemisphere" ELF/VLF equipment and (2) optimizes the wave-front
emission directed by orienting himself optimally.
(S) Since the advanced and retarded waves must be exact replicas of each
other except for time reversal, it follows that if the retarded wave emitted
from an interaction event diverges, as is usually the case when it goes
from the event scene to the observer, the advanced wave must converge if it
is to trace the retarded wave in going from the observer to the event scene
backwards in time. Because of the diffraction properties of waves, an
advanced wave emitted by a precognitor to hit the event target from the
front would usually be divergent, and thus would not do. However, it would
appear that replication of the process is only required during the interaction
process at the scene, and therefore a diverging advanced wave coming from
the rear may be substituted for a converging wave coming from the front. Thus,
provided one can hit the event scene from the rear, there may still be a nature-
allowed possibility to observe both waves.
(S) The "shadow requirement" alluded to above for a person to perceive both
the advanced and retarded wave of an interaction event if we assume that
nature only allows diverging waves and a convergent advanced wave from the
front can replace a divergent advanced wave from the rear is illustrated
in Figure 7-7. The ELF/VLF waves clearly can meet this requirement, while
visible waves cannot, and therefore it may explain why dual waves have never
been observed before in general. The shadow requirement is in addition to
the macroscopic requirement of being able to emit, absorb, and record both
processes equally in the brain, which test also was failed by visible waves
(but not by ELF/VLF waves).
(S) It may be that advanced waves can be perfectly mirrored at an
interaction event and that this allows diverging advanced or emitted waves
to be registered as converging waves (after reflection) at the interaction
site. The shadow problem does not exist then, and in that case the neces-
sity of having waves that are able to circle the globe to hit the event
location from the rear no longer exists. These and many other questions
only can be answered after much more study, and more Importantly, many
more experimental tests.
*See discussion on page 10-2.
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Retarded Wave
Advanced Wave
O
O
A
B
Interaction Event
Subject
(a)
Visible Communications. Subject cannot be simultaneously at location A and A' to
profit from the dual-wave preview possibility (besides that, he cannot emit visible
waves and does not meet some other macroscopic requirements) .
UNCLASSIFIED
7-34
Advances Wave
Retarded Wave
Advanced Wave
O
..
1
B
Interaction Event
Trip (s)
Around
The World
(b)
ELF/VLF Communications.
Subject can be simultaneously at receiver and emitter
locations
A and A'
because waves circle the globe.
Figure 7-7.
Illustration of Possible Shadow Requirement and Fulfillment
for Dual-Wave Perception
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1
Trip (s)
Around
The World
A = A'
Subject
Subject

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(S) With regard to the SPP quantum waves model of NBIT, ordinary
electromagnetic ELF/VLF waves for the dual-time wave concept have been
considered earlier in this section. According to believers of the SPP
quantum theory, however, the wave functions of quantum mechanics represent
real matter waves, and some believe it is communication via these 4-waves
which may explain NBIT and precognition. Nothing is known about the
propagation of such "-waves, but theoretically they should permeate all
space and time, and according to SPP theory, it would only require one's
will to perform an operation on them to perceive any scene one wishes in
space and time. The reason why man thus far has nearly always been per-
ceiving scenes and events near him, so the SPP believers say, is strictly
physiological and evolved because of biological survival needs. They cite
NBIT (remote viewing) as evidence that certain individuals are able to
transcend the near and Immediate and can operate on the Y-wave of features
on, for instance, the other side of the world or the future.
(S) At present, one cannot reject this theory with certainty, but the
most potent argument against the SPP theory, and therefore the communica-
tion with v-waves concept, is that determinism and causality must be
completely abandoned. Most physicists, including the writer, feel that
there is almost no experimental evidence for this basic assumption, but a
lot against it.
(U) Because the history of physics has been full of surprises, prudence
dictates that one should consider the -wave communication concept until
it has been definitely disproven. We therefore must include it in our
suggestions for further research.
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REFERENCES
1. Persinger, M. A., Editor, ELF and VLF Electromagnetic Field Effects,
Plenum Press (1974); M. A. Persinger, H. W. Ludwig, and K. P. Ossenkopp,
"Psychophysiological Effects of Extremely Low-Frequency Electro-
magnetic Fields: A Review," Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 36,
1973, pp. 1131 to 1159.
2. Llaurado, J. G., Sances, A., and J. H. Battocletti, Biologic and
Clinical Effects of Low-Frequency Magnetic and Electric Fields,
C. C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, Ill., 1975.
3. Wait, J. R., and K. P. Spies, "Characteristics of the Earth-Ionosphere
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4. Walters, L. C., and J. R. Wait, "Numerical Calculations for Reflection
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8. Moreno, T., Microwave Transmission Design Data, Dover Pub., 1948.
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14.
Townes, C. H., and A. L. Schawlow, Microwave Spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill,
1955.
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15.
Kent, P. W., "Membrane-Mediated Information," Vol. 2 Structures, 1,
Macromolecular Organization in Membranes, American Elsevier, 1973.
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Barenboim, G. M., Domanskii, A. N., and K. K. Turoveror, Luminescence
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17. Brown, G. H., Liquid Crystals, Gordon and Breach, Science Pub., 1965.
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Castellano, J. A., "Liquid Crystals Show Their Colors," Electronics,
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Eerkens, J. W., "Model Equations for Photon Emission Rates and Absorp-
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20.
Sears, F. W., An Introduction to Thermodynamics; The Kinetic Theory of
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21.
Eerkens, J. W., "Semi-Classical Calculation of Neutrino Emission and
Stimulation Probabilities," Terra Nova Inc., Dec. 1963. "Neutrino
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DeBroglie, C. R., Acad. Sci., Paris, 1932 through 1934. Vol. 195, p. 862;
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Kronig, R. de L., "Zur Neutrino Theories des Lichtes," Parts 1, 11, 111,
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Pryce, M. H. L., "On the Neutrino Theory of Light," Proc. Roy. Soc.
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Perkins, W. A., "Neutrino Theory of Photons," Phys. Rev., Vol. 137,
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26.
Costa de Beauregard, O., "Time Symmetry and Interpretation of Quantum
Mechanics," Parts I and II, Lecture delivered at Boston Colloquium on
Philosophy of Science, Feb. 19, 1974.
27.
Walker, E. H., "The Complete Quantum Mechanical Anthropologist," paper
presented at Rhine-Swanton Symposium on Parapsychology and Anthropology,
Mexico City, Nov. 19, 1974.
28. Mehra, J., "Quantum Mechanics and the Explanation of Life," Am. Scientist,
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29.
Burgers, J. M., "Causality and Anticipation," Science, Vol. 189,
July 1975, p. 194.
30.
Bass, L., "A Quantum Mechanical Mind-Body Interaction," Found. of Physics,
Vol. 5, No. 1, Plenum Pub. Corp, 1975, p. 159.
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31.
Jungerman, J. A., "A Nuclear Physicist Looks at Psychotronics," paper
presented at the Symposium on Psychotronics in Prague, Czechoslovakia,
Sept. 1970.
32.
DeWitt, B. S., "Quantum Mechanics and Reality," Physics Today, Vol. 23,
No. 9, Sept. 1970, p. 155.
33.
Bell, J. S., "On the Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics,"
Rev. of Mod. Phys., Vol. 38, No. 1, July 1966, p. 447.
34.
Bohm, D., and J. Bub, "A Proposed Solution of the Measurement Problem in
Quantum Mechanics by a Hidden Variable Theory," Rev. of Mod. Phys.,
Vol. 38, No. 3, July 1966, p. 453.
35.
Clauser, J. F., Horne, M. A., Shimony, A., and R. A. Holt, "Proposed
Experiment to Test Local Hidden-Variable Theories," Phys. Rev. Letters,
Vol. 23, No. 5, Oct. 1969, p. 880.
36.
Freedman, S. J., and J. F. Clauser, "Experimental Test of Local Hidden-
Variable Theories," Phys. Rev. Letters, Vol. 28, No. 14, April 1972,
p. 938.
37.
Clauser, J. F., and M. A. Horne, "Experimental Consequences of Objective
Local Theories," Phys. Rev. D, Vol. 10, No. 2, July 1974, p. 526.
38.
Puthoff, H. E., and R. Targ, "A Perceptual Channel for Information
Transfer Over Kilometer Distances: Historical Perspective and Recent
Research," to be published in Proc. IEEE, March 1976.
39.
Gryzinski, M., "Two-Particle Collisions. General Relations for Collisions
in the Laboratory System," Part I, Phys. Rev., 138, 2A, A305, 1965;
Part II, Phys. Rev., 138, 2A, A322, 1965.
40.
Gryzinski, M., "Classical Theory of Atomic Collisions - 1. Theory of
Inelastic Collisions," Phys. Rev., Vol. 138, 2A, A336, 1965.
41.
Gryzinski, M., "Radially Oscillating Electron - The Basis of the Classical
Model of the Atom," Phys. Rev. Letters, Vol. 14, No. 26, 1965, p. 1059.
42.
Boyer, T. H., "Concerning the Zero-Point Energy of a Continuum," AJP,
Vol. 42, 1974, p. 518.
43.
Boyer, T. H., "Random Electrodynamics:
The Theory of Classical Electro-
dynamics with Classical Electromagnetic Zero-point Radiation,"
Phys. Rev. D, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1975, p. 790.
44.
Boyer, T. H., "Van der Waals Forces and Zero-Point Energy for Dielectric
and Permeable Materials," Phys. Rev. A, Vol. 9, No. 5, 1974, p. 2078.
45.
Bohm, D., Quantum Theory, Prentice-Hall, 1951.
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SECTION 8
MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS (U)
(S) The bulk of the Soviet papers on parapsychological events and novel
biophysical information transfer (NBIT) demonstrate not only a poor understanding
of physics, but also generally fail to deal with psychological and physiological
processes that may underly NBIT. No Interdisciplinary approach that would help
alleviate these difficulties is described in the literature reviewed. For
example, Sergeyev measures the bioplasmagram (presumably, electrical or electro-
static field) associated with heart action and the bioplasmagram associated
with breathing. He states that under certain conditions the heart action and
breathing can interfere with one another, apparently by inductive interference.
Our guess is that he may not know exactly what he is measuring and probably
does not understand the interaction of breathing rate and heart rate. From
his background in signal analysis, he does know how to analyze the bioplasma-
gram for all its worth.
PERFORMANCE TRAINING AND VOLITIONAL CONTROL
(S)
In the more creditable parameters reviewed in this study, the Soviets
indicate an interest in volitional control of the phenomona observed. For
example, Adamenko indicates that subjects are trained by hypnosis or using
blofeedback procedures to control the conductance between acupuncture points
in the skin. In another case, he refers to the use of self-induction, self-
suggestion, and bioelectric induction to achieve the electromagnetic changes
associated with psychic phenomena.
(U) His model for training in telekinesis is volition effort that leads to
changes in skin conductivity that are simultaneous with telekinsis. During
training, the subjects learn by volitional effort to charge a battery of con-
densors; the charge is roughly proportional to volitional effort. Once trained,
the subjects can use a similar volitional effort to electrostatically charge
an object at a distance. In describing what may be a current Soviet position
in training, Adamenko further states in his discussion on " ... Electrodynamics
and Psychoenergetics", " ... Production of special states of consciousness
and psychic training at the level of psychoenergetics using modern devices
has just as great significance as the investigation of the psychic field of
physically talented individuals."
(U) Another method of training In the literature reviewed on telepathy is
described by Milan Ryzl. Ryzl claims that approximately 10 percent of the
500 subjects he trained demonstrated some ability as a consequence of the
training. The six principal stages of Ryzl training procedure are
outlined below:
(1)
Orient subject and improve his motivation.
(2)
Training in hypnosis -- increase confidence of the subject,
increase suggestability.
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(U) (3) Attempts to induce visual hallucination.
Close off subjects to
Incoming stimuli other than hypnotists words. Perfect mastery
and consistency of visual hallucination.
Inhibit spontaneous mental
processes .
(4)
Induction of extraordinary perception. Simple assignments (simple
discriminations). Suggestion Is to be able to see, with eyes
closed, objects in front of him; objects may be described in
detail to facilitate hallucination.
(5)
Training, including elaboration of procedures, removal of errors,
training in use of skills, and development of sense to discriminate
between correct and erroneous psychics.
(6)
Auto-induction of the essential state of mind; on the razors edge
between sleep and wakefulness.
(U) Ryzl goes to great lengths to prevent the occurrence of errors that are
perceived by the subject as a mistake that has been made. For example, when
the subject reads a license plate of a car, "if the subject reads 0E-6333.
instead of CF-6888, we interpret the result as successful and strengthen the
subjects compliance .. "
(U) The training then may be character ized as "shaped" reinforcement
learning utilizing hypnosis and the development of a special state of
consciousness. The training is extremely extensive and time consuming
(3-hr sessions, 3 times a week, over a period of months). If nothing
else, the training can be conceived to be an elaborate screening process
during which subjects with insufficient talent and motivation are weeded
out .
(U) Ryz's "essential state of mind" appears to be a semi-hypnogogic state
usually accompanying low-frequency & and high-frequency @ brain rhythms of
7 to 5 Hz. Such a subject state could be more quickly developed utilizing
biofeedback techniques.
(U) In view of the high-reward-frequency/no-failures-allowed aspects of the
training procedure, it is suprising that Ryzi only claims that 10 percent
of his subject population demonstrate psychic ability as a consequence of the
training.
-
(S) Due to the dual Russian interest in both hypnosis and NBIT, we feel
certain that the Soviets have probably done a thorough evaluation of Ryzl's
procedure.
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HYPNOTIZING MACHINES
(S)
The Russian interest in hypnosis has lead to many attempts at
automating hypnosis. Typical techniques are tape recordings, rotating discs
in the visual field, and application of pulsating electrical current through
the head. The latest Soviet attempt in this area is "LIDA" (apparently an
acronym for remote control therapeutic apparatus); a U.S. patent (No.
3,773,049, Nov. 1973) by Rachichev et. al. has been issued for apparently
the same device.
(S) This device, described by B. Belenkig, 1973, V. Rabichev, et. al., 1973,
and Bragen and Petrov, 1974, is essentially different embodiments of an
apparatus that subjects a patient to pulsating light, heat, sound, or very-
high-frequency, electromagnetic radiation (VHF EMR), simultaneous or
individually. The pulse repetition rates (PRR) are programmable. It is
uncertain to the reviewer whether the pulse repetition rates suggested in the
patent, 10 to 100 Hz, can be achieved for thermal sensations. At the correct
PRR, the device may be effective at least in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Nowlis
has demonstrated that certain EEG biofeedback devices with PRR-like visual
feedback causes alpha entrainment and enhancement, while Fehmi has demonstrated
the same for auditory EEG biofeedback. EEG entrainment caused by strobe light
sources is, of course, a well-known phenomenon. The range of PRR of the
apparatus is 10 to 100 Hz. Apparently the inputs made to the subject in each
sensory modality are synchronous and directed to the recipients head or face.
The subjective consequences of the apparatus are difficult to imagine, especially
for VHF EMR and thermal stimulation. The selection of appropriate stimulus
intensities and PRR are not described. However, apparently the training of the
subjects involves gradually lowering the PRR.
(U) The Soviets claim numerous therapeutic advantages of the LIDA apparatus
as a consequence of "inducing the desired biorhythm". The "desired biorhythm"
is unfortunately not described in the literature available to us.
(S) An alternative use for LIDA may be in changing the subjective psycho-
logical state of the subjects. For example, it is well known to biofeed-
back therapists in this country that EEG biofeedback promotes feelings of well
being, openness, and transference to the therapist. One model for the use of
LIDA to achieve these effects without monitoring the patient would be to
gradually reduce the pulse repetition rates from 15 to 6 Hz over the course of
1 hr, thus entraining the individual's & at some frequency and shaping it to
some lower frequency. The Soviets claim that the effectiveness of LIDA improves
with use (i.e., training) of the subject. Being familiar with the subjective
effects of biofeedback, it is still difficult to imagine the subjective conse-
quence of pulsed VHF EMR either separately or in synchronous combination with
the other modulation modes of stimulation.
(S) In summary, the device is considered veridical with probable unique
subjectives consequences. At lower PRR's, the subjective experience may
correlate to those of EEG biofeedback.
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THE R.F. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION HYPOTHESIS
(S) In "Experimental Studies of Mental Suggestion" (JPRS 59163, May 31, 1963),
L.L. Vasilyev describes Soviet attempts, starting In the 1930's to replicate
the work of F. Cazamalli, an Italian researcher of the 1920 to 1930 period.
Cazamalli essentially assumed that the human brain produced EMR in the radio-
frequency spectrum and claimed to have measured the same. Vasilyev claims that
the Soviets conducted a systematic attempt to replicate Cazamalli's work to
no avail. In the rest of the article (approximately 170 pages), he puts down the
R.F. EMR hypothesis (see, for example,) pp. 110 and 160 to 171). In reviewing
Cazamalli's book El Cervanto Radiante, not much was achieved in the way of
enlightenment if the report is accepted from Cazamalli's perspective. His idea
was essentially that people doing parapsychological tricks would produce novel
and systematic RF EMR. If this hypothesis is ignored and the consequences
of the behavior of his subjects are examined, there is some indication that
he might have been actually getting something of which he was not aware. For
example, he indicates surprise that he received signals of greater amplitude
when his subjects didn't try. He also Indicates that when there were 3 to
4 people in the shielded room with the subject, there were no signals detected .
Another observation that he frequently made was that physical activity of the
subjects reduced or eliminated the signals. Furthermore, he reports that when
"emoactive" tension is discharged through motor, vascular, and glandular
expression (passionate reactions, flushing of the face, cries, walls), the
phenomena of radiation stops abruptly."
(S) Based on Cazamalli's behavioral description of his subject, there may
have been a negative correlation between the level of cortical arousal of his
subject and the occurrence of whatever he was measuring with his primitive RF
antenna and receivers. If this is Indeed the case, his primitive apparatus
may have, in some way, detected the higher cortical voltage of his resting
subjects or changes in their electromyographic levels. Consequently, Vasilyev's
effort to discredit Cazamalli could possibly be disinformation, although
such a position would be difficult to defend.
PSYCHOTRONICS
(U) At this writing, the only available source of information about psycho-
tronics is the Annotated Bibliography (AB) . The Introduction to the Annotated
Bibliography states merely that the terms psychotronics, psychoenergetics,
and parapsychology are used to denote the same field of investigation by the
Czechs, the Russians, and the Anglo-Saxons, respectively. It is reported that
in Czechoslovakia, psychotronics is an offically recognized branch of science.
There Is a conflict between the emphasis suggested by the word Itself and
the brief descriptions presented In AB.
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(U) The term itself suggests a blend of the concepts embraced by psychology
and electronics. In many portmanteau words of this type, the suffix -tronics
suggests electrical or electronic instrumentation techniques applied to exper-
imental investigations in the field. One might conclude from the form of the
word alone that the field of psychotronics is visual ized as comprising elements
of psychology combined with sophisticated Instrumentation techniques to dis-
cover new and useful properties of the human mind and central nervous system.
(U) The AB presents a somewhat different view. The introduction, as noted
above, states that psychotronics is the Czech word for parapsychology. An
abstract on page 66 states that psychotronics embraces telepathy, telegnosis,
rhabdomancy, psychokinesis, cosmic biology, and biological radiation.
(U) Perhaps there is some truth in both views. The Czechs have published
serious papers on dowsing, or finding water by means of a divining rod. For
example, Bradna (AB, p. 14) presented a paper in Prague in 1973 relating
dowsing to electromagnetism, myotransfer, electromyography, and the effect
and influence of the seasons on these paranormal phenomena. Drbal and Rejdak
(AB, p. 19) have written a paper on "divining, dowsing, and radiesthesia."
(U) Perhaps the most informative abstract on the theory of dowsing is that
of Z. V. Harval ik, a Czech-American. Dr. Harval ik points out that the human
body can respond to minute changes in magnetic field. It is suggested that
ground water distorts the local terrestrial magnetic field and that successful
dowsers exploit this effect. The dowsing rod, held loosely in the hands, is
merely a mechanical amplifier of a slight reaction of the forearm muscles to
the changing magnetic field. (AB, Pp. 25 to 26). Mirko Kaderavek (AB, p. 36)
also has a paper on dowsing rod reactions.
(U) There appears to be a bias in the AB toward the occult and paranormal
view of psychotronics and away from the physical and instrumental view. Short
shrift is given in the abstracts to papers that describe reasonably good
exper iments. The work reported by Harval ik occupies about a third of a page.
The paper of Kaderavek rates only a few lines. However, a paper by Miloslav
Loucka about a model of telepathic communication, which looks like pure
fantasy, rates about one and two-thirds pages. The compilers of AB seem to
want to believe in the occult, the mysterious, and the unexplainable.
Experimental attempts to provide rational explanations for certain phenomena
classified as parapsychological receive little space. The paper by Loucka
reveals the attitude of many Czech scientists about psychotronics. Loucka
postulates the existence of an Information field as the carrier of telepathic
information. Loucka considers that the same field provides the explanation
of telekinesis; this is in contrast to the work of Adamenko and other Russians,
who claim that telekinesis is a manifestation of the electrostatic field.
(U) To summarize the field of psychotronics, from the point of view of its
practitioners, the following can be postulated :
(1)
Mental telepathy, clairvoyance, telekinesis, and telegnosis,
are real. There is a lack of unambiguous experimental evidence
concerning these phenomena; this lack must be remedied.
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(u)
(2)
These phenomena do not conflict with physics and other sciences.
In so far as possible, physical explanations will be sought for
these phenomena.
(3)
Existing theories of physics are not adequate to explain all
psychotronic phenomena. Therefore, there must exist some new
physical principles to be discovered or elucidated.
In short, the theoretical basis of psychotronics is substantially the same as
that advanced for parapsychology in this country.
BIOPLASMA
(U) The appropriate starting point for this discussion is to try to define or
explain what is meant by the term bioplasma. In origin, the concept seems to
be analogous to the "aura" of the Western parapsychologists. The Western con-
cept is an old one, dating from the prescientific age ( "The Age of Faith")
when the soul or spiritual body of a human being was thought to be as real as
the physical body. The aura was an emanation or radiation from the spiritual
body. Saints in old paintings are depicted with halos or auras. Modern
Western psychics still believe in the aura and in the ability of gifted
individuals to see it.
(S)
However, the Eastern (Bloc) term bioplasma, although used in a confusing
fashion, appears to be frequently a generic term for all radiant phenomena
associated with a living body (e.g., thermal, electrical, magnetic, electro-
static). Viktor Adamenko has used the bloplasma concept as supported by
theoretical and empirical considerations. However, in his later papers,
he does not mention bioplasma, but instead writes about the psi field, the
biological electric field, and so forth. The strongest theoretical arguments
for bioplasma seem to come from G.A. Sergeyev (see, for example, a paper by
G.A. Sergeyev and V.V. Kulagin, "The Interaction of Bioplasmic Fields of Living
Organisms with Light Photon Sources"). For Sergeyev, the bioplasmagram is a
low frequency electrostatic field.
(S) The Russians assert correctly that plasma is a fourth state (or phase)
of matter. Confusingly, Sergeyev and other Russian parapsychologists aver
that living organisms generate a plasma that surrounds them. They get
around the physical difficulties of maintaining a plasma at temperature and
pressure conditions compatible with life by the hypothesis that living matter
obeys different physical laws from inanimate matter.
(U) The classical physical objections to the bioplasma concept are summar ized
below. A plasma is a state of matter similar to a gas in which a large frac-
tion of the molecules or atoms are ionized. A plasma can exist at high
temperatures or at very low densities. At high temperatures, the individual
particles have enough kinetic energy that ionization can result from collisions;
the plasma is maintained by virtue of the high rate of production of ions,
which balances the recombination rate. At low pressures or densities, the
rate of ionization need not be high because the recombination rate, which
depends on the rate of collision of ions with each other, is low. A physical
plasma consists of approximately equal numbers of positive and negative ions.
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(U) Electrostatic attraction between the bodies of positively and negatively
charged matter holds the plasma together, in a sense. The plasma can absorb
and lose energy by electromagnetic radiation. A means of detecting the
presence or absence of plasma is to look for the characteristic emission or
absorption of radiation. If the Russians take the bioplasma concept
seriously, they will probably try to detect it by virtue of these radiation
character istics. At temperature and pressure conditions consistent with the
maintenance of life, a classical plasma cannot exist.
(S) The Russians must have done significant work in plasma physics as part
of their program of developing nuclear weapons. This technology would be
applied to a study of bioplasma. For several reasons, such studies probably
would have been done secretly. First, the Russians might not wish to reveal
their full capabilities in plasma physics. Second, not every Russian scientist
is a parapsychologist and would not want to experience the expected ridicule
for such a frivolous use of plasma physics terminology. Thus, in the available
papers on Soviet parapsychology, the theory of bioplasma remains vague and
unclear and at best is an attempt to employ analogous terminology from physics
to NBIT.
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SECTION 9
SPECULATION ON THE NATURE OF SOVIET LABORATORIES INVESTIGATING NBIT (S)
(S) Available published reports are contradictory or inconclusive regarding
whether (and to what extent) the Soviet government actively supports investi-
gative or speculative work in the field of NBIT, parapsychology, or psycho-
energetics. It appears that some of the older work in the field, before
the middle 1960's, was sponsored by the government. More recently, there is
conflicting evidence as to whether the field has fallen into official dis-
favor, with the result that most published work has been done without specific
funding or authorization. In Russia, scientific research work is done mostly
in institutes. Each institute is presided over by a senior scientist or
academician. Apparently in the Russian system, the presiding scientist of an
institute has a great deal of freedom and independence from bureaucratic
dictation as to the kind of work undertaken. This reviewer has seen nothing
about the organization of scientific work conducted by Russian military
organizations. One must presume that the organization parallels the civilian
institute, with a military officer in charge, assisted by a chief scientist.
(S) Parapsychological investigations in the Soviet Union are probably
conducted in two types of circumstance: first, work that is not officially
sanctioned or funded by the Russian government; and second, work that is
officially supported and is conducted in a military research laboratory or
in a laboratory that is an adjunct to another institution.
(S) In the first type of circumstance, the investigators themselves are
employed in research Institutes to do other types of work. Their work on
parapsychology is conducted on the side, perhaps on their own time. Where
possible, they employ the facilities of the institutes in which they work.
For example, a shielded room used for testing electronic apparatus also may
be used for subjects and investigators in mental telepathy experiments.
Special test equipment has to be borrowed or bootlegged from other projects
in the institute, built on their own time, or purchased with money contri-
buted by the investigators themselves. The results of such work seem to be
published in the unclassified literature. Apparently, official government
disapproval of such work does not preclude publication results. As an
indication of this condition, we have commented elsewhere in this report
about the use of BaTi03 slabs coated with silver as electrodes, speculating
that the barium titanate with silver happened to be available, whereas pure
silver was not.
(S) In the second type of circumstance, government approval of the work
seems to Imply the intent to use the results to the advantage of the
military or the secret police. The officially sanctioned work, if there is
any, seems to be classified. The laboratory itself would be camouflaged.
It would probably be part of another organization, such as a military research
laboratory or a psychiatric hospital. In any event, the camouflage would be
fairly difficult to penetrate, since a parapsychological laboratory would not
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(S) have unusual requirements for electrical power, material supplies, or test
equipment. The staff would probably consist of psychologists, biologists,
physicists, electrical engineers, mathematicians, technicians, and some
"gifted" subjects.
(S) Much of the work of Vasil'ev (Vasil'yev) was conducted with subjects
who had psychological or psychiatric problems. It would thus be logical to
locate the secret parapsychological laboratory in a mental hospital. It
is reported that the Russians tend to sentence political deviates to mental
hospitals rather than prisons. It might be possible to learn from interview-
ing political deviates and other patients who have been released from
Russian mental hospitals.
(S) Based on our review, attempts were made to envision organizational
structures that may have been established by the Soviets to do systematic
research on NBIT. These are depicted in Figure 9-1 and 9-2.
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NBIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Director
Asst, Director
COMPUTER SUPPORT
DIVISION
THEORETICAL DIVISION
BASIC EXPERIMENTAL
EXPLORATION DIVISION
APPLICATIONS AND
INTEGRATED SYSTEM
TESTING DIVISION
SPECIAL EQUIPMENT AND
INSTRUMENT MANUFACTURING
SUPPORT DIVISION
- MATHEMATICIANS
RESEARCH PLANNING
GROUP (3)
PLANNING GROUP (5)
OVERALL PLANNING
GROUP (10)
-ELECTRONIC TECHNICIANS
- PROGRAMMERS
VLF/ELF INTERACTIONS
WITH BIOORGANIC
MOLECULES (6)
BIOELECTRICS AND
BIOMAGNETICS
GROUP (10)
REMOTE SENSING
SYSTEMS (20)
- OPTIMIZERS
-MACHINISTS
NEUTR INO THEORY
OF PHOTONS (5)
VLF/ELF INTER-
ACTIONS (STIM'D
EMMISIONS, AMPL'N)
WITH BIOORGANIC
MOLECULES (10)
REMOTE VIEWING
FOR INTELLIGENCE
APPLICATION (20)
1
PHYSICAL
INTERPRETATION OF
QUANTUM MECHANICS (5)
SUBJECT TRAINING
BY BIOFEEDBACK;
ETC. (20)
NEUTR INO
EXPERIMENTS (10)
INFORMATION THEORY (5)
ADVANCED WAVE
PROOF-OF-EXISTENCE
TESTS (5)
WAVE PROPAGATION
OPTIMIZATION AND
FREQUENCY
OPTIMIZATION
TESTS (20)
WAVE PROPAGATION (5)
OTHER BASIC
EXPERIMENTS (25)
COUNTERMEASURES
(20)
NOTE:
. Number in parenthesis indicates estimated technical staff. Total personnel is probably two to three times technical staff.
. Estimated total technical staff @ 300 (physicists, chemists, biochemists, E.E.'s, M.D. 's, etc.)
S-1941
. Estimated total personnel ₦ 700
Figure 9-1. Possible Organization and Staffing of a Heavy Commitment, Serious
NBIT Research Effort
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TOTAL TECHNICAL
STAFF OF _ 25
9-3
UNCLASSIFIED
TOTAL STAFF OF SPECIAL
SKILL TECHNICIANS
IS APPROXIMATELY 35
BIO-NEURAL SYSTEM:
BRAIN: BIORECEIVING/
TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM ANALYSES (15)
INSTRUMENTATION
SPECIALISTS

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NBIT
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
DIRECTOR
THEORETICAL
TRANSMISSION
MODELING
INSTRUMENTATION
ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
SUPPORT
BIOLOGICAL
COUPLING
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
-PHYSICS
- APPARATUS
DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT
- EXPER IMENTAL
SETUP
-PHYSIOLOGY
-HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION
-BIOPHYSICS
-FIELD TESTING
-MATHEMATICS
INFORMATION
THEORY
-APPARATUS
CONSTRUCTION
BIOCHEMISTRY
TRAINING SENSITIVES
9-4
-STANDARDS
-TEST CONDUCTORS
-SIGNAL
DETECTION
AND
ENHANCEMENT
TEST
PROGRAMMING
COMPUTER
SERVICES
INSTITUTE
RESEARCH
DIRECTIONS
PANEL
ADMINISTRATION
STAFF
S-1863
Figure 9-2. Alternative Possible Organization for Investigating NBIT
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SECTION 10
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (U)
(S) The following suggested lines of investigation are presented with two
purposes in mind. First, it is hoped that they may serve as a guide as to
what tell-tale signs to look for that indicate significant areas of research
which the Russians may be undertaking. Second, they represent areas that
seem promising in terms of directions that R&D on NBIT mechanisms should
take in this country. If Is our considered opinion that it is worthwhile
for the United States government to initiate and support systematic
research in this area. In addition, systematic interdisciplinary research
is likely to reveal NBIT mechanisms that are functional even though they
may have no relationship to common parapsychological phenomena.
(S) Because NBIT research crosses so many widely different scientific
disciplines, it is important that one special task in the research program
concern itself with continuously integrating, overviewing, and planning
the various specialized research operations. This includes initiating
periodic cross-disciplinary seminars. Thus, it is recommended that a system
integration and research planning analysis team be formed to evaluate research
work completed, update an overall NBIT research system model, identify and
outline new areas of research, and organize interdisciplinary meetings
between different research groups so that they are continuously updated and
educated about the state of the art.
(S) The most fruitful lines of investigation can be categorized in terms
of five major areas of interdisciplinary research. These are:
(1)
The Psychophysiology and Psychology of Awareness of NBIT -- This area
includes such questions as what are the modes of awareness that
facilitate NBIT? How to select and train individuals for high
resolution and reliable performance? Which of the possible
transmission mechanisms can humans utilize for NBIT?
(2)
Transmission Mechanisms -- This area includes such questions as what
are possible NBIT transmission mechanisms? How is information
transmitted from the source to the recipient?
(3) The Physiology and Biochemistry of Human Transducer Mechanisms --
In this area, research would be conducted on physiology and bio-
chemistry of reception and receptor mechanisms.
(4)
Statistical Development -- This area includes non-stationary analysis
of random data, deviation from normally distributed data, and new
developments in communication and Information theory with respect
to noisy channels.
(5)
Development of Non-Contact Physiological Sensors -- This area includes
development of M.E.G., thermography, low-frequency electric field
monitors, and other sensors.
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(U) Examples of typical research projects that might be conducted within
each of these five areas are summar ized below.
PHYCHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY
(S) In the initial proposal submitted by AlResearch, it was hypothesized
that NBIT mechanisms might be associated with right hemispheric functioning
of the cerebral cortex. Discussions with colleagues during this study makes
this hypothesis even more attractive. A simple and elegant test of this
hypothesis would be to present information simultaneously and sequentially
to both the right and left visual field during, for instance, a remote
viewing experiment. Thus, the types and rate of information transmitted
could be evaluated, and the relevance of participation by each cortical
hemisphere could be determined.
(S) A similar experiment would be to repeat the various remote-strobe-induced
cortical desynchronization experiments, allowing the strobe flash to be
perceived by only one-half of the visual field of the sender while observing
the occurrence of bihemispheric, ipsilateral, or contralateral desynchroniza-
tion of the receiving subject.
(S) In still another typical approach, operant conditioning or biofeedback
schemes would be utilized to attempt to ascertain the ability of subjects to
respond to ELF and VLF EMR or other physical mechanisms for NBIT (e.g., ac
and dc electric and magnetic fields) .
(S) Whether one is a skeptic or a believer, it is evident that the important
elements lacking in experimental research are reliable human detectors of NBIT.
No instrument has yet been developed that unambiguously, even though noisily,
monitors NBIT. As long as the physical nature of the process remains a mystery,
there is little chance of developing such an instrument. As an alternative,
it is proposed to develop reliable human observers (e.g., human receivers).
The technique proposed would utilize biofeedback, coupled with training in
Introspection, to develop reliable observers equipped with a replicable ability
to describe internal states and events.
TRANSMISSION MECHANISMS
Experimental Test of Weak Magnetic Field Hypothesis
(S) Credible reports suggest that gifted dowsers respond to small changes in
the earth's magnetic field. This same physical effect may be one means of
telepathic communication. Sensitive individuals of proven ability and trained
NBIT subjects would be tested In the presence of a controllable magnetic field
to determine whether the presence of the field could be detected and what its
limits are as an NBIT mechanism.
Experimental Test of Weak Electric Field Hypothesis
(U) This test is analogous to the magnetic field test discussed above, except
the effects of electric fields would be investigated.
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Neutrino Communications
(S) In this category, a proof-of-principle experiment should be conducted to
prove or disprove the neutrino or "photino" theory of photons concept as
formulated by J. W. Eerkens. A detailed description of this experiment
is given in Section 7 of this report. Independent of whether or not all
aspects of Eerkens, photino theory are proven correct or not, the neutrino-
catalyzed liberation of stored potential ELF/VLF radiation as rotational
energy in bio-organic liquid crystals remains a possibility. Theoretical
analyses followed by the formulation of experimental checkout tests and
experimentation should be carried out under this task.
+-Wave Communications
(S) Testing of SPP against ACP and HVP theories of quantum mechanics is
needed. Further in-depth theoretical studies of the three interpretations
of \ in quantum mechanics should be carried out, expanding on the concepts
discussed in Section 7 of this report. Experimental tests (beyond those
of Freedman and Clauser) should be formulated to prove or disprove the
various hypotheses .
(S) Assuming that the SPP interpretation of \ is correct, additional
experiments on NBIT and V-waves could be conducted to determine details of
the physical process whereby a distant event scene is perceived by a person,
both precognitively and directly. Possible experiments that can prove or
disprove these physical processes could be formulated.
ELF/VLF Mechanisms
(U)
In this area, ELF/VLF propagation and natural generation in the
atmosphere could be studied. Data should be gathered on the propagation of
both horizontally and vertically (and of mixed) polarized narrow-beam ELF and
VLF wave pulse trains, and revolution times and revolution drifts of waves
that orbit the earth determined as a function of different azimuthal (up or
down) and lateral (to the right or left) beam direction. Also, frequency
spectrum changes and attenuations could be determined in these experiments.
(S) In addition, super-radiant ELF/VLF wave interaction with bio-organic
molecules should be investigated as follows:
( a)
Construction of ELF/VLF wave generating equipment with horizontal,
vertical, and randomly oriented polarization.
(b)
Study and identify large bio-organic molecules that can aggregate
into liquid crystals; prepare and test cells containing such
molecules ( in vitro), and select and test animals or plants with
such molecules ( in vivo) .
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(5) (c)
Develop ultrasensitive electric and magnetic field detection equipment
that can detect changes of the rotational state in the liquid crystal
aggregates of the cells or organisms selected under (b) above.
(d)
Place two large sets of cells ( in vitro or in vivo) containing bio-
organic molecules selected under (b) above some distance apart
(10 m to 10 km), and direct ELF/VLF waves from the generator con-
structed under (a) above so that they pass first through one and
then through the other. Observe whether any changes are detected
in the liquid crystal states of the cells with the sensor developed
under (c) and whether they correlate (that is, information is
communicated between the cells).
(e)
Investigate any other possible means of filtering and detecting
narrow spectral lines ( ~ 10-6 to 10-1 Hz) in the ELF/VLF region of
the spectrum, such as frequency beating, frequency mixing, etc.
STATISTICAL RESEARCH
(S) Research should be conducted in the area of deviations from normal
distributions and non-stationary analysis of random data. Also, new
developments in communication and information theory should be monitored,
especially as related to noisy channels. In addition, the EEG signals in
the previously proposed experiments should be explored for any information
residing in the high frequencies in an attempt to ascertain what Sergeyev
is exploring.
REMOTE SENSORS AND EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENT
(S) In addition to the sensors identified in preceding paragraphs, it would
seem relevant to develop reliable electrical, electrostatic, and capacitance
field detectors and measuring apparatus and to develop a means for monitoring
selected, naturally occurring VLF/ELF phenomena and to investigate methods of
providing VLF/ELF shielding.
PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
(S) Initially, existing work in this country should be followed, such as the
current research in the influence of electrical forces in biogenisis, biological
data transmission, and control systems (e.g., the work of Becker at the VA
Hospital, Syracuse) for relevant "fall-out". Also, research on complex crystal-
line physiological structures that possess semiconductive, photoconductive, and
piezoconductive properties or sensitivity to EMR or electrical currents would
be tracked. Monitoring this research would allow the discrimination of holes
in the applicability of research in this area to NBIT. At that time, specific
projects directed at elucidating NBIT mechanisms would be initiated.
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APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY
This appendix contains the unclassified sources that were reviewed and
used in part to establish the existing knowledge base from which a meaningful
and nonduplicative study effort could be conducted. The Information is pre-
sented in two parts as follows:
Part 1: Unclassified Soviet and Communist-Bloc Literature (by
author )
Part 2:
Miscellaneous Sources
The sources are presented in alphabetical order by author.
Where no author is
listed, the sources are presented alphabetically by title.
Where one author
has several publications, they are presented with the most recent publication
first, and when dates are not given, In alphabetical order by title.
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1
PART 1
UNCLASSIFIED SOVIET AND
COMMUNIST-BLOC LITERATURE
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abrosov, A., and A. Krotov, "UHF Pulse Theory," Meditsinskaya Gazeta,
February 18, 1966, p. 3; abstract in U.S.S.R. Scientific Abstracts, Bio-
Medical Science, No. 20, JPRS 36,080, Joint Publications Research Service,
June 20, 1966.
Adamenko, V. G., Biological Electrostatics, Moscow, pp. 34 to 38.
Adamenko, V. G., Electrodynamics of Living Systems, Novosti Press Agency.
Adamenko, V. G., "Electroenergy Potential of the Organism in a state of
Hypnosis," Bioenergetics Questions (Material of the Scientific Metho-
dological Seminar in Alma-Ata), Dombrovsky, B. A., Sergeyev, G. A., and
B. M. Inyushin, editors, Southern California Society for Psychical
Research, Inc., 1972, pp. 20-1 to 20-2.
Adamenko, V. G., "Some Problems of Biological Electrodynamics and Psycho-
energetics, "Nekotoryve Vop Biol Eleki Psikh, Moscow, Russian, pp. 27 to 29.
Adamenko, V. G., "Some Problems of Biological Electrodynamics and Psycho-
energetics," Certain Problems of Biological Electrodynamics and Psycho-
energetics, Moscow, Russian, pp. 22 to 29.
Adamenko, V. G., "The Phenomenon of Skin Electricity," Tekhnika Molodezhi,
No. 11, 70, Moscow, pp. 27 to 29.
Adamenko, V. G., Inyushin, V., Kirlian, S. D., and V. Kh. Kirlian, "An
Analysis of the Electro-Biol uminescence Spectrum," Bioenergetics Questions
(Material of the Scientific Methodological Seminar in Alma-Ata), Dombrovsky,
B. A., Sergeyev, G. A., and B. M. Inyushin, editors, Southern California
Society for Psychical Research, Inc., 1972, pp. 8-1 to 8-3.
Adamenko, V. G., Kirlian, S. D., and V. Kh. Kirlian, "Formation of High
Frequency Images Using Large Discharge Gaps," Certain Problems of
Blological Electrodynamics and Psychoenergetics, Moscow, pp. 40 to 42.
Adamenko, V. C., Kirlian, V. Kh., and S. D. Kirlian, "The Biometer and its
Possible Uses," Bioenergetics Questions (Material of the Scientific
Methodological Seminar in Alma-Ata), Dombrovsky, B. A., Sergeyev, G. A.,
and B. M. Inyushin, editors, Southern California Society for Psychical
Research, Inc., 1972, pp. 27-1 to 27-2.
Adamenko, V. G., and E. K. Naumov, "The Accumulation of Bio-Electrical Energy, "
Certain Problems of Biological Electrodynamics and Psychoenergetics, Moscow,
Russian, pp. 42 to 43.
Anisimov, V., Autogravitation, FTD-HT-23-0003-75.
Baitulin, 1. O., Inyushin, V. M., and U. V. Scheglov, "On the Study of
Electrobioilluminescence in the Embryo Roots of Grains," Bioenergetics
Questions (Material of the Scientific Methodological Seminar in Alma-Ata),
Dombrovsky, B. A., Sergeyev, G. A., and B. M. Inyushin, editors, Southern
California Society for Psychical Research, Inc., 1972, pp. 23-1 to 23-3.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)
Belenkig, B., "Lida Apparatus for Biorhythmological Studies, Sovetskaya
Moldaviya, Russian, No. 8, December 1973, p. 4.
Bird, Christopher, Report on the Telepathic Ability of Tofik Dadashev.
Bragin, V., and P. Petrov, "Hypnotizing Machines," Nauka I. Religiya, No. 6,
1974, pp. 34 to 35.
Cazzamalli, F., The Radiating Brain (Il. Cervanto Radiante), FTD-TT-65-759/1+
2+3+4, 1965.
Cherniaev, U. S., and E. G. Griasnuhin, "The Feasibility of the Noncontact
Thermographic Method of Utilizing the Characteristics of Energetic
Processes in Different Regions of the Human Organism," Bioenergetics
Questions (Material of the Scientific Methodological Seminar in Alma-Ata),
Dombrovsky, B. A., Sergeyev, G. A., and B. M. Inyushin, editors, Southern
California Society for Psychical Research, Inc., 1972, pp. 15-1 to 15-2.
Czachows, B., "The Laboratory of Psychophysiology, M. Nencki Institute of
Experimental Biology," Polish Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 5, No.3,
1974, pp. 183 to 184.
Dombrovsky, B. A., Sergeyev, G. A. and B. M. Inyushin, ed., Bioenergetics
Questions (Material of the Scientific Methodological Seminar in Alma-Ata),
Southern California Society for Psychical Research, Inc., 1972.
Dombrovsky, B. A., "State of Biotic Bodies," Bioenergetics Questions (Material
of the Scientific Methodological Seminar in Alma-Ata), Dombrovsky, B. A.,
Sergeyev, G. A., and B. M. Inyushin, editors, Southern California Society
for Psychical Research, Inc., 1972, pp. 2-1 to 2-3.
Dubrov, A. P., "Biogravitation and Psychotronics, " Impact of Science in Society,
Vol. XXIV, No. 4, 1974.
Fallah, S. M., Selective Psychoenergetic Activities -- Annotated Bibliography,
prepared for Department of the Army under contract DAAK0273-M-4729, MRU
Task No. 106, July 1973.
Fallah, S. M., "Research Notes on Current Activities in Selective Fields of
Parapsychology, "Sci. Info. Resp., Center for Research in Social Systems,
May 1969.
Frantov, G. S., and V. I., Micholevsky, "Methods and Techniques of Photography
in High Frequency Current Fields," Bioenergetics Questions (Material of the
Scientific Methodological Seminar in Alma-Ata), Dombrovsky, B. A.,
Sergeyev, G. A., and B. M. Inyushin, editors, Southern California Society
for Psychical Research, Inc., 1972, pp. 10-1 to 10-3.
Gasanov, G. G., and E. M. Khanukayev, "Behavior of Animals and Frequency
Changes of Electrical Activity of the Hippocampus," JPRS 63310, U.S.
Joint Publications Research Service, October 30, 1974.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)
Gavrilov, L. R., "The Physical Mechanism of Destruction of Biological
Tissues with the Use of Focused Ultrasound, " JPRS 62463, U. S. Joint
Publications Research Service, July 12, 1974.
Gilstrap, L. O. Jr., The Foundations of Psi, 1971.
Griasnuhin, E. G., and J. D. Shushkov, "The Significance of Mathematical
Analysis of Energetic Processes in the Organism in Evaluating the Gravity
of a Patient's Condition," Bioenergetics Questions (Material of the
Scientific Methodological Seminar in Alma-Ata), Dombrovsky, B. A., Sergeyev,
G. A., and B. M. Inyushin, editors, Southern California Society for
Psychical Research, Inc., 1972, pp. 16-1 to 16-2
Grischenko, V. S., "On the Question of Self Preservation of Vegetables and
Fruits," Bioenergetics Questions (Material of the Scientific Methodological
Seminar in Alma-Ata), Dombrovsky, B. A., Sergeyev, G. A., and B. M.
Inyushin, editors, Southern California Society for Psychical Research,
Inc., 1972, pp. 25-1 to 25-3.
Gulyayev, P., Zabotin, V., and N. Shlippenbakh, "Electromagnetic Fields of
Animate Substances," Problems in Neurocybernetics (Materials of the 3rd
All-Union Conference on Neurocybernetics), Vol. 3, September 7-12, 1967,
pp. 32 to 38.
Gulyayev, P., Nerves, Muscles, and Hearts Create Electric Field in Air,
Moscow, TASS, 0845GMT, February 24, 1967.
Gulyayev, P. I., "The Psi Phenomenon is a Reality," from a symposium entitled
"Thought Transmission -- Is It Possible?" in Znaniyesila, No. 12, 1960,
pp. 18 to 23.
Gulayev, P., "Soviets Show Increased Interest in Biophysics, "Leningradskaya
Pravda, Leningrad, April 13, 1954.
Gur'yev, A. V., Romanenko, A. F., and G. A. Sergeyev, "Filtration of Random
Processes," Radiotekhnika, No. 1, 1964, pp. 63 to 70.
Herbert, B., "Spring in Leningrad: Kulagina Revisited," The Journal of
Paraphysics, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1973, pp. 92 to 105.
Inyushin, V. M., Biological Plasma of Human and Animal Organisms, 1972.
Inyushin, V. M., "The Concept of Biological Plasma and Certain Problems of
Photobioenergetics," Bioenergetics Questions (Material of the Scientific
Methodological Seminar in Alma-Ata), Dombrovsky, B. A., Sergeyev, G. A.,
and B. M. Inyushin, editors, Southern California Society for Psychical
Research, Inc., 1972, pp. 3-1 to 3-4.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)
Inyushin, V. M., "Study of Electrobioilluminescence of Acupuncture Points
With and Without the Action of Laser Radiation," Bioenergetics Questions
(Material of the Scientific Methodological Seminar in Alma-Ata), Dombrovsky,
B. A., Sergeyev, G. A., and B. M. Inyushin, editors, Southern California
Society for Psychical Research, Inc., 1972, pp. 24-1 to 24-5.
Inyushin, V. M., and N. N. Fedorova, "The Relationship of the Electrobio-
illuminescence of a Plant to its Respiration" Bioenergetics Questions
(Material of the Scientific Methodological Seminar in Alma-Ata),
Dombrovsky, B. A., Sergeyev, G. A., and B. M. Inyushin, editors, Southern
California Society for Psychical Research, Inc., 1972, pp. 22-1 to 22-3.
Ivanenko, K. K., "Structures of Algorithms in the Statistical Processing of
Biop lasmograms," Bioenergetics Questions (Material of the Scientific
Methodological Seminar in Alma-Ata), Dombrovsky, B. A., Sergeyev, G. A.,
and B. M. Inyushin, editors, Southern California Society for Psychical
Research, Inc., 1972, pp. 13-1 to 13-2.
Kazhinskey, B. B., Biological Radio Communications, FTD-TT-62-1923/1+2.
Kholodov, Yu. A., Influence of Magnetic Fields on Biological Objects,
JPRS 63,038, Sept. 24, 1974.
Kholodov, Yu. A., Magnetism in Biology, JPRS 60737, December 10, 1973.
Kholodov, Yu. A., "The Influence of Electromagnetic and Magnetic Fields
on the Central Nervous System," JPRS 37,102, Joint Publications Research
Service, August 19, 1966.
Khvedezidze, M. A., et. al., On the Bioelectromagnetic Field.
Kirlian, S. D., and V. Kh. Kirlian, "The Significance of Electricity in the
Gaseous Nourishment Mechanism of Plants," Bioenergetics Questions (Material
of the Scientific Methodological Seminar in Alma-Ata), Dombrovsky, B. A.,
Sergeyev, G. A., and B. M. Inyushin, editors, Southern California Society
for Psychical Research, Inc., 1972, pp. 26-1 to 26-4.
-
Kirlian, S. D., and V. Kh. Kirlian, "Photography and Visual Observations
by Means of High Frequency Currents, "Russian Journal of Scientific
and Applied Photography and Cinemaphotography," Vol. 6, No. 6, November -
December 1961, p. 396.
Klimuszko, C., "Telepathy," Literatura, Warsaw, Polish, November 21, 1975,
P. 14.
Klimuszko, C., "The Essence of Clairvoyance," Literatura, Warsaw, Polish,
November 14, 1975, p. 14.
Klimuszko, C., "Why the Photograph," Literatura, Warsaw, Polish, October 24,
1975, p. 13.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)
Klimuszko, C., "How Does Clairvoyance Occur," Literatura, Warsaw, Polish,
October 31, 1975, p. 12.
Klimuszko, C., "Setbacks and Successes" Literatura, Warsaw, Polish, October
17, 1975, p. 7.
Klimuszko, C., "Habits and Health," Literatura, Warsaw, Polish, December
12, 1974, p. 14.
Klimuszko, C., "It is Safer to Live," Literatura, Warsaw, Polish, December
5, 1974, p. 14.
Klimuszko, C., "Dreams and Hypnosis," Literatura, Warsaw, Polish, November
28, 1974, p. 14.
Klimuszko, C., "The Joys and Anguishes of Clairvoyance," Literatura, Warsaw,
Polish, November 7, 1974, p. 12.
Klimuszko, C., "Clairvoyance and Logic," Literatura, Warsaw, Polish, October
10, 1974, p. 3.
Klimuszko, C., "Discovery of Reality," Literatura, Warsaw, Polish, October
3, 1974.
Klimuszko, C., "My Clairvoyance of the World," Literatura, Polish, September
26, 1974, pp. 2 to 5.
Kogan, I. M., "The Information Theory Aspect of Telepathy," submitted for
presentation at the symposium entitled "A New Look at Extrasensory
Perception," Univ. of Calif. at Los Angeles, June 7 to 8, 1969.
Kolesov, P. V., Marisenko, G. P., and S. J. Eidelstein, "On Mechanism of
Physiological Action of Electroaerosols having Negative Charge," USSR.
Kongro, A., "Emotion Detector Experiments," Znaniye Sila, No. 7, Moscow,
Russian, 1972, pp. 29 to 31.
Korenkevich, Yu. S., et. al., Some Aspects of the Biodynamics and Bio-
energetics of the Organism in Normal and Pathological States, Biostimulation
by Laser Radiation, JPRS 64,805.
Krippner, S. and R. Davidson, "Parapsychology in the U.S.S.R.," (S.R.)
March 18, 1972, pp. 56 to 60.
Lem, S., and Klimuszko, C., "Parapsychology," Literaturnaya Gazeta, Moscow,
Russian, January 1, 1975, p. 13.
Malakhov, A. N., Maksimov, A. I., and Yu. Ya. Nefedov, "On the Electromagnetic
Hypothesis of Biological Communication," pp. 377 to 381.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)
Malakhov, A. N., Romanov, I. V., Smirnov, Yu. V., and M. Yu. Ul'yanov, "Biologi-
cal Indication of an SHF Electromagnetic Field."
Manoylov, V. Ye., "The Interaction of an Electrical Current with the Body
of a Man as One of the Resources of Biophysical Information."
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)
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-
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)
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Vasil'yev, L. L., Experimental Studies of Mental Suggestion," JPRS 59,163,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (Continued)
"Billions of Transmitters Inside Us?" from the newspapapers Izvestia and
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